1.
OpenStreetMap Foundation
–
The OpenStreetMap Foundation is a company limited by guarantee, registered in England and Wales on 22 August 2006. It is a foundation whose aim is to support and enable the development of freely-reusable geospatial data. As its name suggests, it is connected with the OpenStreetMap project. OSMF is an organisation, with all members entitled to vote at a general meeting on foundation activities. OSMF members do not determine how OpenStreetMap itself operates, only the foundation, membership is open to all on payment of the membership fee of £15 per year. As of December 2015, there were 701 members, the foundation is funded by a combination of membership fees and specific larger donations. Notably MapQuest donated $50,000 to the foundation in 2011, since September 2013, the foundation accepted corporate memberships in a associated member category. Founding corporate members are Geofabrik, Geotab, Naver, NextGIS, the foundation is run by a board of seven members, including the foundations officers, chairman, secretary and treasurer. In December 2015, the current board was announced, Peter Barth Kate Chapman Martijn van Exel Mikel Maron Paul Norman Frederik Ramm Ilya Zverev Open Knowledge International Official website
2.
Steve Coast
–
Steve Coast is a British entrepreneur and the founder of the OpenStreetMap community-based world mapping project and CloudMade, a geography-related company. Coast grew up in Walderslade and London, England, Coast interned at Wolfram Research before studying computing science at University College London. In July 2004, he founded the OpenStreetMap project, ltd. with Nick Black, Tom Carden and Ben Gimpert as a technology consultancy in 2005. In 2008 this became CloudMade after investment by Nikolaj Nyholm and Sunstone Capital and he resigned from CloudMade in October 2010, although he remained a shareholder. On 23 November 2010, Coast announced that he had accepted a position as Principal Architect at Microsofts Bing Mobile, on 3 September 2013, Coast wrote on his blog that he had started to work for TeleNav, taking care of OSM development for the companys Scout navigator. In March 2014, Coast became an advisor to Auth0, an identity-as-a-service provider, in November 2015, Coast published The Book of OSM. The book contains 15 interviews conducted by Coast with some members that participate of the project since the beginning, in January 2016, he stepped down from full-time work at TeleNav and started his work as a board advisor in Navmii. In March 2016 he started working as Chief Evangelist for what3words, in May 2016 he became an advisor in MapJam. In 2008, Coast moved to the US, first to San Francisco, in November 2010 Coast wrote that he would be moving to Seattle, Washington, USA. He moved back to Colorado in 2013
3.
Alexa Internet
–
Alexa Internet, Inc. is a California-based company that provides commercial web traffic data and analytics. It is an owned subsidiary of Amazon. com. Founded as an independent company in 1996, Alexa was acquired by Amazon in 1999 and its toolbar collects data on browsing behavior and transmits them to the Alexa website, where they are stored and analyzed. This is the basis for the web traffic reporting. According to its website, Alexa provides traffic data, global rankings, as of 2015, its website has been visited by over 6.5 million people monthly. Alexa Internet was founded in April 1996 by American web entrepreneurs Brewster Kahle, Alexa initially offered a toolbar that gave Internet users suggestions on where to go next, based on the traffic patterns of its user community. The company also offered context for each site visited, to whom it was registered, how many pages it had, how other sites pointed to it. Alexas operations grew to include archiving of web pages as they are crawled and this database served as the basis for the creation of the Internet Archive accessible through the Wayback Machine. In 1998, the company donated a copy of the archive, Alexa continues to supply the Internet Archive with Web crawls. In 1999, as the company moved away from its vision of providing an intelligent search engine. Alexa began a partnership with Google in early 2002, and with the web directory DMOZ in January 2003, in May 2006, replaced Google with Bing as a provider of search results. In December 2006, Amazon released Alexa Image Search, built in-house, it was the first major application built on the companys Web platform. In December 2005, Alexa opened its extensive search index and Web-crawling facilities to third-party programs through a set of Web services. These could be used, for instance, to construct vertical search engines that could run on Alexas own servers or elsewhere. In May 2007, Alexa changed their API to limit comparisons to three websites, reduce the size of embedded graphs in Flash, and add mandatory embedded BritePic advertisements. In April 2007, the company filed a lawsuit, Alexa v. Hornbaker, in the lawsuit, Alexa alleged that Ron Hornbaker was stealing traffic graphs for profit, and that the primary purpose of his site was to display graphs that were generated by Alexas servers. Hornbaker removed the term Alexa from his name on March 19,2007. Thereafter, Alexa became a purely analytics-focused company, on March 31,2009, Alexa launched a major website redesign
4.
Registered user
–
A registered user is a user of a website, program, or other system who has previously registered. Registered users normally provide some sort of credentials to the system in order to prove their identity, systems intended for use by the general public often allow any user to register simply by selecting a register or sign up function and providing these credentials for the first time. Registered users may be granted privileges beyond those granted to unregistered users, user registration and login enables a system to personalize itself. For example, a website might display a welcome banner with the users name, a system could even sell information it has gathered on its users to third parties for advertising or other purposes. Depending on the nature of the system, a user might not have any way of knowing for certain exactly what information is stored, how it is used, the subject of systems transparency in this regard is one of ongoing debate. Registration may also be seen as an annoyance or hindrance, especially if it is not inherently necessary or important or if the system repeatedly prompts users to register. A systems registration process might also be time-consuming or require that the user provide information they might be reluctant to, such as a home address or social security number
5.
Virtual community
–
Some of the most pervasive virtual communities are online communities operating under social networking services. The term virtual community is attributed to the book of the title published by Howard Rheingold in 1993. The books discussion ranges from Rheingolds adventures on The WELL, computer-mediated communication and social groups, Technologies cited include Usenet, MUDs and their derivatives MUSHes and MOOs, Internet Relay Chat, chat rooms and electronic mailing lists. Rheingold also points out the benefits for personal psychological well-being, as well as for society at large. Virtual communities all encourage interaction, sometimes focusing around a particular interest or just to communicate, Community members are allowed to interact over a shared passion through various means, message boards, chat rooms, social networking sites, or virtual worlds. The traditional definition of a community is of geographically circumscribed entity, Virtual communities are usually dispersed geographically, and therefore are not communities under the original definition. Some online communities are linked geographically, and are known as community websites, however, if one considers communities to simply possess boundaries of some sort between their members and non-members, then a virtual community is certainly a community. Virtual communities resemble real life communities in the sense that they provide support, information, friendship and acceptance between strangers. In the seventeenth century, scholars associated with the Royal Society of London formed a community through the exchange of letters. Community without propinquity, coined by urban planner Melvin Webber in 1963, Virtual communities are used for a variety of social and professional groups, interaction between community members vary from personal to purely formal. For example, a distribution list operates on an informational level. The explosive diffusion of the Internet since the mid-1990s fostered the proliferation of virtual communities in the form of social networking services, Online communities depend upon social interaction and exchange between users online. This interaction emphasizes the reciprocity element of the social contract between community members. Concerns with a virtual communitys tendency to promote less socializing include, verbal aggression and inhibitions, promotion of suicide, however, studies regarding the health effects of these communities did not show any negative effects. There was a high rate of participants in the study. The health-related effects are not clear because of the lack of thoroughness, rather, recent studies have looked into development of health related communities and their impact on those already suffering health issues. These forms of social networks allow for open conversation between individuals who are going through similar experiences, whether themselves or in their family. Such sites have in fact grown in popularity, so much so that now many health care providers are forming groups for their patients and these sites prove especially useful when related to rare medical conditions
6.
