1.
Modern architecture
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Modern architecture or modernist architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II. The revolution in materials came first, with the use of cast iron, plate glass, the cast plate glass process was invented in 1848, allowing the manufacture of very large windows. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an example of iron and plate glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass. These developments together led to the first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, the iron frame construction of the Eiffel Tower, then the tallest structure in the world, captured the imagination of millions of visitors to the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition. French industrialist François Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete, in 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four story house in the suburbs of Paris. Another important technology for the new architecture was electric light, which reduced the inherent danger of fires caused by gas in the 19th century. This break with the past was particularly urged by the architectural theorist, for each function its material, for each material its form and its ornament. This book influenced a generation of architects, including Louis Sullivan, Victor Horta, Hector Guimard, at the end of the 19th century, a few architects began to challenge the traditional Beaux Arts and Neoclassical styles that dominated architecture in Europe and the United States. The Glasgow School of Art 1896-99) designed by Charles Rennie MacIntosh, had a facade dominated by large bays of windows. The Art Nouveau style was launched in the 1890s by Victor Horta in Belgium and Hector Guimard in France, it introduced new styles of decoration, based on vegetal and floral forms. In 1903-1904 in Paris Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage began to use reinforced concrete, previously used for industrial structures. Between 1910 and 1913, Auguste Perret built the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, because of the concrete construction, no columns blocked the spectators view of the stage. Otto Wagner, in Vienna, was another pioneer of the new style, in his book Moderne Arkchtekture he had called for a more rationalist style of architecture, based on modern life. Wagner declared his intention to express the function of the building in its exterior, the reinforced concrete exterior was covered with plaques of marble attached with bolts of polished aluminum. The interior was purely functional and spare, an open space of steel, glass. The Viennese architect Adolf Loos also began removing any ornament from his buildings and his Steiner House, in Vienna, was an example of what he called rationalist architecture, it had a simple stucco rectangual facade with square windows and no ornament. The fame of the new movement, which known as the Vienna Secession spread beyond Austria. Josef Hoffmann, a student of Wagner, constructed a landmark of early modernist architecture and this residence, built of brick covered with Norwegian marble, was composed of geometric blocks, wings and a tower
2.
Houston
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Houston is the most populous city in the state of Texas and the fourth-most populous city in the United States. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million within an area of 667 square miles, it also is the largest city in the southern United States and the seat of Harris County. Located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico, it is the city of Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land. Houston was founded on August 28,1836, near the banks of Buffalo Bayou and incorporated as a city on June 5,1837. The city was named after former General Sam Houston, who was president of the Republic of Texas and had commanded, the burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the citys population. Houstons economy has an industrial base in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics. Leading in health care sectors and building equipment, Houston has more Fortune 500 headquarters within its city limits than any city except for New York City. The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled, the city has a population from various ethnic and religious backgrounds and a large and growing international community. Houston is the most diverse city in Texas and has described as the most diverse in the United States. It is home to cultural institutions and exhibits, which attract more than 7 million visitors a year to the Museum District. Houston has a visual and performing arts scene in the Theater District. In August 1836, two real estate entrepreneurs from New York, Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen, purchased 6,642 acres of land along Buffalo Bayou with the intent of founding a city. The Allen brothers decided to name the city after Sam Houston, the general at the Battle of San Jacinto. The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the slave states. Sizable numbers, however, came through the slave trade. New Orleans was the center of trade in the Deep South. Thousands of enslaved African Americans lived near the city before the Civil War, many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations, while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs. Houston was granted incorporation on June 5,1837, with James S. Holman becoming its first mayor, in the same year, Houston became the county seat of Harrisburg County and the temporary capital of the Republic of Texas
3.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
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Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP is an American architectural, urban planning, and engineering firm. It was formed in Chicago in 1936 by Louis Skidmore and Nathaniel Owings, with a portfolio spanning thousands of projects across 50 countries, SOM is one of the largest architectural firms in the world. Their primary expertise is in commercial buildings, as it was SOM that led the way to the widespread use of the modern international-style or glass box skyscraper. They have designed several of the tallest buildings in the world, including the John Hancock Center, Willis Tower, due to their faithful following of Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohes ideas, Frank Lloyd Wright nicknamed them The Three Blind Mies. Notable SOM architects include, Edward Charles Bassett, Natalie de Blois, Gordon Bunshaft, David Childs, Myron Goldsmith, Bruce Graham, Gertrude Kerbis, Fazlur Rahman Khan. Lucien Lagrange, Walter Netsch, Larry Oltmanns, Brigitte Peterhans, Adrian Smith, indeed, Khan is responsible for developing the algorithms that made the Hancock building and many subsequent skyscrapers possible. Another notable SOM engineer is Bill Baker, who is best known as the engineer of Burj Khalifa, to support the towers record heights and slim footprint, he developed the buttressed core structural system, consisting of a hexagonal core reinforced by three buttresses that form a Y shape. Davis Allen, a pioneer in corporate interior design, had a tenure at SOM. Throughout its history, SOM has been recognized more than 1,700 awards for quality. More than 900 of these awards have received since 1998. In 1996 and 1962, SOM received the Architecture Firm Award from the American Institute of Architects, SOM is the only firm to have received this honor twic13 R+D Awards from Architect Magazine. In addition, a collaboration between SOM and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, The Center for Architecture, Science and Ecology, was honored with a fifth award. SOM has completed over 10,000 projects around the United States and in more than 50 other countries around the world, london, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Mumbai, and Abu Dhabi. Smaller field offices supplement these in such as the Philippines. Burj Khalifa is the tallest man-made structure ever built, at 829.8 m, construction began on 21 September 2004, and the building officially opened on 4 January 2010. The towers architect and engineer was Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, george J. Efstathiou was the Managing Partner for the project. Bill Baker, the Chief Structural Engineer for the project, invented the buttressed core structural system in order to enable the tower to achieve such heights economically, Adrian Smith, who worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill until 2006, was the Consulting Design Partner. The primary builder is a joint venture of South Korean Samsung C&T, one World Trade Center, also known as the Freedom Tower, is located in Manhattan, New York City, and is 1,776 ft high, making it the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere
6.
Hines Interests Limited Partnership
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Hines Interests Limited Partnership is a privately owned real estate firm involved in real estate investment, development and property management worldwide. With offices in 110 cities in 18 countries, and controlled assets valued at approximately $25.2 billion, Hines is headquartered in the Williams Tower in uptown Houston, Texas. CityCenterDC is one of Hines’ most recent major projects in Washington, the site is being developed in three phases, with Phase I having delivered in early 2014. The final phase will include a 500,000 square foot office building, with 40,000 square feet of retail space
7.
Downtown Houston
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Downtown Houston is Houstons central business district, containing the headquarters of many prominent companies. There is a network of pedestrian tunnels and skywalks connecting the buildings of the district. The tunnel system is home to restaurants, shops and services. What is now Downtown made up almost all of the City of Houston until expansions of the city limits in the early 20th century, Downtown Houston was the original founding point of the city. After the Texas Revolution, two New York real estate promoters, John Kirby Allen and Augustus Chapman Allen, purchased 6,642 acres of land from Thomas F. L, parrot and his wife, Elizabeth, for $9,428. The Allen brothers first landed in the area where the White Oak Bayou and Buffalo Bayou meet, gail Borden, Jr. a city planner, laid out wide streets for the town. The city was granted incorporation by the Texas legislature on June 5,1837, Houston was the temporary capital of Texas. In 1840, the town was divided into four wards, each with different functions in the community, by 1906 what is now Downtown was divided among six wards. The wards are no longer political divisions, but their names are used to refer to certain areas. Houston became a choice, as only the most powerful storms were able to reach the city. The second came a year later with the 1901 discovery of oil at spindletop, shipping and oil industries began flocking to east Texas, many settling in Houston. From that point forward the area grew substantially, as many skyscrapers were constructed, in the 1980s, however, economic recession canceled some projects and caused others to be scaled back, such as the Bank of the Southwest Tower. Ralph Bivins of the Houston Chronicle wrote that Fox said that area was a neighborhood of Victorian-era homes. Bivins said that the construction of Union Station, which occurred around 1910, hotels opened in the area to service travelers. Afterwards, according to Bivins, the area began a downward slide toward the skid row of the 1990s. Passenger trains stopped going to Union Station in 1974, the construction of Interstate 45 in the 1950s separated portions of the historic Third Ward from the rest of the Third Ward and brought those portions into Downtown. Beginning in the 1960s the development of the 610 Loop caused the focus of the Houston area to move away from Downtown Houston, in the mid-1980s, the bank savings and loan crisis forced many tenants in Downtown Houston buildings to retrench, and some tenants went out of business. Barna said that this development further caused Downtown Houston to decline, the Gulf Hotel fire occurred in 1943
8.
Antenna (radio)
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In radio and electronics, an antenna, or aerial, is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a transmitter or radio receiver. In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of a wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals. Antennas are essential components of all equipment that uses radio, typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic conductors, electrically connected to the receiver or transmitter. These time-varying fields radiate away from the antenna into space as a transverse electromagnetic field wave. Antennas can be designed to transmit and receive radio waves in all directions equally. The first antennas were built in 1888 by German physicist Heinrich Hertz in his experiments to prove the existence of electromagnetic waves predicted by the theory of James Clerk Maxwell. Hertz placed dipole antennas at the point of parabolic reflectors for both transmitting and receiving. He published his work in Annalen der Physik und Chemie, the words antenna and aerial are used interchangeably. Occasionally the term aerial is used to mean a wire antenna, however, note the important international technical journal, the IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. In the United Kingdom and other areas where British English is used, the origin of the word antenna relative to wireless apparatus is attributed to Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi. In the summer of 1895, Marconi began testing his wireless system outdoors on his fathers estate near Bologna, Marconi discovered that by raising the aerial wire above the ground and connecting the other side of his transmitter to ground, the transmission range was increased. Soon he was able to transmit signals over a hill, a distance of approximately 2.4 kilometres, in Italian a tent pole is known as lantenna centrale, and the pole with the wire was simply called lantenna. Until then wireless radiating transmitting and receiving elements were simply as aerials or terminals. Because of his prominence, Marconis use of the word spread among wireless researchers. In common usage, the antenna may refer broadly to an entire assembly including support structure, enclosure. Especially at microwave frequencies, an antenna may include not only the actual electrical antenna. An antenna, in converting radio waves to electrical signals or vice versa, is a form of transducer, Antennas are required by any radio receiver or transmitter to couple its electrical connection to the electromagnetic field
9.
