Paolo Crescenzo Martino Avitabile, also known as Abu Tabela, was a Neapolitan-Italian soldier, mercenary and adventurer. A peasant's son born in Agerola, in the province of Napoli near Sorrento, he se
Painting of General Paolo Avitabile, by Carlo de Falco, oil on canvas, National Museum of San Martino, Naples
Detail of Paolo Avitabile's signature, from a letter written in Persian signed by Paolo Avitabile, addressed to Colonel Claude Wade, congratulating him on the conquest of Ali Masjid Fort, dated to 27 July 1839
Painting of General Paolo Crescenzo Martino Avitabile's Peshawar residence, by Lieutenant James Rattray, 1840
Letter written in Persian signed by Paolo Avitabile, addressed to Colonel Claude Wade, congratulating him on the conquest of Ali Masjid Fort, dated to 27 July 1839
Jean-Baptiste Ventura, born Rubino, was an Italian soldier, mercenary in India, general in Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Sarkar-i-Khalsa, and early archaeologist of the Punjab region of the Sikh Empire.
Paolo Avitabile
…colonel in the Persian army. Here he also met Claude August Court who would later accompany him on the travel to Punjab. He had also met with Allard and Ventura while in Persia. Avitabile and Claud reformed the Persian military along European lines, with Avitabile gaining a reputation amongst his Persian troops…
Oil painting of Jean-Baptiste Ventura
General Rubino Ventura and Maharaja Ranjiit Singh in Lahore in 1825
Ruins of an Indo-Greek temple, found by General Ventura, published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1838
A late night gathering of Sikhs with Maharaja Ranjit Singh and General Ventura outside the walls of Lahore, ca.1830