Free content
–
Free content, libre content, or free information, is any kind of functional work, work of art, or other creative content that meets the definition of a free cultural work. Free content encompasses all works in the domain and also those copyrighted works whose licenses honor. Although there are a great many different definitions in regular use, free content is legally very similar, if not like an identical twin. An analogy is the use of the terms free software and open source. For instance, the Open Knowledge Foundations Open Definition describes open as synonymous to the definition of free in the Definition of Free Cultural Works, for such free/open content both movements recommend the same three Creative Commons licenses, the CC BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0. Copyright is a concept, which gives the author or creator of a work legal control over the duplication. In many jurisdictions, this is limited by a period after which the works then enter the public domain. Copyright laws are a balance between the rights of creators of intellectual and artistic works and the rights of others to build upon those works. During the time period of copyright the authors work may only be copied, modified, or publicly performed with the consent of the author, unless the use is a fair use. Traditional copyright control limits the use of the work of the author to those who pay royalties to the author for usage of the authors content. Secondly it limits the use of content whose author cannot be found, a public domain work is a work whose author has either relinquished to the public, or no longer can claim control over, the distribution and usage of the work. As such any person may manipulate, distribute, or otherwise utilize the work, a work in the public domain or released under a permissive licence may be referred to as copycenter. Copyleft is a play on the copyright and describes the practice of using copyright law to remove restrictions on distributing copies. The aim of copyleft is to use the framework of copyright to enable non-author parties to be able to reuse and, in many licensing schemes. Copyleft licenses require that any derivative works be distributed under the terms. A symbol commonly associated with copyleft is a reversal of the symbol, facing the other way. Unlike the copyright symbol, the symbol does not have a codified meaning. Projects that provide free content exist in areas of interest, such as software, academic literature, general literature, music, images, video
7.
Map
–
A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, or themes. Many maps are static, fixed to paper or some other durable medium, although the earliest maps known are of the heavens, geographic maps of territory have a very long tradition and exist from ancient times. The word map comes from the medieval Latin Mappa mundi, wherein mappa meant napkin or cloth, thus, map became the shortened term referring to a two-dimensional representation of the surface of the world. Cartography or map-making is the study and practice of crafting representations of the Earth upon a flat surface, in addition to location information maps may also be used to portray contour lines indicating constant values of elevation, temperature, rainfall, etc. The orientation of a map is the relationship between the directions on the map and the compass directions in reality. The word orient is derived from Latin oriens, meaning East, in the Middle Ages many maps, including the T and O maps, were drawn with East at the top. Today, the most common – but far from universal – cartographic convention is that North is at the top of a map, several kinds of maps are often traditionally not oriented with North at the top, Maps from non-Western traditions are oriented a variety of ways. Old maps of Edo show the Japanese imperial palace as the top, labels on the map are oriented in such a way that you cannot read them properly unless you put the imperial palace above your head. Medieval European T and O maps such as the Hereford Mappa Mundi were centred on Jerusalem with East at the top, indeed, prior to the reintroduction of Ptolemys Geography to Europe around 1400, there was no single convention in the West. Portolan charts, for example, are oriented to the shores they describe, Maps of cities bordering a sea are often conventionally oriented with the sea at the top. Route and channel maps have traditionally been oriented to the road or waterway they describe, polar maps of the Arctic or Antarctic regions are conventionally centred on the pole, the direction North would be towards or away from the centre of the map, respectively. Typical maps of the Arctic have 0° meridian towards the bottom of the page, reversed maps, also known as Upside-Down maps or South-Up maps, reverse the North is up convention and have south at the top. Buckminster Fullers Dymaxion maps are based on a projection of the Earths sphere onto an icosahedron, the resulting triangular pieces may be arranged in any order or orientation. Modern digital GIS maps such as ArcMap typically project north at the top of the map, compass decimal degrees can be converted to math degrees by subtracting them from 450, if the answer is greater than 360, subtract 360. The scale statement may be taken as exact when the region mapped is small enough for the curvature of the Earth to be neglected, over larger regions where the curvature cannot be ignored we must use map projections from the curved surface of the Earth to the plane. Thus for map projections we must introduce the concept of point scale, which is a function of position, although the scale statement is nominal it is usually accurate enough for all but the most precise of measurements. Large scale maps, say 1,10,000, cover relatively small regions in detail and small scale maps, say 1,10,000,000, cover large regions such as nations, continents. The large/small terminology arose from the practice of writing scales as numerical fractions, there is no exact dividing line between large and small but 1/100,000 might well be considered as a medium scale
8.
Satellite navigation
–
A satellite navigation or satnav system is a system that uses satellites to provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning. It allows small electronic receivers to determine their location to high precision using time signals transmitted along a line of sight by radio from satellites, the system can be used for providing position, navigation or for tracking the position of something fitted with a receiver. The signals also allow the receiver to calculate the current local time to high precision. Satnav systems operate independently of any telephonic or internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the information generated. A satellite navigation system with global coverage may be termed a global satellite system. As of December 2016 only the United States NAVSTAR Global Positioning System, the Russian GLONASS, the European Unions Galileo GNSS is scheduled to be fully operational by 2020. China is in the process of expanding its regional BeiDou Navigation Satellite System into the global BeiDou-2 GNSS by 2020, India currently has satellite-based augmentation system, GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation, which enhances the accuracy of NAVSTAR GPS and GLONASS positions. India has already launched the IRNSS, with an operational name NAVIC and it is expected to be fully operational by June 2016. France and Japan are in the process of developing regional navigation systems as well, Global coverage for each system is generally achieved by a satellite constellation of 18–30 medium Earth orbit satellites spread between several orbital planes. The actual systems vary, but use orbital inclinations of >50°, Ground based augmentation is provided by systems like the Local Area Augmentation System. GNSS-2 is the generation of systems that independently provides a full civilian satellite navigation system. These systems will provide the accuracy and integrity monitoring necessary for civil navigation and this system consists of L1 and L2 frequencies for civil use and L5 for system integrity. Development is also in progress to provide GPS with civil use L2 and L5 frequencies, making it a GNSS-2 system. ¹ Core Satellite navigation systems, currently GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Global Satellite Based Augmentation Systems such as Omnistar and StarFire. Regional SBAS including WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS and GAGAN, Regional Satellite Navigation Systems such as Chinas Beidou, Indias NAVIC, and Japans proposed QZSS. Continental scale Ground Based Augmentation Systems for example the Australian GRAS, Regional scale GBAS such as CORS networks. Local GBAS typified by a single GPS reference station operating Real Time Kinematic corrections, early predecessors were the ground based DECCA, LORAN, GEE and Omega radio navigation systems, which used terrestrial longwave radio transmitters instead of satellites. These positioning systems broadcast a radio pulse from a known master location, the delay between the reception of the master signal and the slave signals allowed the receiver to deduce the distance to each of the slaves, providing a fix. The first satellite system was Transit, a system deployed by the US military in the 1960s
9.
Global Positioning System
–
The Global Positioning System is a space-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force. The GPS system operates independently of any telephonic or internet reception, the GPS system provides critical positioning capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. The United States government created the system, maintains it, however, the US government can selectively deny access to the system, as happened to the Indian military in 1999 during the Kargil War. The U. S. Department of Defense developed the system and it became fully operational in 1995. Roger L. Easton of the Naval Research Laboratory, Ivan A, getting of The Aerospace Corporation, and Bradford Parkinson of the Applied Physics Laboratory are credited with inventing it. Announcements from Vice President Al Gore and the White House in 1998 initiated these changes, in 2000, the U. S. Congress authorized the modernization effort, GPS III. In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development, mainly because of a denial of access. The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System was developed contemporaneously with GPS, GLONASS can be added to GPS devices, making more satellites available and enabling positions to be fixed more quickly and accurately, to within two meters. There are also the European Union Galileo positioning system and Chinas BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, special and general relativity predict that the clocks on the GPS satellites would be seen by the Earths observers to run 38 microseconds faster per day than the clocks on the Earth. The GPS calculated positions would quickly drift into error, accumulating to 10 kilometers per day, the relativistic time effect of the GPS clocks running faster than the clocks on earth was corrected for in the design of GPS. The Soviet Union launched the first man-made satellite, Sputnik 1, two American physicists, William Guier and George Weiffenbach, at Johns Hopkinss Applied Physics Laboratory, decided to monitor Sputniks radio transmissions. Within hours they realized that, because of the Doppler effect, the Director of the APL gave them access to their UNIVAC to do the heavy calculations required. The next spring, Frank McClure, the deputy director of the APL, asked Guier and Weiffenbach to investigate the inverse problem — pinpointing the users location and this led them and APL to develop the TRANSIT system. In 1959, ARPA also played a role in TRANSIT, the first satellite navigation system, TRANSIT, used by the United States Navy, was first successfully tested in 1960. It used a constellation of five satellites and could provide a navigational fix approximately once per hour, in 1967, the U. S. Navy developed the Timation satellite, which proved the feasibility of placing accurate clocks in space, a technology required by GPS. In the 1970s, the ground-based OMEGA navigation system, based on comparison of signal transmission from pairs of stations. Limitations of these systems drove the need for a more universal navigation solution with greater accuracy, during the Cold War arms race, the nuclear threat to the existence of the United States was the one need that did justify this cost in the view of the United States Congress. This deterrent effect is why GPS was funded and it is also the reason for the ultra secrecy at that time
10.
