1.
Fergus Falls, Minnesota
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Fergus Falls is a city in and the county seat of Otter Tail County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 13,138 at the 2010 census, Fergus Falls features many different parks, stores, and other tourist attractions. The Union Avenue Bridge spans the Otter Tail River, and was reconstructed in 2004, just below the bridge is part of scenic River Walk Park, which spans about a mile of the river. The part nearest the Union Avenue Bridge was redone along with the bridge, the town hall was modeled after Independence Hall in Philadelphia. The buildings west wing housed the city fire station until the 1970s, some other points of interest include, the county museum, Lake Alice, George B. Wright Park, Pebble Lake Golf Course, and Veterans Memorial Park. The arts in Fergus Falls are booming with a community theater program situated in the downtown area. Many local as well as professional talents perform at A Center for the Arts, the city also lends its name to a song Fergus Falls by the band Field Report on their self-titled album. The falls from which the city part of its name were discovered by Joe Whitford in 1856 and was promptly named in honor of his employer. It is not known whether James Fergus ever visited the city, but Joe Whitford did not live to see the city develop, as he was killed during 1862 Dakota war in western Minnesota. In 1867, George B. Wright was at the office at St. Cloud and found Whitfords lapsed claim, purchased the land. After Wright died in 1882, his son Vernon would move from Boston to Minnesota, vern Wright would also be one of the two people who established the Otter Tail Power Company in 1907. Two major tornadoes hit Fergus Falls during the early 20th century, the second, the only church edifice left standing after the great cyclone was the predominantly-black Baptist church. The small black community, largely Baptist, which clustered in the Southeast section of the city, the dams built on the Otter Tail River beginning in the 1880s were powerful economic forces, which shaped the development of the area. Returning soldiers from the American Civil War settled in the region, the oldest parts of the town have streets with names such as Sherman, Sheridan, and Vernon. The early English wave of settlement claimed control of the falls along the Otter Tail River, primarily dairy farmers, they established numerous Lutheran churches in the area. The Lutheran Brethren established an academy in Fergus Falls, which operates a private high school, theological seminary and mission society. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 15.37 square miles. Interstate 94 / U. S. Highway 59 and Minnesota State Highway 210, the following routes are located within the city of Fergus Falls
2.
Minnesota
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Minnesota is a state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States. Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U. S. state on May 11,1858, the state has a large number of lakes, and is known by the slogan Land of 10,000 Lakes. Its official motto is LÉtoile du Nord, Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 21st most populous of the U. S. Minnesota is known for its progressive political orientation and its high rate of civic participation and voter turnout. Until European settlement, Minnesota was inhabited by the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe, in recent decades, immigration from Asia, the Horn of Africa, and Latin America has broadened its historic demographic and cultural composition. Minnesotas standard of living index is among the highest in the United States, Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mnisota. Many places in the state have similar names, such as Minnehaha Falls, Minneiska, Minneota, Minnetonka, Minnetrista, and Minneapolis, a combination of mni and polis, Minnesota is the second northernmost U. S. state. Its isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods county is the part of the 48 contiguous states lying north of the 49th parallel. The state is part of the U. S. region known as the Upper Midwest and it shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and a land and water border with Wisconsin to the east. Iowa is to the south, North Dakota and South Dakota are to the west, with 86,943 square miles, or approximately 2.25 percent of the United States, Minnesota is the 12th-largest state. Minnesota has some of the Earths oldest rocks, gneisses that are about 3.6 billion years old. About 2.7 billion years ago, basaltic lava poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial ocean, the roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of Precambrian seas formed the Iron Range of northern Minnesota. Following a period of volcanism 1, in more recent times, massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the landscape of the state and sculpted its terrain. The Wisconsin glaciation left 12,000 years ago and these glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock. This area is known as the Driftless Zone for its absence of glacial drift, much of the remainder of the state outside the northeast has 50 feet or more of glacial till left behind as the last glaciers retreated. Gigantic Lake Agassiz formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago and its bed created the fertile Red River valley, and its outflow, glacial River Warren, carved the valley of the Minnesota River and the Upper Mississippi downstream from Fort Snelling. Minnesota is geologically quiet today, it experiences earthquakes infrequently, the states high point is Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet, which is only 13 miles away from the low of 601 feet at the shore of Lake Superior. Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a rolling peneplain. Two major drainage divides meet in Minnesotas northeast in rural Hibbing, forming a triple watershed, precipitation can follow the Mississippi River south to the Gulf of Mexico, the Saint Lawrence Seaway east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the Hudson Bay watershed to the Arctic Ocean
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
Otter Tail Lake
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Otter Tail Lake is a 21-square-mile lake in the west-central part of the U. S. state of Minnesota and is the largest lake in Otter Tail County. Adjoining the city of Ottertail, it is a part of the Otter Tail River chain of lakes, upstream from the lake are Big Pine, Little Pine and Rush lakes, while downstream are East Lost, West Lost and Deer lakes. The maximum depth is 120 feet, but 57% of the lake is 15 feet deep or less, the shore of the lake and at least the shallower areas are composed of sand and gravel. The water clarity is 10.5 feet, which is considered good, a prominent feature of Otter Tail is the point which essentially divides the lake into eastern and western halves. Otter Tail lake is ringed with a tall, mostly deciduous tree line, in general, the tree line goes back around 300 yards from the shore and acts as a windbreak, keeping the shoreline calm compared to the center of the lake. The waters of Otter Tail Lake ultimately flow north into Hudson Bay through the Red River of the North, at 13,725 acres it is the tenth largest lake completely within the borders of Minnesota. It is a destination, with the majority of its shores surrounded by residential and commercial development. The lake is known for fishing, walleye and Northern pike are most prevalent, the lake is also a popular destination for boating, power-boats and jet-skis, but also sailing. Because of the large size, winds can pick up enough in the center of the lake for fairly challenging sailing. The heyday of sailing on the lake was the late 1960s through the mid-1980s, especially popular at this time was the hobie cat. Ottertail Lake is also the home of the Reel Country Classic, a two-day fishing tournament that has taken place every May since 2005
5.
Otter Tail River
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The Otter Tail River is a 192-mile-long river in the west-central portion of the U. S. state of Minnesota. It begins in Clearwater County,40 miles southwest of Bemidji, at its mouth, it joins with the Bois de Sioux River to form the Red River at Wahpeton, North Dakota. The Red River is the Minnesota-North Dakota boundary from this point onward to the Canada–United States border, waters of the Red River watershed ultimately flow north into Hudson Bay. Between 1909 and 1925, the private Otter Tail Power Company built five dams on the Otter Tail River and they are Dayton Hollow, Hoot Lake, Pisgah, Central / Wright, and Taplin Gorge
6.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
7.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
8.
Minnesota's 7th congressional district
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Minnesotas 7th congressional district covers almost all of the western side of Minnesota except for the far south, which is located in the 1st district. It is by far the states largest district, and has a rural character. Cities in the district include Moorhead, Fergus Falls, Alexandria, historically, the district has leaned Republican, it has a CPVI of R +6. It has been represented since 1991 by Collin Peterson, a moderate-to-conservative DFLer and he is rated 50% conservative by a conservative group and 57% progressive by a liberal group. The districts largest city is Moorhead, election results from presidential races, Minnesotas congressional districts List of United States congressional districts 5. Minnesota Secretary of State http, //www. sos. state. mn. us/ Minnesotas 7th Congressional District Republicans
9.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
10.
