1.
Peter Bogdanovich
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Peter Bogdanovich is an American director, writer, actor, producer, critic and film historian. He is part of the wave of New Hollywood directors, which included William Friedkin, Brian De Palma, George Lucas, Martin Scorsese, Michael Cimino and his most critically acclaimed and well-known film is the drama The Last Picture Show. Bogdanovich also directed the thriller Targets, the screwball comedy Whats Up, the comedy-drama Paper Moon and the drama Mask. His most recent film, Shes Funny That Way, was released in 2014, Bogdanovich was born in Kingston, New York, the son of Herma and Borislav Bogdanovich, a painter and pianist. His Austrian-born mother was Jewish whose family moved from Vienna to Zagreb, Croatia in 1932, while his father was a Serbian Orthodox Christian, in the early 1960s, Bogdanovich was known as a film programmer at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Bogdanovich also brought attention to such forgotten pioneers of American cinema as Allan Dwan, Bogdanovich kept a card file of every film he saw between 1952 and 1970, with complete reviews of every film. Bogdanovich was influenced by the French critics of the 1950s who wrote for Cahiers du Cinéma, before becoming a director himself, he built his reputation as a film writer with articles in Esquire. These articles were collected in Pieces of Time, with his wife Polly Platt, he headed for Los Angeles, skipping out on the rent in the process. Intent on breaking into the industry, Bogdanovich would ask publicists for movie premiere, at one screening, Bogdanovich was viewing a film and director Roger Corman was sitting behind him. The two struck up a conversation when Corman mentioned he liked a cinema piece Bogdanovich wrote for Esquire, Corman offered him a directing job which Bogdanovich accepted immediately. He worked with Corman on Targets, which starred Boris Karloff, Bogdanovich later said of the Corman school of filmmaking, I went from getting the laundry to directing the picture in three weeks. Altogether, I worked 22 weeks – preproduction, shooting, second unit, returning to journalism, Bogdanovich struck up a lifelong friendship with Orson Welles while interviewing him on the set of Mike Nicholss Catch-22. Bogdanovich played a role in elucidating Welles and his career with his writings on the actor-director. In the early 1970s, when Welles was having financial problems, in 1970, Bogdanovich was commissioned by the American Film Institute to direct a documentary about John Ford for their tribute, Directed by John Ford. The resulting film included interviews with John Wayne, James Stewart and Henry Fonda. Martin Scorsese, Steven Spielberg and others, much of the inspiration which led Bogdanovich to his cinematic creations came from early viewings of the film Citizen Kane. In an interview with Robert K. Elder, author of The Film That Changed My Life, Bogdanovich explains his appreciation of Orson Welles work, It’s the first modern film, fragmented, not told straight ahead, jumping around. It anticipates everything that’s being done now, and which is thought to be so modern, It’s all become really decadent now, but it was certainly fresh then
2.
Frank Marshall (producer)
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Frank Wilton Marshall is an American film producer and director, often working in collaboration with his wife, Kathleen Kennedy. With Kennedy and Steven Spielberg, he was one of the founders of Amblin Entertainment, in 1991, he founded, with Kennedy, The Kennedy/Marshall Company, a film production company which has a contract with DreamWorks. Since May 2012, with Kennedy taking on the role of President of Lucasfilm, Marshall has consistently collaborated with directors Steven Spielberg, Paul Greengrass and Peter Bogdanovich. Born in Glendale, California, Marshall is the son of guitarist, conductor and his early years were spent in Van Nuys, California. In 1961, his family moved to Newport Beach, where he attended Newport Harbor High School, and was active in music, drama, cross country and he entered UCLA in 1964 as an engineering major, and graduated in 1968 with a degree in Political science. While at UCLA, he was initiated into Alpha Tau Omega fraternity and he helped create its first NCAA soccer team, in 1966, he met film director Peter Bogdanovich at a birthday party for the daughter of director John Ford, a friend of his father. Marshall volunteered to work on Bogdanovichs first film, Targets, which became his apprenticeship in film production, as he assumed various productions roles, even appearing in a bit part. Following graduation from UCLA, Marshall spent the two years working in Aspen and Marina del Rey, as a waiter/guitar player at the The Randy Tar. While traveling through Europe in March 1970, he received another call from Bogdanovich, three days later he arrived in Archer City, Texas, doubling as location manager and actor in this seminal film. Under Bogdanovichs guidance, Marshall would work his way up from assistant to associate producer on five more films. He branched out to work with Martin Scorsese as a producer on the music documentary The Last Waltz and as an associate producer on director Walter Hills gritty crime thriller. The following year, Marshall earned his first executive producer credit on Hills cult classic street gang movie and he continues to collaborate with Bogdanovich, working to finish their tenth film together, Orson Welles unfinished The Other Side of the Wind. In 1981, together with his future wife Kathleen Kennedy and Steven Spielberg, he co-founded Amblin Entertainment, one of the industrys most productive and profitable production companies. As a producer, Marshall has received five Oscar nominations for Best Picture for The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, Seabiscuit, The Sixth Sense, The Color Purple and his feature film directing debut was the thriller Arachnophobia, starring Jeff Daniels. In 1991, he and Kennedy created The Kennedy/Marshall Company and began producing their own films, Marshall directed the companys first film, Alive, about a rugby team struggling to survive in the snow after their plane crashes in the Andes. Next, he directed Congo, based on Michael Crichtons novel, followed by Eight Below, an adventure about loyalty, in 1998, directed the episode Mare Tranquilitatis, from the Emmy Award-winning HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon. As part of ESPNs 30 for 30 series, Marshall directed a documentary about Olympian Johann Olav Koss entitled Right to Play, since taking over as sole principal of the company, Marshall has broadened its slate beyond feature films to include television, documentaries and Broadway musicals. Marshall is a former VP, member of the board of directors and he was awarded the Olympic Shield in 2005, and inducted into the U. S. Olympic Hall of Fame class of 2008 for his years of service to the USOC
3.
Ryan O'Neal
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Charles Patrick Ryan ONeal, known professionally as Ryan ONeal, is an American actor and former boxer. ONeal trained as a boxer before beginning his career in acting in 1960. In 1964, he landed the role of Rodney Harrington on the ABC nighttime soap opera Peyton Place, the series was an instant hit and boosted ONeals career. He later found success in films, most notably Love Story, for which he received Academy Award and Golden Globe nominations as Best Actor, Whats Up, Paper Moon, Stanley Kubricks Barry Lyndon, and A Bridge Too Far. Since 2007, he has had a role in the TV series Bones as Max. ONeal was born in Los Angeles, California, the eldest son of actress Patricia Ruth Olga and novelist and his father was of English and Irish descent, while his mother was of paternal Irish and maternal Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. His brother, Kevin, is an actor and screenwriter, ONeal attended University High School in Los Angeles, and trained there to become a Golden Gloves boxer. During the late 1950s, his father had a job writing on a series called Citizen Soldier, and moved the family to Munich. ONeal appeared in guest roles on series that included The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, Leave It to Beaver, Bachelor Father, Westinghouse Playhouse, from 1962 to 1963, he was a regular on NBCs Empire, another modern day western, where he played Tal Garrett. In 1964 he was cast as Rodney Harrington in the time serial drama Peyton Place. The series was a big success, making national names of its cast including ONeal, several were offered movie roles, including Mia Farrow and Barbara Parkins. Eventually ONeal was cast in the lead of The Big Bounce, then he played an Olympic athlete in The Games. The Games had been co written by Erich Segal, who recommended ONeal for the lead in Love Story, based on Segals novel, a number of actors had turned down the role including Beau Bridges and Jon Voight before it was offered to ONeal. His fee was $25,000, he had an offer that paid five times as much to appear in a Jerry Lewis film but ONeal knew that Love Story was the better prospect, I hope the young people like it, he said before the film came out. I dont want to go back to TV, I dont want to go back to those NAB conventions. In between the production and release. ONeal appeared in a TV movie written by Eric Ambler, Love Hate Love and he also made a Western, Wild Rovers with William Holden for director Blake Edwards. Love Story turned out to be a box office phenomenon and it made ONeal a star and earned him a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Actor
4.
