1.
Italy
–
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
2.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Eddie Cheever
–
Edward McKay Eddie Cheever Jr. is an American former racing driver who raced for almost 30 years in Formula One, sports cars, CART, and the Indy Racing League. Cheever participated in 143 Formula One World Championship races and started 132, more than any other American, in 1997, he formed his own IRL team and won the 1998 Indianapolis 500 as both owner and driver. The team now competes in sports cars, Cheever lived in Rome, Italy as a child and was introduced to motorsports at age eight when his father took him to a sports car race in Monza, Italy. He soon began racing go karts and won both Italian and European Karting championships at age 15 and he worked his way up through the levels of European Formula racing, teaming with American Danny Sullivan in Formula Three and driving for Ron Dennis in Formula Two. He made his Formula One debut at age 20 in 1978, after failing to qualify in Argentina, he made the grid at Kyalami for the South African Grand Prix in a Hesketh-Ford. An engine problem forced him to retire after just eight laps, Two seasons later, he became a regular driver for the Osella team, but finished only once in ten races. The 1983 season proved to be Cheevers high point in Formula One and he signed with the factory Equipe Renault team alongside Frenchman Alain Prost, both of whom were among the years Championship favorites. Cheever earned four podiums and 22 Championship points driving the Renault RE30C for the first two races before driving its much better replacement, the RE40, for the remainder of the season. But the teams disappointment after losing both the Drivers and Constructors titles late in the season brought about the replacement of both Cheever and Prost, in six more seasons, he never drove another truly competitive F1 car. After leaving Renault, Cheever had two seasons with Alfa Romeo as team mate to Italian Riccardo Patrese. Patrese though scored the only finish for the team in those two years when he finished third in the 1984 Italian Grand Prix. Cheever had been 3rd with 6 laps remaining but his Alfa ran out of fuel, while racing in the World Sportscar Championship for Tom Walkinshaw Racings Jaguar team, Cheever raced in only one F1 Grand Prix in 1986. This was for the American owned and sponsored Haas Lola team at Detroit, Cheever actually qualified the unfamiliar Lola THL2 with its turbocharged Ford V6 engine in 10th position. Regular team driver,1980 World Champion Alan Jones, could only qualify his car 21st, both Lolas retired with steering damage in the race, Jones on lap 33, Cheever 4 laps later. Ironically, Cheever was only the choice to replace Tambay for the race. Team owner Carl Haas had originally asked the driver in his CART team,1978 World Champion Mario Andretti to drive. Mario declined however, but recommended his son Michael as a replacement, however, when Michael was unable to obtain a FIA Superlicence for the race, Haas turned to the experienced Cheever, who quickly agreed to an F1 comeback. For 1987, he was signed by Arrows team boss Jackie Oliver to partner British driver Derek Warwick, Cheever and Warwick were evenly matched and would have many on-track battles throughout 1987 and 1988
4.
Piercarlo Ghinzani
–
Piercarlo Ghinzani is a former racing driver from Italy. He currently manages his own racing team, Team Ghinzani, which was created in 1992 and is involved in several Formula Three championships. He also raced in Formula 2 in 1978 and he participated in 111 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 17 May at the 1981 Belgian Grand Prix at Zolder. Though he participated in 111 Grands Prix, he qualified for 77 of those. He spent much of the 1980s racing for the small Osella team, Ghinzani explained his continued association with unsuccessful teams such as Osella by saying it was better to be in Formula One, even at the back of the grid, than it was not being in it. Despite achieving no points finishes he was retained for 1984, after qualifying 20th for the second race of the season at Kyalami in South African, he crashed in the morning warm-up at high speed through the Jukskei Sweep. His Osella hit the wall and with almost a full load of 220 litres, went up in flames and he suffered burns to his hands. He recovered to take his only points when he finished a surprising 5th at the 1984 Dallas Grand Prix in a race marked by high attrition, crumbling tarmac. Ghinzani remained with Osella for 1985, in the half of that year Ghinzani was drafted into the Toleman team to partner fellow Italian Teo Fabi. Despite the competitiveness of the car, Ghinzani was suffered reliability problems and was unable to register a finish for the team, for 1987 he was contracted to the Ligier team, alongside former Grand Prix winner René Arnoux. This forced the team to adapt their cars to fit Megatron engines. Ghinzani occasionally ran in the points for Ligier, notably in Germany, despite being one of the few teams to use turbo powered engines in 1988, Ghinzani and Schneider often struggled to qualify for races and were often slower than the atmospheric cars. One such time was at the ultra fast Silverstone Circuit for the British Grand Prix, with turbo engines both drivers should have easily made the grid with their power advantage. Neither driver qualified however, with Ghinzani 6 seconds and Schneider 8 seconds slower than the pole winning Ferrari of Gerhard Berger, for 1989 he once again linked with Osella as team mate to young Italian driver Nicola Larini. Ghinzani announced his decision to retire from Grand Prix racing before official practice of the race of the 1989 season in Australia. Piquet, whose helmet was hit by one of the Osellas rear wheels but thankfully wasnt hurt, the race saw 1989 World Champion Alain Prost refuse to drive more than one lap in protest of the dangerous conditions brought on by persistent and heavy rain. Piercarlo Ghinzani also holds the record for the most Formula One appearances without qualifying in the top ten
5.
France
–
France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
6.
Jean-Pierre Jarier
–
Jean-Pierre Jacques Jarier is a French former Grand Prix racing driver. He drove for several notable Formula One teams including Shadow, Team Lotus, Ligier and his best finish was third and he also took three pole positions. Jarier was born at Charenton-le-Pont, near Paris, following impressive results in Formula France, he moved up to French Formula Three, finishing 3rd overall in 1970, before moving on to the Shell Arnold European Formula Two team in 1971. He peaked with two 3rd places, and also made his Grand Prix debut at Monza when the team rented a March Engineering 701, however, the team dropped him midway through 1972 for financial reasons. For 1973 he signed to the March Engineering Formula Two team, Formula One was difficult in the uncompetitive 721G, but Jarier stormed to the Formula Two title with eight wins. In 1974 Jarier drove a full season of Formula One, signing with the Shadow Racing Cars team and he became team leader following the death of Peter Revson, finishing 3rd at the Monaco Grand Prix on his way to 14th overall. However as a car driver. 1975 began with a bang, as he put his Shadow DN5 on pole position for the Argentine Grand Prix, only for a component to break in the warm-up, preventing Jarier from taking the start. He repeated the feat at the Brazilian Grand Prix, and then dominated the race until a fuel metering unit failed, bad luck and poor reliability would curse his season, though the Shadow team fell from the pace as well. His only points-scoring finish was for 4th place in the shortened Spanish Grand Prix, however, this was a false dawn, as the car became uncompetitive, and Jarier failed to score any points. Following this impressive start, his career slowed and he switched to the ATS team in 1977, driving a Penske. He scored a point in his first race for the team and he also dabbled in sports cars, winning two races in an Alfa Romeo T33 with Arturo Merzario, and coming second at the Le Mans 24 Hours with Vern Schuppan in a Mirage. His second year at ATS in the in-house HS1, was less successful and he was briefly re-hired for the German Grand Prix, only to miss the grid again, and again argued with Schmidt, leaving once more. However, at the end of the year he was signed by Team Lotus to take the left by Ronnie Petersons death. He set fastest lap at the United States East Grand Prix, running 3rd before he ran out of fuel and these showings saw him signed by Tyrrell Racing. He was a regular points-scorer over two seasons with the team, with his best results being two 3rd places, achieved at the 1979 South African Grand Prix and the 1979 British Grand Prix. He began 1981 with an assignment for Ligier, standing in while Jean-Pierre Jabouille returned to fitness. He then drove with Osella beginning midway through the season, giving some respectable performances for the small,1982 saw a full season with Osella, with Jarier securing the teams best-ever finish with 4th at the San Marino Grand Prix
7.
