1.
Bicameralism
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A bicameral legislature is one in which the legislators are divided into two separate assemblies, chambers or houses. As of 2015, somewhat less than half of the national legislatures are bicameral. Often, the members of the two chambers are elected or selected using different methods, which vary from country to country and this can often lead to the two chambers having very different compositions of members. However, in many Westminster system parliaments, the house to which the executive is responsible can overrule the other house, some legislatures lie in between these two positions, with one house only able to overrule the other under certain circumstances. For example, one house would represent the aristocracy, and the other would represent the commoners as was the case in the Kingdom of England. Others, such as France under the Ancien Régime had a legislature known as the Estates General, which consisted of separate chambers for the clergymen, the nobility. The Founding Fathers of the United States also favoured a bicameral legislature, the idea was to have the Senate be wealthier and wiser. Benjamin Rush saw this though, and noted that, this type of dominion is almost always connected with opulence, the Senate was created to be a stabilising force, elected not by mass electors, but selected by the State legislators. Senators would be more knowledgeable and more sort of republican nobility—and a counter to what Madison saw as the fickleness. He noted further that the use of the Senate is to consist in its proceeding with more coolness, with system and with more wisdom. Madisons argument led the Framers to grant the Senate prerogatives in foreign policy, an area where steadiness, discretion, the Senate was chosen by state legislators, and senators had to possess a significant amount of property in order to be deemed worthy and sensible enough for the position. In fact, it was not until the year 1913 that the 17th Amendment was passed, as part of the Great Compromise, they invented a new rationale for bicameralism in which the Senate would have states represented equally, and the House would have them represented by population. Many nations with parliaments have to some degree emulated the British three-tier model, nevertheless, the older justification for second chambers—providing opportunities for second thoughts about legislation—has survived. An example of controversy regarding a second chamber has been the debate over the powers of the Canadian Senate or the election of the Senate of France. The relationship between the two chambers varies, in cases, they have equal power, while in others. The first tends to be the case in federal systems and those with presidential governments, the latter tends to be the case in unitary states with parliamentary systems. In the United States both houses of the U. S and this is due to their original location in the two-story building that was to house them. In Canada, the country as a whole is divided into a number of Senate Divisions, each with a different number of Senators, Senators in Canada are not elected by the people but are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister
2.
Oregon State Senate
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The Oregon State Senate is the upper house of the statewide legislature for the US state of Oregon. Along with the lower chamber Oregon House of Representatives it makes up the Oregon Legislative Assembly, there are 30 members of the State Senate, representing 30 districts across the state, each with a population of 114,000. The State Senate meets at the Oregon State Capitol in Salem, Oregon State Senators serve four-year terms without term limits. In 2002, the Oregon Supreme Court struck down the decade-old Oregon Ballot Measure 3, the current Senate President is Peter Courtney of Salem. Instead, a position of Senate President is in place. If the chamber is tied, legislators must devise their own methods of resolving the impasse, in 2002, for example, Oregons state senators entered into a power sharing contract whereby Democratic senators nominated the Senate President while Republican senators chaired key committees. Kathryn Clarke was the first woman to serve in Oregons Senate, women became eligible to run for the Oregon state legislature in 1914 and later that year Clarke was appointed to fill a vacant seat in Douglas county by her cousin, governor Oswald West. Following some controversy concerning whether West had the authority to appoint someone to fill the vacancy and she took office five years before the 19th Amendment to the US constitution protected the right of all US women to vote. In 1982, Mae Yih became the first Chinese American elected to a state senate in the United States, during the 2011 legislative session, the House and Senate passed Senate Bill 989, which implemented new legislative districts for the 2012 elections and beyond
3.
Oregon House of Representatives
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The Oregon House of Representatives is the lower house of the Oregon Legislative Assembly. There are 60 members of the House, representing 60 districts across the state, the House meets at the Oregon State Capitol in Salem. Members of the House serve two-year terms without term limits, in 2002, the Oregon Supreme Court struck down the decade-old law, Oregon Ballot Measure 3, that had restricted State Representatives to 3 terms on procedural grounds. In the current legislative session, Democrat Tina Kotek from Portland serves as Speaker, after losing several seats in the 2010 elections, resulting in a split control between both parties for one legislative term, Democrats regained their majority in the 2012 elections. Meanwhile, the Oregon State Senate has been under continuous Democratic control since 2005
4.
Peter Courtney
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Courtney is an American politician, lawyer, and professor who is currently a Democratic member of the Oregon State Senate, representing the 11th District since 1999. He is currently President of the Senate, serving since 2003 and he was a member of the Oregon House of Representatives in 1981,1983, and from 1989 through 1998. Courtney teaches at Western Oregon University, Courtney was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on June 18,1943. He grew up in Trenton, New Jersey, West Virginia, Rhode Island, and Virginia, both his parents earned college degrees, with his mother’s degree in Latin. In high school, he played on the football team. Courtney attended college at the University of Rhode Island where he earned a degree in political science in 1965 followed by a master’s in public administration the following year. He graduated from Boston University’s law school, and then moved to Oregon in 1969 to become the law clerk of William S. Fort of the Oregon Court of Appeals, Courtney arrived in Salem and stayed at the YMCA for two years. Courtneys first political office was as a member of the Salem City Council where he served from 1974 until 1980 and he was first elected to the Oregon Legislative Assembly in 1980 as a Democrat representing Marion and Polk counties in the Oregon House of Representatives. Courtney gave up his House seat to run for the U. S. House of Representatives, 5th district, Courtney narrowly lost to state senator Ruth McFarland, who had been the 1982 nominee. McFarland again lost to Congressman Denny Smith, Courtney ran for and narrowly lost a state Senate seat in 1986, before taking back his old state House seat in 1988. In the House he served as Democratic leader for eight years and he served as minority leader during the 1997 session. He avoided term limits by moving from the House to the Senate in 1999, in 2002, he had surgery to remove a burst appendix and even received last rites prior to the surgery when survival was unknown. After 13 days at the hospital he recovered and returned to the legislature, in 2003, Courtney was selected as the President of the Oregon State Senate. The Senate was evenly divided between the major parties at the time, with 15 Democrats and 15 Republicans. Republican Lenn Hannon was chosen as President Pro-tem, the two were recognized as having forged a strong working relationship during the previous legislatures five emergency sessions. Courtney continued to serve as President for the 73rd and 74th Oregon legislatures, Courtney is the most tenured Oregon legislator. Some lobbyists consider him liberal and anti-business, but with a reputation as a respected strategist and his support and advocacy in animal-related measures saw him labeled as a 2011 Top Dog by the Oregon Humane Society. Courtney serves as co-chair of the Legislative Counsel Committee, Courtney teaches speech at Western Oregon University, and serves as an administrator at the Monmouth school
5.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
6.