Central Time Zone
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The North American Central Time Zone is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, during summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time, and changes to Central Daylight Time which is five hours behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the province match those in Alberta. The Central Time Zone is the second most populous in the US after the Eastern Time Zone, lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia. Some eastern counties observe Central Time because they are close to the border of the Middle Tennessee counties surrounding the Nashville metropolitan area. Louisiana Michigan, All of Michigan observes Eastern Time except the four Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin, other westernmost counties from this area such as Ontonagon observe Eastern Time. South Dakota, Eastern half as divided by the Missouri river adjacent to the state capital, note, the metropolitan area of Pierre is Central, including Fort Pierre. Wisconsin Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states, the federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round, Daylight saving time is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time and is UTC−5, in Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a change is that, geographically. The province elected to move onto permanent daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U. S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010
11.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
12.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
13.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
14.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
15.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
16.
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian peoples of the Americas and their descendants. The term Amerindian is used in Quebec, the Guianas, Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans or American Indians, and Alaska Natives. Application of the term Indian originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, eventually, the Americas came to be known as the West Indies, a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the blanket term Indies and Indians for the indigenous inhabitants, although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in the Amazon basin, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time, although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting, and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states, and empires. Many parts of the Americas are still populated by peoples, some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico. At least a different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages, many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples. The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the dates and routes traveled, are the subject of ongoing research. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the Wisconsin glaciation, 50–17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the bridge of Beringia that joined Siberia to northwest North America. Alaska was a glacial refugium because it had low snowfall, allowing a small population to exist, the Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of North America, blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska for thousands of years. Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single population, one that developed in isolation. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years, around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets. Another route proposed involves migration - either on foot or using primitive boats - along the Pacific Northwest coast to the south, archeological evidence of the latter would have been covered by the sea level rise of more than 120 meters since the last ice age
17.
Sioux
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The Sioux /ˈsuː/ are groups of Native American tribes and First Nations peoples in North America. The term can refer to any group within the Great Sioux Nation or to any of the nations many language dialects. The Sioux comprise three major divisions based on divisions, the Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota. The Santee Dakota reside in the extreme east of the Dakotas, Minnesota, the Yankton and Yanktonai Dakota, collectively also referred to by the endonym Wičhíyena, reside in the Minnesota River area. They are considered to be the middle Sioux, and have in the past been erroneously classified as Nakota, the actual Nakota are the Assiniboine and Stoney of Western Canada and Montana. The Lakota, also called Teton, are the westernmost Sioux, known for their hunting, the name Sioux was adopted in English by the 1760s from French. It is abbreviated from Nadouessioux, first attested by Jean Nicolet in 1640, the name is sometimes said to be derived from an Ojibwe exonym for the Sioux meaning little snakes. The spelling in -x is due to the French plural marker, the Proto-Algonquian form *na·towe·wa, meaning Northern Iroquoian, has reflexes in several daughter languages that refer to a small rattlesnake. An alternative explanation is derivation from an exonym na·towe·ssiw, from a verb meaning to speak a foreign language. The current Ojibwe term for the Sioux and related groups is Bwaanag, presumably, this refers to the style of cooking the Sioux used in the past. The alternative English spelling of Ogallala is considered improper, the historical Sioux referred to the Great Sioux Nation as the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ, meaning Seven Council Fires. Each fire was a symbol of an oyate, the seven nations that comprise the Sioux are, Bdewákaŋthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpékhute, Sisíthuŋwaŋ, the Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ, Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna, and the Thítȟuŋwaŋ. The Seven Council Fires would assemble each summer to hold council, renew kinships, decide tribal matters, the seven divisions would select four leaders known as Wičháša Yatápika from among the leaders of each division. The last meeting of the Seven Council Fires was in 1850, today the Teton, Santee and the Minnesota Dakota, and Yankton/Yanktonai are usually known, respectively, as the Lakota, Eastern Dakota, or Western Dakota. In any of the three dialects, Lakota or Dakota translate to mean friend or ally, referring to the alliance that once bound the Great Sioux Nation. The Dakota are first recorded to have resided at the source of the Mississippi River during the seventeenth century, by 1700 some had migrated to present-day South Dakota. Late in the 17th century, the Dakota entered into an alliance with French merchants, the French were trying to gain advantage in the struggle for the North American fur trade against the English, who had recently established the Hudsons Bay Company. The first recorded encounter between the Sioux and the French occurred when Radisson and Groseilliers reached what is now Wisconsin during the winter of 1659–60
18.
Ojibwe
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The Ojibwe, Ojibwa, or Chippewa are an Anishinaabeg group of indigenous peoples in North America. They live in Canada and the United States and are one of the largest Indigenous ethnic groups north of the Rio Grande, in Canada, they are the second-largest First Nations population, surpassed only by the Cree. In the United States, they have the fourth-largest population among Native American tribes, surpassed only by the Navajo, Cherokee, the Ojibwe people traditionally have spoken the Ojibwe language, a branch of the Algonquian language family. They are part of the Council of Three Fires and the Anishinaabeg, which include the Algonquin, Nipissing, Oji-Cree, Odawa, the majority of the Ojibwe people live in Canada. There are 77,940 mainline Ojibwe,76,760 Saulteaux and 8,770 Mississaugas, organized in 125 bands, as of 2010, Ojibwe in the US census population is 170,742. Ojibwe are known for their bark canoes, birch bark scrolls, mining and trade in copper. Their Midewiwin Society is well respected as the keeper of detailed and complex scrolls of events, oral history, songs, maps, memories, stories, geometry, and mathematics. The Ojibwe people set the agenda with European-Canadian leaders by signing detailed treaties before they allowed many European settlers into their western areas, in 1745, they adopted guns from the British to defeat the Dakota people in the Lake Superior area, pushing them to the south and west. The exonym for this Anishinaabeg group is Ojibwe and this name is commonly anglicized as Ojibwa or Ojibway. The name Chippewa is an alternative anglicization, although many variations exist in literature, Chippewa is more common in the United States, and Ojibway predominates in Canada, but both terms are used in each country. In many Ojibwe communities throughout Canada and the U. S. since the late 20th century, some 19th-century sources say this name described a method of ritual torture that the Ojibwe applied to enemies. Because many Ojibwe were formerly located around the outlet of Lake Superior, marie for its rapids, the early Canadian settlers referred to the Ojibwe as Saulteurs. Ojibwe who subsequently moved to the provinces of Canada have retained the name Saulteaux. This is disputed since some scholars believe that only the name migrated west, Ojibwe who were originally located along the Mississagi River and made their way to southern Ontario are known as the Mississaugas. The Ojibwe language is known as Anishinaabemowin or Ojibwemowin, and is widely spoken. Today, most of the languages fluent speakers are elders, since the early 21st century, there is a growing movement to revitalize the language, and restore its strength as a central part of Ojibwe culture. The language belongs to the Algonquian linguistic group, and is descended from Proto-Algonquian and its sister languages include Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Cree, Fox, Menominee, Potawatomi, and Shawnee among the northern Plains tribes. Anishinaabemowin is frequently referred to as a Central Algonquian language, however, Ojibwemowin is the fourth-most spoken Native language in North America after Navajo, Cree, and Inuktitut
19.