Austria
–
Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, the territory of Austria covers 83,879 km2. The terrain is mountainous, lying within the Alps, only 32% of the country is below 500 m. The majority of the population speaks local Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, other local official languages are Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slovene. The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty, from the time of the Reformation, many northern German princes, resenting the authority of the Emperor, used Protestantism as a flag of rebellion. Following Napoleons defeat, Prussia emerged as Austrias chief competitor for rule of a greater Germany, Austrias defeat by Prussia at the Battle of Königgrätz, during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, cleared the way for Prussia to assert control over the rest of Germany. In 1867, the empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary, Austria was thus the first to go to war in the July Crisis, which would ultimately escalate into World War I. The First Austrian Republic was established in 1919, in 1938 Nazi Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss. This lasted until the end of World War II in 1945, after which Germany was occupied by the Allies, in 1955, the Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state, ending the occupation. In the same year, the Austrian Parliament created the Declaration of Neutrality which declared that the Second Austrian Republic would become permanently neutral, today, Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federal states. The capital and largest city, with a population exceeding 1.7 million, is Vienna, other major urban areas of Austria include Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is one of the richest countries in the world, with a nominal per capita GDP of $43,724, the country has developed a high standard of living and in 2014 was ranked 21st in the world for its Human Development Index. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955, joined the European Union in 1995, Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999. The German name for Austria, Österreich, meant eastern realm in Old High German, and is cognate with the word Ostarrîchi and this word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin Marchia orientalis into a local dialect. Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976, the word Austria is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century. Accordingly, Norig would essentially mean the same as Ostarrîchi and Österreich, the Celtic name was eventually Latinised to Noricum after the Romans conquered the area that encloses most of modern-day Austria, around 15 BC. Noricum later became a Roman province in the mid-first century AD, heers hypothesis is not accepted by linguists. Settled in ancient times, the Central European land that is now Austria was occupied in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes, the Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province
8.
Netherlands
–
The Netherlands is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
9.
Huub Rothengatter
–
Hubertus Rothengatter is a former racing driver from the Netherlands. He participated in 30 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 17 June 1984 and he drove for Spirit, Osella and Zakspeed, and his drives all either started or became available midseason. He tried to get Dutch sponsors in various ways, such as by putting a one-page advertisement in De Telegraaf newspaper, reputedly, when Niki Lauda was asked about him, he referred to him as rattengott – literally God of the rats. Rothengatter later entered into Formula One management, as a manager for Dutch driver Jos Verstappen
10.
Nicola Larini
–
Nicola Larini is an Italian racing driver. He participated in 75 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 6 September 1987 and he finished second in the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix on a substitute outing for Ferrari, but only scored points once more in his career. He enjoyed greater success in touring car racing, primarily for Alfa Romeo, born in Lido di Camaiore, Tuscany, Larini began car racing in Formula Italia in 1983, then moved up to Formula Abarth in 1984, placing third overall. He also started in Italian Formula Three the same season, in 1986 he won the title for Coloni in a Dallara, and briefly drove for the same team in Formula 3000 the following year. Larinis rapid ascendancy in motorsport continued when Coloni entered the final two European rounds of the 1987 Formula One season, Larini failed to qualify for the Italian Grand Prix, but got into the Spanish Grand Prix, only to retire early on. He would continue with Osella in the 1989 season, their much-improved car suffering from the lottery of pre-qualifying. However, Larini continued to shine, running 6th at the San Marino Grand Prix until a hub failure and he would also qualify 10th for the Japanese Grand Prix. The 1990 Formula One season saw a move up the grid to the Ligier team, but the well-funded French team were at a creative dead-end, a brace of seventh places were Larinis best results in a low-key year, although he easily outshone Philippe Alliot in the other Ligier. Larini then moved to the new Modena team for the 1991 season and he got through in the opening round, the United States Grand Prix, and held on for seventh place, but the team would develop acute financial difficulties, and were unable to progress. As a result, Larini would only qualify for four more races, for the 1992 season, he was out of luck for a Grand Prix drive, but was signed by Ferrari to develop their active suspension system. He made an impression, but started both races from the back of the grid for technical reasons. However,1993 saw more Ferrari testing and touring cars, this taking the Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft title in Germany for Alfa Romeo. In 1994, he would have another chance with Ferrari in Formula One and he qualified seventh at the Pacific Grand Prix, but along with Ayrton Senna was eliminated at the first corner by Mika Häkkinen. Then at the San Marino Grand Prix he took second place and it was back to touring cars with Alfa for the rest of the year, with Larini placing third in the German series. Alfa would drop off the pace for the two years, with Larini placing sixth in the German series in 1995, and 11th in the Italian series in 1996. However,1997 would see his Ferrari connections land him a seat with Sauber, Larini scored a point on his return at the Australian Grand Prix, but left after five races after a series of disagreements with Peter Sauber. Since then Larini has been a stalwart in touring cars, for Alfa Romeo for many years, on November 21,2009, he announced that he is quitting his professional racing driver career, but will not stop racing completely. His younger brother Andrea Larini is also a racing driver, media related to Nicola Larini at Wikimedia Commons
11.
Fondmetal
–
Fondmetal S. p. A. is an Italian manufacturer of alloy wheels, founded in 1972 by Gabriele Rumi. A Formula One constructor of the name, also owned by Rumi, competed in the 1991 and 1992 seasons. The company also sponsored, and supplied wheels to, numerous other constructors from the mid-1980s to the early 2000s, in 2014 the Fondmetal brand expanded to the United States and became known as Fondmetal USA. All wheels continue to be made in Italy and are TUV approved, in 1961, Gabriele Rumi took over the iron foundry business that had been established by his grandfather in Brescia. A motor racing enthusiast, the business allowed him to compete in hillclimbs, Rumi had a passion for cars and racing and saw a demand for the manufacturing of parts for the automobile industry. In Palosco they made induction manifolds, water conduits, clutch bellhousing, oil cumps, cylinder heads and engine blocks for such as Maserti Biturbo, Fiat, Iveco, OM. For Rumi this was not enough and he found himself too reliant on his customers in a sensitive time period following the oil crisis. This led him to the decision of launching his own product line in 1972. The choice of product was alloy wheels due to this involvement, from there the Fondmetal brand grew and was established as a leader in forged and cost wheel design, engineering and manufacturing in Italy. Fondmetal first appeared in Formula One in 1983 as a sponsor for Italian driver Piercarlo Ghinzani, in the mid-1980s, the company supplied wheels to Williams, Tyrrell and Ligier, while continuing to sponsor Ghinzani and, later, the Osella team. In 1989, Fondmetal became Osellas major sponsor, and by 1990 Rumi had become the majority shareholder. At the end of year, he decided to take over the whole operation. Rumi transferred the team from Volpiano near Torino to his headquarters in Bergamo and ran it for one and he initially persevered with Osellas driver, Olivier Grouillard, until he tired of the Frenchmans reckless side and attitude problem, replacing him with Gabriele Tarquini. The new team was no more successful than in the Osella days, for the 1991 Formula One season, Osella Squadra Corse was gone, the team re-appeared as Fondmetal Corse. Initially, Fondmetal entered the FA1M-E car which was a mere carry-over from the previous year, driven by Olivier Grouillard, the blue and grey coloured machine was uncompetitive by any means. In the first two races of the season, Grouillard was slower than everyone else, although Fondmetal was able to use Cosworth engines prepared by Brian Hart from previous years Tyrrells engines, even Pedro Chaves in his Coloni was ahead of the Fondmetal car. In that hostile atmosphere, pre-qualification turned out to be impossible, but Rumi had high hopes for the European season. By the San Marino Grand Prix, a new car appeared, called the Fomet-1 and it was conceived by a newly founded think-tank in the UK called Fomet
12.
Formula One
–
Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
13.
1980 Argentine Grand Prix
–
The 1980 Argentine Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 13 January 1980 at the Autodromo Municipal Ciudad de Buenos Aires in Argentina. It was the round of the 1980 Formula One season. The race was the 16th Argentine Grand Prix and it was the sixth to be held on the #15 variation of this racing facility in Buenos Aires. The race was held over 53 laps of the 5. 81-kilometre circuit for a race distance of 308 kilometres. The race was won by Australian driver Alan Jones driving a Williams FW07 and it was Jones sixth World Championship victory. Jones won by 24 seconds over Brazilian driver Nelson Piquet driving a Brabham BT49 and it was a prelude of the season to come as Jones, the rising star of 1979 and Piquet, the emerging talent of the newly competitive Brabham team, would fight out the 1980 season. Another future world champion, Finnish driver Keke Rosberg finished third driving a Fittipaldi F7 and it was Fittipaldi Automotives best result since Emerson Fittipaldi finished second at the 1978 Brazilian Grand Prix. Keke Rosberg scored his first ever podium, and future four-time World Champion Alain Prost joined a group when he scored a point on his Formula 1 début. Alan Jones Jacques Laffite Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
14.