Madeline Kahn
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Madeline Gail Kahn was an American actress, comedian, voice actress, and singer, known for comedic roles in films directed by Peter Bogdanovich and Mel Brooks, including Whats Up, Doc. Young Frankenstein, High Anxiety, History of the World, Part I, Kahn made her Broadway debut in Leonard Sillmans New Faces of 1968, and received the first of four Tony Award nominations for the 1973 play In the Boom Boom Room. She had previously won a Daytime Emmy Award in 1987 for ABC Afterschool Special and her other film appearances included The Cheap Detective, City Heat, Clue and Nixon. She had a sitcom to herself entitled Oh Madeline which aired for one season where she played personal trainer Madeline Wayne. Kahn was born on September 29,1942, in Boston, wolfson, a garment manufacturer, and his wife, Freda. She was raised in a non-observant Jewish family and her parents divorced when Kahn was two, and she and her mother moved to New York City. In 1953, Freda married Hiller Kahn, who later adopted Madeline, Kahn had two half-siblings, Jeffrey and Robyn. In 1948, Kahn was sent to the progressive Manumit boarding school in Bristol, Bucks County, during that time, her mother pursued her acting dream. Kahn soon began acting herself and performed in a number of school productions, in 1960, she graduated from Martin Van Buren High School in Queens, and then earned a drama scholarship to Hofstra University on Long Island. At Hofstra, she studied drama, music, and speech therapy, Kahn graduated from Hofstra in 1964 with a degree in speech therapy. She was a member of a sorority on campus, Delta Chi Delta. She later studied singing in New York City with Beverley Peck Johnson, when asked on television by Kitty Carlisle and Charles Nelson Reilly how she began the opera aspect of her career she said, Its so hard to determine exactly when I began or why, singing. The Muse was definitely not in attendance, to earn money while a college student, Kahn was a singing waitress at a Bavarian restaurant called Bavarian Manor, a Hofbräuhaus in New Yorks Hudson Valley. She sang musical numbers during shows. There was an important customer there, a big Italian man, who shouted out to me, Sing Madame Butterfly. He meant that one very popular aria, un Bel Di, so if I was to come back the next summer to earn more money during the next year Id better know that aria. But my first actual thing that I did was Candide for Leonard Bernsteins 50th birthday at Philharmonic Hall - at the time thats what it was called, and I dont know if that was an opera but it was very hard to sing. I actually have done Musetta in La Bohème a long ago in Washington DC
5.
John Hillerman
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John Benedict Hillerman is an American actor, known for his starring role as Jonathan Quayle Higgins III on the television show Magnum, P. I. Hillerman was born in Denison, Texas, the son of Christopher Benedict Hillerman, a gas station owner and his father was the grandson of immigrants from Germany and France. His mother was the daughter of immigrants from Austria and Germany, young Hillerman grew up in Denison and attended St. Xaviers Academy. After graduation, he attended the University of Texas at Austin for three years where he majored in journalism, in 1953, he joined the United States Air Force, serving for four years and achieving the rank of Sergeant. During his years of service, he worked with various theatrical groups. In 1957, he began his career in professional theater, Hillerman retired in 1999, and now resides in his home state of Texas. As of 2010, he relies on a mobility scooter to get around, Hillerman appeared on Broadway in 1959 and worked in live performances in a variety of venues before making his motion picture debut in 1970. He had roles in such films as The Last Picture Show, Whats Up. High Plains Drifter, Paper Moon, Blazing Saddles, and Chinatown and his other roles include Lucky Lady, At Long Last Love, and a small appearance in the comedy film Up the Creek. In 1975, he was a co-star in Ellery Queen as Simon Brimmer, a radio detective who hosted a live radio show and tried to outsmart Ellery Queen. From 1976 to 1980, he had a role as Mr. Conners on the television series One Day at a Time. He is probably best remembered for his role as former British Army Sergeant Major Jonathan Quayle Higgins III on the television series Magnum, Hillerman learned to speak with the English accent of Higgins by watching and listening to performances by Laurence Olivier. He had acted as Magnums foil and often used Higginss catchphrase, whenever Magnum did something Hillermans character would probably call, Utterly ridiculous and stupid. In 1982 John Hillerman played in the pilot of Tales of the Gold Monkey. In 1984, he hosted the David Hemmings-directed puzzle video Money Hunt, in 1990, Hillerman returned to television to perform for one season as Lloyd Hogan in the series The Hogan Family. That same year, Hillerman portrayed Dr. Watson to Edward Woodwards Sherlock Holmes in Hands of a Murderer, in 1993, he appeared in Berlin Break for one season. He played the role of Mac Mackenzie, a spy and currently the proprietor of Macs. He teamed up with two jobless spies as investigators, Valentin Renko, an agent, and Willy Richter
6.
Tatum O'Neal
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Tatum Beatrice ONeal is an American actress and author. She is the youngest person ever to win a competitive Academy Award and she also starred in The Bad News Bears, in 1976, followed by Nickelodeon, and Little Darlings. She is also known for being Michael Jacksons first girlfriend, in 1986, ONeal married professional tennis player John McEnroe, with whom she had three children. The couple separated in 1992 and were divorced in 1994, ONeal was born in the Westwood area of Los Angeles, California, to actors Ryan ONeal and Joanna Moore. Her brother, Griffin, was born in 1964, in 1967, her parents divorced and her father quickly remarried. Her fathers marriage to actress Leigh Taylor-Young produced Tatums half-brother, Patrick, Tatum has another half-brother, Redmond, from Ryan ONeals relationship with actress Farrah Fawcett. ONeals mother died of cancer in 1997 at age 63, after a career in which she appeared in such movies as Walk on the Wild Side. The youngest ever to win a competitive Academy Award, she turned 9 years old during filming in autumn 1972, ONeal played the role of Addie Loggins, a child con artist being tutored by a Depression-era grifter played by her father, Ryan. She appeared as the character in the Faerie Tale Theatre episode Goldilocks. She appeared in five films during the next 15 years. In the early 2000s, ONeal returned to acting with made guest appearances on Sex and the City,8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter, and Law and Order, Criminal Intent. In 2005, ONeal began a role as Maggie Gavin on the firehouse drama series Rescue Me, portraying the unbalanced and lively sister of Tommy Gavin. In January 2006, she participated in the season of ABCs reality series Dancing with the Stars with professional partner Nick Kosovich. They were eliminated in the second round and she went on to do commentary for the series on Entertainment Tonight. From 2006 to 2007, she portrayed the vindictive and psychotic Blythe Hunter in the My Network TV drama Wicked Wicked Games and she appears opposite Nashawn Kearse and Vanessa L. Williams in the film My Brother. One of ONeals first public boyfriends was pop star Michael Jackson, Jackson described ONeal as his first love, and in a 2002 interview with Martin Bashir said that ONeal tried to seduce him, but he was terrified by the idea of sex. ONeal adamantly denied all of Jacksons claims in her 2004 autobiography, ONeals relationship with tennis player John McEnroe began in 1984 when she moved into his Central Park West condominium in New York City. The couple have three children, Kevin, Sean, and Emily and they separated in 1992 and were divorced in 1994
7.
Paramount Pictures
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Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film studio based in Hollywood, California, that has been a subsidiary of the American media conglomerate Viacom since 1994. In 1916, film producer Adolph Zukor contracted 22 actors and actresses and these fortunate few would become the first movie stars. Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2014, Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only. Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving studio in the world after the French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé, followed by the Nordisk Film company. It is the last major film studio headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles. Paramount Pictures dates its existence from the 1912 founding date of the Famous Players Film Company, hungarian-born founder, Adolph Zukor, who had been an early investor in nickelodeons, saw that movies appealed mainly to working-class immigrants. With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman he planned to offer feature-length films that would appeal to the class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time. By mid-1913, Famous Players had completed five films, and Zukor was on his way to success and its first film was Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth, which starred Sarah Bernhardt. That same year, another aspiring producer, Jesse L. Lasky, opened his Lasky Feature Play Company with money borrowed from his brother-in-law, Samuel Goldfish, the Lasky company hired as their first employee a stage director with virtually no film experience, Cecil B. DeMille, who would find a site in Hollywood, near Los Angeles, for his first feature film. Hodkinson and actor, director, producer Hobart Bosworth had started production of a series of Jack London movies, Paramount was the first successful nationwide distributor, until this time, films were sold on a statewide or regional basis which had proved costly to film producers. Also, Famous Players and Lasky were privately owned while Paramount was a corporation, in 1916, Zukor maneuvered a three-way merger of his Famous Players, the Lasky Company, and Paramount. Zukor and Lasky bought Hodkinson out of Paramount, and merged the three companies into one, with only the exhibitor-owned First National as a rival, Famous Players-Lasky and its Paramount Pictures soon dominated the business. It was this system that gave Paramount a leading position in the 1920s and 1930s, the driving force behind Paramounts rise was Zukor. In 1926, Zukor hired independent producer B. P. Schulberg and they purchased the Robert Brunton Studios, a 26-acre facility at 5451 Marathon Street for US$1 million. In 1927, Famous Players-Lasky took the name Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation, three years later, because of the importance of the Publix Theatres, it became Paramount Publix Corporation. In 1928, Paramount began releasing Inkwell Imps, animated cartoons produced by Max, the Fleischers, veterans in the animation industry, were among the few animation producers capable of challenging the prominence of Walt Disney. The Paramount newsreel series Paramount News ran from 1927 to 1957, Paramount was also one of the first Hollywood studios to release what were known at that time as talkies, and in 1929, released their first musical, Innocents of Paris
8.
Hollywood
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
9.