Tumulus
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A tumulus is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds or kurgans, a cairn, which is a mound of stones built for various purposes, may also originally have been a tumulus. Tumuli are often categorised according to their external apparent shape, in this respect, a long barrow is a long tumulus, usually constructed on top of several burials, such as passage graves. A round barrow is a tumulus, also commonly constructed on top of burials. The internal structure and architecture of both long and round barrows has a range, the categorization only refers to the external apparent shape. The method of inhumation may involve a dolmen, a cist, a mortuary enclosure, examples of barrows include Duggleby Howe and Maeshowe. The funeral of Patroclus is described in book 23 of the Iliad, Patroclus is burned on a pyre, and his bones are collected into a golden urn in two layers of fat. The barrow is built on the location of the pyre, achilles then sponsors funeral games, consisting of a chariot race, boxing, wrestling, running, a duel between two champions to the first blood, discus throwing, archery and spear throwing. Beowulfs body is taken to Hronesness, where it is burned on a funeral pyre, during cremation, the Geats lament the death of their lord, a widows lament being mentioned in particular, singing dirges as they circumambulate the barrow. Afterwards, a mound is built on top of a hill, overlooking the sea, a band of twelve of the best warriors ride around the barrow, singing dirges in praise of their lord. Parallels have also drawn to the account of Attilas burial in Jordanes Getica. Jordanes tells that as Attilas body was lying in state, the best horsemen of the Huns circled it, as in circus games. An Old Irish Life of Columcille reports that every funeral procession halted at a mound called Eala, whereupon the corpse was laid, archaeologists often classify tumuli according to their location, form, and date of construction. Some British types are listed below, Bank barrow Bell barrow Bowl barrow D-shaped barrow - round barrow with a flat edge at one side often defined by stone slabs. Disc barrow Fancy barrow - generic term for any Bronze Age barrows more elaborate than a hemispherical shape. Long barrow Oval barrow - a Neolithic long barrow consisting of an elliptical, platform barrow - The least common of the recognised types of round barrow, consisting of a flat, wide circular mound that may be surrounded by a ditch. They occur widely across southern England with a concentration in East and West Sussex. Pond barrow - a barrow consisting of a circular depression, surrounded by a bank running around the rim of the depression
20.
Pelican Rapids, Minnesota
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Pelican Rapids is a city in Otter Tail County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 2,464 at the 2010 census, Pelican Rapids was platted in 1872, and named for the rapids on the Pelican River. A post office has been in operation at Pelican Rapids since 1872, Pelican Rapids was incorporated in 1882. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.63 square miles. U. S. Highway 59 and Minnesota State Highway 108 are two of the routes in the city. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,464 people,904 households, the population density was 973.9 inhabitants per square mile. There were 984 housing units at a density of 388.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 74. 1% White,5. 8% African American,0. 9% Native American,3. 2% Asian,0. 7% Pacific Islander,11. 6% from other races, and 3. 7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 31. 5% of the population,33. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 19% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the family size was 3.42. The median age in the city was 35.4 years. 28. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,9. 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24,23. 9% were from 25 to 44,21. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 17. 1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49. 6% male and 50. 4% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,374 people,884 households, and 558 families residing in the city. The population density was 905.8 people per square mile, there were 962 housing units at an average density of 367.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 60. 43% White,0. 72% African American,1. 93% Native American,1. 58% Asian,1. 04% Pacific Islander,6. 76% from other races, and 4. 54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 23. 59% of the population,33. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 19. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the family size was 3.31. In the city, the population was out with 27. 6% under the age of 18,8. 7% from 18 to 24,25. 2% from 25 to 44,17. 4% from 45 to 64
21.
French people
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The French are an ethnic group and nation who are identified with the country of France. This connection may be legal, historical, or cultural, modern French society can be considered a melting pot. To be French, according to the first article of the French Constitution, is to be a citizen of France, regardless of origin, race. The debate concerning the integration of this view with the underlying the European Community remains open. A large number of foreigners have traditionally been permitted to live in France, indeed, the country has long valued its openness, tolerance and the quality of services available. Application for French citizenship is often interpreted as a renunciation of previous state allegiance unless a dual citizenship agreement exists between the two countries, the European treaties have formally permitted movement and European citizens enjoy formal rights to employment in the state sector. Seeing itself as a nation with universal values, France has always valued. However, the success of such assimilation has recently called into question. There is increasing dissatisfaction with, and within, growing ethno-cultural enclaves, the 2005 French riots in some troubled and impoverished suburbs were an example of such tensions. However they should not be interpreted as ethnic conflicts but as social conflicts born out of socioeconomic problems endangering proper integration, the name France etymologically derives from the word Francia, the territory of the Franks. The Franks were a Germanic tribe that overran Roman Gaul at the end of the Roman Empire, in the pre-Roman era, all of Gaul was inhabited by a variety of peoples who were known collectively as the Gaulish tribes. Gaul was militarily conquered in 58-51 BCE by the Roman legions under the command of General Julius Caesar, the area then became part of the Roman Empire. Over the next five centuries the two cultures intermingled, creating a hybridized Gallo-Roman culture, the Gaulish vernacular language disappeared step by step to be replaced everywhere by Vulgar Latin, which would later develop under Frankish influence into the French language in the North of France. With the decline of the Roman Empire in Western Europe, a federation of Germanic peoples entered the picture, the Franks were Germanic pagans who began to settle in northern Gaul as laeti, already during the Roman era. They continued to filter across the Rhine River from present-day Netherlands, at the beginning, they served in the Roman army and reached high commands. Their language is spoken as a kind of Dutch in northern France. Another Germanic people immigrated massively to Alsace, the Alamans, which explains the Alemannic German spoken there and they were competitors of the Franks, thats why it became at the Renaissance time the word for German in French, Allemand. By the early 6th century the Franks, led by the Merovingian king Clovis I and his sons, had consolidated their hold on much of modern-day France, the Vikings eventually intermarried with the local people, converting to Christianity in the process
22.
British people
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British people, or Britons, are the citizens of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown dependencies, and their descendants. British nationality law governs modern British citizenship and nationality, which can be acquired, for instance, although early assertions of being British date from the Late Middle Ages, the creation of the united Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 triggered a sense of British national identity. The notion of Britishness was forged during the Napoleonic Wars between Britain and the First French Empire, and developed further during the Victorian era, because of longstanding ethno-sectarian divisions, British identity in Northern Ireland is controversial, but it is held with strong conviction by unionists. Modern Britons are descended mainly from the ethnic groups that settled in the British Isles in and before the 11th century, Prehistoric, Celtic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Norse. The British are a diverse, multi-national and multicultural society, with regional accents, expressions. Although none of his own writings remain, writers during the time of the Roman Empire made much reference to them, the group included Ireland, which was referred to as Ierne inhabited by the different race of Hiberni, and Britain as insula Albionum, island of the Albions. The term Pritani may have reached Pytheas from the Gauls, who used it as their term for the inhabitants of the islands. Greek and Roman writers, in the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, name the inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland as the Priteni, the origin of the Latin word Britanni. It has been suggested that name derives from a Gaulish description translated as people of the forms. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a name for the British Isles. However, the term Britannia persisted as the Latin name for the island, during the Middle Ages, and particularly in the Tudor period, the term British was used to refer to the Welsh people and Cornish people. At that time, it was the held belief that these were the remaining descendants of the ancient Britons. This notion was supported by such as the Historia Regum Britanniae. Wales and Cornwall, and north, i. e. Cumbria, Strathclyde and this legendary Celtic history of Great Britain is known as the Matter of Britain. The indigenous people of the British Isles have a combination of Celtic, Norse, Anglo-Saxon, oppenheimer continues that the majority of the people of the British Isles share genetic commonalities with the Basques, ranging from highs of 90% in Wales to lows of 66% in East Anglia. Oppenheimers opinion is that. by far the majority of male gene types in the British Isles derive from Iberia, ranging from a low of 59% in Fakenham, Norfolk to highs of 96% in Llangefni, north Wales. The English had been unified under a single state in 937 by King Athelstan of Wessex after the Battle of Brunanburh. However, historian Simon Schama suggested that it was Edward I of England who was responsible for provoking the peoples of Britain into an awareness of their nationhood in the 13th century
23.
