The One Ring, also called the Ruling Ring, Isildur's Bane, or the Precious, is a central plot element in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. It first appeared in the earlier story The Hobbit as
Critics have noted parallels with Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen, as seen here in Josef Hoffman's 1876 set design for Das Rheingold, though they disagree on its influence on Tolkien.
Tolkien visited the temple of Nodens at a place called "Dwarf's Hill" and translated an inscription with a curse upon the thief of a ring. It may have inspired his dwarves, mines, rings, and Celebrimbor "Silver-Hand", the Elven-smith who forged Rings of Power.
The Ring of Silvianus is a Roman gold ring of around the 4th century, found near a former Roman town, Silchester that has an inscription naming Senecianus.
The shepherd Gyges finds the magic ring, setting up a moral dilemma. Ferrara, 16th century
Gollum is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy world of Middle-earth. He was introduced in the 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit, and became a major character in its sequel, The Lord of the
One Ring
…the river bed for almost two and a half millennia, until it was discovered on a fishing trip by a Stoor hobbit named Déagol. His friend and relative Sméagol, who had gone fishing with him, was immediately ensnared by the Ring's power and demanded that Déagol give it to him as a "birthday present"; when…
Sculpture of Gollum catching fish at Wellington Airport, New Zealand, 2013, to mark the release of The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey
One suggestion is that Gollum derives from golem, the name of a being in Jewish folklore (Prague golem pictured).
A very large Gollum in Tove Jansson's illustration for the 1962 Swedish translation of The Hobbit, before Tolkien stated that the monster was small
Gollum by Frederic Bennet, 2014 (detail)