Cosworth
–
Cosworth is a high-performance engineering company founded in London in 1958, specialising in engines and electronics for automobile racing and mainstream automotive industries. Cosworth is based in Northampton, England, with North American facilities in Indianapolis and Mooresville, Cosworth has collected 176 wins in Formula One as engine supplier, ranking second with most wins behind Ferrari. The company was founded as a British racing internal combustion engine maker in 1958 by Mike Costin, both of the co-founders being former employees of Lotus Engineering Ltd. Cosworth initially maintained a relationship with Colin Chapman and the initial revenues of the company came almost exclusively from Lotus. When the company was founded in 1958, Duckworth left Lotus, the first Cosworth-designed cylinder head was for SCA series with a SOHC reverse-flow configuration similar to the Coventry Climax FWE engine. This resulted in the DFV, which dominated Formula One for many years, from this time on, Cosworth was supported by Ford for many years, and many of the Cosworth designs were owned by Ford and named as Ford engines under similar contracts. Another success by the BD series in the 1970s put Cosworth on a growing track, the company went through a number of ownership changes. In 1998, Vickers sold Cosworth and Pi Research to Ford, in September,2004 Ford announced that it was selling Cosworth and Pi Research, along with Cosworth Racing Ltd and its Jaguar Formula One team. On 15 November 2004, the sale of Cosworth was completed, to Champ Car World Series owners Gerald Forsythe and Kevin Kalkhoven, Cosworth Technology was then renamed as MAHLE Powertrain on 1 July 2005. Since 2006, Cosworth has diversified to provide engineering consultancy, high performance electronics, Cosworth supplied engines to one F1 team in 2013, the Marussia F1 Team. The following is the list of products with cylinder heads modified. In addition to the above, Cosworth designed and provided the work for Lotus Elan Special Equipment optional road engines with special camshafts. The final model of the initial series was the MAE in 1965. MAE used one barrel of a two barrel Weber IDA downdraft carburetor with the other barrel blanked off, the domination of this engine was absolute as long as these regulations lasted until 1968. As Cosworth had a serious difficulty meeting the demand, the MAE was mainly sold as a kit and this experience led to the later FVA/DFV contract to be drawn where the responsibility of development rested with Cosworth, and the manufacturing right and responsibility rested with Ford. There also were some specially cast iron heads with similar dimensions to these brazed heads with Titanium alloy valve spring retainers called the Screamer Head for MAE in later years, a year before the introduction of the MAE, the single overhead cam two valve SCA was introduced. Cylinder head to block sealing was by a head gasket incorporating Cooper Rings, the SCA initially had two 40DCM2 Weber twin-choke downdraft sand-cast carburetors mounted on top to produce 115 hp, which was replaced by Lucas fuel injection in 1966, eventually reaching 140 hp. Longer stroke SCB was built to compare against 1498 cc Mk and it was the results of this four valve development work that formed the basis for many of the Cosworth engines that followed
15.
Alfa Romeo in Formula One
–
Alfa Romeo participated in Formula One, as both a constructor and engine supplier, from 1950 to 1988. Alfa Romeo had often been a force in Grand Prix racing before World War II, from 1934 to the start of World War II in 1939, Alfa rarely won and their cars looked rather outdated and badly built compared to the high-tech Silver Arrows. When the new Formula One World Championship had come around, Alfa had absolutely dominated post-WWII racing from 1946 to 1949- winning every Grand Prix they entered with the exception of 3. In 1950 Nino Farina won the inaugural World Championship of Drivers in a 158 with supercharger, in 1951 Juan Manuel Fangio won while driving an Alfetta 159. The Alfettas engines were powerful for their capacity, in 1951 the 159 engine was producing around 420 bhp. Surprisingly, Alfa Romeo involvement in racing was made with a thin budget, using mostly pre-war technology. For instance the team won two championships using only nine pre-war built engine blocks, during the 1960s, several minor F1 teams used Alfa Romeo straight-4 engines in cars such as the LDS Mk1 and Mk2 Specials, Coopers and De Tomasos. In the end of 1960s Alfa Romeo was developing a new V8 engine for its racing cars, Alfa Romeo briefly returned to Formula One for the 1970 and 1971 seasons with a V8 engine based on their sportscar unit. In 1970 the unit was entrusted to Andrea de Adamich. The combination often failed to qualify and was uncompetitive when it did run in the races, in 1971 a similar arrangement saw de Adamich run most of the second half of the season in a works March car, with a similar lack of success. For 1976 Bernie Ecclestone did a deal for the Brabham Formula One team to use Alfa Romeo engines based on their new sports car unit. At Murrays instigation Alfa produced a narrower V12 design in three months for the 1979 season, but it continued to be unreliable and fuel inefficient. During 1977, and after persuasion by Chiti, Alfa Romeo gave Autodelta permission to start developing a Formula One car on their behalf. Thus named the Alfa Romeo 177, the car made its debut at the 1979 Belgian Grand Prix, the partnership with Brabham had finished before the end of the season, with Bernie Ecclestones outfit returning to Ford/Cosworth DFV engines. This second Alfa works Formula One project was never truly successful during its existence from the middle of 1979 until the end of 1985 and they also endured tragedy when their driver Patrick Depailler was killed testing for the 1980 German Grand Prix at the Hockenheimring. In 1981 they had the services of Mario Andretti, but continued to be dogged by poor reliability, after a restructuring of Autodelta, the team operations and design of the car were outsourced to Euroracing in 1982, with the works engines still being supplied by Autodelta. The 890T was very thirsty and suffered badly at fast circuits- particularly both of Alfas home circuits of Imola and Monza, the engine was developed but the fuel consumption problems were never really rectified. The teams 1985 car, the Alfa Romeo 185T proved to be so uncompetitive that the 1984 car, after being updated to 1985 specifications the car, now dubbed the 184TB, was actually an improvement over the 1985 car, but results were still not forthcoming
16.
List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions
–
The Drivers Championship was first awarded in 1950, to Giuseppe Farina. The first driver to win multiple Championships was Alberto Ascari, in 1952 and 1953, the current Drivers Champion is Nico Rosberg, who won his one and only World Championship in 2016. A driver becomes the World Champion each season as soon as it is no longer possible for another to beat him whatever the outcome of the remaining races. The Drivers Championship has been won in the race of the season 29 times in the 67 seasons it has been awarded. The earliest in a season that the Drivers Championship has been clinched was in 2002, overall, thirty-three different drivers have won the Championship, with German Michael Schumacher holding the record for most titles, at seven. Schumacher also holds the record for most consecutive Drivers Championships, winning five from 2000 to 2004, the United Kingdom has produced the most World Championship winning drivers with ten, Brazil, Germany and Finland are next with three each. Of the 33 drivers to win the World Championship,20 are still alive, the most recently deceased is John Surtees. Among teams, Scuderia Ferrari has produced the most World Championship winning drivers with 15, bold indicates the team also won the Constructors Championship. ^ The 1952 and 1953 championships were run to Formula Two regulations, ^ Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati, then completed the season with Mercedes. ^ Rindts championship was confirmed two rounds after he had killed in an accident during qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix. This left Villeneuve with a 39-point margin over Heinz-Harald Frentzen with 42 points, Drivers in bold will compete in the 2017 World Championship. Drivers in bold have competed in the 2016 World Championship, Constructors in bold have competed in the 2016 World Championship. ^ Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati and this shared championship is counted for each of these constructors. Numbers in parentheses indicate championships won as the tyre supplier. Of those, Michael Schumacher is the driver to have won two sets of consecutive Formula One Drivers Championships
17.