Fur trade
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The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal fur. Since the establishment of a world fur market in the modern period, furs of boreal, polar. Historically the trade stimulated the exploration and colonization of Siberia, northern North America, today the importance of the fur trade has diminished, it is based on pelts produced at fur farms and regulated fur-bearer trapping, but has become controversial. Animal rights organizations oppose the fur trade, citing that animals are brutally killed, Fur has been replaced in some clothing by synthetic imitations, for example, as in ruffs on hoods of parkas. Before the European colonization of the Americas, Russia was a supplier of fur pelts to Western Europe. Its trade developed in the Early Middle Ages, first through exchanges at posts around the Baltic, the main trading market destination was the German city of Leipzig. Originally, Russia exported raw furs, consisting in most cases of the pelts of martens, beavers, wolves, foxes, squirrels and hares. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, Russians began to settle in Siberia, in a search for the prized sea otter pelts, first used in China, and later for the northern fur seal, the Russian Empire expanded into North America, notably Alaska. From the 17th through the half of the 19th century. The fur trade played a role in the development of Siberia, the Russian Far East. As recognition of the importance of the trade to the Siberian economy, the sable is a symbol of the Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast. Fur was relied on to make clothing, a critical consideration prior to the organization of coal distribution for heating. Portugal and Spain played major roles in fur trading after the 15th century with their business in fur hats and they began by establishing trading posts along the Volga and Vychegda river networks and requiring the Komi people to give them furs as tribute. Novgorod, the chief fur-trade center prospered as the easternmost trading post of the Hanseatic League, Novgorodians expanded farther east and north, coming into contact with the Pechora people of the Pechora River valley and the Yugra people residing near the Urals. Both of these native tribes offered more resistance than the Komi, as Muscovy gained more power in the 15th century and proceeded in the gathering of the Russian lands, the Muscovite state began to rival the Novgorodians in the North. During the 15th century Moscow began subjugating many native tribes, one strategy involved exploiting antagonisms between tribes, notably the Komi and Yugra, by recruiting men of one tribe to fight in an army against the other tribe. Campaigns against native tribes in Siberia remained insignificant until they began on a larger scale in 1483 and 1499. Besides the Novgorodians and the indigenes, Muscovites also had to contend with the various Muslim Tatar khanates to the east of Muscovy, at this point the phrase ruler of Obdor, Konda, and all Siberian lands became part of the title of the Tsar in Moscow
24.
Trading post
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The preferred travel route to a trading post or between trading posts, was known as a trade route. Trading posts were also places for people to meet and exchange the news of the world or simply the news from their country in a time when not even newspapers existed. European colonialism traces its roots to ancient Carthage, numerous cities of importance once started their history as trading posts, Venice, New York City, Shanghai, Singapore, Hong Kong, Naples, Rotterdam, Kansas City, etc. The annexation of trading posts along ancient trade routes took place in the 16th and 17th century by European powers like the Dutch and it began with the capture of Ceuta by the Portuguese in 1415. They went on to establish further enclaves as they explored the coasts of Africa, Arabia, India, trading posts were also very common in the early settlements of Canada and the United States for the trade of such things as fur. They were also used in many camps across the United States as places to buy snacks, items, the Hudsons Bay Company set up trading posts around Hudson Bay during the fur trade. Goods were traded for beaver pelts amongst the Europeans and the Native Americans, in the United States in the early 19th century, trading posts used by Native Americans were licensed by the federal government and called factories. In the context of Scouting, trading post usually refers to a store where snacks, craft materials. A trading post can also be referred to as the place where securities listed on the New York Stock Exchange are traded, cash is not accepted, only bartering is allowed. This idea blossomed and by 2004 had grown to become a 4,000 sq. ft. community care center in Springville, New York
25.
Norwegian language
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Norwegian is a North Germanic language spoken mainly in Norway, where it is the official language. Along with Swedish and Danish, Norwegian forms a continuum of more or less mutually intelligible local and regional variants. These Scandinavian languages, together with Faroese and Icelandic as well as extinct languages. Faroese and Icelandic are hardly mutually intelligible with Norwegian in their spoken form because continental Scandinavian has diverged from them, as established by law and governmental policy, the two official forms of written Norwegian are Bokmål and Nynorsk. The official Norwegian Language Council is responsible for regulating the two forms, and recommends the terms Norwegian Bokmål and Norwegian Nynorsk in English. Two other written forms without official status also exist, one and it is regulated by the unofficial Norwegian Academy, which translates the name as Standard Norwegian. Nynorsk and Bokmål provide standards for how to write Norwegian, no standard of spoken Norwegian is officially sanctioned, and most Norwegians speak their own dialects in all circumstances. Thus, unlike in other countries, the use of any Norwegian dialect. Outside Eastern Norway, this variation is not used. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, Danish was the written language of Norway. As a result, the development of modern written Norwegian has been subject to strong controversy related to nationalism, rural versus urban discourse, historically, Bokmål is a Norwegianised variety of Danish, while Nynorsk is a language form based on Norwegian dialects and puristic opposition to Danish. The unofficial form known as Riksmål is considered more conservative than Bokmål, Norwegians are educated in both Bokmål and Nynorsk. A2005 poll indicates that 86. 3% use primarily Bokmål as their written language,5. 5% use both Bokmål and Nynorsk, and 7. 5% use primarily Nynorsk. Thus, 13% are frequently writing Nynorsk, though the majority speak dialects that resemble Nynorsk more closely than Bokmål. Broadly speaking, Nynorsk writing is widespread in western Norway, though not in major urban areas, examples are Setesdal, the western part of Telemark county and several municipalities in Hallingdal, Valdres, and Gudbrandsdalen. It is little used elsewhere, but 30–40 years ago, it also had strongholds in rural parts of Trøndelag. Today, not only is Nynorsk the official language of four of the 19 Norwegian counties, NRK, the Norwegian broadcasting corporation, broadcasts in both Bokmål and Nynorsk, and all governmental agencies are required to support both written languages. Bokmål is used in 92% of all publications, and Nynorsk in 8%
26.
Swedish language
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Swedish is a North Germanic language, spoken natively by more than 9 million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, where it has equal legal standing with Finnish. It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish, along with the other North Germanic languages, Swedish is a descendant of Old Norse, the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era. It is currently the largest of the North Germanic languages by number of speakers, Standard Swedish, spoken by most Swedes, is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century. While distinct regional varieties descended from the rural dialects still exist. The standard word order is, as in most Germanic languages, V2, Swedish morphology is similar to English, that is, words have comparatively few inflections. There are two genders, no cases, and a distinction between plural and singular. Older analyses posit the cases nominative and genitive and there are remains of distinct accusative and dative forms as well. Adjectives are compared as in English, and are inflected according to gender, number. The definiteness of nouns is marked primarily through suffixes, complemented with separate definite and indefinite articles, the prosody features both stress and in most dialects tonal qualities. The language has a large vowel inventory. Swedish is also notable for the voiceless velar fricative, a highly variable consonant phoneme. Swedish is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic branch of the Germanic languages, by many general criteria of mutual intelligibility, the Continental Scandinavian languages could very well be considered dialects of a common Scandinavian language. In the 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse, had some changes. This language began to undergo new changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, the dialects of Old East Norse that were spoken in Sweden are called Runic Swedish while the dialects of Denmark are referred to as Runic Danish. The dialects are described as runic because the body of text appears in the runic alphabet. Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, from 1200 onwards, the dialects in Denmark began to diverge from those of Sweden. An early change that separated Runic Danish from the dialects of Old East Norse was the change of the diphthong æi to the monophthong é. This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain, there was also a change of au as in dauðr into a long open ø as in døðr dead
27.