Speaker (politics)
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The speaker of a deliberative assembly, especially a legislative body, is its presiding officer. The title was first used in 1399 in England, the speakers official role is to moderate debate, make rulings on procedure, announce the results of votes, and the like. The speaker decides who may speak and has the powers to members who break the procedures of the chamber or house. The speaker often also represents the body in person, as the voice of the body in ceremonial, the title was first recorded in 1377 to describe the role of Thomas de Hungerford in the Parliament of England. By convention, speakers are normally addressed in Parliament as Mister Speaker, if a man, or Madam Speaker, in other cultures other styles are used, mainly being equivalents of English chairman or president. Many bodies also have a pro tempore, designated to fill in when the speaker is not available. The Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives is the officer of the Australian House of Representatives. The President of the Australian Senate is the officer of the Australian Senate. Now constitutional community highlights changes also in this role, in Canada, the Speaker of the House of Commons is the individual elected to preside over the House of Commons, the elected lower house. The speaker is a Member of Parliament and is elected at the beginning of new parliament by fellow MPs. The Speakers role in presiding over Canadas House of Commons is similar to that of speakers elsewhere in countries that use the Westminster system. The Speaker does not vote except in the case of a tie, by convention, if required to vote, the Speaker will vote in favour of continuing debate on a matter, but will not ultimately vote for a measure to be approved. The Speaker of the Senate of Canada is the officer of the Senate of Canada. The Speaker represents the Senate at official functions, rules on questions of procedure and parliamentary privilege. The Speaker of the Senate is appointed by the Governor General of Canada from amongst sitting senators upon the advice of the Prime Minister, the Speaker has a vote on all matters. In the event of a tie, the matter fails, at the provincial level, the presiding officer of the provincial legislatures is called the Speaker in all provinces except Quebec, where the term President is used. The presiding officer fulfills the role as the Speaker of the House of Commons. In the United Kingdom, the Speaker of the House of Commons is the elected to preside over the elected House of Commons
7.
Tina Kotek
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Tina Kotek is an American politician from the state of Oregon. A Democrat, she serves as a member of the Oregon House of Representatives, representing a district in Portland and she served as the Democratic House Leader during the 2012 session. Born and raised in York, Pennsylvania, Kotek attended Dallastown Area High School and she moved to Oregon in 1987, taking her undergraduate degree in religious studies at the University of Oregon. She then went on to study at the University of Washington. Before being elected to office, Kotek worked as the Policy Director of Children First for Oregon and she co-chaired the Human Services Coalition of Oregon during the 2002 budget crisis and currently serves as the co-chair of the Governor’s Medicaid Advisory Committee. Kotek, a lesbian, is one of the openly gay member of the Oregon Legislative Assembly. Her election campaigns have won the support of the Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund, in 2004, she had been an unsuccessful candidate for the 43rd House District. In 2006, she was elected to the House from the 44th District in North and she won a competitive three-way Democratic primary election with over half the vote. In the general election, she faced only nominal Republican opposition and she ran unopposed for re-election in 2008 and, as well as winning the Democratic primary in the 44th district, she also won the Republican primary through write-in votes. She therefore did not face a Republican challenger and was assured of re-election, in 2010, she faced a primary challenge but prevailed with over 85% of the vote. A Republican candidate filed for the post but Kotek won the election with almost 81% of the vote. In June 2011 Kotek was chosen by the House Democratic Caucus as their leader, after Democrats won a majority in the House in the 2012 election, they nominated Kotek for Speaker of the House for the 2013 legislative session. Kotek was elected to the position, and then reelected in 2015, after Governor John Kitzhaber resigned in February 2015, elevating Kate Brown to the governorship, Kotek was named by The Oregonian as a possible successor to Brown as Oregon Secretary of State. Through a spokeswoman, Kotek denied interest in the job
8.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
9.
