1.
Tata, Hungary
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Tata, is a town in Komárom-Esztergom county, northwestern Hungary,9 km northwest of the county town Tatabánya. Tata is located in the valley between the Gerecse Mountains and Vértes Mountains, some 70 km from Budapest, the Hungarian capital city, by virtue of its location, it is a railway and road junction. Motorway M1 from Vienna to Budapest passes through the city limits. According to the 2001 census, the town has 23,937 inhabitants,93. 3% Hungarians,1. 6% Germans,0. 6% Roma,0. 2% Slovaks and 6. 5% other. The area has been inhabited since prehistoric times, archaeological findings date back to 50,000 BCE, later it was a Roman settlement. The first known mention of Tata is from 1221 and its castle was built by the Lackfi family and had its prime under Matthias Corvinus, who had it rebuilt in a Renaissance style. In 1526 when the battle with the Turks happened and Louis II died in the battlefield. The plundering Ottoman army ransacked the area, but Cseszneky successfully defended the castle, during the Ottoman occupation, the castle of Tata was an important fortress. It was captured in 1543 by the Turks, during this period the castle had many different owners until it was burned down by the Habsburgs in retaliation for the Rákóczis War of Independence. In 1727, Count József Esterházy bought Tata and the surrounding villages, the town prospered, in 1765 it already had a secondary school. Tata and the adjoining village Tóváros are built around a lake, Tata on the hillside. Between them there is the Esterházy mansion and an old castle with archive, the theatre was built in 1889. The mansion is surrounded by the beautiful English garden, in 1938, the village of Tóváros was annexed to Tata, which was renamed Tatatóváros for a short while, one year later it was named Tata again. It was granted town status in 1954, media related to Tata at Wikimedia Commons Official website Tata photo gallery Tata at funiq. hu
2.
Budapest
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Budapest is the capital and most populous city of Hungary, one of the largest cities in the European Union and sometimes described as the primate city of Hungary. It has an area of 525 square kilometres and a population of about 1.8 million within the limits in 2016. Budapest became a single city occupying both banks of the Danube river with the unification of Buda and Óbuda on the west bank, the history of Budapest began with Aquincum, originally a Celtic settlement that became the Roman capital of Lower Pannonia. Hungarians arrived in the territory in the 9th century and their first settlement was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241–1242. The re-established town became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture by the 15th century, following the Battle of Mohács and nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule, the region entered a new age of prosperity, and Budapest became a global city after its unification in 1873. It also became the co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a power that dissolved in 1918. Budapest was the point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian Republic of Councils in 1919, the Battle of Budapest in 1945. Budapest is an Alpha- global city, with strengths in arts, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research, and tourism. Its business district hosts the Budapest Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks and it is the highest ranked Central and Eastern European city on Innovation Cities Top 100 index. Budapest attracts 4.4 million international tourists per year, making it the 25th most popular city in the world, further famous landmarks include Andrássy Avenue, St. It has around 80 geothermal springs, the worlds largest thermal water system, second largest synagogue. Budapest is home to the headquarters of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology, the European Police College, over 40 colleges and universities are located in Budapest, including the Eötvös Loránd University, Central European University and Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Budapest is the combination of the city names Buda and Pest, One of the first documented occurrences of the combined name Buda-Pest was in 1831 in the book Világ, written by Count István Széchenyi. The origins of the names Buda and Pest are obscure, according to chronicles from the Middle Ages, the name Buda comes from the name of its founder, Bleda, brother of the Hunnic ruler Attila. The theory that Buda was named after a person is also supported by modern scholars, an alternative explanation suggests that Buda derives from the Slavic word вода, voda, a translation of the Latin name Aquincum, which was the main Roman settlement in the region. There are also theories about the origin of the name Pest. One of the states that the word Pest comes from the Roman times. According to another theory, Pest originates from the Slavic word for cave, or oven, the first settlement on the territory of Budapest was built by Celts before 1 AD
3.