German language
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German is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol, the German-speaking Community of Belgium and it is also one of the three official languages of Luxembourg. Major languages which are most similar to German include other members of the West Germanic language branch, such as Afrikaans, Dutch, English, Luxembourgish and it is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English. One of the languages of the world, German is the first language of about 95 million people worldwide. The German speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of publication of new books. German derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, a portion of German words are derived from Latin and Greek, and fewer are borrowed from French and English. With slightly different standardized variants, German is a pluricentric language, like English, German is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects, with many unique varieties existing in Europe and also other parts of the world. The history of the German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the migration period, when Martin Luther translated the Bible, he based his translation primarily on the standard bureaucratic language used in Saxony, also known as Meißner Deutsch. Copies of Luthers Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region that translated words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Roman Catholics initially rejected Luthers translation, and tried to create their own Catholic standard of the German language – the difference in relation to Protestant German was minimal. It was not until the middle of the 18th century that a widely accepted standard was created, until about 1800, standard German was mainly a written language, in urban northern Germany, the local Low German dialects were spoken. Standard German, which was different, was often learned as a foreign language with uncertain pronunciation. Northern German pronunciation was considered the standard in prescriptive pronunciation guides though, however, German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire, which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe. Until the mid-19th century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire and its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Some cities, such as Prague and Budapest, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain, others, such as Pozsony, were originally settled during the Habsburg period, and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest and Bratislava as well as cities like Zagreb, the most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the German language is found within the Deutsches Wörterbuch. This dictionary was created by the Brothers Grimm and is composed of 16 parts which were issued between 1852 and 1860, in 1872, grammatical and orthographic rules first appeared in the Duden Handbook. In 1901, the 2nd Orthographical Conference ended with a standardization of the German language in its written form
28.
Ottertail, Minnesota
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Ottertail is a city in Otter Tail County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 572 at the 2010 census, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.10 square miles, of which 4.28 square miles is land and 0.82 square miles is water. Minnesota State Highways 78 and 108 are two of the routes in the community. Ottertail was platted in 1903, and named for nearby Otter Tail Lake, as of the census of 2010, there were 572 people,245 households, and 171 families residing in the city. The population density was 133.6 inhabitants per square mile, there were 401 housing units at an average density of 93.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 99. 0% White,0. 2% Native American, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 9% of the population. 24. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.75. The median age in the city was 47.7 years. 18. 2% of residents were under the age of 18,5. 4% were between the ages of 18 and 24,21. 4% were from 25 to 44,35. 2% were from 45 to 64, and 19. 6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51. 2% male and 48. 8% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 451 people,190 households, and 133 families residing in the city. The population density was 102.7 people per square mile, there were 323 housing units at an average density of 73.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 99. 56% White and 0. 44% Native American,42. 8% were of German,23. 7% Norwegian and 7. 7% Swedish ancestry. 24. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.82. In the city, the population was out with 21. 1% under the age of 18,7. 3% from 18 to 24,24. 2% from 25 to 44,32. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 43 years, for every 100 females there were 115.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.8 males, the median income for a household in the city was $32,188, and the median income for a family was $43,750. Males had an income of $23,750 versus $18,438 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,612, about 10. 2% of families and 12. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21. 8% of those under age 18 and 4. 1% of those age 65 or over
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Maplewood State Park
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Maplewood State Park is a state park of Minnesota, United States, near Pelican Rapids. The park preserves a pre-contact habitation site that was occupied in two different periods in a transition zone. It became a park in 1965, and an archeological site within the park. Jim Fletcher, the author of The Lore Adventure Trilogy, built small villages with the help of students of the Pelican Rapids High School. Several of these villages are placed in Maplewood State Park, one is accessible by a hiking trail, while another is located inside one of the lakes. Those are two of the locations, while there may be many others inside of Maplewood. The National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota, A Guide, st. Paul, Minnesota, Minnesota Historical Society Press. Maplewood State Park, Otter Tail County, MN, Maplewood State Park photos and information Maplewood State Park website
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Glendalough State Park
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Glendalough State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA, in Otter Tail County near Battle Lake close to Minnesota State Highway 78. It is named after Glendalough in Ireland, the park was once used as a resort and game farm by the owners of Cowles Media Company, owner of what is today the Star Tribune newspaper. The park contains 1,931 acres on land and 1,000 acres on the water, Cowles Media Company transferred title to Glendalough to the Nature Conservancy in 1990, and the Nature Conservancy transferred title to the State of Minnesota in 1992. Glendalough was officially declared a park with a celebration on Earth Day. In 1903, Ezra G. Valentine developed that land into a retreat called Valentines Camp. In 1905 the park was left to Valentines children, John Alden and Miss Blanche, Everts sold the Valentine camp to F. E. Murphy who owned and operated the Minneapolis Tribune. Murphy renamed the land Glendalough, after a monastery in Ireland, with the depression in the 1930s and land becoming available for purchase, Murphy expanded the camp and started a game farm. In 1990, the land was donated to The Nature Conservancy by Cowles Media Company, Glendalough State Park celebrated its creation on Earth Day, April 22,1992. In August 2004, a thunderstorm with straight-line winds came through the area. As a result of this incident, the park was closed to the public for a week to clean up debris left by the storm. Less than ten months later, in 2005, Glendalough State Park was hit by another thunderstorm resulting in damage, following the 2005 storm, the state park was able to remain open with aid from the staff and volunteers of the park. The staff and volunteers used signs and notices warning park visitors of hazards of down trees throughout the park. Glendalough State Park has many forms of recreation facilities that are provided to visitors, including fishing, camping, hiking, birding. The park has a Historic Lodge where former Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard Nixon, while camping at Glendalough State Park, it is highly advised that any food that you have be stored into a food locker that the park provides with the site. The park discourage visitors from storing their food in the tents because the wildlife can easily open the tents. Glendalough State Park has the historic Glendalough Lodge at the park, the lodge is rented out to parties for tours or family gatherings for enjoyment of Annie Battle Lake. The state park also has conference centers near Glendalough Lodge for conferences or family reunions, at Glendalough State Park, there are three sites designated for camping. The west shore of Annie Battle Lake, between south Annie Battle Lake and North of Molly Stark Lake and on the Southeast corner of Annie Battle Lake, Glendalough offers picnicking and swimming areas, often with solitude
31.