Oregon State Capitol
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The Oregon State Capitol is the building housing the state legislature and the offices of the governor, secretary of state, and treasurer of the U. S. state of Oregon. It is located in the capital, Salem. The current building, constructed from 1936 to 1938, and expanded in 1977, is the third to house the Oregon state government in Salem, two former capitol buildings were destroyed by fire, one in 1855 and the other in 1935. New York architects Trowbridge & Livingston conceived the current structures Art Deco, stripped classical design, much of the interior and exterior is made of marble. The Oregon State Capitol was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, the Public Works Administration, part of the U. S. government, partially financed construction, which was completed during the Great Depression, in 1938. The building was erected at a cost of $2.5 million for the portion of the building. The wings, which doubled the space of the building to about 233,750 square feet, were added later for $12.5 million. The grounds outside the building contain artwork, fountains, and flora, including the state tree. Before the creation of the Oregon Territory in 1848, the Oregon Country provisional government, through legislation on June 27,1844 and December 19,1845, thus Oregons first capitol was in Oregon City. One of the buildings used by this government was constructed by John L. Morrison in 1850. The designation of Oregon City as the seat of power was by proclamation of Governor Joseph Lane, in 1850, the legislature passed an act designating Salem the capital. However, Governor John P. Gaines refused to relocate and remained in Oregon City along with the Oregon Supreme Court until an act of Congress on May 14,1852 settled the matter in Salems favor. On January 13,1855, the Oregon Territorial Legislature passed a bill moving the seat of government from Salem to Corvallis, Governor George Law Curry and many others objected to the move, since public buildings in Salem were already under construction. Curry sent the matter to the Secretary of the Treasury in Washington, thereafter, Curry and Oregon Secretary of State Benjamin Harding moved back to Salem. On December 3,1855, the legislature convened in Corvallis and this bill passed on December 15,1855. Three days later, the legislature re-convened in Salem, however, the statehouse burned down on the 29th, and the legislature re-opened debate about where to seat the capital. They decided to ask the people of the territory to vote on the question, a vote was to be held in June 1856, after which the two cities receiving the most votes would have a runoff. The initial vote set up a runoff between Eugene and Corvallis, but after some ballots were invalidated due to not being cast in accordance with the law, an October runoff gave Eugene the most votes, but the earlier vote-tossing led to a low turnout
10.
Salem, Oregon
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Salem /ˈseɪləm/ is the capital of the U. S. state of Oregon, and the county seat of Marion County. It is located in the center of the Willamette Valley alongside the Willamette River, the river forms the boundary between Marion and Polk counties, and the city neighborhood of West Salem is in Polk County. Salem was founded in 1842, became the capital of the Oregon Territory in 1851, Salem had a population of 154,637 at the 2010 census, making it the third largest city in the state after Portland and Eugene. Salem is less than a driving distance away from Portland. Salem is the city of the Salem Metropolitan Statistical Area. A2013 estimate placed the population at 400,408. The city is home to Willamette University, Corban University, the State of Oregon is the largest public employer in the city, and Salem Health is the largest private employer. Transportation includes public transit from Salem-Keizer Transit, Amtrak service, major roads include Interstate 5, Oregon Route 99E, and Oregon Route 22, which connects West Salem across the Willamette River via the Marion Street and Center Street bridges. When the Methodist Mission moved to the area, they called the new establishment Chemeketa, although it was widely known as the Mill. When the Oregon Institute was established, the community known as the Institute. When the Institute was dissolved, the decided to lay out a townsite on the Institute lands. The Reverend David Leslie, President of the towns Trustees, also wanted a Biblical name, or, the town may be named after Salem, Massachusetts, where Leslie was educated. There were many names suggested, and even after the change to Salem, some people, such as Asahel Bush, believed the name should be changed back to Chemeketa. The Vern Miller Civic Center, which houses the city offices and it is estimated that the Willamette Valley area has been inhabited for over 10,000 years. The Kalapuya peoples would gather on the plateau east and south of the current downtown area in the winter and they fished and harvested in the streams and fields of the area. One staple of life was the root, and periodically the Kalapuya would set fires that would clear. In the early 1850s, the Kalapuya, along with the native peoples west of the Cascade Mountains, were removed by the U. S. government through a combination of treaties. Most Kalapuya people were moved to the Grande Ronde Reservation somewhat to the west of Salem, with numbers ending up at Siletz Reservation
11.
State legislature (United States)
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A state legislature in the United States is the legislative body of any of the 50 U. S. states. The formal name varies from state to state, in 25 states, the legislature is simply called the Legislature, or the State Legislature, while in 19 states, the legislature is called the General Assembly. In Massachusetts and New Hampshire, the legislature is called the General Court, while North Dakota, every state except Nebraska has a bicameral legislature, meaning that the legislature consists of two separate legislative chambers or houses. In each case the smaller chamber is called the Senate and is referred to as the upper house. This chamber typically, but not always, has the power to confirm appointments made by the governor. Members of the chamber represent more citizens and usually serve for longer terms than members of the larger chamber. In 41 states, the chamber is called the House of Representatives. Five states designate the larger chamber the Assembly and three states call it the House of Delegates, members of the larger chamber usually serve for terms of two years. The larger chamber customarily has the power to initiate taxing legislation. In 1964, the United States Supreme Court announced the one man, one vote standard, Nebraska originally had a bicameral legislature like the other states, but the lower house was abolished following a referendum, effective with the 1936 elections. The remaining unicameral legislature is called the Nebraska Legislature, but its members continue to be called senators, as a legislative branch of government, a legislature generally performs state duties for a state in the same way that the United States Congress performs national duties at the national level. During a legislative session, the legislature considers matters introduced by its members or submitted by the governor, businesses and other special interest organizations often lobby the legislature to obtain beneficial legislation, defeat unfavorably perceived measures, or influence other legislative action. A legislature also approves the operating and capital budgets, which may begin as a legislative proposal or a submission by the governor. Under the terms of Article V of the U. S, under Article II, state legislatures choose the manner of appointing the states presidential electors. Formerly, state legislatures appointed the U. S, Senators from their respective states until the ratification of the 17th Amendment in 1913 required the direct election of Senators by the states voters. Generally, the bodies and their committees use either Masons Manual of Legislative Procedure or an amended form thereof. During official meetings, a parliamentarian is available to ensure that legislation. The lawmaking process begins with the introduction of a bill in either the House of Representatives or the Senate, bills may be introduced in either house, sometimes with the exception of bills increasing or decreasing revenue, which must originate in the House of Representatives
12.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
13.