Hungary
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Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken language in Europe. Hungarys capital and largest metropolis is Budapest, a significant economic hub, major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs and Győr. His great-grandson Stephen I ascended to the throne in 1000, converting the country to a Christian kingdom, by the 12th century, Hungary became a middle power within the Western world, reaching a golden age by the 15th century. Hungarys current borders were established in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon after World War I, when the country lost 71% of its territory, 58% of its population, following the interwar period, Hungary joined the Axis Powers in World War II, suffering significant damage and casualties. Hungary became a state of the Soviet Union, which contributed to the establishment of a four-decade-long communist dictatorship. On 23 October 1989, Hungary became again a democratic parliamentary republic, in the 21st century, Hungary is a middle power and has the worlds 57th largest economy by nominal GDP, as well as the 58th largest by PPP, out of 188 countries measured by the IMF. As a substantial actor in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds 36th largest exporter and importer of goods, Hungary is a high-income economy with a very high standard of living. It keeps up a security and universal health care system. Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 and part of the Schengen Area since 2007, Hungary is a member of the United Nations, NATO, WTO, World Bank, the AIIB, the Council of Europe and Visegrád Group. Well known for its cultural history, Hungary has been contributed significantly to arts, music, literature, sports and science. Hungary is the 11th most popular country as a tourist destination in Europe and it is home to the largest thermal water cave system, the second largest thermal lake in the world, the largest lake in Central Europe, and the largest natural grasslands in Europe. The H in the name of Hungary is most likely due to historical associations with the Huns. The rest of the word comes from the Latinized form of Medieval Greek Oungroi, according to an explanation the Greek name was borrowed from Proto-Slavic Ǫgǔri, in turn borrowed from Oghur-Turkic Onogur. Onogur was the name for the tribes who later joined the Bulgar tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars. The Hungarians likely belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance and it is possible they became its ethnic majority. The Hungarian endonym is Magyarország, composed of magyar and ország, the word magyar is taken from the name of one of the seven major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes, magyeri
4.
Electrical engineering
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Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. This field first became an occupation in the later half of the 19th century after commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone. Subsequently, broadcasting and recording media made electronics part of daily life, the invention of the transistor, and later the integrated circuit, brought down the cost of electronics to the point they can be used in almost any household object. Electrical engineers typically hold a degree in engineering or electronic engineering. Practicing engineers may have professional certification and be members of a professional body, such bodies include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the Institution of Engineering and Technology. Electrical engineers work in a wide range of industries and the skills required are likewise variable. These range from basic circuit theory to the management skills required of a project manager, the tools and equipment that an individual engineer may need are similarly variable, ranging from a simple voltmeter to a top end analyzer to sophisticated design and manufacturing software. Electricity has been a subject of scientific interest since at least the early 17th century and he also designed the versorium, a device that detected the presence of statically charged objects. In the 19th century, research into the subject started to intensify, Electrical engineering became a profession in the later 19th century. Practitioners had created an electric telegraph network and the first professional electrical engineering institutions were founded in the UK. Over 50 years later, he joined the new Society of Telegraph Engineers where he was regarded by other members as the first of their cohort, Practical applications and advances in such fields created an increasing need for standardised units of measure. They led to the standardization of the units volt, ampere, coulomb, ohm, farad. This was achieved at a conference in Chicago in 1893. During these years, the study of electricity was considered to be a subfield of physics. Thats because early electrical technology was electromechanical in nature, the Technische Universität Darmstadt founded the worlds first department of electrical engineering in 1882. The first course in engineering was taught in 1883 in Cornell’s Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering. It was not until about 1885 that Cornell President Andrew Dickson White established the first Department of Electrical Engineering in the United States, in the same year, University College London founded the first chair of electrical engineering in Great Britain. Professor Mendell P. Weinbach at University of Missouri soon followed suit by establishing the engineering department in 1886
5.
Transformer
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A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. A varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a magnetic field. Power can be transferred between the two coils through the field, without a metallic connection between the two circuits. Faradays law of induction discovered in 1831 described this effect, Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power applications. A wide range of designs is encountered in electronic and electric power applications. Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a centimeter in volume to units interconnecting the power grid weighing hundreds of tons. For simplification or approximation purposes, it is common to analyze the transformer as an ideal transformer model as presented in the two images. An ideal transformer is a theoretical, linear transformer that is lossless and perfectly coupled, perfect coupling implies infinitely high core magnetic permeability and winding inductances and zero net magnetomotive force. A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer core. This varying magnetic field at the secondary winding induces a varying EMF or voltage in the secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction. The primary and secondary windings are wrapped around a core of high magnetic permeability so that all of the magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary windings. With a voltage source connected to the winding and load impedance connected to the secondary winding. The primary EMF is sometimes termed counter EMF and this is in accordance with Lenzs law, which states that induction of EMF always opposes development of any such change in magnetic field. The transformer winding voltage ratio is shown to be directly proportional to the winding turns ratio according to eq. common usage having evolved over time from turn ratio to turns ratio. However, some use the inverse definition. The ideal transformer model assumes that all flux generated by the primary winding links all the turns of winding, including itself. In practice, some flux traverses paths that take it outside the windings, Such flux is termed leakage flux, and results in leakage inductance in series with the mutually coupled transformer windings. Leakage flux results in energy being alternately stored in and discharged from the fields with each cycle of the power supply
6.