1982 San Marino Grand Prix
–
The 1982 San Marino Grand Prix was the fourth motor race of the 1982 Formula One World Championship. It was held on the weekend of April 23–25,1982 at the Autodromo Dino Ferrari and it was Gilles Villeneuves final race, as he was killed at the following race in Belgium. While most FOCA-aligned teams, such as Brabham, McLaren, Williams and Lotus boycotted the race, four teams—Tyrrell, Osella, ATS and Toleman—broke their stated boycott and started the race anyway. This did not discourage the tifosi, maybe even the opposite, since it improved Ferraris chances, despite the Renaults of René Arnoux and Alain Prost qualifying 1-2, their cars failed in the race leaving Ferrari occupying the top two positions with Gilles Villeneuve leading Didier Pironi. The third-placed Tyrrell of Michele Alboreto was far behind, so Ferrari ordered their drivers to slow down to minimize the risk of failure or running out of fuel. Villeneuve believed this order meant that the cars were to maintain position on the track. However, Pironi believed that the cars were free to race, Villeneuve believed that Pironi was simply trying to spice up an otherwise dull race, and duly re-passed his team mate, assuming that he would then hold station for the remainder of the race. Thus, Villeneuve failed to protect the line going into the Tosa corner on the final lap. Villeneuve was irate at what he saw as Pironis betrayal, although opinion inside the Ferrari team was split over the meaning of the order to slow down. Villeneuves expression was sullen on the podium, enraged by Pironis actions and he was quoted afterwards as saying, Ill never speak to Pironi again in my life. They proved to be words, as he was still not on speaking terms with his teammate when he died during qualifying for the Belgian Grand Prix two weeks later. Manfred Winkelhock was disqualified for his car being underweight in post-race scrutineering, despite most of the FOCA aligned teams boycotting the race it still counted towards the World Championship. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
18.
Pole position
–
The game was designed by Tōru Iwatani, who had also designed the Gee Bee games and Pac-Man. It was the most popular arcade game of 1983. Pole Position was released in two configurations, an upright cabinet, and an environmental/cockpit cabinet. By 1983, it had become the highest-grossing arcade game that year in North America and it was the most successful racing game of the classic era, spawning ports, sequels, and a Saturday morning cartoon, although the cartoon had nothing in common with the game. The game established the conventions of the game genre and its success inspired numerous imitators. Pole Position is regarded as one of the most influential games of all time. In this game, the controls a Formula One race car. After qualifying, the player races against seven other CPU-controlled cars in a championship race, the player must also avoid going off the road so that he or she will not crash into the billboards. Pole Position was the first racing game to feature a track based on a real racing circuit. It was also the first game to feature a qualifying lap, once the player has qualified, they must complete the race in the time allowed, avoiding collisions with CPU-controlled opponents and billboards along the sides of the track. The games publisher Atari publicized the game for its unbelievable driving realism in providing a Formula 1 experience behind a racing wheel, for manufacture and distribution in the United States, Namco approached Bally Midway with a choice of two games in 1982. Bally Midway chose Mappy while Atari was left to publish Pole Position, the game ran on the Namco Pole Position hardware, which was the first to use 16-bit microprocessors, with two Zilog Z8002 processors. It was also capable of displaying up to 3840 colors, the game was an early example of product placement within a video game, with billboards around the track advertising actual companies. Other billboards appeared in both versions, the game was also featured in a TV commercial shown only on MTV. It was part of a series of TV spots that Atari created in the 1980s exclusively for MTV and they also praised the sound effects and solid, realistic graphics, stating it has very rich color images and dimensional depth to the graphics. They also praised the graphics and breathtaking scenery as well as the two-heat format for the race itself. Computer and Video Games also reviewed the version in 1983. They compared it favorably with Turbo, stating that, while Turbo featured better landscapes, it cant match the speed, thrills and skill behind this new race game
19.
1990 United States Grand Prix
–
The 1990 United States Grand Prix was the opening motor race of the 1990 Formula One season held on March 11,1990, in Phoenix, Arizona. It was the second to be held on the streets of Phoenix, the race was won by Brazilian Ayrton Senna, driving a McLaren MP4/5B by eight seconds over French driver Jean Alesi in his comparatively under-funded Tyrrell 018. Throughout the race, the pair enthralled fans with some fabulous and it was Alesis first podium finish, with Belgian driver Thierry Boutsen in a Williams FW13B coming home third. Swiss driver Gregor Foitek made his Formula One race debut for the Brabham team and he had attempted to qualify for races during the 1989 season, failing to make the grid in eleven qualifying attempts for Euro Brun and one for Rial. Unexpected rain on Saturday meant that the grid was decided entirely by times from Fridays session, pirellis soft qualifying tires caught Goodyear off guard, and the Italian manufacturer put five of its teams in the top ten positions, including Jean Alesi, who was fourth in a Tyrrell. In a surprise move, team manager Ken Tyrrell had signed with Pirelli two days before the race, after 18 years with Goodyear, gerhard Bergers pole-winning McLaren was the only car in the first two rows sporting Goodyears. Pierluigi Martini put Minardi on the front row for the time in the teams history. In addition, Andrea de Cesaris, Olivier Grouillard and Roberto Moreno all scored what proved to be their teams best grid position of the year, philippe Alliot was excluded when a mechanic worked on the car outside of the pit area during Fridays practice. Martin Donnelly did not take the grid due to gearbox failure. Race day was cool with a chance of rain and he immediately began pulling away, and led by 2.4 seconds after one lap. Senna passed de Cesaris for third, and closed on Berger, the Brazilian got by his team-mate when, on lap 9, Berger hit a bump under braking, backed into the tire wall and damaged his rear wing. He pitted for a new wing, and later recorded the fastest lap of the race, when Berger spun, Senna was 8.2 seconds behind Alesi. Not knowing whether the Tyrrells Pirelli tires would last, Senna was reluctant to push too hard early on, after 30 laps, Alesi remained in the lead, but on lap 34, Senna passed him on the inside. The Tyrrell held the line on the exit and retook the lead on the next turn. At the same point, one lap later, Senna took the lead again, after several attempts to regain the lead, Alesi decided to conserve his tires, and let Senna go. Meanwhile, Nelson Piquet had progressed from sixth on the grid to third by lap 17, brake trouble caused him to flatspot his tires, however, and on lap 28 he pitted for new ones. This allowed Thierry Boutsens Williams through, and though he battled a problem with his engine intermittently cutting out, Piquet had to settle for fourth in his first drive for Benetton. Prost had fallen back to ninth at the start with gearbox problems, in the other Ferrari, Nigel Mansell retired from fifth on lap 49, when his clutch disintegrated and pierced the oil tank
20.
1990 Australian Grand Prix
–
The 1990 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 4 November 1990 at Adelaide. This was the 500th race to contribute to the World Drivers Championship since the series had started in 1950. The race was the 55th Australian Grand Prix and the sixth to be held on the Adelaide street circuit, the race was held over 81 laps of the 3.78 km circuit for a race distance of 306 kilometres. Ayrton Senna claimed his 52nd pole position with a 1,15.671, second on the grid was his McLaren-Honda team mate Gerhard Berger who was over half a second slower. Filling out the row were the Ferraris of Nigel Mansell, in his last race for the Maranello based team, and Prost. Despite brake problems with his Tyrrell-Ford, Jean Alesi qualified 5th in front of the Williams-Renault of Riccardo Patrese, japanese Grand Prix winner Nelson Piquet qualified his Benetton-Ford in 7th with team mate Roberto Moreno 8th and 1989 race winner Thierry Boutsen 9th in his Williams. Rounding out the top 10 qualifiers was Pierluigi Martini in his Pirelli shod Minardi-Ford, Australian David Brabham, driving for Brabham, the team his triple World Championship winning father Jack had started in 1962, qualified for his first Australian Grand Prix in 25th position. Jack Brabham had won the non-championship Australian Grands Prix in 1955,1963 and 1964, David Brabham would be the first Australian to drive in his home Grand Prix since Alan Jones had his last F1 race in 1986. Italians Michele Alboreto and Alex Caffi, Frenchman Yannick Dalmas and Belgian Bertrand Gachot all failed to qualify, FISA officials replied that any driver who did that would most likely damage their car so it was not advisable. At that point Alain Prost got up and walked out of the meeting, an action that earned him a card from FISA. This puzzled many as walking out of the drivers briefing without good reason usually saw a driver fined, then, as per normal practice, the annual end-of-season drivers photo shoot took place prior to the race. Alain Prost, still angry over the events at Suzuka, did not appear in either photo by his own choice as he did not want to appear with Ayrton Senna, Berger finished 4th,9.6 seconds behind Prost. Rounding out the top six were the Williamses of 1989 Australian Grand Prix winner Thierry Boutsen, the last driver on the lap and in his last race for Williams. On lap 50, Senna broke Gerhard Bergers 1987 lap record of 1,20.416 with a time of 1,19.302. In his late race pursuit of Piquet, Mansell continued to lower the lap record, piquets fastest lap, set on the tyres which he had started the race on, was also the second fastest lap of the race. After slower times in the 1988 race, and no chance to beat it in the wet in 1989, the victory allowed Piquet to claim third spot in the drivers championship in a countback after equalling the 43 points of Gerhard Berger. It also allowed the Benetton team to third in the Constructors Championship over Williams. The race was Riccardo Patreses 208th Grand Prix start in what was the 500th World Championship GP held and this meant that the Italian had driven in 41. 6% of all Grands Prix held since the World Championship started in 1950
21.
