1.
Tata, Hungary
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Tata, is a town in Komárom-Esztergom county, northwestern Hungary,9 km northwest of the county town Tatabánya. Tata is located in the valley between the Gerecse Mountains and Vértes Mountains, some 70 km from Budapest, the Hungarian capital city, by virtue of its location, it is a railway and road junction. Motorway M1 from Vienna to Budapest passes through the city limits. According to the 2001 census, the town has 23,937 inhabitants,93. 3% Hungarians,1. 6% Germans,0. 6% Roma,0. 2% Slovaks and 6. 5% other. The area has been inhabited since prehistoric times, archaeological findings date back to 50,000 BCE, later it was a Roman settlement. The first known mention of Tata is from 1221 and its castle was built by the Lackfi family and had its prime under Matthias Corvinus, who had it rebuilt in a Renaissance style. In 1526 when the battle with the Turks happened and Louis II died in the battlefield. The plundering Ottoman army ransacked the area, but Cseszneky successfully defended the castle, during the Ottoman occupation, the castle of Tata was an important fortress. It was captured in 1543 by the Turks, during this period the castle had many different owners until it was burned down by the Habsburgs in retaliation for the Rákóczis War of Independence. In 1727, Count József Esterházy bought Tata and the surrounding villages, the town prospered, in 1765 it already had a secondary school. Tata and the adjoining village Tóváros are built around a lake, Tata on the hillside. Between them there is the Esterházy mansion and an old castle with archive, the theatre was built in 1889. The mansion is surrounded by the beautiful English garden, in 1938, the village of Tóváros was annexed to Tata, which was renamed Tatatóváros for a short while, one year later it was named Tata again. It was granted town status in 1954, media related to Tata at Wikimedia Commons Official website Tata photo gallery Tata at funiq. hu
2.
Budapest
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Budapest is the capital and most populous city of Hungary, one of the largest cities in the European Union and sometimes described as the primate city of Hungary. It has an area of 525 square kilometres and a population of about 1.8 million within the limits in 2016. Budapest became a single city occupying both banks of the Danube river with the unification of Buda and Óbuda on the west bank, the history of Budapest began with Aquincum, originally a Celtic settlement that became the Roman capital of Lower Pannonia. Hungarians arrived in the territory in the 9th century and their first settlement was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241–1242. The re-established town became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture by the 15th century, following the Battle of Mohács and nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule, the region entered a new age of prosperity, and Budapest became a global city after its unification in 1873. It also became the co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a power that dissolved in 1918. Budapest was the point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian Republic of Councils in 1919, the Battle of Budapest in 1945. Budapest is an Alpha- global city, with strengths in arts, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research, and tourism. Its business district hosts the Budapest Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks and it is the highest ranked Central and Eastern European city on Innovation Cities Top 100 index. Budapest attracts 4.4 million international tourists per year, making it the 25th most popular city in the world, further famous landmarks include Andrássy Avenue, St. It has around 80 geothermal springs, the worlds largest thermal water system, second largest synagogue. Budapest is home to the headquarters of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology, the European Police College, over 40 colleges and universities are located in Budapest, including the Eötvös Loránd University, Central European University and Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Budapest is the combination of the city names Buda and Pest, One of the first documented occurrences of the combined name Buda-Pest was in 1831 in the book Világ, written by Count István Széchenyi. The origins of the names Buda and Pest are obscure, according to chronicles from the Middle Ages, the name Buda comes from the name of its founder, Bleda, brother of the Hunnic ruler Attila. The theory that Buda was named after a person is also supported by modern scholars, an alternative explanation suggests that Buda derives from the Slavic word вода, voda, a translation of the Latin name Aquincum, which was the main Roman settlement in the region. There are also theories about the origin of the name Pest. One of the states that the word Pest comes from the Roman times. According to another theory, Pest originates from the Slavic word for cave, or oven, the first settlement on the territory of Budapest was built by Celts before 1 AD
3.
Hungary
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Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken language in Europe. Hungarys capital and largest metropolis is Budapest, a significant economic hub, major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs and Győr. His great-grandson Stephen I ascended to the throne in 1000, converting the country to a Christian kingdom, by the 12th century, Hungary became a middle power within the Western world, reaching a golden age by the 15th century. Hungarys current borders were established in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon after World War I, when the country lost 71% of its territory, 58% of its population, following the interwar period, Hungary joined the Axis Powers in World War II, suffering significant damage and casualties. Hungary became a state of the Soviet Union, which contributed to the establishment of a four-decade-long communist dictatorship. On 23 October 1989, Hungary became again a democratic parliamentary republic, in the 21st century, Hungary is a middle power and has the worlds 57th largest economy by nominal GDP, as well as the 58th largest by PPP, out of 188 countries measured by the IMF. As a substantial actor in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds 36th largest exporter and importer of goods, Hungary is a high-income economy with a very high standard of living. It keeps up a security and universal health care system. Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 and part of the Schengen Area since 2007, Hungary is a member of the United Nations, NATO, WTO, World Bank, the AIIB, the Council of Europe and Visegrád Group. Well known for its cultural history, Hungary has been contributed significantly to arts, music, literature, sports and science. Hungary is the 11th most popular country as a tourist destination in Europe and it is home to the largest thermal water cave system, the second largest thermal lake in the world, the largest lake in Central Europe, and the largest natural grasslands in Europe. The H in the name of Hungary is most likely due to historical associations with the Huns. The rest of the word comes from the Latinized form of Medieval Greek Oungroi, according to an explanation the Greek name was borrowed from Proto-Slavic Ǫgǔri, in turn borrowed from Oghur-Turkic Onogur. Onogur was the name for the tribes who later joined the Bulgar tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars. The Hungarians likely belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance and it is possible they became its ethnic majority. The Hungarian endonym is Magyarország, composed of magyar and ország, the word magyar is taken from the name of one of the seven major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes, magyeri
4.