Oregon
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Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Oregon is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the north by Washington, on the south by California, on the east by Idaho, the Columbia River delineates much of Oregons northern boundary, and the Snake River delineates much of the eastern boundary. The parallel 42° north delineates the boundary with California and Nevada. Oregon was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Western traders, explorers. An autonomous government was formed in the Oregon Country in 1843 before the Oregon Territory was created in 1848, Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14,1859. Today, at 98,000 square miles, Oregon is the ninth largest and, with a population of 4 million, the capital of Oregon is Salem, the second most populous of its cities, with 164,549 residents. Portland is Oregons most populous city, with 632,309 residents, Portlands metro population of 2,389,228 ranks the 23rd largest metro in the nation. The Willamette Valley in western Oregon is the states most densely populated area, the tall conifers, mainly Douglas fir, along Oregons rainy west coast contrast with the lighter-timbered and fire-prone pine and juniper forests covering portions to the east. Abundant alders in the west fix nitrogen for the conifers, stretching east from central Oregon are semi-arid shrublands, prairies, deserts, steppes, and meadows. At 11,249 feet, Mount Hood is the states highest point, Oregons only national park, Crater Lake National Park, comprises the caldera surrounding Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States. The state is home to the single largest organism in the world, Armillaria ostoyae. Because of its landscapes and waterways, Oregons economy is largely powered by various forms of agriculture, fishing. It is also the top timber-producer of the lower 48 states, Technology is another one of the states major economic forces, which began in the 1970s with the establishment of the Silicon Forest and the expansion of Tektronix and Intel. Sportswear company Nike, Inc. headquartered in Beaverton, is the states largest public corporation with a revenue of $30.6 billion. The earliest evidence of the name Oregon has Spanish origins and this chronicle is the first topographical and linguistic source with respect to the place name Oregon. There are also two other sources with Spanish origins such as the name Oregano which grows in the part of the region. Another early use of the name, spelled Ouragon, was in a 1765 petition by Major Robert Rogers to the Kingdom of Great Britain, the term referred to the then-mythical River of the West. By 1778 the spelling had shifted to Oregon, in his 1765 petition, Rogers wrote, The rout. is from the Great Lakes towards the Head of the Mississippi, and from thence to the River called by the Indians Ouragon
14.
Upper house
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An upper house, sometimes called a Senate, is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house. The house formally designated as the house is usually smaller. Examples of upper houses in countries include the UKs House of Lords, Canadas Senate, Indias Rajya Sabha, Russias Federation Council, Irelands Seanad, Germanys Bundesrat, a legislature composed of only one house is described as unicameral. An upper house is different from the lower house in at least one of the following respects, Powers, In a parliamentary system. Therefore, in countries the Upper House votes on only limited legislative matters. Cannot vote a motion of no confidence against the government, while the house always can. In a presidential system, It may have equal or nearly equal power with the lower house and it may have specific powers not granted to the lower house. For example, It may give advice and consent to some executive decisions and it may have the sole power to try impeachments against officials of the executive, following enabling resolutions passed by the lower house. Status, In some countries, its members are not popularly elected, membership may be indirect and its members may be elected with a different voting system than that used to elect the lower house. Less populated states, provinces, or administrative divisions may be represented in the upper house than in the lower house. Members terms may be longer than in the house. Members may be elected in portions, for staggered terms, rather than all at one time, in some countries, the upper house cannot be dissolved at all, or can be dissolved only in more limited circumstances than the lower house. It typically has fewer members or seats than the lower house and it has usually a higher age of candidacy than the lower house. In parliamentary systems the upper house is seen as an advisory or revising chamber. Some or all of the restrictions are often placed on upper houses. No absolute veto of proposed legislation, though suspensive vetoes are permitted in some states, in countries where it can veto legislation, it may not be able to amend the proposals. A reduced or even absent role in initiating legislation, additionally, a Government must have the consent of both to remain in office, a position which is known as perfect bicameralism or equal bicameralism. An example is the British House of Lords, bills can only be delayed for up to one year before the Commons can use the Parliament Act, although economic bills can only be delayed for one month
15.
Lower house
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A lower house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the upper house. Despite its official position below the house, in many legislatures worldwide. A legislature composed of one house is described as unicameral. In comparison with the house, lower houses frequently display certain characteristics, Powers In a parliamentary system, Much more power. Able to override the upper house in some ways, can vote a motion of no confidence against the government. In a presidential system, Somewhat less power, as the house alone gives advice. Given the sole power to impeach the executive Status Always elected directly, while the house may be elected directly, indirectly. Its members may be elected with a different voting system to the upper house, most populated administrative divisions are better represented than in the upper house, representation is usually proportional to population. Elected all at once, not by staggered terms, in a parliamentary system, can be dissolved by the executive. Has total or original control over budget and monetary laws, lower age of candidacy than the upper house. Many lower houses are named in the manner, House/Chamber of Representatives/the People/Commons/Deputies
16.
Revenue
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In accounting, revenue is the income that a business has from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. Revenue is also referred to as sales or turnover, some companies receive revenue from interest, royalties, or other fees. Revenue may refer to income in general, or it may refer to the amount, in a monetary unit, received during a period of time, as in Last year. Profits or net income generally imply total revenue minus total expenses in a given period, in accounting, revenue is often referred to as the top line due to its position on the income statement at the very top. This is to be contrasted with the line which denotes net income. For non-profit organizations, annual revenue may be referred to as gross receipts, in general usage, revenue is income received by an organization in the form of cash or cash equivalents. Sales revenue or revenues is income received from selling goods or services over a period of time, tax revenue is income that a government receives from taxpayers. In more formal usage, revenue is a calculation or estimation of periodic income based on a standard accounting practice or the rules established by a government or government agency. Two common accounting methods, cash basis accounting and accrual basis accounting, corporations that offer shares for sale to the public are usually required by law to report revenue based on generally accepted accounting principles or International Financial Reporting Standards. In a double-entry bookkeeping system, revenue accounts are general ledger accounts that are summarized periodically under the heading Revenue or Revenues on an income statement, Revenue account names describe the type of revenue, such as Repair service revenue, Rent revenue earned or Sales. Money income from activities that are ordinary for a corporation, company, partnership. For some businesses, such as manufacturing and/or grocery, most revenue is from the sale of goods, service businesses such as law firms and barber shops receive most of their revenue from rendering services. Lending businesses such as car rentals and banks receive most of their revenue from fees, Revenues from a businesss primary activities are reported as sales, sales revenue or net sales. This includes product returns and discounts for early payment of invoices, most businesses also have revenue that is incidental to the businesss primary activities, such as interest earned on deposits in a demand account. This is included in revenue but not included in net sales, Sales revenue does not include sales tax collected by the business. Other revenue is revenue from peripheral operations, for example, a company that manufactures and sells automobiles would record the revenue from the sale of an automobile as regular revenue. The combination of all the revenue generating systems of a business is called its revenue model, Revenue is a crucial part of financial statement analysis. The company’s performance is measured to the extent to which its asset inflows compare with its asset outflows, net income is the result of this equation, but revenue typically enjoys equal attention during a standard earnings call
17.