1977 World Championship for Sports Cars
–
The 1977 World Sports Car Championship season was the 25th season of FIA World Sportscar Championship motor racing. It featured two separate World Championship series, the European Championship was discontinued at the end of the 1978 season. The 1977 World Championship for Sports Cars, which was restricted to Group 6 Two-Seater Racing Cars, was contested over an eight series which ran from 17 April to 18 September 1977. The championship was won by Alfa Romeo, points towards the 1977 World Championship for Sports Cars were awarded to each relevant car manufacturer for the first ten places in each race in the order of 20-15-12-10-8-6-4-3-2-1. Points were only awarded for the best placed car from each manufacturer at each race with no points given for places gained by cars from the same manufacturer. Only the best six results counted towards each manufacturer’s championship total, discarded points are shown within brackets in the table below. Results of the 1977 World Championship for Sports Cars were as follows, the following models contributed to the nett point scores of their respective manufacturers in the 1977 World Championship for Sports Cars. The championship was won by Porsche
22.
Abarth
–
S. p. A. is a racing car and road car maker founded by Italo-Austrian Carlo Abarth in 1949. Its logo is a shield with a scorpion on a red. S. p. A. is an owned subsidiary of FCA Italy S. p. A. the subsidiary of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles controlling its European automotive production activities. Carlo Abarth was sporting director of the Cisitalia factory racing team starting in 1947,1948 saw the financial downfall of Cisitalia, spurred by the investments needed to put the 202 coupé into production. The following year the manufacturer folded, and founder Piero Dusio flew to Argentina, Carlo Abarth, funded by Armando Scagliarini, took over Cisitalias assets and on 31 March 1949 Abarth & C. was founded in Bologna. Carlos astrological sign, Scorpio, was chosen as the company logo, from the Cisitalia liquidation Abarth obtained five 204 sports cars, a D46 single seater and various spares. The 204s were immediately rechristened Abarth 204 A. Abarth built, in addition to Guido Scagliarini, the «Squadra Abarth» racing team lined up celebrated drivers such as Tazio Nuvolari, Franco Cortese and Piero Taruffi. Notably Tazio Nuvolari made his last appearance in racing at the wheel of an Abarth 204 A, alongside racing, the companys main activity was producing and selling accessories and performance parts for Fiat, Lancia, Cisitalia and Simca cars, like inlet manifolds and silencers. On 9 April 1951 the companys headquarters were moved to Turin, Abarth began his association with Fiat in 1952. In the 1960s, Abarth was successful in hillclimbing and sports car racing, mainly in classes from 850cc to 2000cc, competing with Porsche 904, hans Herrmann was a factory driver from 1962 until 1965, winning the 500 km Nürburgring in 1963 with Teddy Pilette. Abarth promised Johann Abt that he could race a car for free if he won all the races he entered. Abt almost succeeded, of the 30 races he entered, Abt won 29, Abarth produced high-performance exhaust pipes, diversifying into tuning kits for road vehicles, mainly for Fiat. A racing exhaust was produced for the 1950s Lambretta models D, original Abarth LD exhausts are now valuable collectors items. Reproductions are available which carry the Abarth name, how Fiat feels about this is not known, Lambretta even held several 125cc Motorcycle land speed records during the 1950s thanks partly to the exhaust that Abarth developed for them. Abarth also helped build sports or racing cars with Porsche and Simca, Carlo sold Abarth to Fiat on 31 July 1971. The acquisition was made public by Fiat with a press release on 15 October. As Fiat was not interested in the Reparto Corse racing operations, Osella obtained cars, spares, technicians and drivers, and continued the racing activity founding the Osella racing team. Thus ended for Abarth the days of sport prototype and hill climb racing, under Fiat ownership, Abarth became the Fiat Groups racing department, managed by engine designer Aurelio Lampredi
23.
Sports car racing
–
Sports car racing is a form of circuit auto racing with sports cars that have two seats and enclosed wheels. They may be purpose-built or related to road-going models, a type of hybrid between the purism of open-wheelers and the familiarity of touring car racing, this style is often associated with the annual Le Mans 24 Hours endurance race. First run in 1923, Le Mans is one of the oldest motor races still in existence, other classic but now defunct sports car races include the Italian classics, the Targa Florio and Mille Miglia, and the Mexican Carrera Panamericana. Most top class sports car races emphasize endurance, reliability, and strategy, longer races usually involve complex pit strategy and regular driver changes. These makers top road cars have often very similar both in engineering and styling to those raced. This close association with the nature of the cars serves as a useful distinction between sports car racing and touring cars. The 12 Hours of Sebring,24 Hours of Daytona, and 24 Hours of Le Mans were once considered the trifecta of sports car racing. In the 1920s, the used in endurance racing and Grand Prix were still basically identical, with fenders. Cars such as the Bugatti Type 35 were almost equally at home in Grands Prix and endurance events, but specialisation gradually started to differentiate the sports-racer from the Grand Prix car. As mainly Italian cars and races defined the genre, the category was called Gran Turismo, as long distances had to be travelled, reliability and some basic comfort were necessary in order to endure the task. After the Second World War, sports car racing emerged as a form of racing with its own classic races. Top Grand Prix drivers also competed regularly in sports car racing, from 1962 sports cars temporarily took a back seat to GT cars with the FIA replacing the World Championship for Sports Cars with the International Championship for GT Manufacturers. The US scene tended to feature small MG and Porsche cars in the smaller classes, the combination of mostly British chassis and American V8 engines gave rise to the popular and spectacular Can-Am series in the 1960s and 1970s. Clubmans provided much entertainment at club-racing level from the 1960s into the 1990s, after a relative period of decline in the 1980s a British GT Championship emerged in the mid-90s. Road races such as the Mille Miglia included everything from stock touring cars to World Championship contenders, the Mille Miglia was the largest sporting event in Italy until a fatal accident caused its demise in 1957. The Targa Florio, another road race, remained part of the world championship until the 1970s. Between the late 1960s and late 1970s, Matra and Renault made significant, the competition at Le Mans even made it to the movie screens, with Steve McQueens film Le Mans. This era was seen by many as the highpoint of sports car racing, with the technology, a peculiarly American form of sports car racing was the Can-Am series, in which virtually unlimited sports prototypes competed in relatively short races
24.
BMW in motorsport
–
Throughout its history, BMW cars and motorcycles have been successful in a range of motorsport activities. Apart from the efforts, many privateer teams enter BMW road cars in Touring car racing. BMW also entered cars or provided engines in Formula One, Formula Two, BMW is currently active in ALMS, the World Touring Car Championship, the Isle of Man TT, the North West 200, the Superbike World Championship and the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters. An outstanding role has played by the 1,500 cc BMW M10 engine block. This engine became wideley regarded as one of the most powerful, if not the most, as the base of the BMW S14 engine of the original BMW M3, it collected many more wins. Other impressive displays of engineering involve the production of the BMW S70/2 engine, implemented in the McLaren F1, bMW-powered sidecars have won numerous World Championships, notable competitors being Rolf Steinhausen, Klaus Enders and Max Deubel. BMW officially resumed road racing in 2009, entering the World Superbike Championship with its BMW S1000RR and this resumption also saw its official re-introduction at the Isle of Man the 2014 Isle of Man TT seeing Michael Dunlop campaigning BMW machinery in the Superbike, Superstock and Senior TTs. Dunlop took victory in the three solo races, securing BMWs first win in the Senior TT since that of Georg Meier in 1939. BMW have won 25 Isle of Man TT Sidecar Races and an additional 8 victories in the solo classes, in total BMW have recorded 72 rostrum places at the Isle of Man TT, having notched up a total of 382 finishes. It also won the RAC Rally in 1939 with a Frazer Nash BMW328 driven by A. F. P, fane and came in fifth overall in the 193924 Hours of Le Mans. In fact, the BMW328 proved unbeatable in international car races in the two-liter class. Since the pre-war BMW328 model, BMW had a reputation for sporty production cars, since the 1962 introduction of the BMW New Class in 1961, BMW has become one of the most successful marques in touring car racing. The original 1500 cc 4-cylinder BMW M10 engine block was modified to a design which won championships in Formula 2. Equipped with a turbocharger, the version BMW M12/13 even won the 1983 Formula One championship, in the 1970s, BMW M GmbH was formed to support the racing efforts. This led to the development of the BMW M1 and in the 1980s to the BMW M3, having won more road races than any other model in history, the E30 M3 is the worlds most successful road race car. In 1987 Roberto Ravaglia drove a Schnitzer E30 M3 to victory in the World Touring Car Championship,2005 saw Andy Priaulx take the drivers title, and BMW take the manufacturers title, this time not with an M3, but the E46 320i. Priaulxs car raced under the banner of BMW Team UK and was run by RBM, Schnitzer Motorsport ran the BMW Team Germany entries, also E46 320is, driven by Dirk Müller and Jörg Müller. Previous WTCC winner Roberto Ravaglia also ran two cars for the BMW Team Italy/Spain, with Alessandro Zanardi and Antonio García as the drivers, BMW also took the top four places in the independent category
25.