Architectural firm
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Architects have existed since early in recorded history. The earliest recorded architects include Imhotep and Senemut, no writings exist to describe how these architects performed their work. However, as nobles it is reasonable to assume they had staffs of assistants and retainers to help refine and it was only in the 19th century that architecture began to be practiced as a full-time profession. In the United States, Charles Bulfinch is the first person believed to have worked as a professional architect. Henry Hobson Richardson may have one of the first to have an established office and McKim, Mead. The oldest active architecture firms in the United States are SmithGroup of Detroit, MI and Luckett and Farley of Louisville, KY, in the United Kingdom, Brierley Groom is the oldest continuing practice being founded in 1750 at York, England. They may be the oldest active architectural practice in the world, in the United States architects are licensed by the individual U. S. states, in Canada by the individual provinces, and in Australia by the individual Australian states. Licensure is usually achieved by a combination of education, internship. Although architects are licensed individually, state laws allow them to join together in firms, some states require the firm to obtain a registration to provide architectural services. Others merely require that the work of the firm be performed under the direct supervision of an architect licensed in the state. A few US states allow corporations to provide architectural services provided that an employee of the firm serves as architect of record for any project. In the United Kingdom and other countries, a firm must have a business registration. The firm needs at least one registered professional within the team to offer a full architectural service, a professional indemnity insurance is also compulsory. Sometimes the title of principal is limited to owners who hold a certain percentage of ownership interest in a firm, some firms may also use the title principal-in-charge, which denotes an architect who oversees the firms services in connection with a specific project. In the United Kingdom and other countries, the principal of a firm is responsible for the practice. It is generally a qualified architect, architectural technologist, engineer or an architectural designer, small firms with fewer than 5 people usually have no formal organizational structure, depending on the personal relationships of the principals and employees to organize the work. Medium-sized firms with 5 to 50 employees are often organized departmentally in departments such as design, production, business development, large firms of over 50 people may be organized departmentally, regionally, or in studios specializing in project types. Advances in information technology have made it possible for firms to open offices or establish alliances with other firms in different parts of the world
10.
Sasaki Associates
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Hideo Sasaki was an American landscape architect. Hideo Sasaki was born in Reedley, California, on 25 November 1919 and he grew up working on his familys California truck farm, and harvesting crops on Arizona farms. He began his studies at the University of California, Berkeley during the time of World War II. Owing to his Japanese descent, he was forced into the Poston internment camp in Arizona and he was able to leave the camp upon volunteering to work as a farm hand in Sterling, Colorado. Soon after the war, he moved to Denver, Colorado where he met his wife, Kisa, Sasaki then moved to the University of Illinois where he received Bachelor of Fine Arts and Landscape Architecture in 1946. In 1948 he graduated with a Master of Landscape Architecture from Harvard Design School, after graduation he returned to Illinois where he instructed for two years. For the next eighteen years he became a professor and the chairman of the department of Landscape Architecture of the Harvard Graduate School of Design, in 1953, he founded Sasaki Associates, Incorporated in nearby Watertown, Massachusetts, where he was the president and chairman until 1980. He led the companys architects and planners in developing many noted commercial areas, during his later years he lived with his family in Lafayette, California. He died on 30 August 2000 in a hospital in Walnut Creek, Sasaki helped to modernize the concepts of Landscape Architecture. He created an approach to designing a landscape. In his works, several characteristics are taken into account, such as the historical, cultural, environmental, Sasaki became famous for developing this concept of interdisciplinary planning. In all of the sites that he developed, a balance is implemented into the design, one aspect that Sasaki Associates pays particular attention to is the environmental aspect of the land. They have taken part in creating several “green designs. ”These designs are created to enhance or maintain the health of the environment. Some of the prominent examples can be viewed at the Utah State University Innovation Campus, The Virginia Biosphere, Walden Woods, another facet of Sasakis approach was the modernism that he worked into his college campus projects. He held this position until 1971, being re-appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965, in 1971 he received the American Society of Landscape Architects Medal, the first person to do so. In 1973 he received the Allied Professions Medal from the American Institute of Architects, Sasaki was member of CU-Boulders four-member design review board for 33 years. He was Chairman of the department of architecture at the Harvard Graduate School of Design. He founded Sasaki Associates Inc. and was chairman and president of the board and he was a Juror for the Vietnam Memorial Competition in 1981, the Astronaut Memorial Competition in 1988 and the Peace Garden Competition in 1989
11.
One Shell Square
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It is the tallest building in both the city of New Orleans and the state of Louisiana, and is taller than Louisianas tallest peak, Driskill Mountain. The building is used for leaseable office space, with some retail space on the ground level. The design of the building is similar to Houstons One Shell Plaza and Denvers Republic Plaza. Hines Interest is the developer of One Shell Square and Lincoln Property Company, Shell Oil Company is the buildings largest tenant. Current occupancy of the building is approximately 90 percent, One Shell Square was built using a double tube system, with a steel core and a concrete perimeter, and opened for business in 1972. The exterior of the building is clad in Italian travertine and bronze glass, there has been concern over the years regarding the limestones integrity during severe weather such as tropical systems. Fortunately, these fears did not play out during Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, the building reopened to tenants in December 2005. At the time of its completion in 1972, One Shell Square was the tallest building in the Southeast and it held the title of the Southeasts tallest building until 1976, when the Westin Peachtree Plaza in Atlanta surpassed it. One Shell Square was the first skyscraper in the South to surpass the 200 meter mark, according to Google, this building was the work of Structural Engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan A heliport—the One Shell Square Emergency Heliport—is located on the roof of the tower. One Shell Square is bounded by Poydras Street to the south, Carondelet Street to the west, Perdido Street to the north, One Shell Square has its own ZIP code,70139 surrounded by 70130
12.
New Orleans
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New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue
13.
Republic Plaza (Denver)
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Republic Plaza is a skyscraper in Denver, Colorado. Rising 714 feet, the building stands as the tallest building in the city of Denver. It was built in 1984, and contains 56 floors, the majority of which are used as office space, Republic Plaza currently stands as the 109th-tallest building in the United States. The building has a 3-story marble lobby features a quarterly Art in Public Places program of Colorado. On October 27,2007, the buildings top 20 stories were lit in purple with giant white letters C and R to celebrate the Colorado Rockies World Series debut, the Republic Plaza was built by PCL Construction Services, Inc. The Republic Plaza is the home to the American Lung Association in Colorados Anthem Fight for Air Climb, the event is held the last Sunday in February and is a 56-story stair climb to the top of the building. List of tallest buildings in Denver List of tallest buildings by U. S. state Official site
14.
Denver
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Denver, officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Colorado. Denver is in the South Platte River Valley on the edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile above sea level, making it the highest major city in the United States. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich, the reference for the Mountain Time Zone. Denver is ranked as a Beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. With a 2015 estimated population of 682,545, Denver ranks as the 19th-most populous U. S. city, and with a 2. 8% increase in 2015, the city is also the fastest-growing major city in the United States. The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 2,814,330 and ranked as the 19th most populous U. S. metropolitan statistical area. The 12-city Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 3,418,876, which ranks as the 16th most populous U. S. metropolitan area. Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor, Denver is the most populous city within a 500-mile radius and the second-most populous city in the Mountain West after Phoenix, Arizona. In 2016, Denver was named the best place to live in the USA by U. S. News & World Report and this was the first historical settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The site faded quickly, however, and by the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria, Larimer named the townsite Denver City to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver. Larimer hoped the name would help make it the county seat of Arapaho County but, unbeknownst to him. The location was accessible to existing trails and was across the South Platte River from the site of seasonal encampments of the Cheyenne, the site of these first towns is now the site of Confluence Park near downtown Denver. Larimer, along with associates in the St. Charles City Land Company, sold parcels in the town to merchants and miners, Denver City was a frontier town, with an economy based on servicing local miners with gambling, saloons, livestock and goods trading. In the early years, land parcels were often traded for grubstakes or gambled away by miners in Auraria, in May 1859, Denver City residents donated 53 lots to the Leavenworth & Pikes Peak Express in order to secure the regions first overland wagon route. Offering daily service for passengers, mail, freight, and gold, in 1863, Western Union furthered Denvers dominance of the region by choosing the city for its regional terminus. The Colorado Territory was created on February 28,1861, Arapahoe County was formed on November 1,1861, Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902. In 1867, Denver City became the territorial capital, with its newfound importance, Denver City shortened its name to Denver
15.
Shell Oil Company
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Shell Oil Company is the United States-based subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell, a multinational oil major of Anglo-Dutch origins, which is amongst the largest oil companies in the world. Approximately 22,000 Shell employees are based in the U. S, the U. S. head office is in Houston, Texas. Shell is the leader through approximately 25,000 Shell-branded gas stations in the U. S. which also serve as Shells most visible public presence. At its gas stations Shell provides diesel fuel, gasoline and LPG, Shell products include oils, fuels, and car services as well as exploration, production, and refining of petroleum products. The Shell Oil Refinery in Martinez, California, the first Shell refinery in the United States, supplies Shell, Shell gasolines previously included the RU2000 and SU2000 lines but they have been superseded by the V-Power line. In 1997, Shell and Texaco entered into two refining/marketing joint ventures, one combined their Midwestern and Western operations and was known as Equilon. The other, known as Motiva, combined the Eastern and Gulf Coast operations of Shell Oil and Star Enterprise, after Texaco merged with Chevron in 2001, Shell purchased Texacos shares in the joint ventures. In the year 2016, Shell Nederland Raffinaderij BV said that it has started a new unit at the large Pernis refinery in Rotterdam. Until the mid-1980s Shells business in the United States was substantially independent, limited direct involvement from the main office in The Hague, Netherlands and having its stock Shell Oil traded on the New York Stock Exchange were factors.7 billion. Despite the acquisition, however, Shell Oil remained an independent business. This was due in part to legal reasons as Royal Dutch Shell feared that there could be onerous liability problems if a closer control of Shell Oils affairs was exercised by the parent company. One consequence of independence was that the Shell logo used in the U. S. was slightly different from that used in the rest of the world. In the 1980s Shell Oils independence began to erode as the parent company took a more hands-on approach in running the business. The logo used in the United States is the same as used elsewhere since June 1,1998. Aera Energy —joint venture with ExxonMobil operating in California, Motiva Enterprises —joint venture with Saudi Refining. Shell Development Emeryville —research facility that operated from 1928–1966 in California, pennzoil Shell Puget Sound Refinery, Anacortes, Washington, was fined $291,000 from 2006 to 2010 for violations of the Clean Air Act making it the second most-fined violator in the Pacific Northwest. As of 2011, it was listed as high priority violator since 2008, in 2008, a lawsuit was filed against Shell Oil Company for alleged Clean Air Act violation. Shell Deer Park facility,20 miles east of Houston, was the nations eighth-largest oil refinery, the facility was also the second largest source of air pollution in Harris County, which ranked among the lowest in the nation in several measures of air quality
16.