Aerial photography
–
Aerial photography is the taking of photographs of the ground from an elevated/direct-down position. Usually the camera is not supported by a ground-based structure, mounted cameras may be triggered remotely or automatically, hand-held photographs may be taken by a photographer. Aerial photography should not be confused with air-to-air photography, where one or more aircraft are used as chase planes that chase, Aerial photography was first practiced by the French photographer and balloonist Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, known as Nadar, in 1858 over Paris, France. However, the photographs he produced no longer exist and therefore the earliest surviving aerial photograph is titled Boston, as the Eagle, taken by James Wallace Black and Samuel Archer King on October 13,1860, it depicts Boston from a height of 630m. Kite aerial photography was pioneered by British meteorologist E. D. Archibald in 1882 and he used an explosive charge on a timer to take photographs from the air. Frenchman Arthur Batut began using kites for photography in 1888, Samuel Franklin Cody developed his advanced Man-lifter War Kite and succeeded in interesting the British War Office with its capabilities. The first use of a motion picture camera mounted to an aircraft took place on April 24,1909 over Rome in the 3,28 silent film short. The use of aerial photography rapidly matured during the war, as aircraft were equipped with cameras to record enemy movements. At the start of the conflict, the usefulness of aerial photography was not fully appreciated, germany adopted the first aerial camera, a Görz, in 1913. The French began the war with several squadrons of Blériot observation aircraft equipped with cameras for reconnaissance, the French Army developed procedures for getting prints into the hands of field commanders in record time. Frederick Charles Victor Laws started aerial photography experiments in 1912 with No.1 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps, in 1916 the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy made vertical camera axis aerial photos above Italy for map-making. The camera was inserted into the floor of the aircraft and could be triggered by the pilot at intervals. In January 1918, General Allenby used five Australian pilots from No.1 Squadron AFC to photograph a 624 square miles area in Palestine as an aid to correcting and improving maps of the Turkish front and this was a pioneering use of aerial photography as an aid for cartography. Beginning 5 January, they flew with an escort to ward off enemy fighters. The first commercial aerial photography company in the UK was Aerofilms Ltd, founded by World War I veterans Francis Wills, the company soon expanded into a business with major contracts in Africa and Asia as well as in the UK. Operations began from the Stag Lane Aerodrome at Edgware, using the aircraft of the London Flying School, subsequently, the Aircraft Manufacturing Company, hired an Airco DH.9 along with pilot entrepreneur Alan Cobham. From 1921, Aerofilms carried out vertical photography for survey and mapping purposes, during the 1930s, the company pioneered the science of photogrammetry, with the Ordnance Survey amongst the companys clients. One Fairchild aerial survey aircraft in 1935 carried unit that combined two synchronized cameras, and each camera having five six inch lenses with a ten-inch lenses, each photo covered two hundred and twenty five square miles
11.
Craigslist
–
Craigslist is an American classified advertisements website with sections devoted to jobs, housing, personals, for sale, items wanted, services, community, gigs, résumés, and discussion forums. Craig Newmark began the service in 1995 as a distribution list to friends. It became a service in 1996 and expanded into other classified categories. It started expanding to other U. S. cities in 2000, in March 2008, Spanish, French, Italian, German, and Portuguese became the first non-English languages Craigslist supported. As of August 9,2012, over 700 cities and areas in 70 countries have Craigslist sites, in early 1995, he began an email distribution list to friends. Most of the postings were submitted by Newmark and were notices of social events of interest to software. Soon, word of mouth led to rapid growth, the number of subscribers and postings grew rapidly. There was no moderation and Newmark was surprised when people started using the mailing list for non-event postings, people trying to get technical positions filled found that the list was a good way to reach people with the skills they were looking for. This led to the addition of a jobs category, user demand for more categories caused the list of categories to grow. The initial technology encountered some limits, so by June 1995 Majordomo had been installed, community members started asking for a web interface. Newmark registered craigslist. org, and the website went live in 1996, in the fall of 1998, the name List Foundation was introduced and Craigslist started transitioning to the use of this name. In April 1999, when Newmark learned of other organizations called List Foundation, Craigslist incorporated as a private for-profit company in 1999. Around the time of events, Newmark realized the site was growing so fast that he could stop working as a software engineer. By April 2000, there were nine employees working out of Newmarks San Francisco apartment, in January 2000, current CEO Jim Buckmaster joined the company as lead programmer and CTO. He was promoted to CEO in November 2000, the website expanded into nine more U. S. cities in 2000, four in 2001 and 2002 each, and 14 in 2003. On August 1,2004, Craigslist began charging $25 to post job openings on the New York, on the same day, a new section called Gigs was added, where low-cost and unpaid jobs and internships can be posted free. With more than 80 million new classified advertisements each month, Craigslist is the classifieds service in any medium. The site receives more than 2 million new job listings each month, the 23 largest U. S. cities listed on the Craigslist home page collectively receive more than 300,000 postings per day just in the for sale and housing sections as of October 2011
12.
OsmAnd
–
OsmAnd is a free and open source, global mobile map viewing & navigation app for offline and online maps for Android and iOS. It uses the OpenStreetMap map database for its primary displays, the development of this project is being done on GitHub and the Android version is available under the GPLv3 license. OsmAnd is a map and navigation application with access to the free, via the devices GPS, OsmAnd offers routing, with visual and voice guidance, for car, bike, and pedestrian. All the main functionalities work both online and offline
13.
Geocaching
–
A typical cache is a small waterproof container containing a logbook and sometimes a pen or pencil. The geocacher enters the date they found it and signs it with their code name. After signing the log, the cache must be placed exactly where the person found it. Larger containers such as storage containers or ammunition boxes can also contain items for trading, such as toys or trinkets. Geocaching shares many aspects with benchmarking, trigpointing, orienteering, treasure-hunting, letterboxing, Geocaching was originally similar to the 160-year-old game letterboxing, which uses clues and references to landmarks embedded in stories. The first documented placement of a GPS-located cache took place on May 3,2000, by Dave Ulmer of Beavercreek, the location was posted on the Usenet newsgroup sci. geo. satellite-nav as 45°17. 460′N 122°24. 800′W. By May 6,2000, it had been found twice, according to Dave Ulmers message, this cache was a black plastic bucket that was partially buried and contained software, videos, books, food, money, and a slingshot. A geocache and plaque called the Original Stash Tribute Plaque now sit at the site, the activity was originally referred to as GPS stash hunt or gpsstashing. This was changed shortly after the original hide when it was suggested in the gpsstash eGroup that stash could have negative connotations, for the traditional geocache, a geocacher will place a waterproof container containing a log book and trade items or trackables, then record the caches coordinates. These coordinates, along with details of the location, are posted on a listing site. Other geocachers obtain the coordinates from that site and seek out the cache using their GPS handheld receivers. The finding geocachers record their exploits in the logbook and online, geocachers are free to take objects from the cache in exchange for leaving something of similar or higher value. Typical cache treasures, also known in the world as swag, are not high in monetary value. Aside from the logbook, common cache contents are unusual coins or currency, small toys, ornamental buttons, CDs, or books. Although not required, many geocachers decide to leave behind items, such as personal Geocoins, pins, or craft items. Disposable cameras are popular as they allow for anyone who found the cache to take a picture which can be developed and uploaded to a Geocaching web site listed below. Also common are objects that are moved from cache to cache called hitchhikers, such as Travel Bugs or Geocoins, cachers who initially place a Travel Bug or Geocoins often assign specific goals for their trackable items. Examples of goals are to be placed in a cache a long distance from home, or to travel to a certain country
14.