Electrical engineering
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Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. This field first became an occupation in the later half of the 19th century after commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone. Subsequently, broadcasting and recording media made electronics part of daily life, the invention of the transistor, and later the integrated circuit, brought down the cost of electronics to the point they can be used in almost any household object. Electrical engineers typically hold a degree in engineering or electronic engineering. Practicing engineers may have professional certification and be members of a professional body, such bodies include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the Institution of Engineering and Technology. Electrical engineers work in a wide range of industries and the skills required are likewise variable. These range from basic circuit theory to the management skills required of a project manager, the tools and equipment that an individual engineer may need are similarly variable, ranging from a simple voltmeter to a top end analyzer to sophisticated design and manufacturing software. Electricity has been a subject of scientific interest since at least the early 17th century and he also designed the versorium, a device that detected the presence of statically charged objects. In the 19th century, research into the subject started to intensify, Electrical engineering became a profession in the later 19th century. Practitioners had created an electric telegraph network and the first professional electrical engineering institutions were founded in the UK. Over 50 years later, he joined the new Society of Telegraph Engineers where he was regarded by other members as the first of their cohort, Practical applications and advances in such fields created an increasing need for standardised units of measure. They led to the standardization of the units volt, ampere, coulomb, ohm, farad. This was achieved at a conference in Chicago in 1893. During these years, the study of electricity was considered to be a subfield of physics. Thats because early electrical technology was electromechanical in nature, the Technische Universität Darmstadt founded the worlds first department of electrical engineering in 1882. The first course in engineering was taught in 1883 in Cornell’s Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering. It was not until about 1885 that Cornell President Andrew Dickson White established the first Department of Electrical Engineering in the United States, in the same year, University College London founded the first chair of electrical engineering in Great Britain. Professor Mendell P. Weinbach at University of Missouri soon followed suit by establishing the engineering department in 1886
5.
Transformer
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A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. A varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a magnetic field. Power can be transferred between the two coils through the field, without a metallic connection between the two circuits. Faradays law of induction discovered in 1831 described this effect, Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power applications. A wide range of designs is encountered in electronic and electric power applications. Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a centimeter in volume to units interconnecting the power grid weighing hundreds of tons. For simplification or approximation purposes, it is common to analyze the transformer as an ideal transformer model as presented in the two images. An ideal transformer is a theoretical, linear transformer that is lossless and perfectly coupled, perfect coupling implies infinitely high core magnetic permeability and winding inductances and zero net magnetomotive force. A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer core. This varying magnetic field at the secondary winding induces a varying EMF or voltage in the secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction. The primary and secondary windings are wrapped around a core of high magnetic permeability so that all of the magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary windings. With a voltage source connected to the winding and load impedance connected to the secondary winding. The primary EMF is sometimes termed counter EMF and this is in accordance with Lenzs law, which states that induction of EMF always opposes development of any such change in magnetic field. The transformer winding voltage ratio is shown to be directly proportional to the winding turns ratio according to eq. common usage having evolved over time from turn ratio to turns ratio. However, some use the inverse definition. The ideal transformer model assumes that all flux generated by the primary winding links all the turns of winding, including itself. In practice, some flux traverses paths that take it outside the windings, Such flux is termed leakage flux, and results in leakage inductance in series with the mutually coupled transformer windings. Leakage flux results in energy being alternately stored in and discharged from the fields with each cycle of the power supply
6.
Voltage regulator
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A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple feed-forward design or may include negative feedback control loops and it may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to one or more AC or DC voltages. Electronic voltage regulators are found in such as computer power supplies where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor. In automobile alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control the output of the plant, a simple voltage/current regulator can be made from a resistor in series with a diode. Due to the shape of diode V-I curves, the voltage across the diode changes only slightly due to changes in current drawn or changes in the input. When precise voltage control and efficiency are not important, this design may be fine, feedback voltage regulators operate by comparing the actual output voltage to some fixed reference voltage. Any difference is amplified and used to control the element in such a way as to reduce the voltage error. This forms a feedback control loop, increasing the open-loop gain tends to increase regulation accuracy. There will also be a trade-off between stability and the speed of the response to changes, in electromechanical regulators, voltage regulation is easily accomplished by coiling the sensing wire to make an electromagnet. The magnetic field produced by the current attracts a moving ferrous core held back under spring tension or gravitational pull, as voltage increases, so does the current, strengthening the magnetic field produced by the coil and pulling the core towards the field. The magnet is connected to a mechanical power switch, which opens as the magnet moves into the field. As voltage decreases, so does the current, releasing spring tension or the weight of the core and this closes the switch and allows the power to flow once more. The rectifier diodes in an alternator automatically perform this function so that a relay is not required. More modern designs now use solid state technology to perform the function that the relays perform in electromechanical regulators. Electromechanical regulators are used for mains voltage stabilisation — see AC voltage stabilizers below, to control the output of generators automatic voltage regulators are used. While the basic principle is the same, the system itself is more complex, an automatic voltage regulator consists of several components such as diodes, capacitors, resistors and potentiometers or even microcontrollers, all placed on a circuit board. This is then mounted near the generator and connected with wires to measure
7.