Royal Dutch Shell
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Royal Dutch Shell plc, commonly known as Shell, is a British–Dutch multinational oil and gas company headquartered in the Netherlands and incorporated in the United Kingdom. It is one of the six oil and gas supermajors and the sixth-largest company in the world measured by 2016 revenues. Shell was first in the 2013 Fortune Global 500 list of the worlds largest companies and it also has renewable energy activities in the form of biofuels and wind. Shell has operations in over 70 countries, produces around 3.7 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide, as of 31 December 2014, Shell had total proved reserves of 13.7 billion barrels of oil equivalent. Shell Oil Company, its subsidiary in the United States, is one of its largest businesses. Shell holds 50% of Raízen, a joint venture with Cosan, which is the third-largest Brazil-based energy company by revenues, Shell was formed in 1907 through the amalgamation of the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the Shell Transport and Trading Company of the United Kingdom. Shell first entered the industry in 1929. In 1970 Shell acquired the mining company Billiton, which it sold in 1994. In recent decades gas exploration and production has become an important part of Shells business. Shell acquired BG Group in 2016, making it the worlds largest producer of liquefied natural gas, Shell has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It has secondary listings on Euronext Amsterdam and the New York Stock Exchange, as of January 2013, Shells largest shareholder was Capital Research Global Investors with 9. 85% ahead of BlackRock in second with 6. 89%. Shells logo, known as the pecten, is one of the most familiar commercial symbols in the world and it was a move largely driven by the need to compete globally with Standard Oil. The Shell Transport and Trading Company was a British company, founded in 1897 by Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted, and his brother Samuel Samuel. Their father had owned a company in Houndsditch, London. For various reasons, the new firm operated as a company, whereby the merging companies maintained their legal existence. The terms of the merger gave 60 percent ownership of the new group to the Dutch arm and 40 percent to the British, national patriotic sensibilities would not permit a full-scale merger or takeover of either of the two companies. The Dutch company, Koninklijke Nederlandsche Petroleum Maatschappij at The Hague, was in charge of production, the British Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company was based in London, to direct the transport and storage of the products. During the First World War, Shell was the supplier of fuel to the British Expeditionary Force
17.
Baker Botts
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Headquartered in One Shell Plaza in Downtown Houston, Texas, the firm has a major list of energy related clients. It is said to be the second-oldest law firm west of the Mississippi, with Rose Law Firm of Little Rock, the firm traces its history to 1840 in the Republic of Texas, with the beginning of legal practice by founding partner Peter W. Gray. Gray represented the Allen Brothers, founders of the city of Houston, confederate Colonel Walter Browne Botts joined the firm in 1865, and it became Gray and Botts. In 1872, James Addison Baker joined the firm and the name was changed to Gray, Botts & Baker. Gray left the partnership in 1874, to join the Supreme Court of Texas, Peter Gray also died in 1874. Judge Bakers son, also James Addison Baker joined the firm as a clerk in 1877, a lawyer in 1881, in 1896, Captain Baker, personal attorney for Texas millionaire William Marsh Rice, drew up a new will for Rice and was the wills executor. In 1900, Rice was poisoned in his bed by his valet, Charles F. Jones, Captain Baker was a key witness and helped investigate the murder after Patrick produced a will that gave him control of five million dollars in 1904. Baker got the will he drew up entered as evidence in the case, the case was not settled until 1910, and by that time the estate had grown to almost 10 million dollars. Captain Baker was the first chairman of the Rice Board of Trustees, Rice University has maintained ties to Baker Botts since that time. Jules Henri Tallichet joined the firm in 1909, bringing with him Southern Pacific Railroad, his client at Sam R. Fisher in Austin. Captain Bakers son, James Addison Baker, Jr. also joined the firm in 1919 and his classmate, Walter H. Walne served as managing partner from 1926 to 1933. He maintained two offices in Washington, being affiliated as a partner at the Carlyle Group. In 2000, the firm renamed itself Baker Botts, Dutch quality newspaper NRC investigated Baker Botts representation of Rosneft, in a Dutch court case dealing with the Russian states appropriation of Yukos. The two oil giants were embroiled in a feud between Putin and an opponent of his, Chodorkovsy, the controlling shareholder of Yukos. Chodorkovsky was subsequently jailed, and Rosneft picked up the pieces of Yukos bankruptcy, journalist Joep Dohmen of NRC wrote that Baker Botts helped its client Rosneft forge Armenian court rulings, to shore up Rosnefts claims in Dutch courts. The text included the Armenian coat of arms, the NRC article has been translated into English. The article also stated that Yukos settled, out of court, claude Allen, associate employee 1991-1995 James A. Baker, Sr. joined 1881, partner 1887, grandfather of James Addison Baker, III James Baker, senior partner, as of 1993 Richard C
18.
KRIV (TV)
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KRIV, channel 26, is an owned-and-operated television station of the Fox Broadcasting Company, located in Houston, Texas, United States. KRIV is owned by the Fox Television Stations subsidiary of 21st Century Fox, the two stations share studio facilities in the Uptown section of Houston, and KRIVs transmitter is located near Missouri City, Texas. The station first signed on the air on August 15,1971 as KVRL and it was the third UHF television station in Houston, after KHTV and KVVV-TV. Four years after signing on, in 1975, the call letters were changed to KDOG – a callsign chosen by former station general manager Leroy Gloger. Another former general manager, Jerry Marcus commented that he saw the calls appropriate during the formative years as, in his words. The stations slogan during this timeframe was Where every dog has his day, for its first two decades on the air, channel 26 operated from studio facilities located at 3935 Westheimer Road in Houstons Highland Village section. In May 1978, Metromedia purchased the station and changed its letters to the current KRIV-TV. Jerry Marcus, general manager of Metromedias Washington, D. C. station WTTG, was hired to manage channel 26s operations. This influx of dollars from Metromedias investment in the station resulted in KRIV acquiring higher-profile syndicated programs and by 1983, overall, the stations viewership ranked near KHTV, a more well-established outlet, over the years. The acquisition resulted in channel 26 and the other former Metromedia stations to adopt a more sophisticated on-air appearance for a network. The station changed its branding to the current Fox 26 upon the networks October 9,1986 launch. Fox continued to add additional nights of programming over the next six years until it went seven days a week in 1993. Over that seven-week wait, KRIV was still essentially a de facto independent station, as a Fox owned-and-operated station, KRIV acquired more first-run syndicated programming. In 1997, KRIV moved from its original Westheimer Road studios to a state-of-the-art digital facility near the Southwest Freeway. During this time KRIVs studios also became a location for various syndicated programs produced by 20th Television, including the court shows Texas Justice, Cristinas Court. The stations digital relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 27 to channel 26 for post-transition operations. Syndicated programming on Fox 26 includes Judge Judy, The Wendy Williams Show, The Real, Steve Harvey, KRIV has touted its newscasts as the fastest growing in the Houston area ratings, and had outperformed KPRCs newscasts during the February 2007 sweeps period. During Jan Jeffcoats tenure as morning anchor from 2004 to 2007, KRIV saw a jump in ratings in the morning slot
19.
KKBQ
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KKBQ, The New 93Q, is a commercial FM radio station with a country music format. KKBQ is licensed to Pasadena, Texas and broadcasts on 92.9 MHz for the Greater Houston area, the station is owned by Cox Radio and is part of its Houston radio cluster including 107.5 KGLK,106.9 KHPT &97.1 KTHT. Studios and offices are in Suite 2300 at 3 Post Oak Central in the Uptown district in Houston, Texas, United States, KKBQ has been nominated twice for Country Music Association awards for Best Radio Station in a Large Market, winning once. It was honored with a NAB Marconi award in 2013 for Country Station of the Year, the station has also won the Billboard/Airplay Monitor Radio Awards award for Best Country Station three times. The station signed on at 92.5 FM in August 1962 as KLVL-FM, Houstons first Spanish language FM station, in 1969, the stations original owner, Felix Morales, sold station for $175,000 in cash to Woody Sudbrink. The call letters were changed to KFMZ, with facilities located on the top of the Pasadena State Bank building at only a few hundred watt signal. Due to complaints from KFMK, the calls were changed to KYED, airing religious programming during the day. Soon after this upgrade, Sudbrink sold KYND for over $2 million, KYND grew to be the dominant beautiful music outlet in Houston, and in 1976 became the first FM radio station to top the Houston radio ratings. In the late summer of 1982, KYND moved from 92.5 MHz to 92.9 MHz to accommodate the incoming 92.1 FM in Seabrook, on July 2,1982, The New 79Q was launched on 790 AM KULF with a Top 40 format. The morning show was composed of John Lander and the Q-Morning Zoo, the station acquired the KKBQ callsign on August 13,1982. The stations owners decided to add the Top 40 format to KYND, the beautiful music format on 92.9 was beginning to see a decline in ratings as younger listeners thought of the format as elevator music. On December 29,1982, at 6,00 A. M, CST, Houstons Stereo Combination was born as KYND became The New 93KBQ, simulcasting part of the day on KKBQ-AM. The first song played was Eye of the Tiger by Survivor, the same song was used for the launch of WHTZ in New York City on August 2,1983. The FM acquired the KKBQ-FM call letters two months later in February 1983, later on, the station rebranded, first as 93FM, and finally to the more famous 93Q, in 1986. Incidentally, in the early years on FM, listeners were heard during call-ins erroneously referring to the station as Q93 or 93Q. For a time, the AM station ran the show live from the FM. The rest of the day the two ran the same playlist, but slightly delayed on the AM side, which ran identical IDs, promos. This practice continued until the late 1980s, when it became a full-time simulcast, the simulcast would continue until January 16,1998, when the AM flipped to adult standards
20.