MapQuest
–
MapQuest is an American free online web mapping service owned by AOL. The company was founded in 1967 as Cartographic Services, a division of R. R. Donnelley & Sons in Chicago, Illinois and it moved to Lancaster, Pennsylvania in 1969. When it became an independent company in 1994, it was renamed GeoSystems Global Corporation, MapQuest was acquired in 2000 by America Online, Inc. Company headquarters are in Denver, Colorado, as of May 2015, it had the second-highest share of the online mapping market in the United States, second only to Google Maps. In the mid-1980s, Donnelley began generating maps and routes for customers, with cooperation of Barry Glick, much of that code was adapted for use on the Internet to create the MapQuest web service in 1996. In 1999 the company was renamed to MapQuest to leverage the popularity of its online brand, MapQuest was acquired in 2000 by America Online, Inc. For a while, MapQuest included satellite images through a deal with GlobeXplorer. In September 2006, the once again began serving satellite imagery in a new beta program. In 2004, MapQuest, uLocate, Research in Motion, and Nextel launched MapQuest Find Me, MapQuest Find Me lets users automatically find their location, access maps and directions, and locate nearby points of interest including airports, hotels, restaurants, banks, and ATMs. Users also have the ability to set up alerts to be notified when network members arrive or depart from a designated area, in 2005 the service became available on Sprint and in 2006, Boost Mobile. In July 2006, MapQuest created a version of a new feature in which users could now Build Your Route by adding additional stops, reorder ones route. Users could also write out the starting address, the OnStar Web Destination Entry pilot program began in the summer of 2007 with a select group of OnStar subscribers. Around 2008, the public made a significant shift away from MapQuest to the much younger Google Maps service. On July 14,2010, MapQuest launched a user interface. MapQuest also introduced My Maps personalization, which enables the user to personalize the interface, in July 2012, Brian McMahon became the CEO and GM of MapQuest. On 11 July 2016, MapQuest discontinued the open tile API and users such as GNOME Maps were switched to a free tier of the Mapbox tileserver. Currently, MapQuest uses some of TomToms services for its mapping system, MapQuest provides some extent of street-level detail and/or driving directions for a variety of countries. Users can check if their country is available via a pull down menu on the MapQuest home page and it offers a free mobile app on Android and iOS, which features POI search, voice-guided navigation, real-time traffic, among other features
15.
JMP (statistical software)
–
JMP is a computer program for statistics developed by the JMP business unit of SAS Institute. It was launched in 1989 to take advantage of the user interface introduced by the Macintosh. It has since improved and made available for the Windows operating system. JMP is used in such as Six Sigma, quality control and engineering, design of experiments. The software consists of five products, JMP, JMP Pro, JMP Clinical, JMP Genomics, a scripting language is also available. The software is focused on analytics, whereby users investigate and explore data. JMP was developed in the 1980s by John Sall and a team of developers to use of the graphical user interface introduced by the 1984 Apple Macintosh. It originally stood for Johns Macintosh Project or “John’s Macintosh Product” and was first released in October 1989 and it was used mostly by scientists and engineers for design of experiments, quality and productivity support, and reliability modeling. Semiconductor manufacturers were also among JMP’s early adopters, interactive graphics and other features were added in 1991 with version 2.0. Version 2 was twice the size as the original, though it was delivered on a floppy disk. It required 2 MB of memory and came with 700 pages of documentation, support for Microsoft Windows was added in 1994. JMP was re-written with version 3 in 1999, version 4, released in 2002, could import data from a wider variety of data sources and added support for surface plots. Version 4 also added time series forecasting and new smoothing models, such as the seasonal smoothing method, called Winters Method and it was also the first version to support JSL, JMP Scripting Language. In 2005, data mining tools like a tree and neural net were added with version 5 as well as Linux support. Later in 2005, JMP6 was introduced, JMP began integrating with SAS in version 7.0 in 2007 and has strengthened this integration ever since. Users can write SAS code in JMP, connect to SAS servers, support for bubble plots was added in version 7. JMP7 also improved data visualization and diagnostics, JMP8 was released in 2009 with new drag-and-drop features and a 64-bit version to take advantage of advances in the Mac operating system. It also added a new interface for building graphs, tools for choice experiments
16.
Foursquare
–
Foursquare is a local search-and-discovery service mobile app which provides search results for its users. The app provides personalized recommendations of places to go to near a current location based on users previous browsing history, purchases. The service was created in late 2008 and launched in 2009 by Dennis Crowley, Crowley had previously founded the similar project Dodgeball as his graduate thesis project in the Interactive Telecommunications Program at New York University. Google bought Dodgeball in 2005 and shut it down in 2009, Dodgeball user interactions were based on SMS technology, rather than an application. Foursquare was the iteration of that same idea, that people can use mobile devices to interact with their environment. Foursquare was Dodgeball reimagined to take advantage of the new smartphones, like the iPhone, in May 2014, the company launched Swarm, a companion app to Foursquare, that reimagined the social networking and location sharing aspects of the service as a separate application. On August 7,2014 the company launched Foursquare 8.0, as of December 2013, Foursquare had 45 million registered users. Male and female users are represented and also 50 percent of users are outside the US. Support for French, Italian, German, Spanish, and Japanese was added in February 2011, support for Indonesian, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, and Thai was added in September 2011. Support for Turkish was added in June 2012, on January 14,2016, Dennis Crowley, stepped down from his position as Co-founder and CEO. He moved to an Executive Chairman position while Jeff Glueck, the companys COO, on August 7,2014, Foursquare 8.0 was launched for iOS and Android devices. The new app has changed the focus of the app to being primarily a search and discovery tool. Foursquare lets the user search for restaurants, nightlife spots, shops and it is also possible to search other areas by entering the name of a remote location. The app displays personalised recommendations based on the time of day, displaying breakfast places in the morning, recommendations are personalised based on factors that include a users check-in history, their Tastes and their venue ratings and according to their friends reviews. Tips are limited to 200 characters in length, but can include a URL to link to a site with more information. Tips can be set to expire after an amount of time, or on a specific date. Users have the ability to Like tips left by other users, as a reward for leaving quality tips, a user can also earn expertise in a particular location or category. Expertise is awarded based on the number and quality of tips a user writes, when a user earns expertise, their tips are made more prominent and a label indicating their expertise is added beneath relevant tips
17.