Black and white
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Black and white, often abbreviated B/W or B&W, and hyphenated black-and-white when used as an adjective, is any of several monochrome forms in visual arts. Black-and-white images are not usually starkly contrasted black and white and they combine black and white in a continuum producing a range of shades of gray. Even when most studios had the capability to make color films they were not heavily utilized as using the Technicolor process was expensive, for the years 1940–1966, a separate Academy Award for Best Art Direction was given for black-and-white movies along with one for color. Television, Television program was first transmitted in black-and-white, scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the worlds first color television transmission on July 3,1928 using a mechanical process. Some color broadcasts in the US began in the 1950s, with color becoming common in industrialized nations during the late 1960s. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission settled on a color NTSC standard in 1953, color television became more widespread in the U. S. between 1963 and 1967, when the CBS and ABC networks joined NBC in broadcasting full color schedules. Canada began airing color television in 1966 while the United Kingdom began to use a different color system from July 1967 known as PAL. The Republic Of Ireland followed in 1970, in China, black and white television sets were the norm until as late as the 1990s, color TVs not outselling them until about 1989. While seldom used now, many consumer camcorders have the ability to record in black-and-white. Photography, Photographs were either black-and-white or shades of sepia, color photography was originally rare and expensive and again often containing inaccurate hues. Color photography became more common from the mid-20th century, Today, black-and-white is a niche market for photographers who use the medium for artistic purposes. This can take the form of film or digital conversion to grayscale. For amateur use certain companies such as Kodak manufactured black-and-white disposable cameras until 2009, also, certain films are produced today which give black-and-white images using the ubiquitous C41 color process. Printing press, Most American newspapers were black-and-white until the early 1980s, The New York Times, some claim that USA Today was the major impetus for the change to color. In the UK, color was only introduced from the mid-1980s. Even today, many newspapers restrict color photographs to the front, similarly, daily comic strips in newspapers were traditionally black-and-white with color reserved for Sunday strips. Sometimes color is reserved for the cover, magazines such as Jet magazine were either all or mostly black-and-white until the end of the 2000s when it became all-color. Manga are typically published in black-and-white although now it is part of its image, many school yearbooks are still entirely or mostly in black-and-white
10.
Kansas
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Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ is a U. S. state located in the Midwestern United States. Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita, Kansas is named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribes name is said to mean people of the wind or people of the south wind. For thousands of years, what is now Kansas was home to numerous, tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison. When it was opened to settlement by the U. S. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided. The abolitionists eventually prevailed, and on January 29,1861, after the Civil War, the population of Kansas grew rapidly when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland. By 2015, Kansas was one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, corn, sorghum, and soybeans. Kansas, which has an area of 82,278 square miles is the 15th largest state by area and is the 34th most populous of the 50 United States with a population of 2,911,641, residents of Kansas are called Kansans, officially. Mount Sunflower is Kansass highest point at 4,041 feet, for a millennia, the land that is currently Kansas was inhabited by Native Americans. The first European to set foot in present-day Kansas was Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, in 1803, most of modern Kansas was secured by the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Southwest Kansas, however, was still a part of Spain, Mexico, from 1812 to 1821, Kansas was part of the Missouri Territory. The Santa Fe Trail traversed Kansas from 1821 to 1880, transporting manufactured goods from Missouri and silver and furs from Santa Fe, wagon ruts from the trail are still visible in the prairie today. In 1827, Fort Leavenworth became the first permanent settlement of white Americans in the future state, the Kansas–Nebraska Act became law on May 30,1854, establishing the U. S. territories of Nebraska and Kansas, and opening the area to broader settlement by whites. Kansas Territory stretched all the way to the Continental Divide and included the sites of present-day Denver, Colorado Springs, Missouri and Arkansas sent settlers into Kansas all along its eastern border. These settlers attempted to sway votes in favor of slavery, the secondary settlement of Americans in Kansas Territory were abolitionists from Massachusetts and other Free-Staters, who attempted to stop the spread of slavery from neighboring Missouri. Directly presaging the American Civil War, these forces collided, entering into skirmishes that earned the territory the name of Bleeding Kansas, Kansas was admitted to the United States as a free state on January 29,1861, making it the 34th state to enter the Union. He was roundly condemned by both the conventional Confederate military and the partisan rangers commissioned by the Missouri legislature and his application to that body for a commission was flatly rejected due to his pre-war criminal record
11.
Missouri
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Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1821. With over six million residents, it is the eighteenth most populous state, the largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River, the state is the twenty-first most extensive by area and is geographically diverse. The Northern Plains were once covered by glaciers, then tallgrass prairie, in the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the border of the state, eventually flowing into the swampy Missouri Bootheel. Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years, the Mississippian culture built cities and mounds, before declining in the 1300s. When European explorers arrived in the 1600s they encountered the Osage, the French established Louisiana, a part of New France, and founded Ste. Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764, after a brief period of Spanish rule, the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Americans from the Upland South, including enslaved African Americans, rushed into the new Missouri Territory, many from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee settled in the Boonslick area of Mid-Missouri. Soon after, heavy German immigration formed the Missouri Rhineland, Missouri played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States, as memorialized by the Gateway Arch. The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, as a border state, Missouris role in the American Civil War was complex and there were many conflicts within. After the war, both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business, today, the state is divided into 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. Missouris culture blends elements from the Midwestern and Southern United States, the musical styles of ragtime, Kansas City jazz, and St. Louis Blues, developed in Missouri. The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and lesser known St. Louis-style barbecue can be found across the state, St. Louis is also a major center of beer brewing, Anheuser-Busch is the largest producer in the world. Missouri wine is produced in the nearby Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks, Missouris alcohol laws are among the most permissive in the United States. Outside of the large cities popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks, U. S. President Harry S. Truman is from Missouri. Other well known Missourians include Mark Twain, Walt Disney, Chuck Berry, some of the largest companies based in the state include Express Scripts, Monsanto, Emerson Electric, Edward Jones, and OReilly Auto Parts. Missouri has been called the Mother of the West and the Cave State, however, Missouris most famous nickname is the Show Me State, the state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe
12.
Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
13.
Confidence trick
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A confidence trick is an attempt to defraud a person or group after first gaining their confidence, used in the classical sense of trust. Confidence tricks exploit characteristics of the human psyche such as dishonesty, vanity, compassion, credulity, irresponsibility, naïveté, the perpetrator of a confidence trick is often referred to as a confidence man, con-artist, or a grifter. Samuel Thompson was the confidence man. Thompson was a swindler who asked his victims to express confidence in him by giving him money or their watch rather than gaining their confidence in a more nuanced way. A few people trusted Thompson with their money and watches, Thompson was arrested in July 1849. Reporting about this arrest, Dr. James Houston, a reporter of the New York Herald, although Thompson was an unsuccessful scammer, he gained reputation as a genius operator mostly because Houstons satirical writing wasnt understood. The National Police Gazette coined the term confidence game a few weeks after Houston first used the name, the confidence man. A confidence trick is known as a con game, a con, a scam, a grift, a hustle, a bunko, a swindle, a flimflam. The intended victims are known as marks, suckers, or gulls, when accomplices are employed, they are known as shills. A short con or small con is a fast swindle which takes just minutes and it typically aims to rob the victim of everything in his or her wallet. A long con or big con is a scam that unfolds over several days or weeks and involves a team of swindlers, as well as props, sets, extras, costumes, and scripted lines. It aims to rob the victim of huge sums of money or valuable things, often by getting him or her to empty out banking accounts, in Confessions of a Confidence Man, Edward H. Smith lists the six definite steps or stages of growth of a confidence game. He notes that some steps may be omitted, foundation Work Preparations are made in advance of the game, including the hiring of any assistants required. Build-up The victim is given an opportunity to profit from a scheme, the victims greed is encouraged, such that their rational judgment of the situation might be impaired. Pay-off or Convincer The victim receives a small payout as a demonstration of the schemes effectiveness and this may be a real amount of money, or faked in some way. In a gambling con, the victim is allowed to win small bets. In a stock market con, the victim is given fake dividends, the Hurrah A sudden crisis or change of events forces the victim to act immediately. This is the point at which the con succeeds or fails, the In-and-In A conspirator puts an amount of money into the same scheme as the victim, to add an appearance of legitimacy to the scheme
14.
St. Joseph, Missouri
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St. Joseph is a city in and the county seat of Buchanan County, Missouri, United States. It is the city of the St. Joseph Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Buchanan, Andrew. As of the 2010 census, St. Joseph had a population of 76,780, making it the eighth largest city in the state. The metropolitan area had a population of 127,329 in 2010, St. Joseph, named after the biblical Saint Joseph, is located on the Missouri River. It is perhaps best known as the point of the Pony Express and the death place of Jesse James. St. Joseph is also home to Missouri Western State University, St. Joseph was founded on the Missouri River by Joseph Robidoux, a local fur trader, and officially incorporated in 1843. In its early days, it was a bustling outpost and rough frontier town, serving as a last supply point and it was the westernmost point in the United States accessible by rail until after the American Civil War. The main east-west downtown streets were named for Robidouxs eight children, Faraon, Jules, Francois, Felix, Edmond, Charles, Sylvanie, the street between Sylvanie and Messanie was named for his second wife, Angelique. St. Joseph, or St. Joe, as it was called by many, was a Jumping-Off Point for those headed to the Oregon Territory in the mid-1800s. These cities, including Independence, and St. Joseph, were where pioneers would stay, the town was a very bustling place, and was the second city in the USA to have electric streetcars. The pony riders carried additionally, along with the mail, a small personal bible, today the Pony Express Museum hosts visitors in the old stables. In 1882, on April 3, the outlaw Jesse James was killed at his home, originally located at 1318 Lafayette, now sited next to The Patee House. In the post-Civil War years, when the economy was down, James was living under the alias of Mr. Howard. An excerpt from a poem of the time is. that dirty little coward that shot Mr. Howard has laid poor Jesse in his grave. The Heaton-Bowman-Smith Funeral Home maintains a museum about Jesse James. The museum is open to the public and his home, is now known as Jesse James Home Museum. It has been relocated at least three times, and features the bullet hole from that fateful shot, St. Joseph is identified by the slogan, Where the Pony Express started and Jesse James ended. St. Josephs population peaked in 1900, with a population of 102,979
15.