KQBT
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KQBT is a Urban Contemporary radio station in Houston, Texas. The stations studios are located along the West Loop Freeway in the citys Uptown district, KQBT carries two HD Radio sub-channels,93.7 HD2 airs a simulcast of KBME, while 93.7 HD3 airs a simulcast of KTRH. KQBT originally signed on in mid-December 1963 as KBNO, featuring popular music, studios were located on the 34th floor of the Gulf Building in downtown Houston. In 1970, the station was noted in the movie Brewster McCloud, by mid-1981, the station had rebranded as Love 94. In March 1984, the station switched to adult contemporary as Lite Rock 93.7, the station rebranded to K-Lite 93.7 in the late 1980s. On November 25,1993, at 2 p. m. the station flipped to Classic Hits, branded as Arrow 93.7, the KKRW call letters were adopted on December 20,1993. Over the next decade, the station evolved to classic rock. In the early 2000s, KKRW was home of the Dean & Rog morning show until they left in early 2009, in early 2009, the station began airing former KLOL morning hosts Walton & Johnson, who host a politically oriented morning show that leans right. The show was dropped from KKRW in December 2012, KKRW enjoyed ratings success for a number of years, both in Arbitrons diary and Portable People Meter ratings measurement systems. Ratings remained strong until KGLK, which played a slightly lighter classic rock format, in its last full book with classic rock, KKRW was ranked #17 with a 2.4 share of the market according to Arbitrons Houston market ratings. On December 31,2013, at 10 a. m. after playing Thin Lizzys The Boys are Back in Town, at Noon, after playing Journeys Dont Stop Believin, KKRW flipped to Urban Contemporary, branded as 93.7 The Beat. The first song on The Beat was Drunk in Love by Houston native Beyoncé and it was the first time in 14 years iHeartMedia attempted an urban outlet in Houston, as it once owned KBXX and KMJQ from 1994 to 2000, when both were spun off to Radio One. On January 15,2014, KKRW changed call letters to KQBT to match the Beat moniker
21.
KKHH
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KKHH is an adult hits radio station in Houston, Texas, broadcasting at 95.7 MHz, under the ownership of CBS Radio. Its studios are located in the Greenway Plaza district, and its transmitter is located in Missouri City, KKHH signed on the air as easy listening KHUL on 95.7 at 7 a. m. KHUL carried a format and billed itself as Cool, refreshing radio. KHUL was the first FM in the market to operate with a 24-hour schedule, in 1966, the station was bought by Leroy J. Gloger, who owned Pasadena daytime only AM country music station KIKK. Gloger requested the call letters be changed to KIKK-FM and began to simulcast the AMs country format as KIKK96 FM. After album rock station KILT-FM flipped to country in 1981, the station saw fierce competition throughout the 1980s and early 1990s from the KILT combo. More competition came when KKBQ switched from country to a top 40 country approach in 1992.7 by early 1997. At Noon on November 4,2002, KIKK-FM flipped from its long running country format to Smooth Jazz as 95.7 The Wave, with the KHJZ call letters being adopted on November 7. On March 12,2008, at 5,37 p. m. KHJZ began stunting with a loop of Dont Stop by Freestyler and Dont Stop the Music by Rihanna, at that time, the station flipped to Top 40/CHR, branded as Hot 95.7. The first song on Hot was Hot In Herre by Nelly, the format used an interactive approach and positioned its Rhythmic hit-flavored direction in between KBXX and KRBE. At first, because of its choice of direction, Mediabase had placed KHJZ on its Rhythmic reporter panel, the KKHH call letters were adopted on April 1,2008. In an interview from the online website All Access, GM Laura Morris said and we dont pick the hits, They do. Every hour, listeners can vote for the top hit of that hour, well do that 24 hours a day. Its the first and only station we know of making listeners feel like they have that kind of control, KKHH OM/PD Jeff Garrison, who also programmed Country sister KILT-FM and Sports Talk KILT, added, Houstons always been about making history. From the oil wildcatters and the 8th Wonder of the World to landing on the moon, HOT 95-7 is Houstons next generation of radio, blazing a big, bold hot radio station for Houston listeners. HOT 95-7 has multi-cultural pop appeal with a spice to match Houstons diversity. Were about todays new music, celebrity artists, pop culture, lifestyle, were online, on demand and in touch with the pulse of the next generation of pre-teen radio listeners. On Friday, June 27,2008, CBS announced the addition of Brad Booker, were very excited to have Booker & Sarah join the Hot team, said Hot/Houston PD Mark Adams
22.
KILT-FM
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KILT-FM is a Houston, Texas-based radio station with a country music format. It is owned by CBS Radio, and its studios are in Greenway Plaza and its transmitter is located in Missouri City, Texas. It is a station of KILT, which is located at 610 kHz. Gordon McLendon signed on 100.3 in 1961 as the station to KILT610. The station originally had the call letters KOST and carried an easy listening format, in the early 1970s, KILT-FM adopted a free-form progressive rock format, and went by the slogan Radio Montrose, named for the neighborhood in which the stations studios were located. By 1974, the station evolved to a more structured album rock format as FM100, KILT-FM changed to country on February 16,1981. When 610 KILT switched to country as well on June 1,1981, its long-running Hudson and Harrigan morning show remained and began to be simulcast on KILT-FM. From its debut in 1967 through 1995, the Hudson and Harrigan morning show had different sets of personalities occupying the personas of Mac Hudson. Ken Hoffmann of the Houston Chronicle described Hudson and Harrigan as the longest-running, however, that run finally ended when KILT announced the shows termination on March 23,2010. Fred Olson and Randy Hames, who hosted as Hudson and Harrigan for the last 28 years, were released, after switching to the country music format, KILT-FM competed directly against KIKK, the only other country music station in the Houston Area. According to the Houston Chronicle, after success, KILT-FM struggled through an aborted change of call letters. In the spring of 1989, KILT finally pulled ahead of KIKK in the Arbitron ratings, KIKK was fourth on the nationwide list, with an estimated 508,700 listeners. KILT-FM serves as a radio station of the Houston Texans. On January 10,2013, at 5 PM, the station relaunched as The Bull @100.3, the station shifted its playlist to include more current and recurrent music. The final song on 100.3 KILT was Give It All We Got Tonight by George Strait, KILT had been owned by LIN Broadcasting Corporation since 1968. In an effort to divest itself of all of its stations, in late 1986, LIN Broadcasting Corporation sold KILT. Less than three years later, KILT-FM was sold, along with seven other stations, by Metropolitan-Legacy to Westinghouse Broadcasting. At the time, the $360 million deal was considered the largest ever in radio, to meet federal regulations on radio ownership, Westinghouse sold their Houston station KODA
23.
KLOL
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KLOL is a Spanish Pop radio station in Houston, Texas that is owned by CBS Radio. Its transmitter is located in Missouri City, Texas, and its studios are located in Greenway Plaza, the 101.1 frequency signed on in 1947 as KTRH-FM. In 1970, Im Free by The Who ushered in a new format and callsign to the 101.1 frequency, in the early days, KLOL was known as Mothers Family and later K101 and utilized what would be termed a free form format. The Mothers Family name was a reference to KFMK-FM, Houstons original Progressive Rock radio station, a major contributor to the early and ongoing success of KLOL was the laid back perennial DJ Maurice Crash Collins. KLOL played a good dose of Rock in the years, but it was also possible to hear Jazz, Blues. In the mid-1970s the main competition to 101 KLOL was the smaller 96.5 KAUM, KAUM eventually went top 40, leaving KLOL and KILT to battle it out. By the late 1970s KLOL had transformed into a full-fledged AOR station, KLOL achieved victory in early 1981 against format rival KILT-FM. Shortly thereafter, KLOL would have another rival in 97ROCK and one of the fiercest AOR battles of the 1980s commenced, KLOL once again won the battle as KSRR flipped to Top 40 as KKHT in 1986. KLOL mellowed somewhat in the 1980s, but their playlist remained quite wide, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, KLOL was one of the top rated AOR station in the United States. KLOL featured legendary morning men Mark Stevens and Jim Pruett and their Stevens and Pruett Show, Dayna Steele anchored mid-days, and the Steele-workers were numerous. And in the evenings it was Outlaw Radio, an Active Rock show with a lot of attitude, KLOL was regularly in the Top 3 in that time frame. Non-Houston based ownership bought KLOL and the station began to change, KLOL started relying heavily on either Classic Rock product or current product from artists who were not selling high amounts of CDs. KLOL virtually ignored the exploding grunge rock and new rock bands from 1995 on, in late 1998, KLOLs Program director announced that KLOL would become decidedly more current. Many thought Active Rock was finally coming to Houston, alternative-rock formatted KTBZ-FM had been neutered due to ownership that wanted to target KKPN listeners, so the hole for a harder edged Active Rock station was there. Instead, decidedly more current meant songs that were almost a year old began to receive 40 plays a week, Clear Channel became the owner of KLOL in 2000, and at the time, Clear Channel retained the rock format. Many thought Clear Channel would bring back the sound of the station during the previous decades. Instead, KLOL carried on in the vein for another 4 years. Rumors of a KLOL format change had been heard since at least 1999, however, the November 10,2004 edition of The Walton & Johnson Show on KLOL informed listeners that if they wanted to keep listening, they had better learn Spanish
24.
KMJQ
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KMJQ, is an Urban Adult Contemporary-formatted radio station located in Houston, Texas. Owned by Radio One, it is one of the most well-programmed heritage urban contemporary stations in the U. S. and has a strong listenership repertoire among listeners in Houston. Co-owned with KBXX and KROI, its studios are located in the Greenway Plaza district and it is one of the high-ranking stations in Greater Houston, commanding a Top 5 position according to Arbitron, with KMJQ sometimes reaching number-one on many reports. The station originally went on-the-air in 1961 as KAJC-FM with studios and transmitter in Alvin, Texas, at a time when FM typically aired elevator music, it was the first FM station in the Houston area to broadcast an adult contemporary and hourly news format. In 1962 and 1963 it became the first FM station in Texas to win major awards from the UPI Texas Broadcasters Association, including story of the year. In 1964, the station was sold, changed its letters to KMSC. Styled the Voice of the Manned Spacecraft Center, it broadcast news about the space program, the station call letters changed to KLYX or Clicks as an easy listening station. In 1975, it became an affiliate of NBC Radios national News and this aired from 1975 to the end of the service in early 1977. The all-news operation originated from studios in Houston. The station operated under a waiver of the FCC rules known as Arizona Waiver after a Glendale and this worked well with the easy listening format, as 94% of the station was recorded music and commercials. The 6% news and non entertainment items could originate from the main studio and this was expanded to let the station broadcast its local and non network shows from the Clear Lake studios. In 1979, the Clear Lake City area was annexed by Houston, in 1982, the transmitter was moved from downtown Houston to the new shared tower at Missouri City. The station was relaunched in 1978 as KMJQ, utilizing a contemporary format. It began as The All New Majic 102 FM, and went on to obtain high listenership among African American audiences, KMJQ was sold by Keymarket Media to the San Diego-based Noble Media in 1988. It became co-owned with KYOK months later, which transitioned from a R&B/soul station to a hip hop format as YO.1590 Raps in the early 1990s, in the early 1990s, KMJQ transitioned its branding to Majic 102 Jamz and simply 102 Jamz. Reggae was played in rotation during the transition, all the while maintaining a music variety of R&B, soul, gospel, reggae, new jack swing, jazz. It later dominated competition which came from KHYS in the mid-1980s, but in 1991, KMJQ gained fierce competition from KBXX upon that stations launch. KBXX, then a rhythmic, quickly emerged as KMJQs prime competitor for their core audience demographic
25.