Google Maps
–
Google Maps is a web mapping service developed by Google. It offers satellite imagery, street maps, 360° panoramic views of streets, real-time traffic conditions, Google maps began as a C++ desktop program designed by Lars and Jens Eilstrup Rasmussen at Where 2 Technologies. In October 2004, the company was acquired by Google, which converted it into a web application, after additional acquisitions of a geospatial data visualization company and a realtime traffic analyzer, Google Maps was launched in February 2005. The services front end utilizes JavaScript, XML, and Ajax, Google Maps offers an API that allows maps to be embedded on third-party websites, and offers a locator for urban businesses and other organizations in numerous countries around the world. Google Map Maker allows users to expand and update the services mapping worldwide. Much of the satellite imagery is no more than three years old and is updated on a regular basis. Google Maps uses a variant of the Mercator projection. The current redesigned version of the application was made available in 2013. Google Maps for mobile was released in September 2008 and features GPS turn-by-turn navigation, in August 2013, it was determined to be the worlds most popular app for smartphones, with over 54% of global smartphone owners using it at least once. In 2012, Google reported having over 7,100 employees, Google Maps provides a route planner under Get Directions. Up to four modes of transportation are available depending on the area, driving, public transit, walking, in combination with Google Street View, issues such as parking, turning lanes, and one-way streets can be viewed before traveling. China mainland, Hong Kong, Macau, Jordan, Lebanon, only public transit directions are provided for South Korea. All countries of mainland North and Central America are covered contiguously, all countries of mainland South America are covered. All countries including Trinidad and Tobago* are treated contiguously, all inhabited countries and territories in the Caribbean are covered, though in general there are no connections between islands. Like many other Google web applications, Google Maps uses JavaScript extensively, as the user drags the map, the grid squares are downloaded from the server and inserted into the page. When a user searches for a business, the results are downloaded in the background for insertion into the panel and map. Locations are drawn dynamically by positioning a red pin on top of the map images, a hidden IFrame with form submission is used because it preserves browser history. The site also uses JSON for data rather than XML
18.
Ordnance Survey
–
Ordnance Survey is a non-ministerial government department which acts as the national mapping agency for Great Britain and is one of the worlds largest producers of maps. Since 1 April 2015 it has operated as Ordnance Survey Ltd, the Ordnance Survey Board remain accountable to the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. It is also a member of the Public Data Group, the agencys name indicates its original military purpose, mapping Scotland in the wake of the Jacobite rebellion in 1745. There was also a general and nationwide need in light of the potential threat of invasion during the Napoleonic Wars. Ordnance Survey mapping is usually classified as either large-scale or small-scale, the Surveys large-scale mapping comprises maps at six inches to the mile or more and was available as sheets until the 1980s, when it was digitised. Small-scale mapping comprises maps at less than six inches to the mile, such as the one inch to the mile leisure maps. These are still available in sheet form. Ordnance Survey maps remain in copyright for fifty years after their publication, some of the Copyright Libraries hold complete or near-complete collections of pre-digital OS mapping. The origins of the Ordnance Survey lie in the aftermath of the last Jacobite rising which was defeated by forces loyal to the government at the Battle of Culloden in 1746. In 1747, Lieutenant-colonel David Watson proposed the compilation of a map of the Highlands to facilitate the subjugation of clans, in response, King George II charged Watson with making a military survey of the Highlands under the command of the Duke of Cumberland. Among Watsons assistants were William Roy, Paul Sandby and John Manson, the survey was produced at a scale of 1 inch to 1000 yards and included the Duke of Cumberlands Map now held in the British Library. This work was the point of the Principal Triangulation of Great Britain. Roys technical skills and leadership set the standard for which Ordnance Survey became known. Work was begun in earnest in 1790 under Roys supervision, when the Board of Ordnance began a military survey starting with the south coast of England. A set of stamps, featuring maps of the Kentish village of Hamstreet, was issued in 1991 to mark the bicentenary. In 1801, the first one-inch-to-the-mile map was published, detailing the county of Kent, during the next twenty years, roughly a third of England and Wales was mapped at the same scale under the direction of William Mudge, as other military matters took precedence. It took until 1823 to re-establish a relationship with the French survey made by Roy in 1787, by 1810, one inch to the mile maps of most of the south of England were completed, but were withdrawn from sale between 1811 and 1816 because of security fears. It was gruelling work, major Thomas Colby, later the longest serving director general of Ordnance Survey, in 1824, Colby and most of his staff moved to Ireland to work on a six-inches-to-the-mile valuation survey
19.
Yahoo!
–
Yahoo Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. Yahoo was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994 and was incorporated on March 2,1995, Yahoo was one of the pioneers of the early internet era in the 1990s. Marissa Mayer, a former Google executive, Google Employee number 20 and it is globally known for its Web portal, search engine Yahoo. Search, and related services, including Yahoo, answers, advertising, online mapping, video sharing, fantasy sports, and its social media website. It is one of the most popular sites in the United States, according to news sources, roughly 700 million people visit Yahoo websites every month. Yahoo itself claims it attracts more than half a billion consumers every month in more than 30 languages, in January 1994 Yang and Filo were electrical engineering graduate students at Stanford University, when they created a website named Jerry and Davids guide to the World Wide Web. The site was a directory of websites, organized in a hierarchy. In March 1994, Jerry and Davids Guide to the World Wide Web was renamed Yahoo, the yahoo. com domain was created on January 18,1995. The word yahoo is a backronym for Yet Another Hierarchically Organized Oracle or Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle, the term hierarchical described how the Yahoo database was arranged in layers of subcategories. However, Filo and Yang insist they mainly selected the name because they liked the definition of a yahoo, rude, unsophisticated. This meaning derives from the Yahoo race of beings from Gullivers Travels. Yahoo grew rapidly throughout the 1990s, like many search engines and web directories, Yahoo added a web portal. By 1998, Yahoo was the most popular starting point for web users and it also made many high-profile acquisitions. Its stock price skyrocketed during the bubble, Yahoo stocks closing at an all-time high of $118.75 a share on January 3,2000. However, after the bubble burst, it reached a post-bubble low of $8.11 on September 26,2001. Yahoo began using Google for search in 2000, over the next four years, it developed its own search technologies, which it began using in 2004. In response to Googles Gmail, Yahoo began to offer unlimited email storage in 2007, the company struggled through 2008, with several large layoffs. In February 2008, Microsoft Corporation made a bid to acquire Yahoo for $44.6 billion
20.
Netherlands
–
The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
21.
Trunk road
–
Many trunk roads have segregated lanes in a dual carriageway, or are of motorway standard. In the United Kingdom, trunk roads were first defined for Great Britain in the Trunk Roads Act 1936, thirty major roads were classed as trunk roads and the minister of transport took direct control of them and the bridges across them. The Trunk Roads Act came into force in England and Wales on 1 April 1937 and this development did not extend to Northern Ireland, which has always had a separate system of highway and road traffic law. At that time,4,500 miles of British roads were classified as trunk roads, additional roads have been trunked, notably in the Trunk Roads Act 1946. Others, like virtually all British motorways, have entered the system as a result of new construction, as of 2004, Great Britain had 7,845 miles of trunk roads, of which 2,161 miles were motorways. The Welsh government has had responsibility for roads in Wales since its establishment in 1998. England has 4,814 miles, Scotland has 1,982 miles and Wales has 1,048 miles of trunk roads, highways England publishes a full network map of trunk roads and motorways in England. Most interurban trunk roads are primary routes, the category of roads recommended for long distance, not all primary routes are trunk roads, the difference being that maintenance of trunk roads is paid for by national government bodies rather than the local councils in whose area they lie. Primary routes are identified by their signs, which feature white text on a green background with route numbers in yellow. Trunk roads, like other A roads, can be either single- or dual-carriageway, a trunk road which has been upgraded to motorway standards may retain its original A number, but with an M in brackets to denote that motorway regulations apply on it. Long distance examples of this are the A1 in England, and it is possible for roads to be de-trunked – for example, when superseded by a motorway following a similar route – in which case they normally become ordinary A roads. When a road is de-trunked signposts are often replaced, and sometimes route numbers are changed, in Ireland, major roads were previously classified under an old system as trunk roads, and had route numbers prefixed by a T. Connecting roads were classified as roads, and had route numbers prefixed by an L. Many of these roads had their origins in historic routes, including turnpike roads, local road numbers were previously not signposted, although they are now indicated on signs in many areas of the country. The current L-prefixed local roads are unrelated to the previous L-prefixed link road classification, some former trunk roads, or sections of former trunk roads, became non-trunk regional roads under the new road numbering system introduced in the 1970s and 1980s. More recently, sections of national primary routes which have been bypassed by motorways or other road improvement schemes have been downgraded to regional road status. Though the term trunk road is not commonly used in American English, each state maintains all of its roads and tries to integrate them into a system appropriate for that state. The states of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin designate their highways as state trunklines or state trunk highways, not all state highways and state routes, however, serve this purpose or are constructed to these standards, many in rural areas are simple two-lane roads
22.
