Ontology
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Ontology is the philosophical study of being. It is traditionally understood as the subdiscipline of metaphysics focused on the most general features of reality. As one of the most fundamental concept
Willard Van Orman Quine used the concept of ontological commitments to analyze theories.
Martin Heidegger proposed fundamental ontology to study the meaning of being.
Plato (left) and Aristotle (right) disagreed on whether universals can exist without matter.
William of Ockham proposed Ockham's Razor, a principle to decide between competing theories.
Existence
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Existence is the state of having being or reality in contrast to nonexistence and nonbeing. Existence is often contrasted with essence: the essence of an entity is its essential features or qualities,
One of the topics covered by theories of the nature of existence concerns the ontological status of fictional objects like Pegasus.
Bertrand Russell proposed his theory of descriptions to dissolve paradoxes surrounding negative existential statements.
According to Alexius Meinong, there are some entities that do not exist.
Plato and his student Aristotle disagreed on whether form and matter depend on one another for their existence.