KRBE
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KRBE, is a Top 40 radio station based in Houston, Texas, United States. The studios located in Suite 700 of the Chase building at 9801 Westheimer Road in the Westchase District in western Houston, the transmitter facilities located in Missouri City. The studios were not moved to their Kirby Drive location until more than a decade after the station signed on, KRBE is owned and operated by Cumulus Media. At 6 pm on November 8,1959, KRBE signed on at 104.1 FM as a station by owners Roland. It continued as such into the late 1960s, when it flipped for the first time to top 40, the station was simply branded as 104 KRBE. In the mid-1970s, KRBE took on the moniker of Bump & Boogie, the studios were located on Kirby Lane above the ACCA recording studios. At this time, it was owned by General Cinema Corporation, bob Fauser became the General Manager. Clay Gish became the director in 1974 and launched a legendary run that lasted until 1980. Mike Krehel became the Chief Engineer during that time and gave KRBE its Flame Thrower signature sound, KRBE DJs during the mid to late 1970s included Kenny Miles hosting Miles in the Morning, Matt The Man the Mighty Quinn, Roger W. W. W. Garrett, Dwight Shotgun Cook, The Original Rock n Roll Wizard, during this period, KRBE became the first American FM top-40 station in a large market to flip the market from AM to FM, beating the legendary KILT in Arbitron ratings for the Houston market. In 1975, KRBE moved from Kirby Lane to showcase state-of-the-art studios in the Caldwell Banker Building overlooking Interstate 610 at Westheimer Road across from The Galleria, around this time, KRBE was purchased by Lake Huron Broadcasting. In the late 1970s, KRBE billed itself under one of two nicknames, Super Rock 104 KRBE or Houstons Super Rock, playing a mixture of top 40, DJs included Barry Kaye, CC McCartney, Roger W. W. W. Garrett, Matt The Man the Mighty Quinn, The Catfish, Jon Kelly, Dayna Steele, in 1981, KRBE flipped to an Adult Contemporary format as FM104 KRBE. In late 1982, top 40 KKBQ moved to FM with great success, to counter them, KRBE relaunched as Hottest Hits 104 KRBE with a CHR format in the mid-summer of 1985. Not too long after, KRBE dropped the Hot Hits slogan to become Power 104, both stations remained head to head throughout the remainder of the 1980s. In November 1986, Dallas-based Susquehanna Radio purchased KRBE and KENR, in 1987, KRBE took a lean towards a dance-friendly top 40 format with evening weekend studio mixshows, from 10 PM to 2 AM, known as The Friday & Saturday Night Power Mix. KKBQ matched it with its own mixshows, aptly titled Club 93Q, by the end of 1987, Scott Sparks had been hired from Y-95 in Dallas to prop up the night show with a Dance-heavy sound. While KRBEs show was a more radio friendly, it was first to play some of the music 6400 was spinning
26.
JPMorgan Chase Tower (Houston)
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The JPMorgan Chase Tower, formerly Texas Commerce Tower, is a 305.4 m, 75-story,2,243,013 sq. ft skyscraper at 600 Travis Street in Downtown Houston, Texas. The tower was built between 1979 and 1981 as the Texas Commerce Tower and it was designed by noted architects I. M. Pei & Partners. In some early plans, the building reached up to 80 stories, however, nonetheless, when it was completed, it was the eighth tallest building in the world. The building was developed as part of a partnership between Texas Commerce Bank and Khalid bin Mahfouz and it was built on the site where the Uptown Theatre, demolished in 1965, once stood. S. Bank Tower, was built in 1990, JPMorgan Chase Tower is not currently connected to the Houston Downtown Tunnel System. This system forms a network of subterranean, climate-controlled, pedestrian walkways that link twenty-five full city blocks, the Tower also includes 22,000 square feet of retail space. The sky lobby observation deck is located on the 60th floor, one can take the express elevator, providing a panoramic view of the city of Houston thanks to the use of wide glass spans and thirteen-foot ceilings. While the towers name reflects the bank JPMorgan Chase, the space designated to Chase is a single branch office on the bottom floor. The tower is owned by Prime Asset Management and managed by its original owner, police were forced to cordon off the area due to the amount of debris in the streets. At first, it was speculated that the glass came off the building due to impact from debris or due to high-speed winds in the confined spaces, however, flying glass debris must be entirely governed by drag and lift forces that overcome gravity for a considerable time period. This theory was proposed because an increase in speed produces a drop in external pressure. List of tallest buildings in Houston List of tallest buildings by U. S
27.
Wells Fargo Plaza (Houston)
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The Wells Fargo Plaza, formerly the Allied Bank Plaza and First Interstate Bank Plaza, is a skyscraper located at 1000 Louisiana Street in Downtown Houston, Texas in the United States. It is the tallest building named for Wells Fargo, from street level, the building is 302.4 meters tall and contains 71 floors. It extends four more stories below street level, Wells Fargo Plaza features a wide variety of fine amenities for its tenants including The Houstonian Lite Health Club located on the 14th floor. Sky lobbies on the 34/35th and 58/59th floors are not publicly accessible and these sky lobbies are served by double-decker elevators and primarily serve as transfer floors to local elevators. It was designed by Richard Keating, FAIA while a partner of Skidmore, in 1983 the building lost a large number of windows during Hurricane Alicia. Originally named the Allied Bank Plaza, it was renamed to the First Interstate Bank Plaza in 1988, First Interstate Bancorp was then taken over in 1996 by Wells Fargo. In 1993, the Consulate-General of the United Kingdom in Houston leased 9,707 square feet in the First Interstate Plaza, in 1995 Koll Real Estate lost the management contract for the First Interstate Plaza. In 1996 NGC Corp. leased 260,000 square feet in the First Interstate Plaza, the company moved over 700 jobs from a suburban office building along U. S. Route 290 to the Wells Fargo Plaza. In 2012, the company moved out of the building as part of downsizing initiatives while undergoing bankruptcy procedures, in 2006, Targa Resources signed an 11-year lease to occupy 101,600 square feet of space in the Wells Fargo Plaza. Targa expanded from its space and began to occupy floors 43 through 46. In 2007 CB Richard Ellis became the leasing agent for Wells Fargo Plaza. As of October of that year the building was 91% leased, the leased space consists mostly of large tenants, with some mid-sized tenants occupying space. In December 2014, PwC moved into the formerly occupied by Dynegy. The Houston office of PwC is primarily located in Suite 5800, Targa Resources is located in Suite 4300. The Houstonian Lite club is located in a 12, 000-square-foot area on the 14th floor and it includes group exercise studio space, locker rooms, a private Pilates studio, and exercise equipment. The club, operated by The Redstone Cos. operators of The Houstonian Hotel, was the third Houstonian Lite club in Greater Houston and it had been under construction since December 2005. The owner of the Wells Fargo building, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. and Metropolitan Tower Realty Company Inc. the Consulate-General of the United Kingdom in Houston is located in Suite 1900. At one point the Consulate-General of Japan in Houston was located in Suite 5300 and later Suite 2300, at one point the Consulate-General of Switzerland in Houston resided in Suite 5670, the mission, which at a later point moved to Two Allen Center, no longer exists
28.
Antenna farm
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The history of the term antenna farm is uncertain, but it dates to at least the 1950s. In telecom circles, any area more than three antennas could be referred to as an antenna farm. In the case of an AM broadcasting station, the multiple mast radiators may all be part of a system for a single station. Alternatively, a tower with many separate antennas is often called a candelabra tower. This is not only for the security of the location. With a clearer line of sight in both cases, more signal can be received, multiple small towers also allow stations to have backup facilities co-located on each others towers for redundancy. Cleveland, Ohio has its antenna farm in the suburb of Parma, in addition, all three network affiliates and one of the 3 major radio groups have their studio facilities located within the Oklahoma City tower farm. In the Appalachian Mountains of the Eastern United States, Poor Mountain serves most of the FM, holston Mountain in upper East Tennessee is home to most of the FM and TV stations in the Tri-Cities DMA. Other examples are Signal Mountain near Chattanooga, Tennessee, Sharps Ridge in Knoxville, Tennessee, probably the most famous broadcast antenna farm of all is the World Trade Center Tower One, on which many of the New York City television and several FM stations had their antennas. All were lost when Twin Towers One and Two collapsed after the September 11 attacks in 2001, most of those stations now broadcast from their previous home,200 feet lower, on the Empire State Building. Antenna farms have often been the source of complaints from local neighborhoods and this has been increasingly so for TV stations, which have been pursuing with alacrity the construction of new digital television antennas. One such situation was in Colorado, in the late 1990s, many of the Denver metropolitan area TV stations already transmitted analog TV from Lookout Mountain, but needed the extra space for more antennas. Residents and the city of Golden filed legal objections, including challenging the authority of the Federal Communications Commission to override denial of zoning permits by local government, the city of Golden also sought to condemn the site, even though it was outside city limits. It was decided that scenic Eldorado Mountain near Boulder might be a better site, despite other alternatives, the new supertower was forced on Lookout Mountain by the U. S. Congress, allowing the existing towers to be removed in 2009 after analog shutdown. The site began operating in spring 2008
29.
Missouri City, Texas
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Missouri City is a city in the U. S. state of Texas, within the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area. The city is mostly in Fort Bend County, with a portion in Harris County. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 67,358, the population was estimated at 74,139 in 2015. The area in which Missouri City is now located holds a significant part in the history of Texas that dates back to its days as part of the United States. In August 1853, the Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway and it was the first railroad to begin operating in Texas, and the first standard gauge railroad west of the Mississippi River. The railway continued its extension westward until, in 1883, it linked with its eastward counterpart, today, the route of the BBB&C is still an important and heavily operated railroad line. In 1890, two real estate investors from Houston purchased 4 square miles of land directly on the route of the BBB&C, only a mile and they advertised the property as a land of genial sunshine and eternal summer in St. Louis, Missouri, and its surrounding areas. Three years later, W. R. McElroy purchased 80 acres in the same vicinity and its first settlers were, however, from Arlington, Texas, near Dallas and Fort Worth. The settlement was registered in Texas in 1894, and began to take shape as a railroad town along Main Street and Blue Ridge Road, now known as US 90A and Texas Parkway. Its growth took a turn when, on February 14,1895, shortly after the first group of settlers had arrived. This discouraged some of the newcomers, who gave up and moved elsewhere and those unwavered stayed and found success in farming and ranching. Among its first businesses were a shop, a depot, and a general store. The first Catholic church was built in 1913, but was destroyed by a hurricane in 1915, the new church built to replace it stood until 1990. Oil was discovered at Blue Ridge 4 miles southeast of town in 1919, soon after, Missouri City became the railroad shipping point for these two resources. In 1925, at the location, natural gas was discovered. After a pipeline had been constructed the year, Missouri City became the first town in Fort Bend County to make use of natural gas. With the benefit of a railroad, Missouri City had already been home to commuters who, by train, traveled to adjacent towns like Staffords Point and Sugar Land to work. With the increase of automobiles and the improvement of roads and highways in the part of the 20th century
30.