India
–
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
23.
Google
–
Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products. These include online advertising technologies, search, cloud computing, software, Google was founded in 1996 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph. D. students at Stanford University, in California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares, and they incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4,1998. An initial public offering took place on August 19,2004, in August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. Google, Alphabets leading subsidiary, will continue to be the company for Alphabets Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructure, Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond Googles core search engine. The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system, the Google Chrome web browser, and Chrome OS, the new hardware chief, Rick Osterloh, stated, a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end-to-end user experience. Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier, alexa, a company that monitors commercial web traffic, lists Google. com as the most visited website in the world. Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites, including YouTube, Googles mission statement, from the outset, was to organize the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful, and its unofficial slogan was Dont be evil. In October 2015, the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase Do the right thing, Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford, California. They called this new technology PageRank, it determined a websites relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages, Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine BackRub, because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site. Originally, Google ran under Stanford Universitys website, with the domains google. stanford. edu, the domain name for Google was registered on September 15,1997, and the company was incorporated on September 4,1998. It was based in the garage of a friend in Menlo Park, craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee. The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given before Google was incorporated. At least three other investors invested in 1998, Amazon. com founder Jeff Bezos, Stanford University computer science professor David Cheriton. Author Ken Auletta claims that each invested $250,000, early in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to Excite. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million, vinod Khosla, one of Excites venture capitalists, talked the duo down to $750,000, but Bell still rejected it. Googles initial public offering took place five years later, on August 19,2004, at that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024
24.
Multimap.com
–
Multimap. com was a United Kingdom based provider of mapping and location-based services. It was acquired by Microsoft in 2007 and merged into Bing Maps in 2010 and it offered street maps and door-to-door travel directions on a public web site. Other offerings included aerial photographs, local information, and business services, services were also offered through its partners, including accommodation, restaurant and train-ticket booking. It also sold historic and aerial photograph prints, in 2004 the public web site regularly delivered more than 160 million page views per month and received more than 7.3 million unique users per quarter. Unlike later online maps such as Google Maps, Multimap offered discrete panning by clicking links, the Geo microformat is used to provide a Wikipedia map overlay generated from the official database download. This is used to browse geotagged articles, in December 2007, the company was bought by Microsoft. In 2010 it was merged into the larger Bing Maps service, Bing Maps Google Maps OpenStreetMap Bing Maps
25.
United States Census Bureau
–
The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
26.
University of Oxford
–
The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris, after disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two ancient universities are frequently referred to as Oxbridge. The university is made up of a variety of institutions, including 38 constituent colleges, All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. Being a city university, it not have a main campus, instead, its buildings. Oxford is the home of the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the worlds oldest and most prestigious scholarships, the university operates the worlds oldest university museum, as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system in Britain. Oxford has educated many notable alumni, including 28 Nobel laureates,27 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, the University of Oxford has no known foundation date. Teaching at Oxford existed in form as early as 1096. It grew quickly in 1167 when English students returned from the University of Paris, the historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188 and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the university had the title of chancellor from at least 1201, the university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, the students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two nations, representing the North and the South. In later centuries, geographical origins continued to many students affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. At about the time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College, thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses. In 1333–34, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III. Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London, thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, the new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of Greek language studies, and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar. With the English Reformation and the breaking of communion with the Roman Catholic Church, recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, as a centre of learning and scholarship, Oxfords reputation declined in the Age of Enlightenment, enrolments fell and teaching was neglected
27.
Bing (search engine)
–
Bing is a web search engine owned and operated by Microsoft. The service has its origins in Microsofts previous search engines, MSN Search, Windows Live Search, Bing provides a variety of search services, including web, video, image and map search products. Bing, Microsofts replacement for Live Search, was unveiled by Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer on May 28,2009, at the All Things Digital conference in San Diego, California, in July 2009, Microsoft and Yahoo. announced a deal in which Bing would power Yahoo. Search global customers and partners made the transition by early 2012, the deal was altered in 2015, meaning Yahoo. was only required to use Bing for a majority of searches. In October 2011, Microsoft stated that they were working on new back-end search infrastructure with the goal of delivering faster, known as Tiger, the new index-serving technology had been incorporated into Bing globally since August that year. In May 2012, Microsoft announced another redesign of its engine that includes Sidebar. As of November 2015, Bing is the second largest search engine in the US with a volume of 20. 9%. Search, which Bing largely powers, has 12. 5%, Microsoft originally launched MSN Search in the third quarter of 1998, using search results from Inktomi. It consisted of an engine, index, and web crawler. In early 1999, MSN Search launched a version which displayed listings from Looksmart blended with results from Inktomi except for a time in 1999 when results from AltaVista were used instead. Since then Microsoft upgraded MSN Search to provide its own search engine results. The upgrade started as a program in November 2004. Image search was powered by a party, Picsearch. The service also started providing its search results to other search engine portals in an effort to compete in the market. The first public beta of Windows Live Search was unveiled on March 8,2006, the new search engine used search tabs that include Web, news, images, music, desktop, local, and Microsoft Encarta. On March 21,2007, Microsoft announced that it would separate its search developments from the Windows Live services family, Live Search was integrated into the Live Search and Ad Platform headed by Satya Nadella, part of Microsofts Platform and Systems division. As part of change, Live Search was merged with Microsoft adCenter. A series of reorganisations and consolidations of Microsofts search offerings were made under the Live Search branding, soon after, Windows Live Expo was discontinued on July 31,2008
28.
Apple Inc.
–
Apple is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. Apples consumer software includes the macOS and iOS operating systems, the media player, the Safari web browser. Its online services include the iTunes Store, the iOS App Store and Mac App Store, Apple Music, Apple was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne in April 1976 to develop and sell personal computers. It was incorporated as Apple Computer, Inc. in January 1977, Apple joined the Dow Jones Industrial Average in March 2015. In November 2014, Apple became the first U. S. company to be valued at over US$700 billion in addition to being the largest publicly traded corporation in the world by market capitalization. The company employs 115,000 full-time employees as of July 2015 and it operates the online Apple Store and iTunes Store, the latter of which is the worlds largest music retailer. Consumers use more than one billion Apple products worldwide as of March 2016, Apples worldwide annual revenue totaled $233 billion for the fiscal year ending in September 2015. This revenue accounts for approximately 1. 25% of the total United States GDP.1 billion, the corporation receives significant criticism regarding the labor practices of its contractors and its environmental and business practices, including the origins of source materials. Apple was founded on April 1,1976, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, the Apple I kits were computers single-handedly designed and hand-built by Wozniak and first shown to the public at the Homebrew Computer Club. The Apple I was sold as a motherboard, which was less than what is now considered a personal computer. The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 and was market-priced at $666.66, Apple was incorporated January 3,1977, without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800. Multimillionaire Mike Markkula provided essential business expertise and funding of $250,000 during the incorporation of Apple, during the first five years of operations revenues grew exponentially, doubling about every four months. Between September 1977 and September 1980 yearly sales grew from $775,000 to $118m, the Apple II, also invented by Wozniak, was introduced on April 16,1977, at the first West Coast Computer Faire. It differed from its rivals, the TRS-80 and Commodore PET, because of its character cell-based color graphics. While early Apple II models used ordinary cassette tapes as storage devices, they were superseded by the introduction of a 5 1/4 inch floppy disk drive and interface called the Disk II. The Apple II was chosen to be the platform for the first killer app of the business world, VisiCalc. VisiCalc created a market for the Apple II and gave home users an additional reason to buy an Apple II. Before VisiCalc, Apple had been a distant third place competitor to Commodore, by the end of the 1970s, Apple had a staff of computer designers and a production line
29.