Governor of Oregon
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The Governor of Oregon is the head of the executive branch of Oregons state government and serves as the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The title of governor was also applied to the office of Oregons chief executive during the provisional, the current governor of Oregon is Kate Brown, a Democrat who took office following the resignation of Governor John Kitzhaber amid scandal. The Governors current salary was set by the 2001 Oregon Legislature at $93,600 annually, Article V of the Oregon State Constitution sets up the legal framework of the Oregon Executive Branch. Article V, Section 1 states that the governor must be a natural born U. S. citizen, at least 30 years of age, and a resident of Oregon for at least three years before the candidates election. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. The formal process of certification of results of a gubernatorial election ends when the Secretary of State delivers the results to the Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives, the Speaker then will publish the results to a joint session of the Oregon Legislative Assembly. Where an election results in a tie, a joint session of the legislative session will vote on the two candidates, and declare the winner governor. Legally contested elections are decided by the full legislature in whichever manner other laws may prescribe. The gubernatorial line of succession was modified in 1920 and 1946, the current list is designated as Article V, Section 8a. It defines who may become or act as the Governor of Oregon upon the incapacity, death, resignation, the new governor will serve out the remainder of the previous governors or incapacitated governors term. A special gubernatorial election is required, if more than two years remaining in the previous governors or incapacitated governors term. Unlike many states, Oregon does not have a Lieutenant Governor The current order is, power is granted to the governor to mobilize and deploy state military forces. The power to grant pardons and reprieves and to commute sentences is granted to the governor, additionally, the governor can remit fines and forfeitures. Any use of powers, however, must be reported to the legislature. In treason cases, the governor may grant reprieves. The final matter of pardons, commuting of sentencing, or further reprieves is referred to the legislature in these cases, if needed, the governor may convene a special session of the legislature by proclamation and is empowered to call for special elections to fill vacant seats. Between the vacancy and special election, the governor is able to appoint a replacement, annually, the governor addresses the legislature in his or her State of the State address. In this speech the governor outlines the current conditions of the state, if the legislature is out of session, the governor may appoint replacements to fill state offices until elections are held or the legislature reconvenes
18.
Oregon Territorial Legislature
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Oregon’s Territorial Legislature was a bicameral legislative body created by the United States Congress in 1848 as the legislative branch of the government of the Oregon Territory. Ten annual sessions were held, with most starting in December, during the sessions the capital of the territory was moved from Oregon City to Salem, then briefly to Corvallis, and back to Salem. Legislation included the creation of new counties, the renaming of old counties, membership in the Council remained at nine throughout the history of the body, while the House of Representatives membership increased from 17 to as high as 30 due to increases in population. The Provisional Government of Oregon was the governing body from 1843 until 1849, at the end of the regions joint settlement by Great Britain. The Provisional Governments legislative body was the unicameral Provisional Legislature of Oregon, in 1846 the United States and Great Britain settled the Oregon Question with the Oregon Treaty. The treaty created a boundary between British North America and the United States west of the Rocky Mountains at the 49th parallel, the structural framework for the government came from the Northwest Ordinance, passed in 1787, which created the Northwest Territory. The Territorial Legislature then worked within the framework of the Organic Laws of Oregon. These laws were the de facto constitution of the Provisional Government, the legislature had two chambers, the larger, lower House of Representatives, and the upper chamber Council. The Council consisted of nine members, apportioned among the territorys counties, the House had about twice as many members, also apportioned by counties. As the population increased and counties added, the number of legislators in the House was expanded, though the Oregon Territory was created in August 1848, the territorial government did not arrive and assume power until Joseph Lane arrived on March 2,1849. The first session of the Legislature convened on July 16,1849 in Oregon City, thereafter, regular sessions were held during the winter months of December, January, and February, with special sessions in May 1850 and July 1852. The first session met from July 16 to September 29 in Oregon City at the Methodist Church, during this session two of the original districts were renamed with Tuality County becoming Washington County and Champoeg County becoming Marion County. Also during the 1849 session Vancouver County on the side of the Columbia River was renamed Clarke County with the “e” later dropped. The law was repealed in 1854, but a new version was added in 1857 when Oregon ratified its constitution in preparation for statehood. Asa Lovejoy served as the speaker of the House, and Samuel Parker as the President of the Council, from December 2,1850 to February 8,1851, the second session of the legislature gathered in Oregon City. W. W. Buck served as the President of the Council, the 1850-51 session was not a harmonious one, being divided over the controversial matter of location of the Oregon state capital. This matter, which left Oregon City entirely out of the equation, was acutely partisan, with Whigs favoring the historic capital, during the 1850-51 session the Legislature created three new counties for the Oregon Territory. The first of these, Pacific County, encompassed coastal areas north of the Columbia River and this new county, with Pacific City as the county seat, was created out of the southwest corner of Lewis County
19.