Cotton candy
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Cotton candy is a form of spun sugar. According to the New York Times, the confection is almost 99.999 percent sugar, with dashes of flavoring, often served at fairs, circuses, carnivals, and Japanese festivals, cotton candy is sold on a stick or in a plastic bag. Food coloring can be used to change the white color. Similar confections include the Indian Sohan papdi, the Persian Pashmak, there are several claims for the origin of cotton candy, with some sources tracing it to a form of spun sugar found in Europe in the 19th century. At that time, spun sugar was an expensive, labor-intensive endeavor and was not generally available to the average person, others suggest versions of spun sugar originated in Italy as early as the 15th century. Machine-spun cotton candy was invented in 1897 by the dentist William Morrison, wharton and first introduced to a wide audience at the 1904 Worlds Fair as Fairy Floss with great success, selling 68,655 boxes at 25¢ per box. Joseph Lascaux, a dentist from New Orleans, Louisiana, invented a similar cotton candy machine in 1921, in fact, the Lascaux patent named the sweet confection “cotton candy” and the fairy floss name faded away, although it retains this name in Australia. In the 1970s an automatic cotton candy machine was created which made the product and this made it easier to produce and available to sell at carnivals, fairs, and stores in the 1970s and on. Tootsie Roll of Canada Ltd. the worlds largest cotton-candy manufacturer, the United States celebrate National Cotton Candy Day on December 7. Typical machines used to make cotton candy include a spinning head enclosing a small sugar reserve bowl into which a charge of granulated, colored sugar is poured, heaters near the rim of the head melt the sugar, which is squeezed out through tiny holes by centrifugal force. The molten sugar solidifies in the air and is caught in a bowl which totally surrounds the spinning head. As the sugar reserve bowl empties, the operator recharges it with more feedstock, the product is sensitive to humidity, and in humid summer locales, the process can be messy and sticky. Modern innovations in cotton candy equipment include vending machines which automatically produce single-servings of the product, developed in Taiwan, the source material for candy floss is usually both dyed and flavored. Cotton candy also comes out purple, when mixed, making a significant favorite at fairs, typically, once spun, cotton candy is only marketed by color. In 1978, the first automated machine was used for the production of cotton candy, since then the creations and innovations of this machine have become greater and greater. They range in sizes from counter-top accessible to party and carnival size, modern machines that are made for commercial use can hold up to 3 pounds of sugar and have compartments for storage of extra flavors. The rotating bowl at the top spins at 3,450 revolutions per minute, Candy making The complete Confectioners, pastry, Cook And Baker by M. Sanderson Cotton Candy Express
16.
African Americans
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
17.
Rum-running
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Rum-running, or bootlegging, is the illegal business of transporting alcoholic beverages where such transportation is forbidden by law. Smuggling is usually done to circumvent taxation or prohibition laws within a particular jurisdiction, the term rum-running is more commonly applied to smuggling over water, bootlegging is applied to smuggling over land. The term rum-running most likely originated at the start of Prohibition in the United States and it was said that some ships carried $200,000 in contraband in a single run. It was not long after the first taxes on alcoholic beverages that someone began to smuggle them, the British government had revenue cutters in place to stop smugglers as early as the 16th century. Pirates often made extra money running rum to heavily taxed colonies, an irony of the history of prohibition in North America is that industrial-scale smuggling flowed both ways across the Canada–US border at different points in the early twentieth century. National prohibition in the United States did not begin until 1920, as well, Canadas version of prohibition had never included a ban on the manufacture of liquor for export. Soon the black-market trade was reversed with Canadian whisky and beer flowing in large quantities to the United States, again, this illegal international trade undermined the support for prohibition in the receiving country, and the American version ended in 1933. One of the most famous periods of rum-running began in the United States with the Prohibition began on January 16,1920 and this period lasted until the Eighteenth Amendment was repealed with ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, on December 5,1933. At first, there was action on the seas. This was the start of the Bimini–Bahamas rum trade and the introduction of Bill McCoy, with the start of Prohibition Captain McCoy began bringing rum from Bimini and the rest of the Bahamas into south Florida through Government Cut. The rum-running business was good, and McCoy soon bought a Gloucester knockabout schooner named Arethusa at auction. He installed an auxiliary, mounted a concealed machine gun on her deck. In the days of rum running, it was common for captains to add water to the bottles to stretch their profits, any cheap sparkling wine became French champagne or Italian Spumante, unbranded liquor became top-of-the-line name brands. McCoy became famous for never watering his booze, and selling only top brands, although the phrase appears in print in 1882, this is one of several folk etymologies for the origin of the term The real McCoy. On November 15,1923, McCoy and Tomoka encountered the U. S. Coast Guard Cutter Seneca, a boarding party attempted to board, but McCoy chased them off with the machine gun. Tomoka tried to run, but the Seneca placed a shell just off her hull, the small, quick boats could more easily outrun Coast Guard ships and could dock in any small river or eddy and transfer their cargo to a waiting truck. They were also known to float planes and flying boats. Soon others were following suit, the limit became known as Rum Line
18.
Whisky
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Whisky or whiskey is a type of distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash. Various grains are used for different varieties, including barley, corn, rye, Whisky is typically aged in wooden casks, generally made of charred white oak. Whisky is a strictly regulated spirit worldwide with many classes and types, the typical unifying characteristics of the different classes and types are the fermentation of grains, distillation, and aging in wooden barrels. The word whiskey is an anglicisation of the Classical Gaelic word uisce meaning water, distilled alcohol was known in Latin as aqua vitae. This was translated to Classical Gaelic as uisce beatha, which became uisce beatha in Irish, early forms of the word in English included uskebeaghe, usquebaugh, usquebath, and usquebae. Much is made of the two spellings, whiskey and whisky. There are two schools of thought on the issue, there is general agreement that when quoting the proper name printed on a label, the spelling on the label should not be altered. Some writers refer to whisky or whisky/whiskey to acknowledge the variation, the spelling whiskey is common in Ireland and the United States, while whisky is used in all other whisky producing countries. In the US, the usage has not always been consistent, from the late eighteenth century to the mid twentieth century, American writers used both spellings interchangeably until the introduction of newspaper style guides. Since the 1960s, American writers have increasingly used whiskey as the spelling for aged grain spirits made in the US. Scotch is the internationally recognized term for Scotch whisky, the earliest certain chemical distillations were by Greeks in Alexandria in the 1st century AD, but these were not distillations of alcohol. The medieval Arabs adopted the technique of the Alexandrian Greeks, and written records in Arabic begin in the 9th century. Distilling technology passed from the medieval Arabs to the medieval Latins, the earliest records of the distillation of alcohol are in Italy in the 13th century, where alcohol was distilled from wine. An early description of the technique was given by Ramon Llull and its use spread through medieval monasteries, largely for medicinal purposes, such as the treatment of colic and smallpox. The art of distillation spread to Ireland and Scotland no later than the 15th century, the practice of medicinal distillation eventually passed from a monastic setting to the secular via professional medical practitioners of the time, The Guild of Barber Surgeons. The earliest Irish mention of whisky comes from the seventeenth-century Annals of Clonmacnoise, between 1536 and 1541, King Henry VIII of England dissolved the monasteries, sending their monks out into the general public. Whisky production moved out of a setting and into personal homes. The distillation process was still in its infancy, whisky itself was not allowed to age, renaissance-era whisky was also very potent and not diluted
19.