Another World (TV series)
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Another World is an American television soap opera that ran on NBC for 35 years from May 4,1964, to June 25,1999. It was created by Irna Phillips along with William J. Bell, Another World focused less on the conventional drama of domestic life as seen in other soap operas, and more on exotic melodrama between families of different classes and philosophies. In 1964, Another World was the first soap opera to talk about abortion when such subjects were taboo. It was the first soap opera to do a crossover, with the character of Mike Bauer from Guiding Light and it was also the first to expand to one hour, then to ninety minutes, and then back to an hour. It was the first soap to launch two spin-offs, Somerset and Texas, as well as an one, Lovers and Friends. Another World was also the first soap opera with a song to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, Another World by Crystal Gayle and Gary Morris. On April 12,1999, NBC announced it was canceling Another World with its final episode on the airing on June 25,1999. NBC replaced Another World with another opera, Passions, on July 5,1999. Irna Phillips envisioned Another World as a spin-off of her soap opera As the World Turns. Phillips instead sold the show to NBC, removing references to ATWTs Oakdale, despite the severed connections to As the World Turns, the name Another World remained, as a reference to its origins. Expectations were so high that Another World had six weeks of commercial time sold in advance, after opening with a death in the core Matthews family, Irna planned to follow up with an out-of-wedlock pregnancy, a septic abortion, a shooting, and murder trial. As Allen M. Potter explained, Irna just didnt want to take a chance on waiting for the ratings and she felt that with this kind of showy story she could build an audience more quickly. Said Tom Donovan, In construction, Irna was attempting to follow the structure of As the World Turns, Irna would never conceive of a story not based on a family. The first episode was the aftermath of the funeral of wealthy William Matthews and his widow, Liz, did not like his working-class brother, Jim, or his family. The fights between upper-class Liz and her middle-class in-laws started the show, as the 60s went on, the lives and loves of Jims children, Russ, Alice, and Pat, took center stage. Jims wife, Mary, usually intervened when there was a crisis, in the first year, the show had a controversial storyline involving Pat having an illegal abortion after becoming pregnant. This was the first time that American television had covered the subject, in the story, the abortion made her sterile, and the shock from the news caused her to find her ex-boyfriend, Tom Baxter, and shoot him in cold blood. Pat was eventually brought to trial and acquitted and she then fell in love with and married her lawyer, John Randolph
31.
Texas (TV series)
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It is a spinoff of Another World, co-created by head writers John William Corrington, Joyce Hooper Corrington, and executive producer Paul Rauch of Another World. Rauch would hold the title of producer for the parent series. The debut episode featured Iris Cory Bancroft on a plane, leaving Houston after visiting her son Dennis, during her sojourn, she reconnected with her first love, self-made millionaire Alex Wheeler. Alex is determined not to let the past repeat itself and lose her again and he arranges the Bay City-bound jet airliner, which Iris is on, to return at Houston. The first season of the series the stories centered around the lives of the wealthy Wheelers and Bellmans. The series would never achieve ratings success on NBC in the USA, the Corringtons initial concept was for a show set in the Antebellum South entitled Reunion, but NBC wanted something more in line with the hugely successful CBS primetime soap Dallas. Rauch then chose to have the show revolve around the popular Another World character Iris Cory Carrington, Iris initially set out to visit her grown son Dennis, who had relocated from Bay City to Houston. Within a matter of weeks, Iris reconnected and became involved with her first love. A slew of characters debuted on Another World in hopes that when moved over to Texas. Hall and Ray Stevens all made appearances as themselves at venues, mostly at the Coop, in addition, politicians also made appearances, such as Oklahoma Governor George Nigh and his wife Donna. They appeared in walk-on roles during the shows first month on the air, also, while he never appeared on the actual series, Texas Lieutenant Governor William P. Hobby, Jr. took a tour of the programs Brooklyn studio, and praised the shows realistic visual feel. In November 1981, McKinsey left the show and the characters seen in the first year were given more story. Texas lost one million viewers upon McKinseys departure, while Another World, which also lost a million viewers upon her 1980 departure, could afford the drop in ratings, Texas could not, and its days were numbered. To try to appeal to the audience, the show rechristened itself Texas. In the daytime ratings for 1980-1981 season, Texas achieved a 3.8, tied with The Doctors at the 12th position. Its time slot contenders Guiding Light had an 8.2 rating, 4th position in the ratings, as opposed to an 11.4 rating for General Hospital, in its second season, the series fell to a 3.6 rating. At the end of its broadcast season it ended with a 2.7 rating, in the 12th position out of 14 daytime serials. According to A. C. Neilsen, the viewers for the first two seasons was at 2.8 million, followed by a drop to 2.2 million in the final season
32.
Local Hero
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Local Hero is a 1983 British comedy-drama film written and directed by Bill Forsyth and starring Peter Riegert, Denis Lawson, Fulton Mackay, and Burt Lancaster. For his work on the film, Forsyth won the 1984 BAFTA Award for Best Direction, Mac MacIntyre is a typical 1980s hot-shot executive working for Knox Oil and Gas in Houston, Texas. The eccentric chief of the company, Felix Happer, chooses to send him to Scotland to acquire the village of Ferness to make way for a refinery. Mac is a little apprehensive about his assignment, complaining to a co-worker that he would rather take care of business over the phone. Happer, an avid astronomy buff, tells Mac to watch the sky, especially around the constellation Virgo, upon arriving in Scotland, Mac teams up with local Knox representative Danny Oldsen. During a visit to a Knox research facility in Aberdeen, Dr Geddes and his assistant Watt inform them about the scope of the companys plans and they also meet marine researcher Marina. As time passes, Mac becomes more and more conflicted as he presses to close the deal that will spell the end of the quaint little village he has come to love. Ironically, the villagers are tired of the life they lead and are more than eager to sell. Mac receives encouragement from a source, Victor, a capitalistic Soviet fishing boat captain who periodically visits his friends in Ferness. Meanwhile, Danny befriends Marina, who is under the impression the company is planning to build a centre at Ferness. During a date, he discovers that Marina, who seems more at home in the water than on land, has webbed toes, while watching some grey seals, Danny mentions that sailors used to believe they were mermaids, and Marina tells him the sailors were wrong. MacIntyre tries everything to entice Ben to sell, even offering enough money to buy any other beach in the world, Ben picks up some sand and offers to sell for the same number of pound notes as he has grains of sand in his hand. A suspicious MacIntyre declines, only to be there could not have been more than ten thousand grains. Happer finally arrives on site, just in time to forestall a potentially nasty confrontation between some of the villagers and Ben, Happer mistakes the mob for a welcoming committee. When Mac informs him of the snag in the proceedings, he decides to negotiate personally with Ben and in the process, Happer opts to locate the refinery offshore and set up an astronomical observatory instead. He instructs MacIntyre to go home to implement the changes, Danny brings up Marinas dream of an oceanographic research facility and suggests combining the two into the Happer Institute, an idea that Happer likes. Later, Danny finds Marina swimming offshore and tells her the good news, a sombre MacIntyre returns to Houston. The final shot is of the phone box ringing and Mark Knopflers Going Home swelling as the phone rings
33.
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
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The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat is an international body in the field of tall buildings and sustainable urban design. Its stated mission is to study and report on all aspects of the planning, design, the Council was founded at Lehigh University in 1969 by Lynn S. Beedle, where its office remained until October 2003 when it moved to the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. The CTBUH ranks the height of buildings using three different methods, Height to architectural top, This is the criterion under which the CTBUH ranks the height of buildings. Heights are measured from the level of the lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance to the top of the building, inclusive of spires but excluding items such as flagpoles and antennae. Highest occupied floor, Height to the level of the highest floor that is occupied by residents. Height to tip, Height to the highest point of the building, including antennae, flagpoles, a category measuring to the top of the roof was removed from the ranking criteria in November 2009. This became the CTBUH official definition of a building’s completion, the CTBUH maintains an extensive database of the tallest buildings in the world, organized by various categories. Buildings under construction are included, although not ranked until completion. The CTBUH also produces an annual list of the ten tallest buildings completed in that particular year. Second on the 2008 list was the 363-metre Almas Tower in Dubai, third was the Minsheng Bank Building in Wuhan which stands at 331 metres, whilst fourth was The Address Downtown Burj Dubai. All in all, six of the ten tallest buildings completed in 2008 are located in Asia, the CTBUH also hosts annual conferences and a World Congress every three to five years. The most recent World Congress was held in Shanghai between 19 and 21 September 2012, the next World Congress will be held in Shanghai between 16 and 19 September 2014. The CTBUH also bestows Tall Building Awards each year, with four awards to the Americas, Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Among these four regional awards, one is given the Best Tall Building Award Overall, there are also two lifetime achievement awards. Starting in 2010, these awards are presented at a symposium, in 2012 the CTBUH added two new awards for Innovation and Performance. In addition to the newsletter and daily updated global news archive. The Journal includes peer-reviewed technical papers, in-depth project case studies, book reviews, interviews with prominent persons in the building industry. The CTBUH also publishes guidebooks, reference manuals, and monographs related to the building industry
34.