JOSM
–
JOSM is a free software desktop editing tool for OpenStreetMap geodata created in Java. It has a lot of advanced features, but also more complicated user interface than default online editor iD, JOSM provides more than 200 keyboard shortcuts for the core functions. Many additional features are available through the plugins, there are more than 100 of them in the repository. First changeset was created on 27 September 2005, first beta version was made available on 4 October 2005 and JOSM1.0 has been released on 22 January 2006. Current versioning scheme, using code changeset number, was introduced in 2008, in 2014 project logo has been replaced with the new artwork, which won a design contest. From this year stable releases are identified with additional YY. MM internal version number, however they may not exactly reflect the release date, since revision 10786 released on 12 August 2016 support for Java versions earlier than 8 has been dropped. The highest number of edits in OSM is done using JOSM, the software was used to perform several large scale OSM imports, including TIGER data in the United States. JOSM can also be used for editing an OSM sister project OpenHistoricalMap and its included as a package in many Linux distributions like Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, Arch Linux and the OSGEO Live DVD Various tutorials are available. The LearnOSM Tutorial, translated in 16 languages, has a section on JOSM and it covers the editing process, the tools, the plugins, the presets, the imagery functionalities, conflict resolution and other features. Official homepage JOSM help system JOSM page on OSM Wiki
30.
HTML5
–
HTML5 is a markup language used for structuring and presenting content on the World Wide Web. It is the fifth and current version of the HTML standard, HTML5 is intended to subsume not only HTML4, but also XHTML1 and DOM Level 2 HTML. For the same reasons, HTML5 is also a candidate for cross-platform mobile applications, many new syntactic features are included. To enrich the content of documents, new page structure elements such as <main>, <section>, <article>, <header>, <footer>, <aside>, <nav>. New attributes are introduced, some elements and attributes have been removed, the APIs and Document Object Model are now fundamental parts of the HTML5 specification and HTML5 also better defines the processing for any invalid documents. The Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group began work on the new standard in 2004, at that time, HTML4.01 had not been updated since 2000, and the World Wide Web Consortium was focusing future developments on XHTML2.0. In 2009, the W3C allowed the XHTML2.0 Working Groups charter to expire, W3C and WHATWG are currently working together on the development of HTML5.0. The workshop concluded with a vote—8 for,14 against—for continuing work on HTML, the two specifications were later merged to form HTML5. The HTML5 specification was adopted as the point of the work of the new HTML working group of the W3C in 2007. WHATWG published the First Public Working Draft of the specification on 22 January 2008, while some features of HTML5 are often compared to Adobe Flash, the two technologies are very different. Both include features for playing audio and video within web pages, however, HTML5 on its own cannot be used for animation or interactivity – it must be supplemented with CSS3 or JavaScript. There are many Flash capabilities that have no counterpart in HTML5. See Comparison of HTML5 and Flash, in early November 2011, Adobe announced that it would discontinue development of Flash for mobile devices and reorient its efforts in developing tools using HTML5. On 14 February 2011, the W3C extended the charter of its HTML Working Group with clear milestones for HTML5, in May 2011, the working group advanced HTML5 to Last Call, an invitation to communities inside and outside W3C to confirm the technical soundness of the specification. The W3C developed a comprehensive test suite to achieve broad interoperability for the specification by 2014. In January 2011, the WHATWG renamed its HTML5 living standard to HTML, the W3C nevertheless continued its project to release HTML5. In July 2012, WHATWG and W3C decided on a degree of separation, W3C will continue the HTML5 specification work, focusing on a single definitive standard, which is considered as a snapshot by WHATWG. The WHATWG organization will continue its work with HTML5 as a Living Standard, the concept of a living standard is that it is never complete and is always being updated and improved
31.
D3.js
–
D3. js is a JavaScript library for producing dynamic, interactive data visualizations in web browsers. It makes use of the widely implemented SVG, HTML5, and it is the successor to the earlier Protovis framework. In contrast to other libraries, D3. js allows great control over the final visual result. Its development was noted in 2011, as version 2.0.0 was released in August 2011, data visualization company Datameer officially uses D3. js as its core technology, while The New York Times sometimes uses it for rich graphs. It is used by the iD editor for editing OpenStreetMap, D3. js has been extensively used for GIS map making, managing both GeoJSON and Topojson files as input. The first web browsers appeared in the early 1990s and they were initially capable of displaying static web pages only, the only way for a user to interact with the web was through clicking links and scrolling pages. There were many efforts to such limitations. One of the most significant was the integration of JavaScript as the language for web browsers. JavaScript gradually became the de facto standard language for creating web pages with rich user interactivity and this played a crucial role in the decision to use JavaScript as the language of D3. js. At the same time, researchers, engineers, and practitioners from various branches of engineering, there were multiple projects with that goal, each of which had its successes and failures, and inspired the subsequent ones. The most notable examples were the Prefuse, Flare, and Protovis toolkits, Prefuse was a visualization toolkit created in 2005 that required usage of Java, and visualizations were rendered within browsers with a Java plug-in. Flare was a similar toolkit from 2007 that used ActionScript, the library received notable acceptance both by data visualization practitioners and academics. In 2011, the development of Protovis was stopped to focus on a new project and these objects can also be widely styled using CSS. Large datasets can be bound to SVG objects using simple D3. js functions to generate rich text/graphic charts. The data can be in various formats, most commonly JSON, comma-separated values or geoJSON, elements on a page gradually change their text color to pink, For more advanced uses, loaded data drives the creation of elements. D3. js loads a given dataset, then, for each of its elements, creates an SVG object with associated properties, generated SVG graphics are designed according to the provided data. Any methods chained after the. enter command will be called for each item in the dataset not already represented by a DOM node in the selection, the D3. js documentation provides several examples of how this works. Transformations in 2D, translation, rotation, skew, and scaling, D3. js array operations are built to complement existing array support in JavaScript
32.
Mapbox
–
Mapbox is a large provider of custom online maps for websites such as Foursquare, Pinterest, Evernote, the Financial Times, The Weather Channel and Uber Technologies. Since 2010, it has expanded the niche of custom maps, as a response to the limited choice offered by map providers such as Google Maps. The data are both from open data sources, such as OpenStreetMap and NASA, and from proprietary data sources. The technology is based on Node. js, CouchDB, Mapnik, GDAL, the startup was created as a part of Development Seed in order to offer map customization for non-profit customers, in 2010. It was bootstrapped until a 2013 $10M funding round by Foundry Group, in June 2015, Mapbox announced it had raised $52.55 million in a Series B round of funding. Early work on OpenStreetMap tools, including the iD editor, was funded by a $575,000 grant from the Knight Foundation. On 2016-07-11, MapQuest discontinued the open tile API and users such as GNOME Maps were switched to a free tier of the Mapbox tileserver
33.