Sheriffs in the United States
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In the United States, a sheriff is an official in a county who is responsible for keeping the peace and enforcing the law. Elected sheriffs are accountable directly to the constitution of their state, the United States Constitution, statutes, the law enforcement agency headed by a sheriff is commonly referred to as a sheriffs office not sheriffs department. According to the National Sheriffs Association, an American sheriffs advocacy group, of the 50 U. S. states,48 have sheriffs. The two exceptions are Alaska, which not have counties, and Connecticut, which has no county governments. Sheriffs are elected to terms in 42 states, two-year terms in Arkansas and New Hampshire, three-year terms in New Jersey. In many rural areas of the United States, particularly in the South, in some states a sheriff may not be a sworn peace officer, but merely an elected civilian official lacking police powers who oversees the offices and its sworn peace officers. Law enforcement officers working for such offices may be subdivided, sometimes titled general deputy, the second-in-command of a sheriffs office is sometimes called an undersheriff or chief deputy, akin to the deputy chief of police position of a municipal police department. In some counties, the undersheriff is the warden of the county jail, most sheriffs offices have a law enforcement duty and roles. Some states extend this authority to adjacent counties or to the entire state, larger departments may perform other criminal investigations or engage in other specialized law enforcement activities. Some larger sheriffs departments may have aviation, motorcycle unit, canine units, mounted details, many sheriffs departments enlist the aid of local neighborhoods, using a community policing strategy, in working to prevent crime. The National Neighborhood Watch Program, sponsored by the National Sheriffs Association, allows civilians, Sheriffs offices may coexist with other county level law enforcement agencies such as county police, county park police, etc. The sheriff also often conducts auction sales of real property in foreclosure in many jurisdictions. In other jurisdictions, these civil process duties are performed by other officers, an example is the Philadelphia Sheriffs Office in Pennsylvania. Limited service – along with the above, perform some type of traditional law-enforcement function such as investigations and this may be limited to security police duties on county properties to the performance of these duties in unincorporated areas of the county, and some incorporated areas by contract. Full service – The most common type, provide all traditional law-enforcement functions, including countywide patrol, note, There are two federal equivalents of the sheriff, the first is the United States Marshals Service, an agency of the Department of Justice. There are 94 United States Marshals, one for each judicial district. Marshal and his or her Deputy Marshals are responsible for the transport of prisoners and security for the United States district courts, the other is the Marshal of the United States Supreme Court who performs all court related duties for the Supreme Court of the United States. In Alabama, a sheriff is an official and the chief law enforcement officer in any given county
20.
Arrest
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Police and various other bodies have powers of arrest. The word arrest is Anglo-Norman in origin, derived from the French word arrêt meaning to stop or stay, lexicologically, the meaning of the word arrest is given in various dictionaries depending upon the circumstances in which word is used. There are numerous terms for being arrested throughout the world. In British slang terminology, the term nicked is often synonymous with being arrested, and nick can also refer to a station. In the United States and France the term collared is sometimes used, the term lifted is also heard on occasion. According to Indian law, no formality is needed during the procedure of arrest, the arrest can be made by a citizen, a police officer or a Magistrate. The person must then appear in court on the date provided on the citation, prior to the court date, the prosecution will decide whether to file formal criminal charges against the individual. When the accused appears in court, they will be advised if formal criminal charges have been filed, if charges are filed, they will be asked to plead guilty or not guilty at the initial court hearing, which is referred to as the arraignment. When a person is arrested for a crime, in California for example. The accused will be advised of the amount, which is based upon a bail schedule that is established on an annual basis by the judges in each county. When law enforcement agents believe to have cause to arrest a person for a serious crime. The accused will have their mug shot taken and be held in a station or jail pending their ability to post bail. If the accused cannot post bail, they appear at their arraignment where the judge will determine if the bail set by the schedule should be raised, lowered. Also, in states, the prosecution has 48 hours to decide whether or not to file formal charges against the accused. For example, in California, if no charges are filed within the 48-hour period. If formal charges are filed, the accused will be asked to appear at their arraignment, at the arraignment, the accused will be asked to plead guilty or not guilty, and the judge will set a bail amount for the accused. In 2010, the FBI estimated that law enforcement agencies made 13,120,947 arrests. Of those persons arrested,74. 5% were male and 69.4 percent of all persons arrested were white,28.0 percent were black, Arrests under English law fall into two general categories—with and without a warrant—and then into more specific subcategories
21.
Ford Model T engine
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The Ford Model T used a 177 cu in inline 4-cylinder engine. It was primarily a petrol engine, but it had flex-fuel ability and it produced 20 hp for a top speed of 45 mph. It was built in-unit with the Model Ts novel transmission, sharing the same lubricating oil, the T engine was known for its simplicity, reliability, and economy. The engine remained in production for years, and millions of units were produced. The engine designs lifespan exceeded that of the Model T vehicle itself, with industrial, marine, the T engine is on the Wards 10 Best Engines of the 20th Century list. The T engine was primarily a petrol engine, but it had multifuel ability, according to Ford Motor Company, the Model T had fuel economy on the order of 13–21 mpg‑US. The T engine had one carburetor, a side-draft, single-venturi unit and its choke and throttle valves were controlled manually, the latter was with a hand lever rather than a foot pedal. The carburetor had no accelerator pump, various vendors supplied Ford with carburetors for the T engine, including Holley, Zenith, and Kingston. During most of the Ts production run, its 10 US gal fuel tank was mounted to the frame beneath the front seat. Because Ford relied on gravity to feed fuel to the rather than a fuel pump. The immediate solution was to steep hills in reverse. In 1926, the tank was moved forward and upward, under the cowl, on most models. The T engine was an inline-four, with all four cylinders cast into one engine block, such monobloc design was an uncommon practice when T production started in 1908. It lent itself to production, showing the Ford companys prescient focus on design for manufacturability. The head, however, was detachable, which not only aided Ford in manufacturing, the block and head were both of cast iron. The engines bore was 3 3⁄4 inches and its stroke was 4 inches even, the compression ratio was low by modern standards, but typical for the era, making the engine forgiving of poor fuel quality and minimizing cranking effort at starting. The valvetrain was a side valve design, the crankshaft had 3 main bearings. The T engines cooling system reflected the Ts simplicity design theme, the first few hundred Model Ts had a water pump, but it was eliminated early in production
22.
Hillbilly
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Hillbilly is a term for people who dwell in rural, mountainous areas in the United States, primarily in Appalachia and the Ozarks. Due to its strongly stereotypical connotations, the term can be offensive to those Americans of Appalachian or Ozark heritage, scholars argue this duality is reflective of the split ethnic identities in white America. The Appalachian Mountains were settled in the 18th century by settlers primarily from the Province of Ulster in Ireland, the settlers from Ulster were mainly Protestants who migrated to Ireland during the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century from Scotland and Northern England. Many further migrated to the American colonies beginning in the 1730s, scholars argue that the term hillbilly originated from Scottish dialect. The term hill-folk referred to people that preferred isolation from the greater society and it is suggested that hill-folk and billie were combined when the Cameronians fled to the Highlands. Others have suggested the term originated in 17th century Ireland, during the Williamite War, some scholars disagree with this theory. … In America hillbilly was first attested only in 1898, which suggests a later, the term hillbilly spread in the years following the American Civil War. At this time, the country was developing both technologically and socially, but the Appalachian region was falling behind, before the war, Appalachia was not distinctively different from other rural areas of the country. Post-war, although the frontier pushed farther west, the region maintained frontier characteristics, Appalachians themselves were perceived as backward, quick to violence and inbred in their isolation. Fueled by news stories of mountain feuds such as that in the 1880s between the Hatfields and McCoys, the hillbilly stereotype developed in the late 19th to early 20th century. The classic hillbilly stereotype reached its current characterization during the years of the Great Depression when many left their homes to find work in other areas of the country. This movement North became known as the Hillbilly Highway, the movement brought these previously isolated communities into mainstream United States culture. Poor white mountaineers became central characters in newspapers, pamphlets and eventually, authors at this time were inspired by historical figures such as Davy Crockett and Daniel Boone. The mountaineer image transferred over to the 20th century where the hillbilly stereotype emerged, pop culture has perpetuated the hillbilly stereotype. The misrepresentation of Appalachian people in the media has led to great cultural distortion of Appalachian beliefs, practices, scholarly works suggest that the media has exploited both the Appalachian region and people by classifying them as hillbillies. These generalizations do not match the cultural experiences of Appalachians, Appalachians, like many other groups, do not subscribe to a single identity. One of the associated with stereotyping is that it is profitable. When hillbilly became a widely used term, entrepreneurs saw a window for potential revenue and they recycled the image and brought it to life through various forms of media
23.
Catch wrestling
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Catch wrestling is a classical hybrid grappling style that was developed in Britain circa 1870 by J. G. The training of some modern submission wrestlers, professional wrestlers and mixed martial artists is founded in catch wrestling and this new departure was the forerunner of the total abolition of the sport at that athletic, and within a short period the wrestling, as an item in the program. When catch wrestling reached the United States in the late 19th, eventually, the carnivals wrestlers began preparing for the worst kind of unarmed assault and aiming to end the wrestling match with any tough local quickly and decisively via submission. A hook was a submission which could end a match within seconds. Travelling wrestlers brought together a variety of folk wrestling disciplines including the Indian variety of Pehlwani, Judo/Jujutsu, each of these disciplines contributed to the development of catch wrestling in their own way. The British term catch as catch can is generally understood to mean catch anywhere you can, as this implies, the rules of catch wrestling were more open than the earlier Folk styles it was based on and its French Greco-Roman counterpart which did not allow holds below the waist. Catch wrestlers can win a match by submission or pin. Often, but not always, the chokehold was barred, also just as today tapping out signifies a concession as does shouting out Uncle. Back in the heyday of catch wrestling rolling to ones back could also signify defeat, Frank Gotch won many matches by forcing his opponent to roll over onto their back with the threat of his toe-hold. Some matches however didnt include pins as a way to win but they were used for control and to get submissions However, in traditional catch wrestling, hooks are used rather than submissions. Hooks are a form of submission where the submission may be executed so fast that the loser has no time to tap out & were probably derived from the Rough & Tumble mindset, therefore, another name for a catch wrestler is a hooker. A hook can be defined as a move that stretches. Almost all moves have their own variations and different predicaments they can be pulled off in, many of such novel techniques were a result of cross cultural exchanges with Jujutsu proponents. The rules of catch wrestling would change from venue to venue, matches contested with side-bets at the coal mines or logging camps favoured submission wins where there was absolutely no doubt as to who the winner was. Meanwhile professionally booked matches and amateur contests favoured pins that catered to the broader, the impact of catch wrestling on modern day amateur wrestling is also well established. In the film Catch, The Hold Not Taken, US Olympic Gold Medalist Dan Gable talks of how when he learned to wrestle as an amateur the style was known locally, in Waterloo, Iowa, as catch-as-catch-can. The wrestling tradition of Iowa is rooted in catch wrestling as Farmer Burns, modern international freestyle wrestling and American folkstyle wrestling are amateur catch wrestling without the submissions. Santel defeated Ito and proclaimed himself World Judo Champion, the response from Jigoro Kanos Kodokan was swift and came in the form of another challenger, 4th degree black belt Daisuke Sakai
24.