Emporis
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Emporis GmbH is a real estate data mining company with headquarters in Hamburg, Germany. The company collects and publishes data and photographs of buildings worldwide, Emporis offers a variety of information on its public database, Emporis. com, located at www. emporis. com. Emporis is frequently cited by media sources as an authority on building data. Emporis previously focused exclusively on high-rise buildings and skyscrapers, which it defines as buildings between 35 and 100 metres tall and at least 100 metres tall, respectively, today, the database has expanded to include low-rise buildings and other structures. Michael Wutzke started a website about skyscrapers in Frankfurt in 1996, in 2000 he started skyscrapers. com which was folded into Emporis in 2003. In 2004, Stephan R. Boehm assumed the role of Chairman, Wutzke was Chief Technology Officer and managing director until 2010, when he left the company. In 2007 venture capital firm Neuhaus Partners and KfW Bankengruppe invested several million Euro in the company, effective January 1,2009, the company moved its headquarters from Darmstadt to Frankfurt. In 2011, the company moved from Frankfurt to Hamburg, in 2000 a group of Emporis senior editors began presenting the Emporis Skyscraper Award. Eligible buildings are selected from a list of all buildings in the world at least 100 meters tall which were completed that year
35.
SkyscraperPage
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SkyscraperPage is an internet forum for skyscraper hobbyists and enthusiasts that tracks existing and proposed skyscrapers around the world. SkyscraperPage. com drawings have appeared in National Geographics website, Wired, Condé Nast, The Globe and they are based in Victoria, British Columbia. The site has a database of scale-model illustration skyscrapers and other major macro-engineering projects, the scale of the drawings are one pixel per meter. The images are created using pixel art, using these diagrams, skyscrapers and other tall structures from any cities can be compared. General information is given about each structure, such as the location, the year built, if available. In 2008, the site had over 22,000 custom made drawings of skyscrapers, there were 600 artists signed up with the site, about half of whom were active. List of Internet forums List of tallest buildings in the world
36.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
37.
Austin Business Journal
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American City Business Journals is an American newspaper chain based in Charlotte, North Carolina, owned by Advance Publications. It also controls the Street & Smiths Sports Group, which publishes motorsports periodicals, including SportsBusiness Journal, Sports Business Daily, five sports annuals, the company is the United States leading publisher of NASCAR magazines, which includes NASCAR Illustrated and Scenedaily. com. American City also publishes specialty publications, which include a business newspaper, a law journal. In 2009, ACBJ took over management of Portfolio. com, mike Russell founded American City Business Journals. The President and CEO of American City is Whitney Shaw, Shaw was previously senior vice president of ACBJ and president of its sports-publishing division. He succeeds his father, Ray Shaw, who was chairman, Ray Shaw, the companys chairman from 1989 until his 2009 death, bought a controlling interest along with a partner in 1989, selling to Advance Publications in 1995. It was Russell who suggested Shaw buy the company rather than just a few journals. Under Ray Shaws leadership, the company moved from Kansas City, Missouri, to Charlotte, North Carolina, and greatly increased the number of its publications. The site contains local news from around the nation, updated throughout the day. The Business Journals sites have more than four million visitors each month. The Business Journals Forty Under 40 is an annual list compiled and published by the Business Journal newspapers since 1992, the purpose is to list the 40 most successful entrepreneurs under the age of 40. The 40 are usually nominated from within individual areas in range of the local business journals publication, American City Business Journals corporate website The Business Journals The Business Journals mobile Street & Smiths SportsBusiness Journal Hemmings Motor News
38.
Houston Chronicle
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The Houston Chronicle is the largest daily newspaper in Houston, Texas, United States. As of April 2016, it is the third-largest newspaper by Sunday circulation in the United States, with its 1995 buy-out of long-time rival the Houston Post, the Chronicle became Houstons primary newspaper. The Houston Chronicle is the largest daily paper owned and operated by the Hearst Corporation, the paper employs nearly 2,000 people, including approximately 300 journalists, editors, and photographers. The Chronicle has bureaus in Washington, D. C. and it reports that its web site averages 125 million page views per month. The publication serves as the newspaper of record of the Houston area, previously headquartered in the Houston Chronicle Building at 801 Texas Avenue, Downtown Houston, the Houston Chronicle is now located at 4747 Southwest Freeway. From its inception, the practices and policies of the Houston Chronicle were shaped by strong-willed personalities who were the publishers, the history of the newspaper can be best understood when divided into the eras of these individuals. The Houston Chronicle was founded in 1901 by a reporter for the now-defunct Houston Post. The Chronicles first edition was published on October 14,1901, at the end of its first month in operation, the Chronicle had a circulation of 4,378 — roughly one tenth of the population of Houston at the time. Within the first year of operation, the paper purchased and consolidated the Daily Herald, in 1908, Foster asked Jesse H. Jones agreed, and the resulting Chronicle Building was one of the finest in the South. Under Foster, the circulation grew from about 7,000 in 1901 to 75,000 on weekdays and 85,000 on Sundays by 1926. Foster continued to write columns under the pen name Mefo, and he sold the rest of his interest to Jesse H. Jones on June 26,1926 and promptly retired. In 1911, City Editor George Kepple started Goodfellows, on a Christmas Eve in 1911, Kepple passed a hat among the Chronicles reporters to collect money to buy toys for a shoe-shine boy. Goodfellows continues today through donations made by the newspaper and its readers and it has grown into a city-wide program that provides needy children between the ages of two and ten with toys during the winter holidays. In 2003, Goodfellows distributed almost 250,000 toys to more than 100,000 needy children in the Greater Houston area, in 1926, Jesse H. Jones became the sole owner of the paper. He had approached Foster about selling, and Foster had answered and he replied, On real estate and everything about 200,000 dollars. I then said to him that I would give him 300,000 dollars in cash, having in mind that this would pay his debts, I considered the offer substantially more than the Chronicle was worth at the time. No sooner had I finished stating my proposition than he said, I will take it, in 1937, Jesse H. Jones transferred ownership of the paper to the newly established Houston Endowment Inc. Jones retained the title of publisher until his death in 1956. As such, it eschewed controversial political topics, such as integration or the impacts of economic growth on life in the city
39.
Houston Skyline District
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The Houston Skyline District is a geographic area encompassing severral blocks of downtown Houston, Texas, United States. The collection of skyscrapers in this district creates one of the largest skylines in the United States, most of Houstons major modern buildings can be found in this district, including the two tallest buildings in both Houston and Texas, the JPMorgan Chase Tower and Wells Fargo Bank Plaza. These buildings are home to the headquarters of various multinational businesses, most of the buildings in the Skyline District are connected by the Houston Downtown Tunnel System. Downtown Houston Architecture of Houston Houston Skyline District map
40.
Houston Theater District
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More than two million people visit the Houston Theater District annually. Houston is recognized as an important city for contemporary visual arts, the Houston Grand Opera is the only opera company in the U. S. to win a Grammy, a Tony, and an Emmy. In 2007, Da Camera of Houston was awarded the CMAcclaim Award from Chamber Music America, the Alley Theatre, founded in 1947, is Houstons oldest professional theatre company. The Alley is the theatre in Texas to win the Tony Award for best Regional Theatre. The Alley is the third oldest continually operating theatre in the United States, Alley Theatre Hubbard Stage Neuhaus Stage Hobby Center for the Performing Arts Sarofim Hall Zilkha Hall Jesse H. Early venues in the district were the Sam Houston Coliseum and the Houston Music Hall, the district is served by METRORail light rail service at Theater District Station. Houston Theater District Alley Theatre Da Camera of Houston Theatre Port
41.
Main Street Market Square Historic District
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Main Street Market Square Historic District is a historic district in Houston that includes the Market Square Park. It includes buildings nearby, as well as the square itself and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The Main Street Market Square District has irregular boundaries, the district includes all of the blocks between Travis and Main from Texas Street to the northern boundary of University of Houstown-Downtown. From the southern edge of Market Square at Preston Street, it all of the blocks northward until Buffalo Bayou. It includes three and a half blocks between Main and Fannin Streets, running south from Franklin Street, a wedge-shaped, partial block at Milam falls within the district, as well as a partial block east of Main Street at the base of the viaduct. The University of Houston–Downtown is a state university, located within the Main Street Market Square Historic District. Founded in 1974, it is one of four separate and distinct institutions in the University of Houston System, UHD has an enrollment of 12,900 students—making it the 13th largest public university in Texas and the second-largest university in the Houston area. One of the anchors of the district is Market Square Park, so-named because this site previously hosted four Houston City Halls and City Markets. Adjacent to the park are three structures, the Fox-Kuhlman Building at 305-307 Travis, the Baker-Meyer Building at 315 Travis. Like the Kennedy Bakery Building, the property at 214 Travis had been owned by Irish-born baker and he started a building there in 1860. WL Foley Dry Goods commissioned Eugene Heiner to enlarge the structure in 1889, across the street at 201 Travis is the Houston National Bank, once owned by Ross S. Sterling. Houston Ice and Brewing Company built the Magnolia Brewery Building at 110 Milam, Eugene Heiner designed two other buildings in the district, the 1882 Henry Brashear Building at 910 Prairie, and the Sweeney and Coombs Building at 310 Main. National Register of Historic Places listings in Harris County, Texas
42.
Houston Independent School District
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The Houston Independent School District is the largest public school system in Texas, and the seventh-largest in the United States. Houston ISD serves as a community school district for most of the city of Houston and several nearby, like most districts in Texas it is independent of the city of Houston and all other municipal and county jurisdictions. The district has its headquarters in the Hattie Mae White Educational Support Center in Houston, in 2016, the school district was rated met standards by the Texas Education Agency. The Brunner Independent School District merged into Houston schools in 1913-1914, Houston ISD was established in the 1920s, after the Texas Legislature voted to separate school and municipal governments. Houston ISD replaced the Harrisburg School District, in the 1920s, at the time Edison Oberholtzer was superintendent, Hubert L. Mills, the business manager of the district, had immense political power in HISD. He had been in the employment of the district over one decade before Oberholtzer started, by the 1930s the two men were in a power struggle. The number of students in schools in Houston increased from 5,500 in 1888 to over 8,850 in 1927. There were 8,293 students in Houstons schools for students in the 1924-1925 school year. The original secondary school for blacks, was Colored High School, at the time all three secondary schools had junior high and senior high levels. There were 12,217 students in the schools in the 1929-1930 school year. William Henry Kellar, author of Make Haste Slowly, Moderates, Conservatives, Houston ISD absorbed portions of the White Oak Independent School District in 1937 and portions of the Addicks Independent School District after its dissolution. In the fall of 196012 black students were admitted to HISD schools previously reserved for whites, the racial integration efforts in HISD, beginning in 1960, were characterized by a lack of violence and turmoil as business leaders sought not to cause disruption. Prior to 1960 HISD was the largest racially segregated system in the United States. During the 1960s, HISDs school board instituted a phase-in with each subsequent grade being integrated, local African-American leaders believed the pace was too slow, and William Lawson, a youth minister, asked Wheatley students to boycott school. Five days afterwards 10% of Wheatley students attended classes, in 1970 a federal judge asked the district to speed the integration process. Simultaneously Mexican Americans were being discriminated against when they were being labeled as whites and this kept both Mexican Americans and African Americans away from Anglos while satisfying integration requirements set forth by the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education court case decision. Many Mexican Americans took their children out of the schools and put them in huelga. On August 31,1970 and organized by the Mexican-American Education Council and this action lasted approximately three weeks, during which up to 75% of the student bodies of some high schools participated in the boycotts
43.