Electricity meter
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An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an electrically powered device. Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers premises to measure electric energy delivered to their customers for billing purposes and they are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour. They are usually once each billing period. When energy savings during certain periods are desired, some meters may measure demand, time of day metering allows electric rates to be changed during a day, to record usage during peak high-cost periods and off-peak, lower-cost, periods. Also, in some areas meters have relays for demand response load shedding during peak load periods, many experimental types of meter were developed. At periodic intervals the plates were removed and weighed, and the customer billed, the electrochemical meter was labor-intensive to read and not well received by customers. An early type of meter used in the United Kingdom was the Reason meter. This consisted of a vertically mounted glass structure with a reservoir at the top of the meter. As current was drawn from the supply, electrochemical action transferred the mercury to the bottom of the column, like all other DC meters, it recorded ampere-hours. Once the mercury pool was exhausted, the became an open circuit. In 1885 Ferranti offered a mercury motor meter with a similar to gas meters. The first accurate, recording electricity consumption meter was a DC meter by Dr Hermann Aron, hugo Hirst of the British General Electric Company introduced it commercially into Great Britain from 1888. Unlike their AC counterparts, DC meters did not measure energy, instead they measured charge in ampere-hours. Since the voltage of the supply should remain constant, the reading of the meter was proportional to actual energy consumed. For example, if a meter recorded that 100 ampere-hours had been consumed on a 200-volt supply, arons meter recorded the total charge used over time, and showed it on a series of clock dials. These were the first alternating-current watt-hour meters, known by the name of Bláthy-meters, the AC kilowatt hour meters used at present operate on the same principle as Bláthys original invention. Also around 1889, Elihu Thomson of the American General Electric company developed a recording watt meter based on an ironless commutator motor and this meter overcame the disadvantages of the electrochemical type and could operate on either alternating or direct current. The Bláthy meter was similar to Shallenberger and Thomson meter in that they are two-phase motor meter, although the induction meter would only work on alternating current, it eliminated the delicate and troublesome commutator of the Thomson design
8.
Motor capacitor
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There are two common types of motor capacitors, run capacitors and start capacitors. The units of capacitance are labeled in microfarads, older capacitors may be labeled with the obsolete terms mfd or MFD, which means microfarad. Motor capacitors are used with air conditioners, hot tub/jacuzzi spa pumps, powered gates, a dual run capacitor is used in some air conditioner compressor units, to boost both the fan and compressor motors. Start capacitors briefly increase motor starting torque and allow a motor to be cycled on, afterward the motor works more efficiently with a run capacitor. Start capacitors have ratings above 70 µF, with four major classifications,125 V,165 V,250 V. Examples of motor capacitors are, a 35 µF, at 370 V, start capacitors above 20 µF are always non-polarized aluminum electrolytic capacitors with non solid electrolyte and therefore they are only applicable for the short motor starting time. The motor wont work if the centrifugal switch is broken. If the switch is open, the start capacitor is not part of the circuit thus preventing startup of the motor. If the switch is closed, the start capacitor is always enabled. If a motor doesnt start, the capacitor is far more likely the problem than the switch, some single-phase AC electric motors require a run capacitor to energize the second-phase winding to create a rotating magnetic field while the motor is running. Run capacitors are designed for continuous duty while the motor is powered, which is why electrolytic capacitors are avoided, run capacitors are mostly polypropylene film capacitors and are energized the entire time the motor is running. Run capacitors are rated in a range of 1.5 to 100 µF, if a wrong capacitance value is installed, it will cause an uneven magnetic field around the rotor. This causes the rotor to hesitate at the spots, resulting in irregular rotation. This hesitation can cause the motor to become noisy, increase energy consumption, cause performance to drop, a dual run capacitor supports two electric motors, such as in large air conditioner or heat pump units, with both a fan motor and a compressor motor. It saves space by combining two physical capacitors into one case, the dual capacitor has three terminals labeled C, FAN, and HERM, which stand for the Common, Fan, and HERMetically sealed compressor. Dual capacitors come in a variety of sizes, depending on the capacitance, such as 40 plus 5 µF, a 440 volt capacitor can be used in place of a 370 volt, but not a 370 in place of a 440 volt. The capacitance must stay the same within 5% of its original value, round cylinder-shaped dual run capacitors are commonly used for air conditioning, to help in the starting of the compressor and the condenser fan motor. An oval dual run capacitor could be used instead of a round capacitor, some capacitors are built with a Pressure Sensitive Interrupter design that causes them to fail before internal pressures can cause serious injury
9.
Turbo generator
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A turbo generator is the combination of a turbine directly connected to an electric generator for the generation of electric power. Large steam-powered turbo generators provide the majority of the electricity and are also used by steam-powered turbo-electric ships. Smaller turbo-generators with gas turbines are used as auxiliary power units. For base loads diesel generators are usually preferred, since they offer better fuel efficiency, the efficiency of larger gas turbine plants can be enhanced by using a combined cycle, where the hot exhaust gases are used to generate steam which drives another turbo generator. The first turbo-generators were water turbines which propelled electric generators, the first Hungarian water turbine was designed by the engineers of the Ganz Works in 1866, industrial-scale production with dynamo generators started in 1883. The turbo generator was invented by a Hungarian engineer Ottó Bláthy in 1903, turbo generators were also used on steam locomotives as a power source for coach lighting and heating systems. Based on the air-cooled turbo generator, gaseous hydrogen first went into service as the coolant in a turbo generator in October 1937, at the Dayton Power & Light Co. in Dayton. Hydrogen is used as the coolant in the rotor and sometimes the stator, allowing an increase in specific utilization, because of the high thermal conductivity, high specific heat and low density of hydrogen gas, this is the most common type in its field today. The hydrogen can be manufactured on-site by electrolysis, the generator is hermetically sealed to prevent escape of the hydrogen gas. The absence of oxygen in the atmosphere within significantly reduces the damage of the windings insulation by eventual corona discharges, the hydrogen gas is circulated within the rotor enclosure, and cooled by a gas-to-water heat exchanger. Combined cycle Turbochargers Small Turbo-generator for DG & Hybrids
10.