Formula Three
–
Formula Three, also called Formula 3 or F3, is a class of open-wheel formula racing. The various championships held in Europe, Australia, South America, F3 is not cheap, but is regarded as a key investment in a young drivers future career. Success in F3 can lead directly to a GP2 seat or even a Formula One test or race seat, Formula Three evolved from postwar auto racing, with lightweight tube-frame chassis powered by 500 cc motorcycle engines. Cooper came to dominate the formula with mass-produced cars, and the income this generated enabled the company to develop into the senior categories, other notable marques included Kieft, JBS and Emeryson in England, and Effyh, Monopoletta and Scampolo in Europe. John Cooper, along with most other 500 builders, decided to place the engine in the middle of the car, the 500cc formula was the usual route into motor racing through the early and mid-1950s. Other notable 500 cc Formula 3 drivers include Stuart Lewis-Evans, Ivor Bueb, Jim Russell, Peter Collins, Don Parker, Ken Tyrrell, from a statistical point of view, Don Parker was the most successful F3 driver. Although coming to motor racing late in life, he won a total of 126 F3 races altogether, and was described by Motor Sport magazine as the most successful Formula 3 driver in history. Although Stirling Moss was already a star by 1953, Parker beat him more than any driver, and was Formula 3 Champion in 1952, again in 1953. He took the title for a time in 1959. In 1954, Parker took on a man named Norman Graham Hill as his mechanic and general assistant. Some years later, now using his name of Graham. Parker retired from Formula Three after the 1959 season, and chose not to move to Formula 2 or Formula 1 because of his age. However, he did race for one season, representing Jaguar in the British Saloon Car Championships. As a retirement gift in 1961, Jaguars Lofty England presented him with a specially-designed 3.8 litre Jaguar Mark 2 and it was claimed to be the fastest Mark 2 Jaguar had built, being tested at 140 mph on the newly opened M4 motorway in 1963. 500cc Formula Three declined at an international level during the late 1950s, although it continued at a level into the early 60s. A one-litre Formula Three category for four-cylinder carburetted cars, with heavily tuned production engines, was reintroduced in 1964 based on the Formula Junior rules and these engines tended to rev very highly and were popularly known as screamers, F3 races tended to involve large packs of slipstreaming cars. The screamer years were dominated by Brabham, Lotus and Tecno, early one-litre F3 chassis tended to descend from Formula Junior designs but quickly evolved. For 1971 new regulations allowing 1600 cc engines with an air intake were introduced
26.
Toyota
–
Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. In March 2014, the corporation consisted of 338,875 employees worldwide and. Toyota is as of 2016 the second largest automotive manufacturer behind German Volkswagen Group, Toyota was the worlds first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year which it has done since 2012, when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle. As of July 2014, Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization, Toyota is the worlds market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles, and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe. Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 and its Prius family is the worlds top selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017. The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937, as a spinoff from his fathers company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Three years earlier, in 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries, it created its first product, the Type A engine, and, in 1936, its first passenger car, the Toyota AA. Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands, including the Toyota brand, Hino, Lexus, Ranz, TMC is part of the Toyota Group, one of the largest conglomerates in the world. Toyota is headquartered in Toyota City, Aichi, the main headquarters of Toyota is located in a 4-story building in Toyota. As of 2006, the office has the Toyopet Toyota logo. Vinod Jacob from The Hindu described the headquarters building as modest. In 2013, company head Akio Toyoda reported that it had difficulties retaining foreign employees at the due to the lack of amenities in the city. Its Tokyo office is located in Bunkyo, Tokyo and its Nagoya office is located in Nakamura-ku, Nagoya. In addition to manufacturing automobiles, Toyota provides financial services through its Toyota Financial Services division, since 1950, the two entities had existed as separate companies as a prerequisite for reconstruction in postwar Japan. Shoichiro Toyoda presided over Toyota Motor Sales in preparation for the consummation of the merger occurred in 1982. Shoichiro then succeeded his uncle Eiji as the President of the organization that then became known as Toyota Motor Corporation. Announced the appointment of board members, this was a first for the corporation. Additionally, Vice Chairman Takeshi Uchiyamada replaced Fujio Cho as chairman, Toyota is publicly traded on the Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Fukuoka, and Sapporo exchanges under company code TYO,7203
27.
Lancia
–
Lancia is an Italian automobile manufacturer founded in 1906 by Vincenzo Lancia as Lancia & C. It became part of the Fiat Group in 1969, the current company, the company has a strong rally heritage and is noted for using letters of the Greek alphabet for its model names. Lancia vehicles are no longer sold outside of Italy, and comprise only the Ypsilon supermini range, fabbrica Automobili was founded on 29 November 1906 in Turin by Fiat racing drivers, Vincenzo Lancia and his friend, Claudio Fogolin. The first car manufactured by Lancia was the Tipo 51 or 12 HP and it had a small four-cylinder engine with a power output of 28 hp. In 1910 Lancia components were exported to the United States where they were assembled, in 1915, Lancia also manufactured its first truck, the Jota that continued as a dedicated series. In 1937, Vincenzo died of an attack and both his wife, Adele Miglietti Lancia, and his son, Gianni Lancia, took over control of the company. They persuaded Vittorio Jano to join as an engineer, Jano had already made a name for himself by designing various Alfa Romeo models, including some of its most successful race cars ever such as the 6C, P2 and P3. Lancia is renowned in the world for introducing cars with numerous innovations. These include the Theta of 1913, which was the first European production car to feature a complete system as standard equipment. 1948 saw the first 5 speed gearbox to be fitted to a production car, Lancia premiered the first full-production V6 engine, in the 1950 Aurelia, after earlier industry-leading experiments with V8 and V12 engine configurations. It was also the first manufacturer to produce a V4 engine, other innovations involved the use of independent suspension in production cars and rear transaxles, which were first fitted to the Aurelia and Flaminia range. This drive for innovation, constant quest for excellence, fixation of quality, complex construction processes, with little commonality between the various models, the cost of production continued to increase extensively, while demand did not eventually affecting Lancias viability. Gianni Lancia, an engineer was president of Lancia from 1947 to 1955. In 1956 the Pesenti family took control of Lancia with Carlo Pesenti in charge. Fiat launched a bid in October 1969 which was accepted by Lancia as the company was losing significant sums of money. During the 1970s and 1980s, Lancia had great success in rallying, winning many World Rally Championships, during the 1980s, the company cooperated with Saab Automobile, with the Lancia Delta being sold as the Saab 600 in Sweden. The 1985 Lancia Thema also shared a platform with the Saab 9000, Fiat Croma, during the 1990s, all models were closely related to other Fiat models. Starting from 1 February 2007, Fiats automotive operations were reorganised, Fiat Auto became Fiat Group Automobiles S. p. A
28.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
29.