Burton Gilliam
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Burton Gilliam is an American actor. Prior to acting, Gilliam was a member of the Coast Guards boxing team, upon completing his Coast Guard enlistment, Gilliam followed in his fathers footsteps and joined the Dallas Fire Department. He remained in the world for decades, working as a referee in California. While working as a fireman, Gilliam appeared in the role of Floyd and he has also appeared in popular motion pictures such as Blazing Saddles and Back to the Future Part III. Gilliam has had roles in other motion pictures such as Honeymoon in Vegas, Thunderbolt and Lightfoot, Farewell, My Lovely, Fletch, Gator, Telefon. His television appearances include Alice, Charlie’s Angels, The A-Team, The Dukes Of Hazzard, The Fall Guy, Gilliam was born in Dallas, Texas. He lives with his wife, Susan, in Allen, Texas and he has two children and four grandchildren who also live in the local area. His granddaughter, Hollie Vise, is a champion gymnast. Gilliam graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School, Dallas, in 1956 and was inducted into the hall of fame in 2004
25.
Noble Willingham
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Willingham was the son of Ladelle and Noble Henry Senior, a railroad worker and a farmer. He was born in the town of Mineola, in Wood County east of Dallas, Texas. After graduating in 1953 from North Texas State University in Denton, he earned a degree in educational psychology from Baylor University in Waco. Willingham served in the United States Army during the Korean War, Willingham was teaching high school government and economics in Houston before he followed his dream of becoming an actor. He auditioned for a part in The Last Picture Show, which was filmed in Texas and he won the role, which led to another appearance, in Paper Moon. Willingham appeared in more than thirty films, including Big Bad Mama, Chinatown. Aloha, Bobby and Rose, Sheila Levine Is Dead and Living in New York, Fighting Mad, Greased Lightning, The Boys in Company C, Norma Rae, Fast Charlie. On television, Willingham had a role in the ABC series Home Improvement with Tim Allen as John Binford. He also guest starred on The A-Team, Murder, She Wrote, Star Trek, The Next Generation, Northern Exposure, The Rockford Files, Tuckers Witch with Tim Matheson and Catherine Hicks, and Quantum Leap. His additional television credits include A Woman With A Past, The Children Nobody Wanted, The Alamo, Thirteen Days to Glory and he guest starred as IRS Agent Bumpers in the show Remington Steele. He was best known for his role as C. D, parker on the series Walker, Texas Ranger from 1993 to 1999. He left the show to run for the United States House of Representatives, in 2000, Willingham was the Republican challenger in the northeast Texas 1st congressional district against incumbent Democratic congressman Max Sandlin. Willingham ran a campaign and attacked Sandlin for bringing Bill Clinton to the district. Sandlin fought back by citing various moderate votes he had cast, in a district that George W. Four years later, Sandlin was defeated for re-election by Republican Louie Gohmert of Tyler. On January 17,2004, Willingham died in his sleep of an attack in Palm Springs at the age of 72. A veteran of the United States Army during the Korean War, he is buried at Riverside National Cemetery in Riverside, Noble Willingham at Memory Alpha Noble Willingham at the Internet Movie Database
26.
Randy Quaid
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Randy Randall Rudy Quaid is an American actor. He has been nominated for a Golden Globe Award, BAFTA Award, Quaid also won a Golden Globe and was nominated for an Emmy Award for his portrayal of U. S. President Lyndon Johnson in LBJ, The Early Years. He also received Emmy nominations for his roles in A Streetcar Named Desire, Quaid is also well known for his roles in the National Lampoons Vacation movies, Brokeback Mountain, Independence Day and Kingpin. Quaid was born in Houston, Texas, the son of Juanita Bonniedale Nita, an estate agent, and William Rudy Quaid. He is the brother of actor Dennis Quaid. Quaid has English, Scots-Irish, and Cajun ancestry, through his father, Quaid is a first cousin, twice removed, of cowboy performer Gene Autry. Randy Quaid grew up in Bellaire, Texas, a city surrounded by Houston. Randy Quaid has appeared in over 90 films, Peter Bogdanovich discovered him when Quaid was a student at the University of Houston, and he received his first exposure in Bogdanovichs The Last Picture Show. His character escorts Jacy Farrow to a late-night indoor skinny-dip at a swimming pool and it was the first of several roles directed by Bogdanovich and/or based on the writings of Larry McMurtry. Other Peter Bogdanovich films he appeared in are Whats Up, Doc. Quaids first major critically acclaimed role was in The Last Detail. He played Larry Meadows, a young United States Navy sailor on his way to serve a sentence for stealing $40 from an admirals wifes pet charity. Jack Nicholson played the role as a sailor assigned to transport him to prison. Nicholsons character eventually becomes his friend and mentor, helping him experience different aspects of life before he goes behind bars, in 1976, he played the role of Little Tod opposite Marlon Brando in The Missouri Breaks. Quaid had a role in the 1978 feature Midnight Express, playing Jimmy Booth. Quaid acted opposite Charles Bronson in the 1975 action film of a Mexican prison escape Breakout, Quaid was also the lead in the comedy Martians Go Home and Cold Dog Soup and played the King of Spain in Goyas Ghosts. He previously starred in Quick Change with Bill Murray in 1990, Quaid also appeared in three of the five films in the National Lampoons Vacation film series as Cousin Eddie, jovial redneck relative to Beverly DAngelo, wife of Chevy Chases Clark Griswold. Quaid had a supporting role in Brokeback Mountain as an insensitive rancher. Quaid starred in Real Time, an independent film that opened Slamdance Film Festival in 2008, for unspecified reasons, he was not asked to reprised to his role in the 2015 film simply titled Vacation but his character is briefly mentioned
27.
John Huston
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John Marcellus Huston was an American film director, screenwriter and actor. During his 46-year career, Huston received 15 Oscar nominations, won twice, Huston was known to direct with the vision of an artist, having studied and worked as a fine art painter in Paris in his early years. He continued to explore the aspects of his films throughout his career, sketching each scene on paper beforehand. Most of Hustons films were adaptations of important novels, often depicting a heroic quest, as in Moby Dick, or The Red Badge of Courage. In many films, different groups of people, while struggling toward a goal, would become doomed, forming destructive alliances, giving the films a dramatic. Many of his films involved themes such as religion, meaning, truth, freedom, psychology, colonialism, Huston has been referred to as a titan, a rebel, and a renaissance man in the Hollywood film industry. Author Ian Freer describes him as cinemas Ernest Hemingway—a filmmaker who was never afraid to tackle tough issues head on, John Huston was born on August 5,1906, in Nevada, Missouri. He was the child of Rhea and Canadian-born Walter Huston. His father was an actor, initially in vaudeville, and later in films and his mother initially worked as a sports editor for various publications but gave it up after Huston was born. Similarly, his father gave up his acting career for steady employment as a civil engineer. He would later become successful on both Broadway and then in motion pictures. He had Scottish, Scots-Irish, English and Welsh ancestry, Hustons parents divorced in 1913, when he was 6, and as a result much of his childhood was spent living in boarding schools. During summer vacations, he traveled with each of his parents separately — with his father on vaudeville tours, the young Huston benefited greatly from seeing his father act on stage, as he was later drawn to the world of acting. Some critics, such as Lawrence Grobel, surmise that his relationship with his mother may have been the cause of his five marriages, and why few of his relationships lasted. Grobel wrote, When I interviewed some of the women who had loved him, according to actress Olivia de Havilland, she was the central character. I always felt that John was ridden by witches and he seemed pursued by something destructive. If it wasnt his mother, it was his idea of his mother, as a child he was often ill and was treated for an enlarged heart and kidney ailments. He recovered after an extended stay in Arizona, and moved with his mother to Los Angeles
28.