Ganz Works
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The Ganz electric works in Budapest is probably best known for the manufacture of tramcars, but was also a pioneer in the application of three-phase alternating current to electric railways. Ganz also made ships, bridge structures and high voltage equipment. Some engineers employed by Ganz in the field were Kálmán Kandó, the company is named after Ábrahám Ganz. Before 1919, the company built ocean liners, dreadnought battleships and submarines, power plants, automobiles. The company was founded by Abraham Ganz in 1844 and he established his own iron foundry in Buda in the Kingdom of Hungary. Consequently, this played an important role in building the infrastructure of the Hungarian Kingdom. At this time the machines, steam-locomotives, pumps and the railway carriages were the main products. At the beginning of the 20th century,60 to 80% of the products were sold for export. At the end of the 19th century, the products of the Ganz and Partner Iron Mill, many engineers contributed to the Ganz Works, András Mechwart invented the hard cast rolling mill, which revolutionized the milling industry. Károly Zipernowsky participated in construction of 60 power stations, he acted as the first professor of engineering of the Budapest University of Technology. Miksa Déri developed the motor, it was used for elevators of buildings with single phase alternating current. He also participated in construction of Viennas electric supply and his whole life, Ottó Titusz Bláthy worked at the Ganz Works. His basic job was the construction and patenting of induction flow meter of 1889 used today and he invented the Turbogenerator in 1901. In the 1930s, he initiated the Hungarian production of turbogenerators, Kálmán Kandó was the first who recognised that an electric train system can only be successful if it can use the electricity from public networks. After realising that, he provided the means to build such a rail network by inventing a rotary phase converter suitable for locomotive usage. He developed high-voltage three phase alternating current motors and generators for electric locomotives, he is known as the father of the electric train, in 1878, the companys general manager András Mechwart founded the Department of Electrical Engineering headed by Károly Zipernowsky. Engineers Miksa Déri and Ottó Bláthy also worked at the department producing direct-current machines, the first turbo-generators were water turbines which propelled electric generators. The first Hungarian water turbine was designed by the engineers of the Ganz Works in 1866, the missing link of a full Voltage sensitive - voltage intensive system was the reliable AC Constant Voltage generator
11.
Vienna
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Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austrias primary city, with a population of about 1.8 million, and its cultural, economic and it is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin, Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city is located in the part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region, along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, apart from being regarded as the City of Music because of its musical legacy, Vienna is also said to be The City of Dreams because it was home to the worlds first psycho-analyst – Sigmund Freud. The citys roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city and it is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre, from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens, Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first for the worlds most liveable cities, between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne, Australia. Monocles 2015 Quality of Life Survey ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world to make a base within, the UN-Habitat has classified Vienna as being the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the worlds number-one destination for international congresses and it attracts over 3.7 million tourists a year. The English name Vienna is borrowed from the homonymous Italian version of the name or the French Vienne. The etymology of the name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from Vedunia, meaning forest stream, which produced the Old High German Uuenia. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech and Slovak names of the city, the name of the city in Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian and Ottoman Turkish has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city Dunaj, which in other Central European Slavic languages means the Danube River, evidence has been found of continuous habitation since 500 BC, when the site of Vienna on the Danube River was settled by the Celts. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north
12.
Maxwell's equations
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Maxwells equations are a set of partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical optics, and electric circuits. They underpin all electric, optical and radio such as power generation, electric motors, wireless communication, cameras, televisions. Maxwells equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated by charges, currents, one important consequence of the equations is the demonstration of how fluctuating electric and magnetic fields can propagate at the speed of light. This electromagnetic radiation manifests itself in ways from radio waves to light. The equations have two major variants, the microscopic Maxwell equations have universal applicability but are unwieldy for common calculations. They relate the electric and magnetic fields to total charge and total current, including the complicated charges, the macroscopic Maxwell equations define two new auxiliary fields that describe the large-scale behaviour of matter without having to consider atomic scale details. However, their use requires experimentally determining parameters for a description of the electromagnetic response of materials. The term Maxwells equations is used for equivalent alternative formulations. The space-time formulations, are used in high energy and gravitational physics because they make the compatibility of the equations with special and general relativity manifest. In many situations, though, deviations from Maxwells equations are immeasurably small, exceptions include nonclassical light, photon-photon scattering, quantum optics, and many other phenomena related to photons or virtual photons. In the electric and magnetic field there are four equations. The two inhomogeneous equations describe how the fields vary in space due to sources, Gausss law describes how electric fields emanate from electric charges. Gausss law for magnetism describes magnetic fields as closed field lines not due to magnetic monopoles, the two homogeneous equations describe how the fields circulate around their respective sources. A separate law of nature, the Lorentz force law, describes how the electric and magnetic field act on charged particles, a version of this law was included in the original equations by Maxwell but, by convention, is no longer. The precise formulation of Maxwells equations depends on the definition of the quantities involved. Conventions differ with the systems, because various definitions and dimensions are changed by absorbing dimensionful factors like the speed of light c. This makes constants come out differently, the vector calculus formulation below has become standard. For formulations using tensor calculus or differential forms, see alternative formulations, for relativistically invariant formulations, see relativistic formulations
13.