Provisional Government of Oregon
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The Provisional Government of Oregon was a popularly elected settler government created in the Oregon Country, in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Much of the geography and many of the Natives were not known by people of European descent until several exploratory tours were authorized at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. The Organic Laws of Oregon were adopted in 1843 with its preamble stating that settlers only agreed to the laws until such time as the United States of America extend their jurisdiction over us, the government had three branches that included a legislature, judiciary, and executive branch. The executive branch was first the Executive Committee, consisting of three members, in effect from 1843 to 1845, in 1845, a single governor position was created. A series frontiersmen assemblies were held several years across the Willamette Valley. The death of prominent settler Ewing Young on 9 February 1841, jason Lee chaired the first meeting organised to discuss the matter on the 17th. He proposed the creation of an authority over the centered on a governor. French-Canadian settlers blocked the measure and instead a probate judge and a few positions were appointed. Further attempts of a pioneer government floundered until the numbers of American increased from travel over the Oregon Trail, initiated by William Gray, the Wolf Meetings of early 1843 created a bounty system on predators of settler livestock. Further discussions began among the settlers until a gathering was held at Champoeg on May 2, the proposal for forming a provisional government was tabled and voted on twice. The first vote rejected the report due to the inclusion of a governor. The government was, according to pioneers Overton Johnson and William H. Winter, intended from the start as an interim entity, the Organic Laws were drafted by a legislative committee on May 16,1843 and June 28,1843, before being adopted on July 5. Although not a constitution, the document outlined the laws of the government. Two years later, on July 2,1845, a new set of Organic Laws was drafted to revise and clarify the previous version and this constitution-like document divided the government into three departments, a judiciary branch, an executive branch, and a legislature. The definition of the branch had previously been modified, in late 1844, from a three-person committee to a single governor. This union between democrats of a republic and wealthy aristocratic subjects of a monarchy could not be formed without reserving to themselves the right of allegiance to their respective governments. Political jealousy and strong party feeling have tended to thwart and render impotent the acts of a government, from its very nature weak, with the first set of laws, the people created a three-person Executive Committee to act as an executive. The Second Executive Committee was elected on May 14,1844, a December 1844 amendment of the Organic Laws eliminated the Executive Committee in favor of a single governor, taking effect in June 1845
20.
Provisional Legislature of Oregon
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The Provisional Legislature of Oregon was the single-chamber legislative body of the Provisional Government of Oregon. It served the Oregon Country of the Pacific Northwest of North America from 1843 until early 1849 at a time no country had sovereignty over the region. This democratically elected legislature became the Oregon Territorial Legislature when the authorities arrived after the creation of the Oregon Territory by the United States in 1848. The body was first termed the Legislative Committee and later renamed the House of Representatives, over the course of its six-year history the legislature passed laws, including taxation and liquor regulation, and created an army to deal with conflicts with Native Americans. Many of the legislators would become prominent figures during the years of Oregon. Once the government was dissolved in 1849, all the laws remained in effect, on May 2,1843, by a vote of 52 to 50, the European American settlers of the Oregon Country, created a provisional government at Champoeg. In May and June, a committee met in Oregon City. This document created the government and authorized a provisional legislature of nine people, the group met again for two days starting on June 16, with George LeBreton serving as the recorder and Moore as the chairman for both sets of meetings. The laws drafted became the Organic Laws of Oregon and were ratified on July 5, committees on land claims, appropriations, military, the judiciary, and districting were also formed at that meeting. The organic laws were based on the laws of Iowa Territory, the document outlined the legislative branch and its powers, vested in a unicameral or single body. At that time the title of the legislature was the Legislative Committee, the Organic Laws required the legislature to meet in June and December of each year. The first meeting of the 1844 legislature took place June 18 at the home of Felix Hathaway in Oregon City and this session lasted until June 27, and another session was held from December 16 to 21 at the residence of John E. Long, also in Oregon City. At the December meeting, Executive Committee members Peter G. Stewart and Osborne Russell presented a message to the group regarding the claims of the United States. Members of the legislature and the districts they represented, The 1845 legislature met three different times, under two different structures, first, from June 24 to July 5,1845, the legislature met in Oregon City, first at the home of John E. Long and then the home of Theophilus R. Magruder, with Morton M. McCarver serving as the speaker of the group, after this, the Organic Laws were replaced with the Organic Act of 1845, which altered the legislature in several ways. First the number of representatives was increased to include a minimum of 13, second, the name was changed to the House of Representatives. All members of the body were to be elected by vote with vacancies filled using special elections. Meetings continued to be in June and December, with these changes, a special session of the legislature met August 5 until August 20 in Oregon City
21.
75th Oregon Legislative Assembly
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The 75th Oregon Legislative Assembly convened beginning on January 12,2009, for its biennial regular session. All of the 60 seats in the House of Representatives and half of the 30 seats in the State Senate were up for election in 2008, Democrats took control of the Senate in the 2004 elections, and of the House in the 2006 elections. The Senate had been controlled by Republicans since 1997 and the House since 1990, many Republican legislators resigned or declined to run for reelection in 2008. Democrats lost one seat in the Senate, and gained five in the House, the House Democrats also released an agenda for 2009. The legislature, in its 2009 regular session, worked to close a budget shortfall brought on by the economic recession, in the effort to balance the budget, bills were passed to raise income taxes on corporations and wealthy individuals and households. This is expected to raise US$733 million in revenue over the two years, which is meant to lessen the need to make spending cuts to state services. Opponents led an effort to force a referendum on these increases. They were both passed by voters and will take effect February 25,2010, the Act also allocated $100 to ConnectOregon to improve air, rail, and marine infrastructure. The Oregon Constitution requires the Legislative Assembly to hold regular sessions once every two years, but the body can hold special sessions called by either the governor or the body itself. Only four other states legislatures hold regular sessions every year, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota. Until November 2008, Arkansas was the sixth state, in recent years, the Legislative Assembly has considered switching from biennial to annual regular sessions, as recommended by the Public Commission on the Oregon Legislature. To test the idea, the 74th legislature called itself into a session in 2008. Likewise, the current legislative body will hold a session in 2010, expected to start February 1. Among other tasks, the plans to refer a ballot measure to voters to amend the state constitution to permanently change to annual sessions. A ballot measure is required because all constitutional amendments must be approved by voters, the legislature also plans to refer a constitutional amendment to voters to redirect tax rebate funds into a state reserve, or rainy day, fund. In the effort to balance the budget, House Bills 2639 and 3405 were passed, raising taxes on corporations, corporate income greater than $250,000 will be taxed 7.9 percent for two years, then 7.6 percent afterwards. Corporate income below this threshold will be taxed 6.6 percent, also, income higher than $250,000 for individuals and $500,000 for households will be taxed at 11 percent. These two bills are expected to raise $733 million in revenue over the two years
22.
