1.
Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic
2.
Uruguay
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Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in the southeastern region of South America. It borders Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east, with the Río de la Plata to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast. Uruguay is home to an estimated 3.42 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the area of its capital and largest city. With an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometres, Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America, only larger in size than Suriname. Uruguay was inhabited by the Charrúa people for approximately 4000 years before the Portuguese established Colonia del Sacramento, one of the oldest European settlements in the region, in 1680. Montevideo was founded as a stronghold by the Spanish in the early 18th century. Uruguay won its independence between 1811 and 1828, following a struggle between Spain, Portugal, Argentina and Brazil. It remained subject to influence and intervention throughout the 19th century. Modern Uruguay is a constitutional republic, with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government. Uruguay is ranked first in Latin America in democracy, peace, lack of corruption, e-government, on a per-capita basis, Uruguay contributes more troops to United Nations peace-keeping missions than any other country. It ranks second in the region on economic freedom, income equality, per-capita income, Uruguay is the third-best country on the continent in terms of HDI, GDP growth, innovation and infrastructure. It is regarded as a country by the UN. Uruguay is also the third-best ranked in the world in e-Participation, Uruguay is an important global exporter of combed wool, rice, soybeans, frozen beef, malt and milk. Nearly 95% of Uruguays electricity comes from energy, mostly hydroelectric facilities. The Economist named Uruguay country of the year in 2013, acknowledging the innovative policy of legalizing the production, sale, the name of the namesake river comes from the Spanish pronunciation of the regional Guarani word for it. There are several interpretations, including bird-river, the name could also refer to a river snail called uruguá that was plentiful in the water. The only documented inhabitants of Uruguay before European colonization of the area were the Charrúa, the Portuguese discovered the region of present-day Uruguay in 1512. The Spanish arrived in present-day Uruguay in 1516, the indigenous peoples fierce resistance to conquest, combined with the absence of gold and silver, limited their settlement in the region during the 16th and 17th centuries
3.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
4.
La Pampa Province
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La Pampa is a sparsely populated province of Argentina, located in the Pampas in the center of the country. Neighboring provinces are from the north clockwise San Luis, Córdoba, Buenos Aires, Río Negro, Neuquén, in 1604 Hernandarias was the first European explorer to reach the area, it was later explored by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera in 1662. But it was not until the 18th century that Spanish colonists established permanent settlements here, resistance of the local indigenous people prevented much expansion until the government of Juan Manuel de Rosas. It did not cease until Julio Rocas conquest of the desert in the 19th century, the territory was divided between the officers, and they erected the first Spanish settlements. The Territorio Nacional de La Pampa Central was erected in 1884, containing the Río Negro Province, by 1915 there were 110,000 residents, a reflection of movement to that area. In 1945 the territory was divided and La Pampa became a province, in 1952 its constitution was indited and the province was renamed after Eva Peron. In 1955 after the government changed and the Peróns went into exile, situated in the middle of the pampas, the low, flat steppe receives 500 mm of rain a year, diminishing towards the West. The low humidity and temperate weather result in high contrast in temperature between day and night, which is reflected in the vegetation of the region, heat waves are frequent, and temperatures reach over 30°C sometimes. These are often followed by severe storms and much colder periods, by early March nights are already noticeably cooler, and April usually brings the first frosty nights. Averages range from 10°C to 20°C during the day, and 0°C to 7°C at night, winters in La Pampa are usually dry and sunny, with cool days and quite cold nights, and some marked variations between warmer and colder periods. Daytime temperatures range from 10°C in the north and west, to about 5°C in the southernmost areas, nighttime lows range from about 0°C in the northeast corner to around -5°C or slightly below freezing in many southern and western areas. That being said, northerly winds occasionally bring days of up to 25°C, nights below -7°C are quite common everywhere, with temperatures below -10°C possible in most areas. Overall, precipitation ranges from about 700 mm in the east/northeast, to 500 mm in the centre, snow is quite common almost everywhere, although frost can be more common and happen anytime from March to October. Northwestern La Pampa is part of the pampa húmeda, adjacent to the Province of Buenos Aires, the influence of the Cuyo region can be seen in the west, with a low mountain range of 600 meters. There are only two rivers in the province, the Colorado on the border with the Province of Río Negro. The Salados level has been dropping, as its tributaries in the Province of Mendoza are diverted for irrigation, La Pampa, long Argentinas most economically agricultural province, produced an estimated US$3.144 billion in output in 2006, or, US$10,504 per capita. Now, the GDP per capita of the province is of US$14.000, agriculture contributes a fourth to La Pampas economy, the most important activity being cattle ranching, with 3,632,684 head, which takes place all over the province. Other livestock include 202,428 sheep,140,498 goats and 64,118 pigs, the Northeast, on the more fertile lands, has also an important activity with wheat, sunflower, maize, alfalfa, barley, and other cereals
5.