Incarnate Word Academy (Houston)
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Incarnate Word Academy is a Roman Catholic secondary girls school located in Downtown Houston, Texas, United States. Incarnate Word Academy serves grades 9 through 12 and is owned and operated by the Sisters of the Incarnate Word, gabriel Dillon and two other members of the religious order of the Sisters of the Incarnate Word and Blessed Sacrament arrived just 37 years later in 1873. At the time, Houston’s streets weren’t paved and most residents did not yet have electricity, in fact the entirety of the town encompassed what we now know as downtown Houston. While its population was only around 10,000 residents, its Catholic leaders were already seeing the need for a Catholic school to serve the youths in the region and these three Sisters arrived and began what is the oldest Catholic high school in Houston. Today, much like the city it calls home, Incarnate Word Academy has grown into an example of what can happen when people are willing to work hard. Regardless of the changes to the school and the community, the commitment to educate, Incarnate Word Academy provides young women with a Catholic college preparatory education, helping them grow in their relationship with Jesus, the Incarnate Word, and live according to His values. Its cornerstones are, Academics, Values and Spirituality. The Academy has a Strategic Plan in place to help pave the way for the generation of young women who will call the school “home. ”In addition to the Strategic Plan. New Advanced Placement courses and stimulating electives have been added to the curriculum, after 140 years, IWA understands that continually planning and adapting is the only way to be prepared for the future. IWA continues to offer its students a traditional Catholic education in a more modern world. The IWA Young Leaders Program is an innovative 4-year character and leadership development program and it provides each student the unique opportunity to develop in-demand leadership skills built upon a foundation of strong personal character. The program provides activities and curriculum for each grade classification, for incoming freshmen and sophomores, the focus is on character - challenging each student to be virtuous by doing the right things, the right way, and, thus, becoming a role model. The focus for the junior and senior years is leadership and our program and curriculum will inspire the student to prepare for a lifelong journey to becoming a better leader. This involves understanding the laws of leadership and how to apply them in service to others, additionally, the demands of the 21st century require that our students have something extra. When they identify and apply their personal strengths in creative ways, when our students go above and beyond, the community recognizes them as future good neighbors or students whom they would like to hire one day. This program, together with IWAs unique downtown location, creates a strong differentiator for our graduates, some schools talk about building leadership and character as an indirect outcome of the high school experience. Conversely, the IWA Young Leaders Program is built around specific courses and activities intended to achieve a positive outcome. It is available to all students, the activities required to stay active in the program will demand effort largely outside of the classroom
44.
South Texas College of Law
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South Texas College of Law - Houston, is a private American Bar Association accredited law school and is a member of the Association of American Law Schools. US News consistently ranks the South Texas trial advocacy program in the top ten, in 2010, according to South Texas 2013 ABA-required disclosures,61. 2% of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation. South Texas offers a 3 and 3 program with Texas A&M University and this program makes it possible to obtain a Bachelors degree and a Juris Doctor in six years. The Consortium for Innovative Legal Education, combines resources designed to enhance and strengthen the educational mission of each school separately and this partnership provides access to educational programs on a national and international basis. Students at South Texas can study abroad in London, Ireland, Malta, the Czech Republic, France, in 2007, South Texas won the National White Collar Crime Invitational Mock Trial Competition hosted by Georgetown Law School. As of August 2011, South Texas has won 108 national titles, the schools most recent win was at the Judge John R. Brown Admiralty Moot Court Tournament in 2011. As of 2016, South Texas College of Law Houstons rank is unpublished in the US News Rankings of Best Law Schools and it is currently not ranked on the U. S. News Report for Best Law Schools in the nation. According to South Texas official 2013 ABA-required disclosures,61. 2% of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time, long-term, the total cost of attendance at South Texas for the 2013-2014 academic year is $50,010. The Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years is $186,530, the average Class of 2009 graduate had $104,862 of student loan debt. Since September 3,2011, the courts are now located in the 1911 Harris County courthouse, in 1998, Texas A&M University tried to merge with South Texas College of Law Houston under a public/private partnership. Under the proposal, the law school would have remained a private school, the deal went sour after a lengthy legal fight with the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, the governing body of the states public institutions. The courts ruled that the schools had failed to obtain the Boards approval before entering into the agreement, the University of Houston and other institutions voiced concern about the partnership. In 2013, Texas A&M University entered into an arrangement with the Texas Wesleyan School of Law in Fort Worth, Texas. Until mid-2016, the law school was called South Texas College of Law, the University of Houston System filed a lawsuit on June 27,2016, in U. S. Federal district court in Houston. On November 7,2016, the dean of the law school announced that the name would be changed to South Texas College of Law Houston, pat Lykos, former Harris County District Attorney David M. S. News and World Report, Americas Best Graduate Schools, Law Specialties, Trial Advocacy Official website Digital Collections at The Fred Parks Law Library
45.
Houston Community College
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Houston Community College, also known as Houston Community College System is a community college system that operates community colleges in Houston, Missouri City, Katy, and Stafford in Texas. It is notable for actively recruiting internationally and for the number of international students enrolled. Its open enrollment policies, which do not require proficiency in English, are backed by a full-time 18-month English proficiency program, in 1971, the district founded HCCS after HJCs and HCNs evolutions into the University of Houston and Texas Southern University respectively. In its early days, HCCS once used HISD school campuses for teaching facilities with classes during evenings, around 1997, HCCS began to transfer operations to community college district-operated campuses throughout the HCCS service area. Jim Murphy, a member of the Texas House of Representatives from District 133 in Houston, was a HCCD trustee for two terms from 1997 until 2006, HCC operates its own police department. They may make an arrest pursuant to a warrant anywhere in Texas, the HCC Police Department is divided into six divisions, Administrative, Criminal Investigations, Patrol, Bike Patrol, Training, Communications. HCCS operates Houston Community College Television, aired on Comcast Channel 19, TV Max Channel 97, Phonoscope Channel 77 and Cebridge Channel 20. Content is also streamed over the internet, the studio complex, which has one large studio unit, five editing suites, and a digital master control system, is located at the HCC District Campus. Houston Academy for International Studies of Houston ISD opened on HCCs Central Campus in Fall 2006, willie Lee Gay Hall Coleman College of Health Sciences Codwell Hall Campus Northline Campus The HCC Northline Campus is the site of HISDs North Houston Early College High School. Pinemont Campus Alief Campus The Alief Campus is the site of Alief ISDs Alief Early College High School, Alief Continuing Education Center Katy Campus Spring Branch Campus Southeast College is home to two separate campuses in different parts of the HCC Southeast service area. The Felix Fraga Academic Campus is located a mile and a quarter east of Downtown Houston at 301 N. Drennan St. Fraga served as an HISD trustee, today he is the Vice President of External Affairs for the Neighborhood Centers, Inc. The Felix Fraga Campus hosts classes to over 1,500 students every semester and its flagship offerings include Maritime Logistics, Pre-Engineering, and other STEM classes. Most core courses are also available, in partnership with HISD, the Felix Fraga Campus is also the host location of HISDs East Early College High School. The country of Qatar operates an area called Education City and its purpose is to bring U. S. universities to the Middle East. Houston Community College ran a satellite campus in Education City, however, as of March 2016, HCC “is massively scaling back operations, ” according to Gulf News Journal. Over a five-year period, Qatar’s government paid HCC approximately $30.5 million to subsidize the Education City campus, in a news interview, the HCC Board of Trustees Treasurer said he did not support continuing the campus. “We’re a community college to educate kids in our district, ” he said, when HCC first sent teachers to its Qatar campus, the Qatari government made some of them return back to the United States because they were Jewish. Kim Su Tran La, founder of the restaurant chain Kim Sơn, HCCS Homepage HCCS Libraries TSPR Houston Community College System - Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts
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Midtown, Houston
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Midtown is a district southwest of Downtown Houston, bordered by Neartown, Interstate 69/U. S. Around 1906 what is now Midtown was divided between the Third Ward and Fourth Ward, before the 1950s what is now Midtown was a popular residential district. Increasingly, commercial development lead homeowners to leave for neighborhoods they considered less busy, the area became a group of small apartment complexes, low-rise commercial buildings, and older houses. According to a City of Houston report, the remaining churches, in the 1970s, Midtown became home to Little Saigon, a neighborhood of Vietnamese and Vietnamese Americans, who pioneered the redevelopment of Midtown Houston. During the 1980s, Travis and Milam Streets were viewed as an image of 1970s era Saigon. The Vietnamese areas were established around Milam Street, Webster Street, Fannin Street, by 1991 this Little Saigon had Vietnamese restaurants, hair salons, car shops, and travel agencies. Mimi Swartz of Texas Monthly stated in 1991 that Little Saigon is a place to begin easing into a new country, on June 24,1994 Isabella Court at 3909-3917 South Main Street received listing in the National Register of Historic Places. The City of Houston established the Midtown Tax Increment Reinvestment Zone in 1995, the establishment of the TIRZ lead to the opening of upper income townhomes and apartment complexes in western Midtown and the area along Elizabeth Baldwin Park. Between 1990 and 2000 the area within the Midtown Superneighborhood saw the increase from 3,070 to 5,311. The increase by 2,241 people was 73% of the 1990 population, during that period about 2,200 multi-family units opened, particularly along Louisiana Street and West Gray Street. Since the total multi-family acreage remained at a number, the population increase also increased the density of the area. During the 1990s commercial uses increased, particularly along Main Street, in 1999 the 76th Texas Legislature created the Midtown Management District. In 2009 Houston City Council approved the expansion of the Midtown TIRZ by 8 acres, the new territory includes the Asia House, the Buffalo Soldiers Museum and the Museum of African-American culture. In 2014 the ranking website Niche stated that Midtown was the neighborhood for millennial people. In 2010 Denny Lee of The New York Times said that Midtown, by 2012 many new bars, retail operations, and restaurants had opened in Midtown. Ed Page, a broker, said in 2012 that Midtown has not yet seen any significant new retail. As of 2010 five flower shops are located along Fannin in a section of Midtown, one decade before 2010 there were over one dozen flower shops in that area. In 2003 the flower shop owners were mostly Asian, the shops, along four city blocks, were centered on Rosedale Street