John S. and James L. Knight Foundation
–
It began as the Knight Memorial Education Fund in 1940. For its first decade, most contributions came from the Akron Beacon Journal and it was incorporated as Knight Foundation in 1950 in Ohio, and reincorporated as the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation in Florida in 1993. Its first grant in the area of journalism was to the Inter American Press Association in Miami, after Creed Black assumed its presidency in 1988, the foundations national presence grew. In 1990 the board of trustees voted to relocate the headquarters from Akron, Ohio, to Miami. Funding in 2011 was distributed according to four programs and they are the Journalism and Media Innovation Program, the Communities Program, the Arts Program and the National Program. Each of the uses a combination of funding priorities and geographic requirements to select grants. Journalism-technology labs in universities are also funded by the Knight Foundation. The Knight Foundation funds multimedia training in such as National Public Radio. Knight Foundation presidents have been, John S. Knight, James L. Knight, Lee Hills, Black, Hodding Carter III and Alberto Ibargüen. Any individual or U. S. -based organization may apply for a grant, the process of asking for a grant begins with a letter of inquiry describing the project concept. In addition to the foundations regular granting program, there are three contests, The Knight News Challenge, the Knight Arts Challenge and the Knight Community Information Challenge, in 2011 the Foundation added a fourth contest, the Black Male Engagement Challenge. In 2015 a grant agreement was reached with Wikimedia Foundation to build an engine called Knowledge Engine. From 1907 to 1933, Charles Landon Knight published the Akron Beacon Journal, one of his practices was helping out financially strapped college students with their tuition. Following their father’s death, John S. and James L. Knight created the Knight Memorial Education Fund in 1940 to continue the mission of helping poor Akron college students pay for college, the Akron Beacon Journal also contributed some money to the education fund. In December 1950, Knight Foundation was created with $9,047 transferred from that education fund, Knight Foundation incorporated in the state of Ohio with the goal of carrying out the work of the education fund. At its start, the foundation funded education, social services, cultural organizations, in its first decade, the foundation’s money came from contributions from the Akron Beacon Journal and the Miami Herald, as well as personal gifts by John and James Knight. Other Knight newspapers also contributed in the early 1960s, this led to a number of grants to those cities. Despite several family ties, the foundation was legally independent from Knight-owned newspapers, newspaper contributions to the foundation stopped five years later, when Clara I
34.
Potlatch (software)
–
Potlatch is a free software editing tool for OpenStreetMap geodata using Adobe Flash. It is one of two editors embedded directly within the OpenStreetMap website, Potlatch 2 requires a web browser with at least version 8 of the Flash plugin installed. It continues to be actively maintained, Potlatch 1 was released mid 2006 and was the default editor on the main OpenStreetMap site until it was replaced by Potlatch 2 in April 2011. The name Potlatch came from the name of newsletter of the Lettrist International art collective, an alpha version of Potlatch 2, a complete reimplementation of the software, was published in summer 2010. In December 2010, Potlatch 2 was released for general use, after Microsoft had granted OpenStreetMap permission to use aerial imagery from their Bing Maps service for tracing, Potlatch 2 was extended to display these images in the background. ID is in turn a reimplementation of Potlatch 2 architecture in JavaScript, ramm, Frederik, Topf, Jochen, Chilton, Steve. OpenStreetMap, Using and Enhancing the Free Map of the World, Potlatch 2 Github repository Potlatch 2 in the OpenStreetMap wiki
35.
OpenStreetMap
–
OpenStreetMap is a collaborative project to create a free editable map of the world. OSM is considered a prominent example of volunteered geographic information, created by Steve Coast in the UK in 2004, it was inspired by the success of Wikipedia and the predominance of proprietary map data in the UK and elsewhere. Since then, it has grown to over 2 million registered users, who can collect data using manual survey, GPS devices, aerial photography and these crowdsourced data are then made available under the Open Database Licence. The site is supported by the OpenStreetMap Foundation, an organisation registered in England. Rather than the map itself, the data generated by the OpenStreetMap project are considered its primary output, OpenStreetMap data have been favourably compared with proprietary datasources, though data quality varies worldwide. Steve Coast founded the project in 2004, initially focusing on mapping the United Kingdom, in the UK and elsewhere, government-run and tax-funded projects like the Ordnance Survey created massive datasets but failed to freely and widely distribute them. In April 2006, the OpenStreetMap Foundation was established to encourage the growth, development and distribution of free data and provide geospatial data for anybody to use. In December 2006, Yahoo. confirmed that OpenStreetMap could use its aerial photography as a backdrop for map production, sponsors of the event included Google, Yahoo. and Multimap. In October 2007, OpenStreetMap completed the import of a US Census TIGER road dataset, in December 2007, Oxford University became the first major organisation to use OpenStreetMap data on their main website. In March, two announced that they have received venture capital funding of €2.4 million for CloudMade. In November 2010, Bing changed their licence to use of their satellite imagery for making maps. In 2012, the launch of pricing for Google Maps led several prominent websites to switch from their service to OpenStreetMap and other competitors. Map data is collected from scratch by volunteers performing systematic ground surveys using tools such as a handheld GPS unit, the data is then entered into the OpenStreetMap database. Mapathon competition events are held by OpenStreetMap team and by non-profit organisations. The availability of photography and other data from commercial and government sources has added important sources of data for manual editing. Special processes are in place to handle automated imports and avoid legal and technical problems, editing of maps can be done using the default web browser editor called iD, an HTML5 application using D3. js and written by MapBox. The earlier Flash-based application Potlatch is retained for intermediate-level users, JOSM and Merkaartor are more powerful desktop editing applications that are better suited for advanced users. The GNOME Maps application developed for the GNOME desktop environment, which runs on many Linux operating systems, the project has a geographically diverse user-base, due to emphasis of local knowledge and ground truth in the process of data collection
36.
Android (operating system)
–
Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. In addition to devices, Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars. Variants of Android are also used on notebooks, game consoles, digital cameras, beginning with the first commercial Android device in September 2008, the operating system has gone through multiple major releases, with the current version being 7.0 Nougat, released in August 2016. Android applications can be downloaded from the Google Play store, which features over 2.7 million apps as of February 2017, Android has been the best-selling OS on tablets since 2013, and runs on the vast majority of smartphones. In September 2015, Android had 1.4 billion monthly active users, Android is popular with technology companies that require a ready-made, low-cost and customizable operating system for high-tech devices. The success of Android has made it a target for patent, Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California in October 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White. Rubin described the Android project as tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are aware of its owners location. The early intentions of the company were to develop an operating system for digital cameras. Despite the past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly and that same year, Rubin ran out of money. Steve Perlman, a friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope. In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million and its key employees, including Rubin, Miner and White, joined Google as part of the acquisition. Not much was known about Android at the time, with Rubin having only stated that they were making software for mobile phones, at Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system, Google had lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation. Speculation about Googles intention to enter the communications market continued to build through December 2006. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony, the first commercially available smartphone running Android was the HTC Dream, also known as T-Mobile G1, announced on September 23,2008. Since 2008, Android has seen numerous updates which have improved the operating system, adding new features. Each major release is named in order after a dessert or sugary treat, with the first few Android versions being called Cupcake, Donut, Eclair. In 2010, Google launched its Nexus series of devices, a lineup in which Google partnered with different device manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce new Android versions
37.
Maps.me
–
MAPS. ME is a mobile app for Android, iOS and BlackBerry that provides offline maps using OpenStreetMap data. In November 2014, it was acquired by Mail. Ru Group, in September 2015, the app was open sourced. First, the team has developed an application in Switzerland. MAPS. ME was founded by Yury Melnichek who was leading the project until April of 2016 when Evgeny Lisovskiy took over, in early 2017 the philosophy of the app changed leading it to be supported by intrusive adverts. In 2012, MapsWithMe came in first in the Startup Monthly competition in Vilnius, the team won a nine-week traineeship in Silicon Valley as a prize. In November 2014, MAPS. ME was acquired by Mail. Ru Group to be integrated with My. com, the engineering team was relocated to the Mail. Ru Group office in Moscow to continue working on the project. All map data for MAPS. ME is taken from OpenStreetMap, technologies used in the app, C++ Objective-C Java Android NDK Qt OpenGL ES MAPS. ME provides a free API to developers for both commercial and personal use. In 2013, developers of YotaPhone, a Russian smartphone with 2 displays, MapsWithMe released a special version of the app optimized for both color and e-ink screens of the smartphone. The main screen allows users to see maps of all countries, drop pins on the map, then it is possible to move the maps to the e-ink display to use the map in the energy saving mode. Currently, support of YotaPhone is excluded from last releases, comparison of commercial GPS software Official website Maps. me on Twitter Source code in GitHub
6,755[3] (As of 12 March 2018[update]).jpg)
. doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.05.004. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Data from Wikidata
Discussion from Meta-Wiki
Documentation from MediaWiki