Rio Grande do Sul
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Rio Grande do Sul is a state located in the southern region of Brazil. It is the fifth most populous state and the ninth largest by area, the capital and largest city is Porto Alegre. The state has a Gaúcho culture like its foreign neighbors and it was originally inhabited by Guarani people. The first Europeans there were Jesuits, followed by settlers from the Azores, in the 19th century it was the scene of conflicts including the Farroupilha Revolution and the Paraguayan War. Large waves of German and Italian migration have shaped the state, Rio Grande do Sul is bordered to the north by the Brazilian State of Santa Catarina, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Uruguay, and to the west by Argentina. A range of low mountains extends southward from the Serra do Mar of Santa Catarina, west of this range is a vast grassy plain devoted principally to stock-raising – the northern and most elevated part being suitable in pasturage and climate for sheep, and the southern for cattle. The coast is one great sand beach, broken only by the outlet of the two lakes, called the Rio Grande, which affords an entrance to navigable inland waters and several ports. There are two river systems in Rio Grande do Sul – that of the eastern slope draining to the lagoons. The larger rivers of the group are the Jacuí, Sinos, Caí, Gravataí and Camaquã, which flow into the Lagoa dos Patos. The Guaíba River is broad, comparatively deep and about 56 kilometres long, the Jaguarão, which forms part of the boundary line with Uruguay, is navigable 42 km up to and beyond the town of Jaguarão. Its width varies from 35 to 58 km, the lake is comparatively shallow and filled with sand banks, making its navigable channels tortuous and difficult. The Lagoa Mirim occupies a position farther south, on the Uruguayan border. It is more irregular in outline and discharges into Lagoa dos Patos through a channel known as the São Gonçalo Channel. A part of the lies in Uruguayan territory, but its navigation, as determined by treaty. Both of these lakes are evidently the remains of an ancient depression in the coastline shut in by sand beaches built up by the action of wind. They are of the level as the ocean, but their waters are affected by the tides and are brackish only a short distance above the Rio Grande outlet. Fully one-third of the state belongs to the Río de la Plata drainage basin, the Uruguay River itself is formed by the confluence of the Canoas and Pelotas rivers. Rio Grande do Sul lies within the temperate zone and is predominantly humid subtropical
6.