Oregon Blue Book
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The Oregon Blue Book is the official directory and fact book for the U. S. state of Oregon prepared by the Oregon Secretary of State and published by the Office of the Secretarys Archives Division. The Blue Book comes in both print and online editions, the online edition is updated regularly. The book contains information on the state, city, county, and federal governments in Oregon, educational institutions, finances, the economy, resources, population figures and demographics. The 1919 edition contained a statement of registered vehicles, chauffeurs, and dealers from 1905 to 1919. Secretary of State Ben Olcott published the first edition in 1911 in response to a demand for information of a general character concerning Oregon. Early editions of the book were available free from the State, by 1937, copies cost 25, in 1981 the book cost $4. In 1953, a ways and means subcommittee, headed by Representative Francis Ziegler, was going to confer with Secretary of State Earl T. Newbry about how to improve the Blue Book. This was following complaints by Representative Monroe Sweetland that the book was obsolete, carelessly edited, calling the book an inferior job, Sweetland criticized the timing of books publication long after elections, as well as the map in the back. As a result, the 1953 Legislative Assembly passed a law requiring the book be published soon after the legislature convenes, the 1993–94 edition of the book contained a four-page errata. When Norma Paulus was Secretary of State, she would send a copy of the book to the first person to find a mistake in each new edition. The 1995–96 edition was reduced in size from its predecessors, a 1995 Register-Guard editorial called the book indispensable. The Oregon Encyclopedia Oregon Blue Book
23.
Laurie Monnes Anderson
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She was reelected in the 2008 Oregon legislative elections. Born Laurie Monnes in Coronado, California, she grew up in Gresham, Oregon, one of four children of Bud and Ellene Groening Monnes, who were both teachers. She graduated from Gresham High School and received a degree in biology from Willamette University in 1968. In 1981, she earned a degree in nursing from Radford University and she married and raised two children, divorcing in 1985. Following a career as a public health nurse, Monnes Anderson began serving on the Gresham-Barlow School District board in 1991, in 1998, she ran for the Oregon House of Representatives representing District 22, but lost to incumbent Ron Sunseri by 250 votes. In 2000, Sunseri did not seek re-election, and Monnes Anderson defeated Republican nominee Ed Golobay for the seat in a close election and she was re-elected to the seat by a wide margin in 2002 over Ernest Hodgin. In 2004, she sought election to the Oregon Senate in District 25, in this race, she again faced Ron Sunseri, who had defeated her in her first House race in 1998. However, this time, Monnes Anderson prevailed by 9 percentage points in an expensive race and she was unopposed for her partys nomination in 2008. She defeated Republican Dave Kim in the general election, Monnes Anderson lives in Gresham, Oregon. She is a first cousin of cartoonist Matt Groening, the creator of The Simpsons, Monnes Andersons mother, Ellene Groening Monnes, is the sister of Groenings father Homer
24.
Ginny Burdick
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Virginia Ginny Burdick is a Democratic politician from the U. S. state of Oregon, serving her fifth term in the Oregon State Senate. She represents Tigard and Southwest Portland in Senate District 18 and she was first elected to the Senate in 1996, and reelected in 2000,2004,2008,2012, and 2016. She currently serves as co-chair of the Joint Committee on Marijuana Legalization and she was a member of the Land Conservation and Development Commission from 1987 to 1993. She ran against incumbent Portland City Commissioner Erik Sten in 2006, in the May 2006 primary election, she narrowly missed qualifying for a runoff election. Burdick is also a consultant, specializing in crisis communications. Official web page, Oregon State Senate
25.
Ted Ferrioli
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Ted Ferrioli is an American politician, currently serving as an Oregon state senator. He represents Senate District 30, which encompasses Baker, Gilliam, Grant, Harney, Jefferson, Malheur, Sherman, Wasco, Wheeler, and portions of Clackamas, Deschutes and he is the Republican senate minority leader. Ferrioli was born in Spokane, Washington on February 15,1951, in 1959, Ferrioli moved with his family to Portland, Oregon. He graduated from Grant High School with honors in 1969, from 1969 to 1973, Ferrioli attended the University of Oregon, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in English. During his tenure at the University of Oregon, Ferrioli served as the editor of Northwest Review magazine, after graduating from college, Ferrioli was hired by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs. In 1986, Ferrioli founded Community Relation Associates, Inc. to advocate for natural resource producers in the state of Oregon and he is also the co-founder of Oregon Lands Coalition. Ferriolis first elected position was on the Creswell, Oregon City Council, soon after, he was elected President of the Lane County Chamber of Commerce. Ferrioli also served on the Economic Improvement Commission and the Community Substance Abuse Consortium Board of Directors, in 1997, Ferrioli was elected to the Oregon State Senate to represent Senate District 30. In 2008, Ferrioli ran unopposed during the May 2008 primary election, and won reelection general election in November
26.