Electromagnetic coil
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An electromagnetic coil is an electrical conductor such as a wire in the shape of a coil, spiral or helix. A current through any conductor creates a magnetic field around the conductor due to Amperes law. The advantage of using the shape is that it increases the strength of magnetic field produced by a given current. The magnetic fields generated by the turns of wire all pass through the center of the coil. The more turns of wire, the stronger the field produced, conversely, a changing external magnetic flux induces a voltage in a conductor such as a wire, due to Faradays law of induction. The induced voltage can be increased by winding the wire into a coil, the direction of the magnetic field produced by a coil can be determined by the right hand grip rule. The end of a core from which the field lines emerge is defined to be the North pole. There are many different types of coils used in electric and electronic equipment, the wire or conductor which constitutes the coil is called the winding. The hole in the center of the coil is called the area or magnetic axis. Each loop of wire is called a turn, in windings in which the turns touch, the wire must be insulated with a coating of nonconductive insulation such as plastic or enamel to prevent the current from passing between the wire turns. The winding is often wrapped around a form made of plastic or other material to hold it in place. The ends of the wire are brought out and attached to an external circuit, windings may have additional electrical connections along their length, these are called taps. A winding which has a tap in the center of its length is called center-tapped. Coils can have more than one winding, insulated electrically from each other, when there are two or more windings around a common magnetic axis, the windings are said to be inductively coupled or magnetically coupled. A time-varying current through one winding will create a magnetic field which passes through the other winding. The winding to which current is applied, which creates the magnetic field, is called the primary winding, the other windings are called secondary windings. Many electromagnetic coils have a core, a piece of ferromagnetic material like iron in the center to increase the magnetic field. The current through the coil magnetizes the iron, and the field of the material adds to the field produced by the wire
14.
Kapp Werkzeugmaschinen
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KAPP Werkzeugmaschinen GmbH is a manufacturer of machines and tools for finishing of gears and profiles. About a third of the turnover is made in Germany and two-thirds in international operations, the company headquartered in Coburg was founded in 1953. In 1953, Bernhard Kapp, managing director and partner of the company Waldrich Coburg, the company started its activities with the continuation of the production program of woodworking machines from COMAG, whose assets were purchased. In 1958, the company began the construction of tool grinding machines, surface and profile grinding as well as milling machines were built. According to the statement of the company, in 1975 the largest hob grinding machine of the world was produced, in 1977 Bernhard Kapp resigned from the Waldrich company and devoted his professional activities only to his own company. Since the 1980s KAPP provides profile grinding machines among others for the aerospace, in 1981, worldwide the first non-dressable profile grinding wheel with CBN technology has been developed. In the 1980s, four subsidiaries were established, KAPP TECHNOLOGIES in the USA, KAPP Technologie in Coburg, KAPP TEC in Brazil, in 1997, the KAPP Group acquired NILES Werkzeugmaschinen GmbH with 80 employees. NILES was founded 1898 in Berlin and had gear grinding machines for large gears in the portfolio,2006 KAPP ASIA TECHNOLOGIES was established in the Peoples Republic of China. The family-owned KAPP group produced 150 machines in 2012, today, the corporate group with its 800 employees worldwide offers a wide range of machine tools for finishing of gears and profiles. External or internal gears for applications in the automotive-, aerospace- and compressor industry, power transmission, energy and wind power, railway, the Coburg plant specialised on grinding machines for gears, which are particularly used in the automotive industry
15.
Magnetic circuit
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A magnetic circuit is made up of one or more closed loop paths containing a magnetic flux. The concept of a magnetic circuit exploits a one-to-one correspondence between the equations of the field in an unsaturated ferromagnetic material to that of an electrical circuit. Using this concept the magnetic fields of complex devices such as transformers can be solved using the methods. The term magnetomotive force, though, is a misnomer since it is not a force nor is anything moving and it is perhaps better to call it simply MMF. The magnetic flux that is driven is not a current of magnetic charge, the unit of magnetomotive force is the ampere-turn, represented by a steady, direct electric current of one ampere flowing in a single-turn loop of electrically conducting material in a vacuum. The gilbert, established by the IEC in 1930, is the CGS unit of force and is a slightly smaller unit than the ampere-turn. The unit is named after William Gilbert English physician and natural philosopher,1 Gb =104 π At ≈0.795775 At The magnetomotive force can often be quickly calculated using Ampères law. For example, the magnetomotive force F of long coil is, F = N I where N is the number of turns, in practice this equation is used for the MMF of real inductors with N being the winding number of the inducting coil. An applied MMF drives magnetic flux through the components of the system. The magnetic flux through a component is proportional to the number of magnetic field lines that pass through the cross sectional area of that component. This is the net number, i. e. the number passing through in one direction, minus the number passing through in the other direction. The direction of the field vector B is by definition from the south to the north pole of a magnet inside the magnet. The flux through an element of area perpendicular to the direction of field is given by the product of the magnetic field. More generally, magnetic flux Φ is defined by a product of the magnetic field. The SI unit of flux is the weber, and the unit of magnetic field is the weber per square meter. In electronic circuits, Ohms law is a relation between the EMF E applied across an element and the current I it generates through that element. It is written as, E = I R where R is the resistance of that material. Hopkinsons law is a counterpart to Ohms law used in magnetic circuits, the law is named after the British electrical engineer, John Hopkinson
16.