Ford Cosworth DFV
–
The DFV is an internal combustion engine that was originally produced by Cosworth for Formula One motor racing. Named Four Valve because of the four valves per cylinder, and Double as it was a V8 development of the earlier, four-cylinder FVA and its development in 1967 for Colin Chapmans Team Lotus was sponsored by Ford. For many years it was the dominant engine in Formula One, and it was also used in other categories, including CART, Formula 3000 and Sportscar racing. The engine was a 90°,2,993 cc V8, with bore & stroke of 85.67 x 64.897 mm producing over 400 bhp from the start, reaching over 500 bhp by the end of its Formula 1 career. The 1983 DFY variant had a bore and stroke of 90 x 59 mm giving 2,993 cc. In 1965, the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile, that administered Formula One racing, Chapman approached the Ford Motor Company and David Brown of Aston Martin for funding, each without initial success. Chapman then approached Ford of Britains public relations chief, former journalist Walter Hayes, since Hayes had joined Ford in 1962 the pair had previously collaborated in the production of the successful Lotus Cortina, introduced in 1963. Hayes arranged dinner for Chapman with Ford employee Harley Copp, a British-based American engineer who had backed and engineered Fords successful entry into NASCAR in the 1950s, stage two would produce a V8 engine for Formula One, by May 1967. Team-mate Jim Clark moved up through the field in his identical car, however, this dominant performance belied a serious fault in the timing gear. Clark took three wins that season, but reliability problems left him third in the Drivers Championship,10 points behind Champion Denny Hulme. The progress of the engine was documented in a film produced by the Ford Motor Companys film section, entitled 9 Days in Summer. Initially, the agreement between Ford, Cosworth and Lotus was binding on all parties, and Ford as the funder had no plans to sell or hire the DFV to any other teams. Only Brabhams Repco V8 engine provided a combination of power and reliability. Hayes released the DFV initially to French team Matra, headed by Ken Tyrrell with Jackie Stewart as a driver. What followed was an age, where teams big or small could buy an engine which was competitive, light, compact, easy to work with. The DFV effectively replaced the Coventry Climax as the standard F1 powerplant for the private teams. Lotus, McLaren, Matra, Brabham, March, Surtees, Tyrrell, Hesketh, Lola, Williams, Penske, Wolf and Ligier are just some of the teams to have used the DFV. In 1969 and 1973 every World Championship race was won by DFV-powered cars, the advent of ground effect aerodynamics on the F1 scene in 1977 provided a new lease of life for the now decade-old engine
30.
San Marino Grand Prix
–
The San Marino Grand Prix was a Formula One championship race which was run at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in the town of Imola, near the Apennine mountains in Italy, between 1981 and 2006. It was named after nearby San Marino because there already was an Italian Grand Prix held at Monza, in 1980, when Monza was under refurbishment, the Imola track was used for the 51st Italian Grand Prix. The area around Imola is home to racing car manufacturers – namely Ferrari, Lamborghini, Maserati, Minardi, Dallara. Following the Second World War, the town launched a program to try to improve the local economy, four local motor racing enthusiasts proposed the construction of a new road linking existing public roads, which was used by the local car manufacturers to test their prototypes. The first test run took two years later when Enzo Ferrari sent a car to the track and Alberto Ascari ran some demonstrative laps. In April 1953, the first motorcycle races took place at Imola, in April 1963, the first race with Formula One cars took place at Imola, as a non-championship event, won by Jim Clark for Lotus. A further non-championship event took place at Imola in 1979, which was won by Niki Lauda for Brabham-Alfa Romeo. In 1980, the Italian Grand Prix moved from the high-speed Monza circuit to Imola, as a result of 1978s startline pile-up. It was won by Nelson Piquet for Brabham-Ford, the following year, the Italian Grand Prix returned to Monza. This left the owners of the Imola circuit without a Grand Prix and their application was successful and the San Marino Grand Prix was born. The 1981 event saw Canadian Gilles Villeneuve qualify his Ferrari on pole position and he led the race for the first 19 laps until he pitted for fresh tyres. His team-mate Didier Pironi inherited the lead but was caught by Nelson Piquet. 1982 saw another memorable race, it was boycotted by most of the FOCA teams and was a point in Formula Ones history. Only 14 cars competed, and after the Renaults of Alain Prost and René Arnoux retired, Ferrari had no competition, however, Ferraris triumph was not so clean-cut. Villeneuve believed this order meant that the cars were to maintain position on the track. However, Pironi believed that the cars were free to race, Villeneuve believed that Pironi was simply trying to spice up an otherwise dull race, and duly re-passed his teammate, assuming that he would then hold station for the remainder of the race. Thus, Villeneuve failed to protect the line going into the Tosa corner on the final lap. Villeneuve was irate at what he saw as Pironis betrayal, although opinion inside the Ferrari team was split over the meaning of the order to slow down
31.
Sponsor (commercial)
–
Sponsoring something is the act of supporting an event, activity, person, or organization financially or through the provision of products or services. The individual or group provides the support, similar to a benefactor, is known as sponsor. Sponsorship is a cash and/or in-kind fee paid to a property in return for access to the commercial potential associated with that property. While the sponsoree may be nonprofit, unlike philanthropy, sponsorship is done with the expectation of a commercial return, while sponsorship can deliver increased awareness, brand building and propensity to purchase, it is different from advertising. Unlike advertising, sponsorship can not communicate specific product attributes, nor can it stand alone, as sponsorship requires support elements. A range of psychological and communications theories have been used to explain how commercial sponsorship works to impact consumer audiences, cornwell, Weeks and Roy have published an extensive review of the theories so far used to explain commercial sponsorship effects. Title sponsor is highest status of sponsorship and it characterizes the most significant contribution to a company in organizing and hosting an event. Often the name of sponsor is placed next to the name of competition, teams. In case of title sponsors presence the general sponsor position may remain free, general sponsor is a sponsor that makes one of the largest contributions and that receives for it the right to use the image of competition as well as extensive media coverage. If necessary, the status of the sponsor may be supplemented by the general sponsors for certain categories. Official sponsor is a sponsor that makes a part of raised funds. Typically, the status may be granted by category. Technical sponsor is a sponsor which promotes organization of sporting events through the partial or full payment of goods, participating sponsor is a company, the sponsorship fee size of which usually does not exceed 10% of total raised funds. Informational sponsor is an organization that provides support through media coverage, conducting PR-actions, joint actions. All sponsorship should be based on contractual obligations between the sponsor and the sponsored party, sponsors and sponsored parties should set out clear terms and conditions with all other partners involved, to define their expectations regarding all aspects of the sponsorship deal. Sponsorship should be recognisable as such, the terms and conduct of sponsorship should be based upon the principle of good faith between all parties to the sponsorship. There should be clarity regarding the rights being sold and confirmation that these are available for sponsorship from the rights holder. Sponsored parties should have the right to decide on the value of the sponsorship rights that they are offering
32.
Landis & Gyr
–
Landis+Gyr, is a multinational corporation with 45 companies in over 30 countries and headquartered in Zug, Switzerland focused on metering and other technologies which deal with management of energy. In 2011 Landis+Gyr was purchased by Toshiba Corporation of Japan for USD$2.3 Billion, Landis+Gyr was originally known as Electrotechnisches Institut Theiler and Company, established in 1896. In 1905, it was renamed in Landis & Gyr, after Heinrich Landis and Karl Heinrich Gyr, Landis+Gyr has been designing and manufacturing a range of metering products, systems and services for electricity, heat and gas to energy utilities around the world. In 1924, Landis+Gyr experienced global expansion by opening its first overseas offices in New York, besides metering products, with the foundation of Cerberus Limited in 1940 Landis+Gyr expanded into fire safety products. Cerberus was later acquired by Elektrowatt Limited, and is today a part of Siemens Building Technologies, the company was also known for producing optical phone cards until 2006. Phone cards of Landys+Gyr were used in countries such as Israel, Belgium, Switzerland. 2011 - Landis+Gyr was acquired by Toshiba Corporation of Japan for USD$2.3 Billion,2006 - Landis+Gyr acquired Finnish Enermet Group together with Hunt Technologies and Cellnet Technologies both of whom are from the United States of America. 2004 - Landis+Gyr was acquired by then Australia based, Bayard Capital for an undisclosed amount, Bayard Capital had already acquired the British metering company Ampy Automation-Digilog. As Bayard Capital continued to add other acquisitions to the Group,2008 saw the Landis+Gyr name being extended to the whole Group in May 2008, a notable organizational realignment took place under Bayard Capital’s ownership. The company moved to a structure by aligning all activities in the regions, namely, North America, South America, UK/Pre-Payment, Europe. Late-1990s - In the late 1990s, Landis+Gyr went through a series of different investors and owners, amongst them, Elektrowatt, KKR,1987 - Landis+Gyr acquired MCC Powers of Chicago. MCC Powers had by then been an established entity in the US building management market. Spurred by the liberalization and deregulation of markets, Landis+Gyr re-oriented its business which saw the development. 1976 – Landis+Gyr acquired Duncan Electric Company of Lafayette, Indiana, the current CEO and President of Landis+Gyr is Andreas Umbach, once recognized in the Top 40 Most Influential People in European Smart Grid by Metering International. Various utilities have worked with Landis+Gyr in meeting their consumers demand for energy management tools by rolling out smart meters, below are some of the utilities that have worked with Landis+Gyr in deploying smart metering technology to energy consumers. Europe, Middle East & Africa, British Gas, Iberdrola, Électricité Réseau Distribution France, E. ON, Järvi-Suomen Energia Oy, Vattenfall, Eskom, RWE. Asia Pacific, Energex, Ergon Energy, Ausgrid, Essential Energy, Western Power, ESTA, Genesis Energy Limited, Meralco, China Light & Power, North America, Oncor Energy, Pacific Gas and Electric, Hydro-Québec, AEP Texas. Frost & Sullivan Global AMI Company of the year for 2014, frost & Sullivan Global AMI Company of the year for 2013
33.