Inspiration Peak
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Inspiration Peak is the highest peak of the Leaf Hills Moraines and of Otter Tail County in the U. S. State of Minnesota. It is 22 miles northwest of Alexandria, the peak rises about 400 feet above the surrounding plains, to an elevation of about 1750 feet above sea level. It is the feature of Inspiration Peak State Wayside Park, a small park maintained by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. The wayside has a parking lot and a picnic area. The hike to the top is a short but strenuous walk up a trail from the parking lot. The conical-shaped hill is a kame formed atop the Alexandria Moraine and it is on the boundary between the deciduous forest to the east and prairie to the west
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Leaf Hills Moraines
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The Leaf Hills Moraines, sometimes called the Leaf Mountains, are a range of hills in west-central Minnesota. The name of this range of hills is translated from the Ojibwe Gaaskibag-wajiwan, which was interpreted by Gilfillan as “Rustling Leaf Mountains. ”The name is shared by Leaf Mountain Township. In turn, the hills in Ojibwe are named after Inspiration Peak, the hills are described by Upham as running southeast from Fergus Falls to the south line of the county and thence east and northeast to East Leaf Lake, a distance of 50 miles. Through their full extent in Otter Tail County, the hills have steeply sloped sides covered by prairies and deciduous forests, primarily maple, the hills are formed by the convergence of the eighth and ninth marginal moraines formed by the Wadena and Des Moines lobes of the Wisconsonian glaciation. This moraine forms an arc about ten to twenty miles wide and 200 miles long and it is composed of a huge volume of morainic drift up to 350 feet thick, overlain with thin sandy soil as well as rocks and boulders. The hills outline is not regular, but erratic, and in places the range is broken by rivers, streams. Only a few of the high points of the range have received names. Prominent among them are Indian Hill and Inspiration Peak, paleoindians lived in the area at least 6,000 years ago, and perhaps longer, as earlier remains have been found in the general vicinity. Artifacts from both the Prairie and Woodland cultures have found, most items date from a period starting 900 to 1200 years ago. In more recent times, the region was held by the Dakota until they were displaced by the Ojibwa in the Eighteenth Century, also in the Eighteenth Century, the area became a source of pelts for the fur trade. In the 1840s, the mountains were pierced by the Woods Trail and skirted by the East Plains Trail and these trails opened up the area to settlement in the last half of the Nineteenth Century. Due to their steepness and the abundance of fieldstone and boulders, part of the region has been preserved in Maplewood State Park. Terminal moraine List of glacial moraines
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Becker County, Minnesota
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Becker County is a county located in the U. S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 32,504 and its county seat is Detroit Lakes. A portion of the White Earth Indian Reservation extends into the county, the county was created in 1858 and organized in 1871. Becker County became a county on March 18,1858 and it was named after George Loomis Becker. The city of Detroit Lakes was founded by Colonel George Johnston in 1871, Colonel Johnston had led settlers entirely hailing from the New England states to settle in this region. In 1877, an election finally decided that Detroit Lakes, then known as Detroit, was to become the county seat, Detroit won the election by a ninety percent majority. Frazee, Lake Park, and Audubon were also in the running for the county seat, in 1884, Detroit Lakes had many businesses such as the Hotel Minnesota, the Lakes Hotel, a bank, a newspaper, and an opera house. The first courthouse was built that year also, in 1885, the first County Fire Department was constructed. In 1903, the Soo Line Railroads built a line through the county. Only one book has published about Becker County, History of Becker was written by A. H. Wilcox in 1907. Detroit Lakes is the home of one of three to five Grand Army of the Republic Parks in the Nation. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,445 square miles. Becker County has much diversity in its topographical features, Becker County is home to several hundred lakes, many acres of fertile farm land, and forested areas. Much of the consists of hills and deciduous trees. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 0.53 inches in February to 4.44 inches in June, as of the census of 2000, there were 30,000 people,11,844 households, and 8,184 families residing in the county. The population density was 23 people per square mile, there were 16,612 housing units at an average density of 13 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 89. 35% White,0. 19% Black or African American,7. 52% Native American,0. 36% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 24% from other races, and 2. 32% from two or more races. 0. 77% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,32. 2% were of German,26. 0% Norwegian and 5. 2% Swedish ancestry
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Todd County, Minnesota
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Todd County is a county in the U. S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 24,895 and its county seat is Long Prairie. The county was formed in 1855 and organized in 1867 and it is named after John Blair Smith Todd, who was a delegate from Dakota Territory to the United States House of Representatives, and general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 980 square miles. Wadena County Cass County Morrison County Stearns County Douglas County Otter Tail County As of the census of 2000, there were 24,426 people,9,342 households, the population density was 26 people per square mile. There were 11,900 housing units at a density of 13 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 54% White,0. 11% Black or African American,0. 48% Native American,0. 31% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 72% from other races, and 0. 82% from two or more races. 1. 90% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,52. 1% were of German,11. 3% Norwegian and 5. 6% Polish ancestry. 26. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.14. In the county, the population was out with 27. 40% under the age of 18,8. 10% from 18 to 24,24. 70% from 25 to 44,23. 80% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 101.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.00 males, the median income for a household in the county was $32,281, and the median income for a family was $39,920. Males had an income of $28,630 versus $20,287 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,658, about 9. 60% of families and 12. 90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14. 60% of those under age 18 and 13. 50% of those age 65 or over. Todd County has a concentration of Amish, about the same population size as the Amish settlement at Harmony. It is home to five different Amish communities, with altogether 7 church districts in 2013, philbrook Ward Springs National Register of Historic Places listings in Todd County, Minnesota Todd County government’s website
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Douglas County, Minnesota
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Douglas County is a county located in the U. S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 36,009, Douglas County was established in 1858. It is named for Stephen Douglas, of Illinois, the county was formed in 1858 and organized in 1866. Douglas County comprises the Alexandria, MN Micropolitan Statistical Area, Douglas County is the home of Minnesotas only wine-grape appellation, the 10,880 acres Alexandria Lakes AVA. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 720 square miles. It contains more than 250 lakes, the county includes two of Minnesotas biomes, prairie grassland in the west and southeast, savannas in the middle, and temperate deciduous forest in the south-central, north, and east. Douglas is one of 17 Minnesota counties where savanna soils dominate. Otter Tail County Todd County Stearns County Pope County Stevens County Grant County As of the census of 2000, there were 32,821 people,13,276 households, the population density was 52 people per square mile. There were 16,694 housing units at a density of 26 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 49% White,0. 18% Black or African American,0. 24% Native American,0. 40% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 18% from other races, and 0. 48% from two or more races. 0. 59% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,38. 5% were of German,24. 6% Norwegian and 8. 1% Swedish ancestry. 26. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.93. In the county, the population was out with 24. 00% under the age of 18,9. 20% from 18 to 24,25. 00% from 25 to 44,23. 80% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 99.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $37,703, and the median income for a family was $46,250. Males had an income of $30,968 versus $21,240 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,850, about 5. 60% of families and 8. 50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9. 30% of those under age 18 and 11. 00% of those age 65 or over
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Grant County, Minnesota