Voltage regulator
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A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple feed-forward design or may include negative feedback control loops and it may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to one or more AC or DC voltages. Electronic voltage regulators are found in such as computer power supplies where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor. In automobile alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control the output of the plant, a simple voltage/current regulator can be made from a resistor in series with a diode. Due to the shape of diode V-I curves, the voltage across the diode changes only slightly due to changes in current drawn or changes in the input. When precise voltage control and efficiency are not important, this design may be fine, feedback voltage regulators operate by comparing the actual output voltage to some fixed reference voltage. Any difference is amplified and used to control the element in such a way as to reduce the voltage error. This forms a feedback control loop, increasing the open-loop gain tends to increase regulation accuracy. There will also be a trade-off between stability and the speed of the response to changes, in electromechanical regulators, voltage regulation is easily accomplished by coiling the sensing wire to make an electromagnet. The magnetic field produced by the current attracts a moving ferrous core held back under spring tension or gravitational pull, as voltage increases, so does the current, strengthening the magnetic field produced by the coil and pulling the core towards the field. The magnet is connected to a mechanical power switch, which opens as the magnet moves into the field. As voltage decreases, so does the current, releasing spring tension or the weight of the core and this closes the switch and allows the power to flow once more. The rectifier diodes in an alternator automatically perform this function so that a relay is not required. More modern designs now use solid state technology to perform the function that the relays perform in electromechanical regulators. Electromechanical regulators are used for mains voltage stabilisation — see AC voltage stabilizers below, to control the output of generators automatic voltage regulators are used. While the basic principle is the same, the system itself is more complex, an automatic voltage regulator consists of several components such as diodes, capacitors, resistors and potentiometers or even microcontrollers, all placed on a circuit board. This is then mounted near the generator and connected with wires to measure
7.
Electricity meter
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An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an electrically powered device. Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers premises to measure electric energy delivered to their customers for billing purposes and they are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour. They are usually once each billing period. When energy savings during certain periods are desired, some meters may measure demand, time of day metering allows electric rates to be changed during a day, to record usage during peak high-cost periods and off-peak, lower-cost, periods. Also, in some areas meters have relays for demand response load shedding during peak load periods, many experimental types of meter were developed. At periodic intervals the plates were removed and weighed, and the customer billed, the electrochemical meter was labor-intensive to read and not well received by customers. An early type of meter used in the United Kingdom was the Reason meter. This consisted of a vertically mounted glass structure with a reservoir at the top of the meter. As current was drawn from the supply, electrochemical action transferred the mercury to the bottom of the column, like all other DC meters, it recorded ampere-hours. Once the mercury pool was exhausted, the became an open circuit. In 1885 Ferranti offered a mercury motor meter with a similar to gas meters. The first accurate, recording electricity consumption meter was a DC meter by Dr Hermann Aron, hugo Hirst of the British General Electric Company introduced it commercially into Great Britain from 1888. Unlike their AC counterparts, DC meters did not measure energy, instead they measured charge in ampere-hours. Since the voltage of the supply should remain constant, the reading of the meter was proportional to actual energy consumed. For example, if a meter recorded that 100 ampere-hours had been consumed on a 200-volt supply, arons meter recorded the total charge used over time, and showed it on a series of clock dials. These were the first alternating-current watt-hour meters, known by the name of Bláthy-meters, the AC kilowatt hour meters used at present operate on the same principle as Bláthys original invention. Also around 1889, Elihu Thomson of the American General Electric company developed a recording watt meter based on an ironless commutator motor and this meter overcame the disadvantages of the electrochemical type and could operate on either alternating or direct current. The Bláthy meter was similar to Shallenberger and Thomson meter in that they are two-phase motor meter, although the induction meter would only work on alternating current, it eliminated the delicate and troublesome commutator of the Thomson design
8.