Turin
–
Turin is a city and an important business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region and was the first capital city of Italy. The city is located mainly on the bank of the Po River, in front of Susa Valley and surrounded by the western Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 892,649 while the population of the area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants. The Turin metropolitan area is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 2.2 million, in 1997 a part of the historical center of Torino was inscribed in the World Heritage List under the name Residences of the Royal House of Savoy. Turin is well known for its Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Neo-classical, many of Turins public squares, castles, gardens and elegant palazzi such as Palazzo Madama, were built between the 16th and 18th centuries. This was after the capital of the Duchy of Savoy was moved to Turin from Chambery as part of the urban expansion, the city used to be a major European political center. Turin was Italys first capital city in 1861 and home to the House of Savoy, from 1563, it was the capital of the Duchy of Savoy, then of the Kingdom of Sardinia ruled by the Royal House of Savoy and finally the first capital of the unified Italy. Turin is sometimes called the cradle of Italian liberty for having been the birthplace and home of notable politicians and people who contributed to the Risorgimento, such as Cavour. The city currently hosts some of Italys best universities, colleges, academies, lycea and gymnasia, such as the University of Turin, founded in the 15th century, in addition, the city is home to museums such as the Museo Egizio and the Mole Antonelliana. Turins attractions make it one of the worlds top 250 tourist destinations, Turin is ranked third in Italy, after Milan and Rome, for economic strength. With a GDP of $58 billion, Turin is the worlds 78th richest city by purchasing power, as of 2010, the city has been ranked by GaWC as a Gamma World city. Turin is also home to much of the Italian automotive industry, the Taurini were an ancient Celto-Ligurian Alpine people, who occupied the upper valley of the Po River, in the center of modern Piedmont. In 218 BC, they were attacked by Hannibal as he was allied with their long-standing enemies, the Taurini chief town was captured by Hannibals forces after a three-day siege. As a people they are mentioned in history. It is believed that a Roman colony was established in 27 BC under the name of Castra Taurinorum, both Livy and Strabo mention the Taurinis country as including one of the passes of the Alps, which points to a wider use of the name in earlier times. In the 1st century BC, the Romans created a military camp, the typical Roman street grid can still be seen in the modern city, especially in the neighborhood known as the Quadrilatero Romano. Via Garibaldi traces the path of the Roman citys decumanus which began at the Porta Decumani. The Porta Palatina, on the side of the current city centre, is still preserved in a park near the Cathedral
34.
Alex Caffi
–
Alessandro Alex Caffi is a former Formula One driver from Italy. He participated in 75 Grands Prix, debuting on September 7,1986, in 2006 he raced in the inaugural season of the Grand Prix Masters formula for retired Formula One drivers. Caffi was born in Rovato, in Northern Italy and he spent three years in Italian Formula Three from 1984 to 1986, finishing runner-up in 1984 and 1985, then third in 1986. 1986 also saw him land a drive with the Osella Formula One team. 1986 Caffi was handed his Formula One debut by Osella, at his, and the home race. Qualifying 27th and last in his FA1H Caffi drove sensibly and steadily to stay out of trouble and come home last of the runners, albeit six laps down,1987 Osella were impressed by his sensible approach, and signed him for a full season in 1987. The Alfa Romeo powered FA1I was uncompetitive and unreliable, Caffi finished no races out of 16 and failed to qualify twice, though he was classified once. At the opening round, the Brazilian Grand Prix, Caffi retired after 21 laps due to exhaustion as the heat and physically demanding nature of the car proved too much. The San Marino Grand Prix, three weeks later, provided Caffi with his only classification of the year, 12th, despite running out of five laps from the finish. Despite finishing so few races, none were down to driver error,19881988 saw Caffi switch to the new Scuderia Italia team. Not surprisingly, Caffi failed to pre-qualify, Caffis third retirement in a row in Mexico and failure to qualify in Canada only added to the nightmare. Form during the five races was patchy. 1988 concluded with a brace of retirements in Japan, where he spun off, for the second season in a row Caffi was unclassified in the Drivers Championship. 1989 Scuderia Italia expanded to an outfit for the 1989 season. As with the year, Caffi failed to pre-qualify for the opening round in Brazil. Momentum continued onto Monaco with another top-10 in qualifying, 9th, followed by the first Formula One points for himself and the team with an excellent drive to 4th. A second points finish of 6th in Canada was another highlight, four points and 19th in the Drivers Championship were Caffis rewards. Caffi was signed to drive the second A11 alongside another Italian,1985 World Drivers Championship runner-up Michele Alboreto, injury caused by a pre-season cycling accident forced Caffi to sit out the opening race in the United States, with German Bernd Schneider filling the gap
35.
Gabriele Tarquini
–
Gabriele Tarquini is an Italian racing driver. He participated in 78 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on May 3,1987 and he scored 1 championship point, and holds the record for the most failed attempts to qualify. He has subsequently raced successfully in Touring Cars, winning the BTCC in 1994, the ETCC in 2003, on 22 November 2009 he won the 2009 FIA World Touring Car Championship title at the age of 47 years and 266 days. This made him the oldest ever champion in an FIA series. By 1985 he was driving in Formula 3000, spending three seasons with underfunded outfits and his best result was 2nd at Imola in 1987, by which time he had already made his Grand Prix debut in a one-off drive for Osella at the 1987 San Marino Grand Prix. He joined Colonis Grand Prix team for 1988, having driven for them in F3000 in 1986, the season saw a prequalifying system being put in place as there were 31 entrants for a maximum 30 places in qualifying proper. Tarquini signed to drive for the FIRST team and drove for them at the Formula One Indoor Trophy, following Philippe Streiffs career-ending pre-season testing crash, Tarquini joined Joachim Winkelhock in the AGS team from the second round of the series. There he finished a fine 8th on the road, being promoted to 6th after the exclusion of Thierry Boutsen and he was then one of the stars of the weekend in Monaco, threatening to qualify in the top 6 before ending up 13th on the grid. In the race he advanced to a strong 4th before being sidelined by an electrical problem, more bad luck followed at Phoenix where Tarquini was holding 6th despite technical problems before Boutsen passed him on the final lap. At the wet Canadian Grand Prix Tarquini again ran well until being shoved off the track by René Arnoux. The series then moved to faster tracks where the AGS was less competitive, the expanding entry list meant prequalifying was much different to 1988, consisting of an hour-long free-for-all session on Friday morning between the less successful cars. The team were even more severe financial constraints for 1991. Tarquini made it through into three races, finishing a worthy 8th in the opener at Phoenix but financial constraints meant after Monaco the AGS didnt make the grid again. Late in the season the team sold his contract to Gabriele Rumis ambitious Fondmetal outfit in time for the Spanish Grand Prix. He was signed for a year in 1992, showing some good speed in the neat. However, his car only finished once and despite some fine qualifying efforts the team struggled to find funding, folding after the following Italian Grand Prix and he replaced Ukyo Katayama for the European round as the Japanese driver was injured from his start line accident in the previous race. Out of practice with single seaters he finished 14th, six laps down on winner Michael Schumacher and it was his final Grand Prix. Tarquini failed to pre-qualify on a record 25 occasions, mainly because he was a regular in the pre-qualifying era, despite this record many consider him to have been a talented driver stuck with uncompetitive machinery
Eddie Cheever
Piercarlo Ghinzani
Jean-Pierre Jarier
Jo Gartner
Huub Rothengatter
Miguel Ángel Guerra
Christian Danner
Allen Berg
Franco Forini