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Grant County is a county located in the U. S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 6,018 and its county seat is Elbow Lake. The county was founded in 1868 and named for Ulysses S. Grant and it was later organized in 1874. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 575 square miles. The population density was 12 people per square mile, there were 3,098 housing units at an average density of 6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 28% White,0. 21% Black or African American,0. 27% Native American,0. 19% Asian,0. 30% from other races,0. 52% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 41. 2% were of Norwegian,30. 0% German and 7. 4% Swedish ancestry,28. 00% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the family size was 2.94. In the county, the population was out with 23. 90% under the age of 18,6. 90% from 18 to 24,23. 10% from 25 to 44,23. 20% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42 years, for every 100 females there were 94.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.30 males, the median income for a household in the county was $33,775, and the median income for a family was $42,214. Males had an income of $28,428 versus $20,240 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,131, about 6. 00% of families and 8. 40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9. 50% of those under age 18 and 9. 90% of those age 65 or over
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Wilkin County, Minnesota
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Wilkin County is a county located in the U. S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2010 census, the population of Wilkin County was 6,576, the county is named for Colonel Alexander Wilkin, a lawyer who served as Minnesota’s U. S. marshal and was later killed in the Civil War. Wilkin County is part of the Wahpeton, ND–MN Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Fargo-Wahpeton, ND-MN Combined Statistical Area. Wilkin County was originally established as Toombs County on March 8,1858, named after Robert Toombs of Georgia, who had been a member of Congress, 1845–53, and was U. S. senator, 1853-61. Mr. Toombs became a leading disunionist, then a Confederate secretary of state in 1861, in 1863, the county was renamed Andy Johnson County after President Andrew Johnson and to disassociate with Mr. Toombs. The county again changed its name to Wilkin County on March 6,1868, Toombs County was formed in 1858 from Pembina County. It is the county for Traverse County, and now are parts of Clay, Otter Tail, Grant, Stevens, Douglas. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 751 square miles. Breckenridge Lake - Breckenridge Township Interstate 94 U. S. Highway 52 U. S, the population density was 10 people per square mile. There were 3,105 housing units at a density of 4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 77% White,0. 15% Black or African American,0. 42% Native American,0. 15% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 49% from other races, and 0. 99% from two or more races. 1. 54% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,41. 8% were of German and 29. 2% Norwegian ancestry. 25. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.09. In the county, the population was out with 27. 8% under the age of 18,7. 0% from 18 to 24,27. 7% from 25 to 44,21. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.1 males, the median income for a household in the county was $38,093, and the median income for a family was $46,220. Males had an income of $31,273 versus $20,925 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,873, about 6. 2% of families and 8. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8. 9% of those under age 18 and 8. 3% of those age 65 or over
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Clay County, Minnesota
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Clay County is a county located in the U. S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 58,999, the countys name is in honor of American statesman Henry Clay, member of the United States Senate from Kentucky and United States Secretary of State in the 19th century. The county was formed in 1862 and organized in 1872 and it was originally called Breckenridge County, but changed to its current name in 1862. Clay County is part of the Fargo, ND-MN Metropolitan Statistical Area. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,053 square miles. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 0.64 inches in February to 3.90 inches in June, Clay County is governed by a board of five commissioners. Jim Haney 1st District Frank Gross 2nd District Jenny L, the population density was 49 people per square mile. There were 19,746 housing units at a density of 19 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 93. 99% White,0. 52% Black or African American,1. 44% Native American,0. 88% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,1. 67% from other races, and 1. 47% from two or more races. 3. 65% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,40. 4% were of Norwegian and 26. 8% German ancestry. 26. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.07. In the county, the population was out with 25. 00% under the age of 18,17. 10% from 18 to 24,25. 70% from 25 to 44,19. 30% from 45 to 64. The median age was 32 years, for every 100 females there were 93.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.10 males, the median income for a household in the county was $37,889, and the median income for a family was $49,192. Males had an income of $34,176 versus $23,149 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,557, about 7. 40% of families and 13. 20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 30% of those under age 18 and 7. 50% of those age 65 or over. Baker Oakport National Register of Historic Places listings in Clay County, Minnesota Clay County official website
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Interstate 94
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Interstate 94 is an east–west Interstate Highway connecting the Great Lakes and Intermountain regions of the United States. I-94s western terminus is in Billings, Montana, at a junction with I-90 and it lies along the primary overland route from Seattle to Toronto. I-94 is the eighth longest Interstate highway and the longest Interstate highway whose number does not end in a 0 or a 5, I-94 intersects with I-90 several times, at its western terminus, near Madison, Wisconsin, in Chicago, and in Lake Station, Indiana. I-94 begins at Billings and travels northeastward toward Glendive before exiting the state to the east, the Highway is notable for following the Yellowstone River from Billings through Glendive. Beyond the western terminus of I-94, I-90 connects westbound I-94 travelers to points west such as Butte and Seattle, the route enters at Beach and passes through the Badlands near Medora. A public rest area about seven miles east of Medora provides a view, especially at sunset. The highway intersects with the Enchanted Highway 11 miles east of Dickinson at exit 72, at New Salem, it passes Salem Sue, a 38-foot high sculpture of a Holstein cow and is clearly visible from I-94 on the south side of the road. A drive up the road to Sue will take visitors to a point where you can see a panoramic landscape for many miles. Between Mandan and Bismarck, I-94 crosses the Missouri River with a view of the Northern Pacific/BNSF Railroad Bridge on the side of the road. At Steele, it passes the worlds largest sculpture of a sand hill crane, at Jamestown, it passes the worlds largest sculpture of the buffalo named Dakota Thunder, which is 28 feet tall and is visible from I-94 on the north side of the road. The highway reaches Fargo, before the Red River, leaving Fargo, ND and entering Moorhead, MN, I-94 crosses the Red River. East of the Moorhead airport, the travels in a northwest-southeast trajectory past Fergus Falls, Alexandria, and St. Cloud on the way to the Twin Cities. The road crosses the Mississippi River in Minneapolis between the Prospect Park and Seward neighborhoods, the highway joins Minneapolis and St. Paul together where it meets MN Highway 280. In the Twin Cities, the routing of the highway is politically charged, primarily through many historic working-class and African-American neighborhoods. In Saint Paul, the routing of I-94 is set through and displaces the historic Rondo neighborhood, east of Saint Paul, I-94 leaves Minnesota between Lakeland, MN and Hudson, WI, while crossing the St. Croix River. Interstate 94 enters Wisconsin east of the Twin Cities at Hudson and it passes Eau Claire before turning southeastward and joining with Interstate 90 in Tomah and Interstate 39 in Portage. I-94 leaves I-90 and I-39 near Madison and resumes its path toward Milwaukee before turning south and heading to Chicago. In the state of Illinois, I-94 runs south from Wisconsin to Indiana via downtown Chicago and it is tolled on the Tri-State Tollway to the I-94/I-294 split, it then runs east to the Edens Expressway, where it turns south through the city of Chicago
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U.S. Route 10