Tandil
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Tandil is the main city of the homonymous partido, located in Argentina, in the southeast of Buenos Aires Province, just north-northwest of the Tandilia hills. The city was founded in 1823 and its name originates from the Piedra Movediza which later fell, the city is the birth place of many notable sports personalities, as well as current president of Argentina Mauricio Macri. Tandil is located 180 metres above sea level and its coordinates are 37°19′08″S 59°08′05″W, the city borders Rauch and Azul, Ayacucho and Balcarce, Lobería, Necochea and Benito Juárez and Azul and Benito Juárez. Tandil is in a known as the Humid Pampa. According to the 2001 census, Tandil had a population of 108,109, the total area of the Tandil partido is 4,935 km2. Tandils climate is mild and humid, with a temperature of 13.8 °C and 888.6 millimetres of precipitation annually. Mornings are often cold in autumn, winter and spring, fog is very common in autumn and winter, when frosts are also common. Minimum temperatures below −5 °C have been recorded in the winter months, rainfall occurs throughout the year but more frequently in summer. Snow and heat waves are not very common, the climatological data in the table below is from the period 1981–1990, The name of the city comes from the Mapuche words tan, and lil. It is probably a reference to the Piedra Movediza, a boulder which stood seemingly miraculously balanced on the edge of a rocky foothill. The Moving Stone toppled on February 29,1912, and split into two pieces at the bottom of the hill, some people thought that tan in fact meant moving. In order to demonstrate the slight movements of the boulder, it was practice to place bottles or some other things under its base to see them break. As of May 2007, a replica was set up in the place where the original stood. The replica, made by engineering students, is cemented in place. The town was founded by Martín Rodríguez on April 4,1823, with time the original natives became acculturated and mixed with the increasing European population. The vast majority of immigrants came from Spain and Italy, but also Danish people settled, Tandil was designated a city in 1895 and became a popular tourist destination attracting people from Buenos Aires and other parts of Argentina. The Piedra Movediza fell in 1912 and split in two below and this was the way the locals would prove to visitors that the rock, in fact, moved, since the movement was too subtle to be detected by the naked eye. There have been projects to restore the rock, and a stone was placed where the original used to be
7.
Agriculture
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Agriculture is the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of human civilization. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science, the history of agriculture dates back thousands of years, and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates, cultures, and technologies. Industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture farming has become the dominant agricultural methodology, genetically modified organisms are an increasing component of agriculture, although they are banned in several countries. Agricultural food production and water management are increasingly becoming global issues that are fostering debate on a number of fronts, the major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels, and raw materials. Specific foods include cereals, vegetables, fruits, oils, meats, fibers include cotton, wool, hemp, silk and flax. Raw materials include lumber and bamboo, other useful materials are also produced by plants, such as resins, dyes, drugs, perfumes, biofuels and ornamental products such as cut flowers and nursery plants. The word agriculture is a late Middle English adaptation of Latin agricultūra, from ager, field, Agriculture usually refers to human activities, although it is also observed in certain species of ant, termite and ambrosia beetle. To practice agriculture means to use resources to produce commodities which maintain life, including food, fiber, forest products, horticultural crops. This definition includes arable farming or agronomy, and horticulture, all terms for the growing of plants, even then, it is acknowledged that there is a large amount of knowledge transfer and overlap between silviculture and agriculture. In traditional farming, the two are often combined even on small landholdings, leading to the term agroforestry, Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa. At least 11 separate regions of the Old and New World were involved as independent centers of origin, wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 105,000 years ago. Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around 15,000 years ago, rice was domesticated in China between 13,500 and 8,200 years ago, followed by mung, soy and azuki beans. Sheep were domesticated in Mesopotamia between 13,000 and 11,000 years ago. From around 11,500 years ago, the eight Neolithic founder crops, emmer and einkorn wheat, hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas and flax were cultivated in the Levant. Cattle were domesticated from the aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey. In the Andes of South America, the potato was domesticated between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, along with beans, coca, llamas, alpacas, sugarcane and some root vegetables were domesticated in New Guinea around 9,000 years ago. Sorghum was domesticated in the Sahel region of Africa by 7,000 years ago, cotton was domesticated in Peru by 5,600 years ago, and was independently domesticated in Eurasia at an unknown time
8.