Arnie Roblan
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Arnold L. Arnie Roblan is a former educator and a Democratic politician in the U. S. state of Oregon. He has served in the Oregon House of Representatives representing District 9 and he also served as co-speaker of the House for the 2011–2012 session along with Republican Bruce Hanna. He is currently a member of the Oregon State Senate, representing district 5, Roblan is a former high school principal and math teacher. He attended the University of Washington and the University of Oregon and he has lived in Coos Bay since the early 1970s with his wife Arlene. Roblan was first elected to the House in 2004, in the 2009–2010 session, Roblan served as speaker pro tem. Roblan chairs the Agriculture and Natural Resources Committee and the Rural Policy Committee, Roblan beat Dick Anderson in 2016,30,154 votes to 29,820,48. 1% to 47. 6%
27.
Fred Girod
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Fred Frank Girod is a Republican politician from the U. S. state of Oregon. He serves in the Oregon State Senate representing District 9, in the mid-Willamette Valley, Girod graduated from Stayton High School in Stayton, Oregon. He has been a practicing dentist for 26 years, and served in the Oregon House of Representatives in the early 1990s and he ran for the U. S. Congress in 1994, but lost in the primary to Jim Bunn. Girod then served on the Stayton City Council and he was selected by Marion and Linn County Republicans to run again for the House in 2006, in district 17, following then-Representative Jeff Kropfs sudden departure from the 2006 election. He won that election, defeating Democrat Dan Thackaberry, and was appointed in 2008 to succeed Senator Roger Beyer of District 9 upon his resignation and he was sworn in in January 2008, and was re-elected in November 2008 and 2010. He is a candidate for reelection to that seat in 2012
28.
Jackie Winters
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Jackie Winters is an American Republican politician in the U. S. state of Oregon. She currently serves as a senator, representing her Salem district. She attended Portland Public Schools and continued her education through the Oregon University System’s Continuing Education coursework and she began her governmental service in 1959 at University of Oregon Medical School in the medical records unit and later joined the staff of the Portland Model Cities Program. In 1969 she was recruited to be supervisor of the Office of Economic Opportunity’s New Resources Program at the request of Governor Tom McCall, in 1979 she was appointed Ombudsman by Governor Victor Atiyeh. During this service, she helped create the Oregon Food Share Program, the first statewide non-profit food sharing network, in 1985, Winters opened her first Jackie’s Ribs restaurant, in Salem. Over time, she and her family expanded operations to three restaurants, two franchises, catering services, private parties and numerous appearances in national Bar-B-Q Cook-offs. Winters was elected to the Oregon House of Representatives in 1998 and she was re-elected to this office in 2000. Jackie Winters was elected to the Oregon State Senate in 2002 and she won reelection in 2006,2010 and again in 2014. She ran for the U. S. Congress in 2004, Official State Senate biography Official campaign website Appearances on C-SPAN
29.
Mark Hass
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Mark Hass is a politician from the US state of Oregon. A Democrat, he currently represents District 14 in the Oregon State Senate, Hass is best known as an outspoken advocate of state-sponsored higher education. In 2015, Senator Hass sponsored the Oregon Promise, which provides community college to all Oregon high school graduates. Hass was born in Newport, Rhode Island on Dec.20,1956, growing up, he was a Boy Scout and even received the distinction of Eagle Scout. In 1980, Hass graduated from University of Oregon with a Bachelor of Science in Journalism, in 1981, he went on to earn his Master of Arts in Communication from the American University School of Communication. Prior to serving in the legislature, Hass spent 20 years as journalist, most recently at KATU television from 1984 to 2000 and he won an Emmy Award in 1998 for writing. Hass was selected in fall 2007 by the County Commissions of Washington and Multnomah counties to serve the remainder of Senator Ryan Deckerts term and he was elected for a full term in 2008. Hass is currently the Chairman of the Senate Education and Workforce Development Committee, hes also a member of the Finance and Revenue Committee and the Environment and Natural Resources Committee. In addition, he serves as Senate Democratic Whip, in 2011, Hass carried a bill for full-day kindergarten, which replaces half-day kindergarten in Oregon public schools in the 2015-16 school year. In addition, Hass has become vocal about a restructuring the state’s higher education system, in 2011, as a member of the Higher Education Workgroup, he led the legislative efforts to pass SB242, which provided greater autonomy for Oregon’s seven public universities. It also created the Higher Education Coordinating Commission, during that same 2011 session, Hass led the passage of SB253, which put the 40-40-20 goals into state law. Hass was also a sponsor for legislation that made Oregon the first state in the country to require Automated External Defibrillators in large commercial buildings. Stemming from the death of a 12-year-old boy in Beaverton. That same year, Hass was the sponsor of a bill that established the Accelerated Learning Committee. Hass has also been a pioneer in expanding access to subsidized higher education in Oregon, in 2015, Senator Hass was a chief sponsor of the Oregon Promise, which provides two years of community college debt-free to all Oregon high school graduates. In order to take advantage of the program, students must maintain a minimum GPA, participate in mentoring services, and apply within six months of high school graduation. When he’s not serving in the legislature, Hass works as an account manager for Cappelli Miles, Hass is also a part of the Board of Directors for the Northwest Health Foundation. Hass wife, Tamra, who grew up in Pendleton, is a speech pathologist who has spent the last ten years specializing in helping children with autism and she has co-written two books and CD manuals
30.
Betsy Johnson (politician)
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Elizabeth Betsy Johnson is an American politician in the state of Oregon. A Democrat, she is serving her term in the Oregon State Senate representing the 16th Senate District, which includes the cities of Tillamook, Astoria, St. Helens. Johnson previously served in the Oregon House of Representatives and she began serving in the Senate in January 2005, initially being appointed to succeed Joan Dukes, who had vacated the seat to take another position. She was elected to the seat the following year, johnsons father, Sam Johnson, served several terms in the Oregon House in the 1960s and 1970s. Oregon State Senate - Betsy Johnson official state website