Thermal management (electronics)
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All electronic devices and circuitry generate excess heat and thus require thermal management to improve reliability and prevent premature failure. The amount of output is equal to the power input. There are several techniques for cooling including various styles of heat sinks, thermoelectric coolers, forced air systems and fans, heat pipes, in cases of extreme low environmental temperatures, it may actually be necessary to heat the electronic components to achieve satisfactory operation. This is usually quoted as the resistance from junction to case of the semiconductor device. For example, a heatsink rated at 10 °C/W will get 10 °C hotter than the air when it dissipates 1 Watt of heat. Thus, a heatsink with a low value is more efficient than a heatsink with a high °C/W value. Given two semiconductor devices in the package, a lower junction to ambient resistance indicates a more efficient device. A heatsinks thermal mass can be considered as a capacitor and the resistance as an electrical resistance. Together, these two form a thermal RC circuit with an associated time constant given by the product of R and C. This quantity can be used to calculate the heat dissipation capability of a device. A thermal interface material or mastic is used to fill the gaps between thermal transfer surfaces, such as microprocessors and heatsinks, in order to increase thermal transfer efficiency. It has a thermal conductivity value in Z-direction than xy-direction. Due to recent technological developments and public interest, the heat sink market has reached an all-time high. In the early 2000s, CPUs were produced that emitted more and more heat than earlier, overclocking has always meant greater cooling needs, and the inherently hotter chips meant more concerns for the enthusiast. Many companies now compete to offer the best heat sink for PC overclocking enthusiasts, prominent aftermarket heat sink manufacturers include, Aero Cool, Foxconn, Thermalright, Thermaltake, Swiftech, and Zalman. Temporary heat sinks were sometimes used while soldering circuit boards, preventing heat from damaging sensitive nearby electronics. In the simplest case, this means partially gripping a component using a heavy metal crocodile clip or similar clamp, modern semiconductor devices, which are designed to be assembled by reflow soldering, can usually tolerate soldering temperatures without damage. On the other hand, electrical components such as magnetic reed switches can malfunction if exposed to higher powered soldering irons, Heat sinks are widely used in electronics, and have become almost essential to modern central processing units
17.
Michael Faraday
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Michael Faraday FRS was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include the principles underlying electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, although Faraday received little formal education, he was one of the most influential scientists in history. It was by his research on the field around a conductor carrying a direct current that Faraday established the basis for the concept of the electromagnetic field in physics. Faraday also established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was a relationship between the two phenomena. He similarly discovered the principles of induction and diamagnetism. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, Faraday ultimately became the first and foremost Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, a lifetime position. James Clerk Maxwell took the work of Faraday and others and summarized it in a set of equations which is accepted as the basis of all theories of electromagnetic phenomena. The SI unit of capacitance is named in his honour, the farad, albert Einstein kept a picture of Faraday on his study wall, alongside pictures of Isaac Newton and James Clerk Maxwell. Faraday was born in Newington Butts, which is now part of the London Borough of Southwark but was then a part of Surrey. His family was not well off and his father, James, was a member of the Glassite sect of Christianity. James Faraday moved his wife and two children to London during the winter of 1790 from Outhgill in Westmorland, where he had been an apprentice to the village blacksmith, Michael was born in the autumn of that year. The young Michael Faraday, who was the third of four children, at the age of 14 he became an apprentice to George Riebau, a local bookbinder and bookseller in Blandford Street. During his seven-year apprenticeship Faraday read many books, including Isaac Wattss The Improvement of the Mind, at this time he also developed an interest in science, especially in electricity. Faraday was particularly inspired by the book Conversations on Chemistry by Jane Marcet, many of the tickets for these lectures were given to Faraday by William Dance, who was one of the founders of the Royal Philharmonic Society. Faraday subsequently sent Davy a 300-page book based on notes that he had taken during these lectures, davys reply was immediate, kind, and favourable. In 1813, when Davy damaged his eyesight in an accident with nitrogen trichloride, very soon Davy entrusted Faraday with the preparation of nitrogen trichloride samples, and they both were injured in an explosion of this very sensitive substance. In the class-based English society of the time, Faraday was not considered a gentleman, Faraday was forced to fill the role of valet as well as assistant throughout the trip. Davys wife, Jane Apreece, refused to treat Faraday as an equal, the trip did, however, give him access to the scientific elite of Europe and exposed him to a host of stimulating ideas
18.
Galileo Ferraris
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Galileo Ferraris was an Italian physicist and electrical engineer, one of the pioneers of AC power system and the inventor of induction motor. Many newspapers published that Ferrariss work on the motor and power transmission systems was one of the greatest inventions of any age. He published an extensive and complete monograph on the results obtained with open-circuit transformers of the type designed by the power engineers Lucien Gaulard. Born at Livorno Vercellese, Ferraris gained a degree in engineering. Ferraris independently researched the rotary magnetic field in 1885, Ferraris experimented with different types of asynchronous electric motors. On 11 March 1888, Ferraris published his research in a paper to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Turin and these alternators operated by creating systems of alternating currents displaced from one another in phase by definite amounts, and depended on rotating magnetic field for their operation. The resulting source of power soon found widespread acceptance. The invention of the alternator is key in the history of electrification. These inventions enabled power to be transmitted by wires economically over considerable distances and this versatility sparked the growth of power-transmission network grids on continents around the globe. In 1889, Ferraris worked at the Italian Industrial Institution, a school of electrical engineering, in 1896, Ferraris joined the Italian Electrotechnical Association and became the first national president of the organization. Galileo Ferraris did not confine his research interests to electricity and he also researched the fundamental properties of dioptric instruments and made elementary representation of the theory and its applications. His work contains a description of the geometric dioptrics for uncentered systems. He provided a greater generality as previously found in the telescopic system treatments, in the second main sections, the results obtained are applied to optical instruments. This was dealt with in detail the magnification, field of view. The field denned as the author of that cone opening angle, the tip of the first main points of the lens, the city of Turin honored the services that Ferraris rendered to science. A general committee proposed addition of a Royal Industrial Museum of Turin, the city of Turin named an avenue in honor of Ferraris. Sulle differenze di fase delle correnti e sulla dissipazione di energia nei trasformatori, le proprietà cardinali degli strumenti ottici. 1901, by G. Ferraris, trans. from the original Italian into German by Leo Finzi Opere di Galileo Ferraris, online texts, vol.1 vol.2 vol.3 Sulle differenze di fase delle correnti e sulla dissipazione di energia nei trasformatori Dibner, Bern
19.
Rome
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Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
20.