Climate of Argentina
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The climate of Argentina is a complex subject, the vast size of the country and considerable variation in altitude make for a wide range of climate types. Argentina has four seasons, winter, spring, summer and autumn, summers are the warmest and wettest season in most of the country except in most of Patagonia where it is the driest season. Winters are normally mild in the north, cool in the center and cold in the parts with the latter experiencing frequent frost. Because southern parts of the country are moderated by the surrounding oceans, Spring and autumn are transition seasons that generally feature mild weather. Many regions have different, often contrasting, microclimates, in general, northern parts of the country are characterized by hot, humid, rainy summers and mild winters with periodic droughts. Mesopotamia, in the northeast is characterized by temperatures and abundant precipitation throughout the year with droughts being uncommon. West of this lies the Chaco region, which is the warmest region in Argentina, precipitation in the Chaco region decreases westwards, resulting in the vegetation changing from forests in the east to shrubs in the west. Northwest Argentina is predominantly dry and hot although the topography makes it climatically diverse, ranging from the cold. The center of the country, which includes the Pampas to the east and the drier Cuyo region to the west has hot summers with tornadoes and thunderstorms. High elevations at all latitudes experience cooler conditions, and the zones can see heavy snowfall. The Pampas, where many of the cities are located, has a flat topography and poor water drainage. Argentina is vulnerable and will likely be significantly impacted by climate change, temperatures have increased in the last century while the observed changes in precipitation are variable, with some areas receiving more and other areas less. These changes have impacted river flow, increased the frequency of weather events. Based on the projections for both precipitation and temperatures, these events are likely to increase in severity and create new problems associated with climate change in the country. In Argentina, the climate is divided into four, well defined seasons, winter, spring, summer, in winter, the northern parts of Argentina are generally warm, the central parts mild, and the southern parts cold with frequent frost and snow. The northern parts of the country have the warmest temperatures, with an average of 14 °C, in the extreme south, mean temperatures are below 4 °C. At higher altitudes in the Andes, average temperatures are below 0 °C. June and July temperatures are similar to each other, however
9.
Climate of Brazil
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The climate of Brazil varies considerably mostly from tropical north to temperate zones south of the Tropic of Capricorn. Temperatures below the equator are high, averaging above 25 °C, there is little seasonal variation near the equator, although at times it can get cool enough to need to wear a jacket, especially in the rain. Average temperatures below the Tropic of Capricorn are mild, ranging from 13 °C to 22 °C, the cities of Belo Horizonte and Brasília have moderate temperatures, usually between 15 and 30 °C, because of their elevation of approximately 1,000 metres. Rio de Janeiro, Recife, and Salvador on the coast have warm climates, with temperatures of each month ranging from 23 to 27 °C. The cities of São Paulo, Curitiba, Florianópolis and Porto Alegre have a climate similar to that of southern United States. Most of Brazil has moderate rainfall of between 1,000 and 1,500 mm a year, with most of the falling in the summer south of the Equator. The Amazon region is humid, with rainfall generally more than 2,000 mm per year and reaching as high as 3,000 mm in parts of the western Amazon. The Northeast is the driest part of the country, the region also constitutes the hottest part of Brazil, where during the dry season between May and November, temperatures of more than 38 °C have been recorded. However, the sertão, a region of semidesert vegetation used primarily for low-density ranching, turns green when there is rain. Most of the Center-West has 1,500 to 2,000 mm of rain per year, with a dry season in the middle of the year, while the South. Because the South Atlantic basin is not a favorable environment for their development. The countrys coastal population centers are not as burdened with the need to prepare for cyclones, as are cities at similar latitudes in the United States. Despite the popular image of the Amazon as a region of blistering heat, the annual average temperature in the region is 22 to 26 °C, with not much variation between the warmest and the coldest months. The hottest part of Brazil is the northeast, where temperatures of more than 38 °C are frequently recorded during the dry season between May and November, along the Atlantic coast from Recife to Rio de Janeiro, average temperatures range from 23 to 27 °C. Inland, on ground, temperatures are lower, ranging from 18 to 21 °C. South of Rio the seasons are defined and the range of temperatures significantly wider. Brazils most intense rain falls around the mouth of the Amazon near the city of Belém, most of Brazil has moderate rainfall of between 1,000 and 1,500 millimetres a year, most of it coming between December and April. The driest part of the country is the northeast, where rainfall is erratic, the highest temperature officially registered in Brazil was 44.7 °C in Bom Jesus, Piauí state on 21 November 2005
Argentina,
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Brazil
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