Turbo generator
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A turbo generator is the combination of a turbine directly connected to an electric generator for the generation of electric power. Large steam-powered turbo generators provide the majority of the electricity and are also used by steam-powered turbo-electric ships. Smaller turbo-generators with gas turbines are used as auxiliary power units. For base loads diesel generators are usually preferred, since they offer better fuel efficiency, the efficiency of larger gas turbine plants can be enhanced by using a combined cycle, where the hot exhaust gases are used to generate steam which drives another turbo generator. The first turbo-generators were water turbines which propelled electric generators, the first Hungarian water turbine was designed by the engineers of the Ganz Works in 1866, industrial-scale production with dynamo generators started in 1883. The turbo generator was invented by a Hungarian engineer Ottó Bláthy in 1903, turbo generators were also used on steam locomotives as a power source for coach lighting and heating systems. Based on the air-cooled turbo generator, gaseous hydrogen first went into service as the coolant in a turbo generator in October 1937, at the Dayton Power & Light Co. in Dayton. Hydrogen is used as the coolant in the rotor and sometimes the stator, allowing an increase in specific utilization, because of the high thermal conductivity, high specific heat and low density of hydrogen gas, this is the most common type in its field today. The hydrogen can be manufactured on-site by electrolysis, the generator is hermetically sealed to prevent escape of the hydrogen gas. The absence of oxygen in the atmosphere within significantly reduces the damage of the windings insulation by eventual corona discharges, the hydrogen gas is circulated within the rotor enclosure, and cooled by a gas-to-water heat exchanger. Combined cycle Turbochargers Small Turbo-generator for DG & Hybrids
9.
Ganz Works
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The Ganz electric works in Budapest is probably best known for the manufacture of tramcars, but was also a pioneer in the application of three-phase alternating current to electric railways. Ganz also made ships, bridge structures and high voltage equipment. Some engineers employed by Ganz in the field were Kálmán Kandó, the company is named after Ábrahám Ganz. Before 1919, the company built ocean liners, dreadnought battleships and submarines, power plants, automobiles. The company was founded by Abraham Ganz in 1844 and he established his own iron foundry in Buda in the Kingdom of Hungary. Consequently, this played an important role in building the infrastructure of the Hungarian Kingdom. At this time the machines, steam-locomotives, pumps and the railway carriages were the main products. At the beginning of the 20th century,60 to 80% of the products were sold for export. At the end of the 19th century, the products of the Ganz and Partner Iron Mill, many engineers contributed to the Ganz Works, András Mechwart invented the hard cast rolling mill, which revolutionized the milling industry. Károly Zipernowsky participated in construction of 60 power stations, he acted as the first professor of engineering of the Budapest University of Technology. Miksa Déri developed the motor, it was used for elevators of buildings with single phase alternating current. He also participated in construction of Viennas electric supply and his whole life, Ottó Titusz Bláthy worked at the Ganz Works. His basic job was the construction and patenting of induction flow meter of 1889 used today and he invented the Turbogenerator in 1901. In the 1930s, he initiated the Hungarian production of turbogenerators, Kálmán Kandó was the first who recognised that an electric train system can only be successful if it can use the electricity from public networks. After realising that, he provided the means to build such a rail network by inventing a rotary phase converter suitable for locomotive usage. He developed high-voltage three phase alternating current motors and generators for electric locomotives, he is known as the father of the electric train, in 1878, the companys general manager András Mechwart founded the Department of Electrical Engineering headed by Károly Zipernowsky. Engineers Miksa Déri and Ottó Bláthy also worked at the department producing direct-current machines, the first turbo-generators were water turbines which propelled electric generators. The first Hungarian water turbine was designed by the engineers of the Ganz Works in 1866, the missing link of a full Voltage sensitive - voltage intensive system was the reliable AC Constant Voltage generator
10.
Vienna
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Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austrias primary city, with a population of about 1.8 million, and its cultural, economic and it is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin, Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city is located in the part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region, along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, apart from being regarded as the City of Music because of its musical legacy, Vienna is also said to be The City of Dreams because it was home to the worlds first psycho-analyst – Sigmund Freud. The citys roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city and it is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre, from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens, Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first for the worlds most liveable cities, between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne, Australia. Monocles 2015 Quality of Life Survey ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world to make a base within, the UN-Habitat has classified Vienna as being the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the worlds number-one destination for international congresses and it attracts over 3.7 million tourists a year. The English name Vienna is borrowed from the homonymous Italian version of the name or the French Vienne. The etymology of the name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from Vedunia, meaning forest stream, which produced the Old High German Uuenia. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech and Slovak names of the city, the name of the city in Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian and Ottoman Turkish has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city Dunaj, which in other Central European Slavic languages means the Danube River, evidence has been found of continuous habitation since 500 BC, when the site of Vienna on the Danube River was settled by the Celts. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north
11.