Power station
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A power station, also referred to as a power plant or powerhouse and sometimes generating station or generating plant, is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Most power stations contain one or more generators, a machine that converts mechanical power into electrical power. The relative motion between a field and a conductor creates an electrical current. The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely, most power stations in the world burn fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas to generate electricity. Others use nuclear power, but there is an use of cleaner renewable sources such as solar, wind, wave. There is some debate within utility and engineering circles over whether a solar array, or wind farm, should be referred to as a power station, in 1868 a hydro electric power station was designed and built by Lord Armstrong at Cragside, England. It used water from lakes on his estate to power Siemens dynamos, the electricity supplied power to lights, heating, produced hot water, ran an elevator as well as labor-saving devices and farm buildings. In the early 1870s Belgian inventor Zénobe Gramme invented a powerful enough to produce power on a commercial scale for industry. In the autumn of 1882, a central station providing public power was built in Godalming and it was proposed after the town failed to reach an agreement on the rate charged by the gas company, so the town council decided to use electricity. It used hydroelectric power that was used to street and household lighting, the system was not a commercial success and the town reverted to gas. In 1882 a the worlds first coal-fired public power station, the Edison Electric Light Station, was built in London, a Babcock & Wilcox boiler powered a 125-horsepower steam engine that drove a 27-ton generator. This supplied electricity to premises in the area that could be reached through the culverts of the viaduct without digging up the road, the customers included the City Temple and the Old Bailey. Another important customer was the Telegraph Office of the General Post Office, Johnson arranged for the supply cable to be run overhead, via Holborn Tavern and Newgate. In September 1882 in New York, the Pearl Street Station was established by Edison to provide lighting in the lower Manhattan Island area. The station ran until destroyed by fire in 1890, the station used reciprocating steam engines to turn direct-current generators. Because of the DC distribution, the area was small. The War of Currents eventually resolved in favor of AC distribution and utilization, DC systems with a service radius of a mile or so were necessarily smaller, less efficient of fuel consumption, and more labor-intensive to operate than much larger central AC generating stations. AC systems used a range of frequencies depending on the type of load, lighting load using higher frequencies
21.
Tivoli, Lazio
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Tivoli is a town and comune in Lazio, central Italy, about 30 kilometres east-north-east of Rome, at the falls of the Aniene river where it issues from the Sabine hills. The city offers a view over the Roman Campagna. Catillus and his three sons Tiburtus, Coras, and Catillus drove out the Siculi from the Aniene plateau, according to a more historical account, Tibur was instead a colony of Alba Longa. Historical traces of settlement in the date back to the 13th century BC. The citys name may share a root with the river Tiber. Virgil in his Aeneid makes Coras and the younger Catillus twin brothers, from Etruscan times Tibur, a Sabine city, was the seat of the Tiburtine Sibyl. In the nearby woods, Faunus had a sacred grove, at first an independent ally of Rome, Tibur allied itself with the Gauls in 361 BC. Vestiges remain of its walls of this period, in opus quadratum. In 338 BC, however, Tibur was defeated and absorbed by the Romans, the city acquired Roman citizenship in 90 BC and became a resort area famed for its beauty and its good water, and was enriched by many Roman villas. The most famous one, of which the ruins remain, is the Villa Adriana, maecenas and Augustus also had villas at Tibur, and the poet Horace had a modest villa, he and Catullus and Statius all mention Tibur in their poems. In 273, Zenobia, the queen of Palmyra, was assigned a residence here by the Emperor Aurelian. The 2nd-century temple of Hercules Victor is being excavated, the present Piazza del Duomo occupies the Roman forum. The name of the city came to be used in form as Tiburi instead of Tibur and so transformed through Tibori to Tiboli. But its inhabitants are still called Tiburtini and not Tivolesi, in 547, in the course of the Gothic War, the city was fortified by the Byzantine general Belisarius, but was later destroyed by Totilas army. After the end of the war it became a Byzantine duchy, after Italy was conquered by Charlemagne, Tivoli was under the authority of a count, representing the emperor. From the 10th century onwards Tivoli, as an independent commune governed by its elected consuls, was the fiercest rival of Rome in the struggle for the control over the impoverished central Lazio, Emperor Otto III conquered it in 1001, and Tivoli fell under the papal control. Reminders of the turbulence of communal life are the tower houses that may be seen in Vicolo dei Ferri, Via di Postera, Via del Seminario. In the 13th century Rome imposed a tribute on the city, in the 14th century Tivoli sided with the Guelphs and strongly supported Urban VI against Antipope Clement VII
22.
Water turbine
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A water turbine is a rotary machine that converts kinetic energy and potential energy of water into mechanical work. Water turbines were developed in the 19th century and were used for industrial power prior to electrical grids. Now they are used for electric power generation. Water turbines are mostly found in dams to generate power from water kinetic energy. Water wheels have been used for hundreds of years for industrial power and their main shortcoming is size, which limits the flow rate and head that can be harnessed. The migration from water wheels to modern turbines took about one hundred years, development occurred during the Industrial revolution, using scientific principles and methods. They also made use of new materials and manufacturing methods developed at the time. The word turbine was introduced by the French engineer Claude Burdin in the early 19th century and is derived from the Greek word τύρβη for whirling or a vortex. The main difference between early water turbines and water wheels is a component of the water which passes energy to a spinning rotor. This additional component of motion allowed the turbine to be smaller than a wheel of the same power. They could process more water by spinning faster and could harness much greater heads, the earliest known water turbines date to the Roman Empire. Two helix-turbine mill sites of almost identical design were found at Chemtou and Testour, modern-day Tunisia, the horizontal water wheel with angled blades was installed at the bottom of a water-filled, circular shaft. The water from the mill-race entered the pit tangentially, creating a water column which made the fully submerged wheel act like a true turbine. Fausto Veranzio in his book Machinae Novae described a vertical axis mill with a similar to that of a Francis turbine. Johann Segner developed a water turbine in the mid-18th century in Kingdom of Hungary. It had a horizontal axis and was a precursor to modern water turbines and it is a very simple machine that is still produced today for use in small hydro sites. Segner worked with Euler on some of the mathematical theories of turbine design. In the 18th century, a Dr. Barker invented a similar reaction hydraulic turbine that became popular as a lecture-hall demonstration
23.