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U. S. Route 10 or U. S. Highway 10 is an east–west United States highway formed in 1926. In 2010, its length was 565 miles, US10 used to be broken into two segments by Lake Michigan. However, in 2015, the ferry SS Badger between Ludington, Michigan, and Manitowoc, Wisconsin, was designated as part of the highway. The ferry operates only between May and October, the eastern terminus of US10 is in Bay City, Michigan, at its interchange with Interstate 75. The western terminus of US10 is in the town of West Fargo, North Dakota, in the state of North Dakota, US10 runs for about eight miles, from I-94 at Exit 343 to the Red River of the North. It is one of the primary east–west streets in West Fargo and Fargo, at the Red River, US10 crosses over a bridge to Moorhead, Minnesota. US10 is a divided highway for almost all of its length in Minnesota. The road enters Minnesota in Moorhead and travels through Detroit Lakes, Wadena, Staples, Little Falls, St. Cloud, Elk River. It becomes a Freeway in Anoka and passes through the suburbs of Minneapolis and St. Paul, It enters St. Paul paired with I-35E. It leaves US61 just north of Hastings, shortly before entering into Wisconsin, ferry service between the western and eastern portions of US10 is provided between May and October by the ferry S. S. Badger. US10 is now a 4 lane divided highway from State Trunk Highway 802 miles south of Marshfield to I-39 and this allows travelers to bypass Auburndale, Blenker, Milladore, Junction City, and downtown Stevens Point. This completes the plan to upgrade US10 to a freeway or expressway status from Marshfield to Menasha, US10 is an expressway between Stevens Point and Waupaca. It has been upgraded to a freeway in the Waupaca area and is also a freeway between Fremont and Appleton, the western terminus of US10 in Michigan is Ludington. US10 runs concurrently with US31 from the east side of Ludington to Scottville before US31 turns northward, the road then heads easterly through Baldwin and Reed City before it becomes a freeway west of US127 near the junction with highway M-115. US127 and US10 overlap for a short distance near Clare, US10 bypasses Midland and terminates at I-75 in Bay City. US10 has had alternate routes designated in the past, between 1926 and 1934, there was a pair of alternate routes between St. Cloud, Minnesota and Moorhead, Minnesota. US 10N, the route, connected St. Cloud, Little Falls, Motley. US 10S ran from St. Cloud through Alexandria and Fergus Falls before rejoining US 10N at Moorhead, in the mid-1930s, US52 was extended into Minnesota, and US 10S was renamed to US52
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U.S. Route 52
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U. S. Route 52 is a United States highway that runs across the northern, eastern and southeastern regions of the United States. Contrary to most other even-numbered U. S. Highways, US52 primarily follows a northwest–southeast route, the highways northwestern terminus is at Portal, North Dakota, on the Canadian border, where it continues as Saskatchewan Highway 39. The southeastern terminus of US52 is in Charleston, South Carolina, at Number 2 Meeting Street and White Point Gardens along the Charleston Harbor. In North Dakota, US52 continues from Highway 39 from the Canada–United States border at North Portal, Saskatchewan and Portal, North Dakota to the Red River in Fargo, a distance of 361 miles. US52 passes through Burke, Ward, McHenry, Pierce, Sheridan, Wells, Foster, Stutsman, Barnes, US52 is a two-lane highway in most areas, except for four lane segments between Burlington and Minot, Jamestown and Buchanan, and Jamestown and Fargo. Some segments in Fargo are six lanes, US52 is co-signed with US2 near Minot, where it also intersects with US83. US52 is also co-signed with US281 for 44 miles between Jamestown and Carrington, US 52/US281 in Jamestown is on sign different streets. Include 5th Street NW to 1st Ave, and to west bus loop, the former US52 route was assigned to 10th street SE, 12th Ave SE, and 14th Street SE cosigned with Business Loop 94. The 93.5 miles between Jamestown and Fargo are co-signed with Interstate 94, however, all of the interchanges for the Fargo/West Fargo portion of the route currently do not mention the concurrency with Interstate 94. In the state of Minnesota, US52 enters the state with Interstate 94 at Moorhead, the portion of the highway which overlaps Interstate 94 is unsigned. From downtown St. Paul, US52 continues on its own southeast to Rochester, South of the Twin Cities and through Rochester to Interstate 90, the road is being gradually improved to a freeway. It is currently a freeway from I-90, through Rochester, to Pine Island and it is also a freeway from Interstate 94 in St. Paul to just south of Concord Blvd in Inver Grove Heights. The rest of the highway between Pine Island and Inver Grove Heights is built to expressway standards, mnDOT has a long-term goal of making US52 a freeway of controlled-access interchanges from Rochester to the Twin Cities. US52 enters Iowa north of the community of Burr Oak. It passes by Luther College on the west side of Decorah, at Calmar the road turns to a southwest-northeast orientation. It joins with U. S. Route 18 just to the west of Postville, the two highways overlap until a point east of the unincorporated community of Froelich. US52 roughly parallels the Mississippi River for the rest of its path through Iowa, at Luxemburg it joins with Iowa Highway 3 and turns east. The two highways run together to downtown Dubuque, where it intersects U. S. Highway 61, South of Dubuque, US52, US61, and US151 share a freeway routing until 52 departs in Key West to remain close to the Mississippi River
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U.S. Route 59
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U. S. Route 59 is a north–south United States highway. A latecomer to the U. S. numbered route system, US59 is now a border-to-border route and it parallels U. S. Route 75 for nearly its entire route, never much more than 100 miles away, until it veers southwest in Houston, Texas. Its number is out of place since US59 is either concurrent with or entirely west of U. S. Route 71, the highways northern terminus is nine miles north of Lancaster, Minnesota, at the Canada–US border, where it continues as Manitoba Highway 59. Its southern terminus is at the Mexico–US border in Laredo, Texas, U. S. Highway 59 in the U. S. state of Texas is named the Lloyd Bentsen Highway, after Lloyd Bentsen, former U. S. In northern Houston, US59, co-signed with Interstate 69, is the Eastex Freeway. US59 actually straddles the border between Texas and Arkansas north of I-30 near Texarkana, with the east side of the highway on the Arkansas side and the west side of the highway on the Texas side. In the past, both remained on the border past I-30 as State Line Avenue to downtown Texarkana, today. Nearly 90% of this route is designated to become part of I-69 in the future, currently 75 mph speed limits are allowed on US59 in Duval County and portions of northern Polk County. From the southwestern suburbs of Houston to Downtown Houston, U. S.59 is commonly referred to as the Southwest Freeway, supporting 371,000 vehicles per day, it is one of the busiest freeways in the United States. U. S.59 is known as the Eastex Freeway in the north/northeast part of the Houston region, at the Mexico–US border, it ends at the World Trade International Bridge in Laredo, Texas. In Laredo, U. S.59 is co-signed with both Interstate 69W and Loop 20 and has an intersection with Interstate 35 which ends at the Juarez-Lincoln International Bridge. After crossing the bridge into Mexico, Interstate 35 continues as Mexican Federal Highway 85 in Nuevo Laredo which then runs through Mexico and Central America and ends in Panama at the Panama Canal. In Arkansas, US59 is concurrent with U. S. Route 71 from Interstate 30 at Texarkana to Acorn, US59 and U. S. Route 412 are co-signed for 10 miles in Delaware County, Oklahoma. US59 is co-signed with U. S. Route 270 from the Arkansas State Line to Heavener and it is also co-signed with U. S. Route 64 in Sallisaw. U. S.59 enters the state just south of Chetopa, U. S.59 runs concurrently with U. S.169 starting about four miles south of Garnett and diverges north again immediately south of Garnett. The intersection immediately south of Garnett used to be an intersection with stop. It was identified as a high location in 2001, and was rebuilt as a roundabout that opened in April 2006. The Kansas Department of Transportation is rebuilding or planning to rebuild several other rural intersections as roundabouts for increased safety
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Minnesota State Highway 106
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Highway 106 is 7 miles in length and passes through the communities of Deer Creek, Deer Creek Township, and Newton Township. State Highway 106 serves as a route between Deer Creek and New York Mills in west-central Minnesota. The route is located in Otter Tail County, the speed limit from north of Deer Creek to US10 is 60 mph and 30 mph inside the Deer Creek city limits to its southern end at MN29. Highway 106 crosses the Leaf River in Deer Creek Township, the route is legally defined as Route 184 in the Minnesota Statutes. It is not marked with this number, state Highway 106 was authorized in 1933. The route was paved by 1953, the entire route is in Otter Tail County
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Minnesota State Highway 108
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Highway 108 is 61 miles in length and passes through the cities of Pelican Rapids and Henning. Highway 108 serves as an east–west and a route between Pelican Rapids, Dent, Perham, Ottertail, and Henning in west-central Minnesota. The roadway changes direction to north–south as it runs concurrent with State Highway 78 for 9 miles between Perham Township and Ottertail, Highway 108 is also known as, NW 1st Avenue in Pelican Rapids. Maplewood State Park is located 7 miles east of Pelican Rapids on Highway 108 near Lake Lida, Highway 108 was authorized in 1933 between U. S.59 at Pelican Rapids and State Highway 78 near Perham. The section of Highway 108 between State Highway 78 at Ottertail and State Highway 210 at Henning was also authorized in 1933, both of these sections were paved by 1953. The section of Highway 108 between U. S.59 at Pelican Rapids and present day Interstate 94 was authorized in 1949 and this section of Highway 108 was paved by 1960
Interstate 94
U.S. Highway 10
U.S. Highway 52
U.S. Highway 59
Minnesota State Highway 29
Minnesota State Highway 34
Minnesota State Highway 78
Minnesota State Highway 106
Minnesota State Highway 108
Minnesota State Highway 210
Minnesota State Highway 228
Minnesota State Highway 235
Minnesota State Highway 297
Otter Tail County, Minnesota