Paul Newman
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Paul Leonard Newman was an American actor. Newmans other films include The Hustler, Cool Hand Luke, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid as Butch Cassidy, The Sting, and The Verdict. Despite being colorblind, Newman won several championships as a driver in Sports Car Club of America road racing. He was a co-founder of Newmans Own, a company from which he donated all post-tax profits. As of 2016, these donations have totaled over US$460 million and he was also a co-founder of Safe Water Network, a nonprofit that develops sustainable drinking water solutions for those in need. In 1988, Newman founded the SeriousFun Childrens Network, a family of summer camps. Newman was born in Shaker Heights, Ohio, the son of Theresa and Arthur Sigmund Newman. Newmans father was Jewish, and was the son of Simon Newman and Hannah Cohn, immigrants from Hungary, Newman had no religion as an adult, but described himself as a Jew, saying its more of a challenge. Newmans mother worked in his fathers store, while raising Paul and his brother, Arthur. Newman showed an early interest in the theater, his first role was at the age of seven, playing the court jester in a school production of Robin Hood. At age 10, Newman performed at the Cleveland Play House in a production of Saint George and the Dragon, graduating from Shaker Heights High School in 1943, he briefly attended Ohio University in Athens, Ohio, where he was initiated into the Phi Kappa Tau fraternity. Newman served in the United States Navy in World War II in the Pacific theater, initially, he enrolled in the Navy V-12 pilot training program at Yale University, but was dropped when his colorblindness was discovered. Boot camp followed, with training as a radioman and rear gunner, qualifying in torpedo bombers in 1944, Aviation Radioman Third Class Newman was sent to Barbers Point, Hawaii. He later flew as a gunner in an Avenger torpedo bomber. As a radioman-gunner, his unit was assigned to the USS Bunker Hill along with other replacements shortly before the Battle of Okinawa in the spring of 1945, the pilot of his aircraft had an ear infection which kept their plane grounded. The rest of their squadron flew to the Bunker Hill, days later, a kamikaze attack on the vessel killed a number of service members, including the other members of his unit. After the war, Newman completed his Bachelor of Arts in drama and economics at Kenyon College in Gambier, shortly after earning his degree, he joined several summer stock companies, most notably the Belfry Players in Wisconsin and the Woodstock Players in Illinois. He toured with them for three months and developed his talents as a part of Woodstock Players and he later attended the Yale School of Drama for one year, before moving to New York City to study under Lee Strasberg at the Actors Studio
29.
What's Up, Doc? (1972 film)
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It was intended to pay homage to comedy films of the 1930s, especially Bringing Up Baby, as well as old Bugs Bunny cartoons. The film was a success, and became the third-highest grossing film of 1972, the film won the Writers Guild of America 1973 Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen award for writers Buck Henry, David Newman and Robert Benton. It was also ranked number 58 on the list of the WGAs 101 Funniest Screenplays published by the Writers Guild of America, the story, which takes place in San Francisco, centers on four identical plaid overnight bags and the people who own them. One of the bags belongs to Howard Bannister, Ph. D. and is filled with igneous rocks that have certain musical properties. Bannister, a musicologist from the Iowa Conservatory of Music, and his wound, overbearing fiancée. Howard has a theory that ancient man may have used rocks to create music, howards rival for the grant is the ethically challenged, dubiously-accented Hugh Simon, who apparently is from Yugoslavia but seems to be doing work in Western Europe. The second bag belongs to Judy Maxwell and is filled with her clothes - including underwear -, no matter where Judy goes, trouble happens, from car crashes to spontaneous combustion of hotel rooms. She never finished college, but nevertheless has amassed a considerable amount of knowledge from all of the courses she took at the institutions of higher learning from which she was expelled. The third bag belongs to Mrs. Van Hoskins, a woman who is using it to store her valuable jewels. The fourth and last overnight bag belongs to the mysterious Mr. Smith, there is at least some indication that he has them illegally and wishes to make them public. The equally mysterious Mr. Jones identifies himself as from the government, Howard, Eunice, Mrs. Van Hoskins, and Mr. Smith all happen to check into the Hotel Bristol at the same time, whereupon Judy lodges herself there without paying and begins pursuing Howard. Two hotel employees attempt to steal the jewels belonging to Mrs. Van Hoskins, over the course of the evening, the bags get switched haphazardly from room to room as the four parties unwittingly take one anothers suitcases. Without realizing it, Howard ends up with the jewels, Judy with the documents, Mr. Smith with the clothes, meanwhile, Judy manages to secure the grant for Howard while masquerading as Eunice, and then accidentally destroys his hotel room. The following day, everyone makes their way to Mr. Larrabees home where a fight scene occurs. Howard and Judy take all the bags and flee through San Francisco pursued by the thieves, Mr. Smith, Mr. Jones, Eunice, Simon, Larabee and they go through Chinatown, down Lombard Street, and eventually into San Francisco Bay. All the protagonists finally end up in court, under the gavel of a world-weary and curmudgeonly judge who, improbably, at the shock of seeing his daughter in the middle of the trouble, he collapses along with his desk. In the end, everything is cleared up, Howard gets his rocks back, the film ends on a suitably romantic note as Howard and Judy share an airborne kiss while their in-flight movie is the Bugs Bunny cartoon that gave the film its name. The final scene in the film makes fun of Love means never having to say sorry, a famous line from Love Story
30.
Alabama
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Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 24th-most populous of the U. S. states. At nearly 1,500 miles, Alabama has one of the nations longest navigable inland waterways, Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State, the state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city, the oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U. S. suffered economic hardship, like other southern states, Alabama legislators disenfranchised African Americans and many poor whites at the turn of the century. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, in the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo. The word Alabama is believed to have come from the Alabama language, the words spelling varies significantly among historical sources. As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon, other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou. Sources disagree on the words meaning, some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba and amo. The meaning may have been clearers of the thicket or herb gatherers, the state has numerous place names of Native American origin. However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language, an 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant Here We Rest. This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek, experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization, trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period and continued until European contact. The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama. This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no links to Mesoamerican culture
31.
Hays, Kansas
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Hays is a city in and the county seat of Ellis County, Kansas, United States. The largest city in northwestern Kansas, it is the economic and it is also a college town, home to Fort Hays State University. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 20,510, prior to American settlement of the area, the site of Hays was located near where the territories of the Arapaho, Kiowa, and Pawnee met. Claimed first by France as part of Louisiana and later acquired by the United States with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, Kansas became a state in 1861, and the state government delineated the surrounding area as Ellis County in 1867. In 1865, the U. S. Army established Fort Fletcher southeast of present-day Hays to protect stagecoaches traveling the Smoky Hill Trail, a year later, the Army renamed the post Fort Hays in honor of the late Brig. Gen. Alexander Hays. In June 1867, to serve the railroad, the Army relocated Fort Hays 15 miles northwest to a site near where the railroad was to cross Big Creek. Seeing a business opportunity, Buffalo Bill Cody and railroad contractor William Rose founded the settlement of Rome, within a month, the population of Rome grew to over 2,000. Webb, meanwhile, established the Big Creek Land Company and then surveyed and platted a town site, the railroad reached Hays City soon thereafter and constructed a depot there. The railroads arrival, combined with an epidemic that hit Rome in the late summer of 1867, drove Rome businesses. Within a year, Rome was completely abandoned, as the western terminus of the railway, Hays City grew rapidly, serving as the supply point for territories to the west and southwest. By 1885, the year Hays City was incorporated, a north of town held the bodies of some 79 outlaws and had become known as “Boot Hill. Hays City became the county seat of Ellis County in 1870, in the late 1860s and early 1870s, rougher elements of the populace began to leave, many following the Kansas Pacific railroad construction west to Logan County or moving to Dodge City to the south. Hays City became more civilized, especially as Volga Germans entered Ellis County in 1876, finding its land suitable for their lifestyle and they brought with them Turkey Red Wheat, a type of winter wheat whose cultivation contributed to the agricultural transformation of the region. Bukovina Germans began settling in the area in 1886 and these groups had a significant impact on the local way of life, establishing Hays as a regional center of ethnic German culture. In 1895, the town was renamed simply as Hays, in 1900, the Kansas delegation to the U. S. Congress secured the forts land and facilities for educational purposes. Fort Hays opened as a park in 1929 and was later acquired by the Kansas Historical Society. In 1967, it became the Fort Hays State Historic Site, several disasters have struck Hays over the course of its history. In 1895, fire destroyed 60 buildings downtown, severe floods occurred in 1907 and 1951
32.