Steam engine
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A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. Steam engines are combustion engines, where the working fluid is separate from the combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such as power, nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle, in the cycle, water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure. When expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done, the reduced-pressure steam is then exhausted to the atmosphere, or condensed and pumped back into the boiler. Specialized devices such as hammers and steam pile drivers are dependent on the steam pressure supplied from a separate boiler. The use of boiling water to mechanical motion goes back over 2000 years. The Spanish inventor Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for an engine in 1606. In 1698 Thomas Savery patented a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pumped, Saverys steam pump used condensing steam to create a vacuum and draw water into a chamber, and then applied pressurized steam to further pump the water. Thomas Newcomens atmospheric engine was the first commercial steam engine using a piston. In 1781 James Watt patented an engine that produced continuous rotary motion. Watts ten-horsepower engines enabled a range of manufacturing machinery to be powered. The engines could be sited anywhere that water and coal or wood fuel could be obtained, by 1883, engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become feasible. The stationary steam engine was a key component of the Industrial Revolution, the aeolipile described by Hero of Alexandria in the 1st century AD is considered to be the first recorded steam engine. Torque was produced by steam jets exiting the turbine, in the Spanish Empire, the great inventor Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained a patent for the first steam engine in history in 1603. Thomas Savery, in 1698, patented the first practical, atmospheric pressure and it had no piston or moving parts, only taps. It was an engine, a kind of thermic syphon, in which steam was admitted to an empty container. The vacuum thus created was used to water from the sump at the bottom of the mine
24.
Chess problem
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A chess problem, also called a chess composition, is a puzzle set by somebody using chess pieces on a chess board, that presents the solver with a particular task to be achieved. For instance, a position might be given with the instruction that White is to move first, a person who creates such problems is known as a composer. There is a deal of specialized jargon used in connection with chess problems. The term chess problem is not sharply defined, there is no clear demarcation between chess compositions on the one hand and puzzles or tactical exercises on the other, in practice, however, the distinction is very clear. There are common characteristics shared by compositions in the section of chess magazines, in specialist chess problem magazines. There is a stipulation, that is, a goal to be achieved, for example. There is a theme that the problem has been composed to illustrate, the problem exhibits economy in its construction, no greater force is employed than that required to render the problem sound. Problems are experienced not only as puzzles but as objects of beauty and this is closely related to the fact that problems are organised to exhibit clear ideas in as economical a manner as possible. Problems can be contrasted with tactical puzzles often found in columns or magazines in which the task is to find the best move or sequence of moves from a given position. Such puzzles are often taken from games, or at least have positions which look as if they could have arisen during a game. Most such puzzles fail to exhibit the above features, there are various different types of chess problems, Directmates, White to move first and checkmate Black within a specified number of moves against any defence. These are often referred to as mate in n, where n is the number of moves within which mate must be delivered. In composing and solving competitions, directmates are further broken down into three classes, Two-movers, White to move and checkmate Black in two moves against any defence, three-movers, White to move and checkmate Black in no more than three moves against any defence. More-movers, White to move and checkmate Black in n moves against any defence, helpmates, Black to move first cooperates with White to get Blacks own king mated in a specified number of moves. Selfmates, White moves first and forces Black to checkmate White, helpselfmates, White to move first cooperates with Black to get a position of selfmate in one move. Reflexmates, a form of selfmate with the stipulation that each side must give mate if it is able to do so. Seriesmovers, one makes a series of moves without reply to achieve a stipulated aim. Check may not be given except on the last move, a seriesmover may take various forms, Seriesmate, a directmate with White playing a series of moves without reply to checkmate Black
25.
Grotesque (chess)
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Grotesques are generally intended to be humorous. A particularly extreme example by Ottó Bláthy is illustrated in the adjacent diagram, in the initial position Black has all sixteen pieces remaining and White has just a single pawn on its starting square, yet it is White who will deliver checkmate. This position in Forsyth-Edwards Notation is, 8/8/8/2p5/1pp5/brpp4/qpprpK1P/1nkbn3 w - -01 The solution is,1. Kxe1 Qa12. h3, Qa23. h4 Qa14. h5 Qa25. h6 Qa16. h7 Qa27. h8=N. Similarly, if the knight takes a more direct route to the b3 square with 8. Ng6 Qa29. Ne5 Qa110. Nxc4 Qa211. Na5. 12. Nxc4 Qa113. Na5 Qa2 and there is no mate and this kind of precise timing is quite a common feature in this type of problem. The composer most closely associated with the grotesque is probably Tigran Gorgiev and this position in Forsyth-Edwards Notation is, 8/8/4N3/4Q3/1pp5/1p3N2/bpqp1p2/nrkrbK2 w - -01 This time, White is to play and draw. Similar play to that found in such as these may also be found in very long moremovers. A1Q18. Rb2 Kb519. Rd1 Ka620. b5+ Kb621. Re1 Ka722. b6+ Kb723. Rd1 and Black must either give up his queen or allow the b pawn to promote. Joke chess problem Tigran Gorgiev, Study Economy and Grotesque Positions, in EG No.25 David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld, Grotesque in The Oxford Companion to Chess
26.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
27.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