Electromagnetic coil
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An electromagnetic coil is an electrical conductor such as a wire in the shape of a coil, spiral or helix. A current through any conductor creates a magnetic field around the conductor due to Amperes law. The advantage of using the shape is that it increases the strength of magnetic field produced by a given current. The magnetic fields generated by the turns of wire all pass through the center of the coil. The more turns of wire, the stronger the field produced, conversely, a changing external magnetic flux induces a voltage in a conductor such as a wire, due to Faradays law of induction. The induced voltage can be increased by winding the wire into a coil, the direction of the magnetic field produced by a coil can be determined by the right hand grip rule. The end of a core from which the field lines emerge is defined to be the North pole. There are many different types of coils used in electric and electronic equipment, the wire or conductor which constitutes the coil is called the winding. The hole in the center of the coil is called the area or magnetic axis. Each loop of wire is called a turn, in windings in which the turns touch, the wire must be insulated with a coating of nonconductive insulation such as plastic or enamel to prevent the current from passing between the wire turns. The winding is often wrapped around a form made of plastic or other material to hold it in place. The ends of the wire are brought out and attached to an external circuit, windings may have additional electrical connections along their length, these are called taps. A winding which has a tap in the center of its length is called center-tapped. Coils can have more than one winding, insulated electrically from each other, when there are two or more windings around a common magnetic axis, the windings are said to be inductively coupled or magnetically coupled. A time-varying current through one winding will create a magnetic field which passes through the other winding. The winding to which current is applied, which creates the magnetic field, is called the primary winding, the other windings are called secondary windings. Many electromagnetic coils have a core, a piece of ferromagnetic material like iron in the center to increase the magnetic field. The current through the coil magnetizes the iron, and the field of the material adds to the field produced by the wire
12.
Thermal management (electronics)
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All electronic devices and circuitry generate excess heat and thus require thermal management to improve reliability and prevent premature failure. The amount of output is equal to the power input. There are several techniques for cooling including various styles of heat sinks, thermoelectric coolers, forced air systems and fans, heat pipes, in cases of extreme low environmental temperatures, it may actually be necessary to heat the electronic components to achieve satisfactory operation. This is usually quoted as the resistance from junction to case of the semiconductor device. For example, a heatsink rated at 10 °C/W will get 10 °C hotter than the air when it dissipates 1 Watt of heat. Thus, a heatsink with a low value is more efficient than a heatsink with a high °C/W value. Given two semiconductor devices in the package, a lower junction to ambient resistance indicates a more efficient device. A heatsinks thermal mass can be considered as a capacitor and the resistance as an electrical resistance. Together, these two form a thermal RC circuit with an associated time constant given by the product of R and C. This quantity can be used to calculate the heat dissipation capability of a device. A thermal interface material or mastic is used to fill the gaps between thermal transfer surfaces, such as microprocessors and heatsinks, in order to increase thermal transfer efficiency. It has a thermal conductivity value in Z-direction than xy-direction. Due to recent technological developments and public interest, the heat sink market has reached an all-time high. In the early 2000s, CPUs were produced that emitted more and more heat than earlier, overclocking has always meant greater cooling needs, and the inherently hotter chips meant more concerns for the enthusiast. Many companies now compete to offer the best heat sink for PC overclocking enthusiasts, prominent aftermarket heat sink manufacturers include, Aero Cool, Foxconn, Thermalright, Thermaltake, Swiftech, and Zalman. Temporary heat sinks were sometimes used while soldering circuit boards, preventing heat from damaging sensitive nearby electronics. In the simplest case, this means partially gripping a component using a heavy metal crocodile clip or similar clamp, modern semiconductor devices, which are designed to be assembled by reflow soldering, can usually tolerate soldering temperatures without damage. On the other hand, electrical components such as magnetic reed switches can malfunction if exposed to higher powered soldering irons, Heat sinks are widely used in electronics, and have become almost essential to modern central processing units