McCracken, Kansas
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McCracken is a city in Rush County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 190, McCracken was founded in 1886 when the railroad was extended to that point. It was named for J. K. McCracken, a railroad employee, McCracken is located at 38°35′6″N 99°34′19″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 0.95 square miles. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, McCracken has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. Part of the 1973 film Paper Moon was shot in the McCracken area, as of the census of 2010, there were 190 people,96 households, and 50 families residing in the city. The population density was 200.0 inhabitants per square mile, there were 130 housing units at an average density of 136.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 93. 7% White,0. 5% African American,2. 1% Native American,43. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 23. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.98 and the family size was 2.76. The median age in the city was 53 years. 19. 5% of residents were under the age of 18,4. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,15. 4% were from 25 to 44,31. 6% were from 45 to 64, and 28. 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 9% male and 51. 1% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 211 people,106 households, and 57 families residing in the city. The population density was 220.8 people per square mile, there were 139 housing units at an average density of 145.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 98. 10% White,0. 47% Native American, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 47% of the population. 44. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 28. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 1.99 and the average family size was 2.74. In the city, the population was out with 23. 7% under the age of 18,2. 4% from 18 to 24,19. 4% from 25 to 44,26. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 47 years, for every 100 females there were 85.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.1 males, the median income for a household in the city was $29,750, and the median income for a family was $34,750
33.
Wilson, Kansas
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Wilson is a city in Ellsworth County, Kansas, United States. The community promotes itself as the Czech Capital of Kansas due to the role of Czech immigrant settlers in its early history, as of the 2010 census, the population of the city was 781. The Butterfield Overland Despatch built a stagecoach station one-half mile south of present-day Wilson in 1865, three years later, the Kansas Pacific Railway built Wilson Station, named after the surrounding township, at the modern town site. In 1871, The National Land Company surveyed and planned the first town there, settlers from Pennsylvania, including some Pennsylvania Dutch, arrived over the following year. The settlement never became a center of the trade, however, and continued to be known as Wilson. Post Office officially codified in 1873, beginning in 1874, Czech immigrants from Bohemia came to Wilson to work on the railroad, establishing the town as an area center of Czech culture. Wilson was incorporated as a city in 1883, Wilson is located at 38°49′32″N 98°28′29″W at an elevation of 1,683 feet. Wilson lies in the Smoky Hills region of the Great Plains approximately 2 miles north of the Smoky Hill River and 6 miles south of Wilson Lake, Wilson Creek, a tributary of the Smoky Hill, flows south along the east side of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 0.60 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 781 people,331 households, the population density was 1,301.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 405 housing units at a density of 675.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 9% White,0. 4% African American,0. 1% American Indian,0. 3% Asian,0. 4% from other races, hispanics and Latinos of any race were 3. 5% of the population. 32. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.82. The median age in the city was 47.6 years. 20. 5% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 19% were from 25 to 44,29. 2% were from 45 to 64, and 24. 8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 9% male and 52. 1% female, the median income for a household in the city was $44,250, and the median income for a family was $55,542. Males had an income of $37,273 versus $20,417 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,109,5. 2% of families and 7. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12. 5% of those under age 18 and 16. 3% of those age 65 or over
34.
Gorham, Kansas
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Gorham is a city in Russell County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 334, elijah Dodge Gorham, a settler from Illinois, gave the town its name when he platted it in 1879. Additional grain elevators and a stockyard subsequently opened, establishing Gorham as a farming community, the discovery of oil deposits in Russell County transformed the local economy in the 1920s. Companies including Texaco, Stanolind, and Sohio started operations in the area, a brick school building was built in 1922 followed by a second building in 1930 and another in 1949. Gorham incorporated as a city in 1941, by 1944, it had a diverse business community, two oil field production companies, and public schools. From the 1950s to the early 1980s, the city expanded further through the development of residential additions, Gorham is located at 38°52′49″N 99°01′22″W at an elevation of 1,913 feet. The city is located in north-central Kansas approximately 121 miles northwest of Wichita and 237 miles west of Kansas City, located 1.2 miles north of Interstate 70, it is roughly 9 miles west of Russell, the county seat. Gorham lies in the Smoky Hills region of the Great Plains approximately 9 miles north of the Smoky Hill River and 11 miles south of the Saline River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 0.24 square miles. As of the 2010 census, there were 334 people,150 households, the population density was 1,670 people per square mile. There were 171 housing units at a density of 855 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 98. 8% White,0. 3% American Indian, hispanics and Latinos of any race were 0. 3% of the population. 31. 3% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.23, and the average family size was 2.76. In the city, the population was out with 23. 4% under the age of 18,6. 1% from 18 to 24,27. 3% from 25 to 44,27. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37.3 years, for every 100 females, there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.9 males age 18, the median income for a household in the city was $52,885, and the median income for a family was $62,833. Males had an income of $33,333 versus $23,194 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,926, about 4. 1% of families and 6. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3. 8% of those under age 18 and 8. 3% of those age 65 or over
35.
White Cloud, Kansas
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White Cloud is a city in Doniphan County, Kansas, United States. It was named for James White Cloud, son of Chief White Cloud of the Iowa people, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 176. White Cloud is the seat of government for the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and it is part of the St. Joseph, MO–KS Metropolitan Statistical Area. The first post office at White Cloud was established in July,1855, in 1857, the town site was purchased by John Utt and Enoch Spaulding, two land promoters from Oregon, Missouri, who then sold lots in the town. White Cloud prospered by taking advantage of traffic on the nearby Missouri River. In 1913, ten-year-old Wilbur Chapman of White Cloud gained widespread publicity after raising and selling a pig for $25.00, an obelisk-shaped monument was installed in front of the Community Christian Church in White Cloud in Chapmans honor. Some scenes from the 1973 movie Paper Moon were filmed in White Cloud, White Cloud is featured in episode 4 of the 2008 television documentary Stephen Fry in America. The entire downtown district of White Cloud is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, as are the Poulet House, White Cloud is located at 39°58′38″N 95°18′00″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 0.73 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 176 people,86 households, the population density was 241.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 132 housing units at a density of 180.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 68. 2% White,3. 4% African American,18. 8% Native American,1. 1% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 1% of the population. 40. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 24. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.05 and the average family size was 2.75. The median age in the city was 44.7 years. 19. 9% of residents were under the age of 18,12. 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24,18. 8% were from 25 to 44,27. 3% were from 45 to 64, and 21. 6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51. 1% male and 48. 9% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 239 people,108 households, and 57 families residing in the city. The population density was 329.7 people per square mile, there were 134 housing units at an average density of 184.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 70. 71% White,3. 77% African American,17. 99% Native American,1. 26% Asian,1. 26% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 44% of the population
36.
Missouri River
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The Missouri River is the longest river in North America. Rising in the Rocky Mountains of western Montana, the Missouri flows east and south for 2,341 miles before entering the Mississippi River north of St. Louis, Missouri. The river takes drainage from a populated, semi-arid watershed of more than half a million square miles. When combined with the lower Mississippi River, it forms the fourth longest river system. For over 12,000 years, people have depended on the Missouri River and its tributaries as a source of sustenance and transportation. More than ten major groups of Native Americans populated the watershed, most leading a nomadic lifestyle, the Missouri River was one of the main routes for the westward expansion of the United States during the 19th century. The growth of the fur trade in the early 1800s laid much of the groundwork as trappers explored the region, pioneers headed west en masse beginning in the 1830s, first by covered wagon, then by the growing numbers of steamboats entering service on the river. Former Native American lands in the watershed were taken over by settlers, leading to some of the most longstanding, during the 20th century, the Missouri River basin was extensively developed for irrigation, flood control and the generation of hydroelectric power. Fifteen dams impound the main stem of the river, with more on tributaries. Meanders have been cut and the river channelized to improve navigation, from the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Wyoming, three streams rise to form the headwaters of the Missouri River. The longest begins near Browers Spring,9,100 feet above sea level, on the southeastern slopes of Mount Jefferson in the Centennial Mountains. Flowing west then north, it runs first in Hell Roaring Creek, then west into the Red Rock, swings northeast to become the Beaverhead and these two streams then flow north and northwest into Montana. The Missouri River officially starts at the confluence of the Jefferson and Madison in Missouri Headwaters State Park near Three Forks, Montana, the Missouri then passes through Canyon Ferry Lake, a reservoir west of the Big Belt Mountains. Issuing from the mountains near Cascade, the flows northeast to the city of Great Falls, where it drops over the Great Falls of the Missouri. Farther on, the passes through the Fort Peck Dam, and immediately downstream. At the confluence, the Yellowstone is actually the larger river, the Missouri then meanders east past Williston and into Lake Sakakawea, the reservoir formed by Garrison Dam. Below the dam the Missouri receives the Knife River from the west and flows south to Bismarck, the capital of North Dakota and it slows into the Lake Oahe reservoir just before the Cannonball River confluence. While it continues south, eventually reaching Oahe Dam in South Dakota, the Missouri makes a bend to the southeast as it winds through the Great Plains, receiving the Niobrara River and many smaller tributaries from the southwest
37.
Rulo Bridge
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The Rulo Bridge was a truss bridge over the Missouri River on U. S. Route 159 from the village of Rulo in Richardson County, Nebraska, to Holt County, Missouri. It was built in 1939 by the Works Progress Administration and Kansas City Bridge Company and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993 and it was featured in the movie Paper Moon. In March 2009, Nebraska Department of Roads approved a plan for a new bridge, the current Rulo Bridge would then be dismantled. The new replacement bridge opened in 2013, and the old bridge was imploded on January 19,2014, nE-4, Rulo Bridge, Spanning Missouri River, Rulo, Richardson County, NE,11 photos,2 photo caption pages Bridgehunter
