1.
Paperboard
–
Paperboard is a thick paper-based material. While there is no differentiation between paper and paperboard, paperboard is generally thicker than paper. According to ISO standards, paperboard is a paper with a grammage above 224 g/m2, Paperboard can be single- or multi-ply. Paperboard can be cut and formed, is lightweight. Another end-use would be graphic printing, such as book and magazine covers or postcards, sometimes it is referred to as cardboard, which is a generic, lay term used to refer to any heavy paper pulp–based board. Paperboard is also used in fine arts for creating sculptures, in 1817, the first paperboard carton was produced in England. Folding cartons first emerged around the 1860s and were shipped flat to save space,1879 saw the development of mechanical die cutting and creasing of blanks. In 1911 the first kraft sulphate mill was built in Florida and in 1915 the gable top milk carton was patented, ovenable paperboard was introduced in 1974. Terminology and classifications of paperboard are not always uniform, differences occur depending on specific industry, locale, and personal choice. It is the covering over the corrugating medium. Other Binders board – a paperboard used in bookbinding for making hardcovers, pulp board are produced on pulping machines that can handle higher grammage and several plies. The above-mentioned fibrous material can come from fresh sources or from recycled waste paper. Around 90% of virgin paper is made from wood pulp and it is now mandatory in many countries for paper-based packaging to be manufactured wholly or partially from recycled material. Raw materials include, Hardwood, Ca.0.05 inches in length e. g. Birch which has short fibres and it is generally more difficult to work with, however, it does provide higher tensile strength, but lower tear and other strength properties. Although its fibres are not as long and strong as those in softwood, Hardwood fibres fill the sheet better and therefore make a smoother paper that is more opaque and better for printing. Hardwood makes an excellent corrugating medium, softwood, Ca.0.13 inches in length e. g. Pine and spruce which have typically long fibres and make superior paperboard in services where strength is important. Recycled, Used paper is collected and sorted and usually mixed with virgin fibres in order to new material. This is necessary as the recycled fibre often loses strength when reused, mixed waste paper is not usually deinked for paperboard manufacture and hence the pulp may contain traces of inks, adhesives, and other residues which together give it a grey colour
2.
Adhesive
–
The use of adhesives offers many advantages over binding techniques such as sewing, mechanical fastening, thermal bonding, etc. Adhesives are typically organized by the method of adhesion and these are then organized into reactive and non-reactive adhesives, which refers to whether the adhesive chemically reacts in order to harden. Alternatively they can be organized by whether the raw stock is of natural or synthetic origin, Adhesives may be found naturally or produced synthetically. The earliest human use of substances was approximately 200,000 years ago. The first references to adhesives in literature first appeared in approximately 2000 BCE, the Greeks and Romans made great contributions to the development of adhesives. In Europe, glue was not widely used until the period 1500–1700 CE, from then until the 1900s increases in adhesive use and discovery were relatively gradual. Only since the last century has the development of synthetic adhesives accelerated rapidly, the earliest use of adhesives was discovered in central Italy when two stone flakes partially covered with birch-bark tar and a third uncovered stone from the Middle Pleistocene era were found. This is thought to be the oldest discovered human use of tar-hafted stones, the birch-bark-tar adhesive is a simple, one-component adhesive. Although sticky enough, plant-based adhesives are brittle and vulnerable to environmental conditions, the first use of compound adhesives was discovered in Sibudu, South Africa. The ability to produce stronger adhesives allowed middle stone age humans to attach stone segments to sticks in greater variations, more recent examples of adhesive use by prehistoric humans have been found at the burial sites of ancient tribes. Archaeologists studying the sites found that approximately 6,000 years ago the tribesmen had buried their dead together with food found in clay pots repaired with tree resins. The glue was analyzed as pitch, which requires the heating of tar during its production, the retrieval of this tar requires a transformation of birch bark by means of heat, in a process known as pyrolysis. The first references to adhesives in literature first appeared in approximately 2000 BCE, further historical records of adhesive use are found from the period spanning 1500–1000 BCE. Artifacts from this period include paintings depicting wood gluing operations and a made of wood. Other ancient Egyptian artifacts employ animal glue for bonding or lamination, such lamination of wood for bows and furniture is thought to have extended their life and was accomplished using casein -based glues. The ancient Egyptians also developed starch-based pastes for the bonding of papyrus to clothing, from 1 to 500 AD the Greeks and Romans made great contributions to the development of adhesives. Wood veneering and marquetry were developed, the production of animal and fish glues refined, egg-based pastes were used to bond gold leaves incorporated various natural ingredients such as blood, bone, hide, milk, cheese, vegetables, and grains. The Greeks began the use of slaked lime as mortar while the Romans furthered mortar development by mixing lime with volcanic ash and this material, known as pozzolanic cement, was used in the construction of the Roman Colosseum and Pantheon
3.
Stitch (textile arts)
–
In the textile arts, a stitch is a single turn or loop of thread, or yarn. Stitches are the elements of sewing, knitting, embroidery, crochet. A variety of stitches, each one or more names, are used for specific purposes. In knitting, a stitch is a loop of yarn, secured to the loops beside it to form a row or course of stitches and to the loops above. In securing the previous stitch in a wale, the next stitch can pass through the previous loop either from below or above, if the former, the stitch is denoted as a knit stitch or a plain stitch, if the latter, as a purl stitch. The two stitches are related in that a knit stitch seen from one side of the fabric appears as a stitch on the other side. In crochet, stitches are made by pulling a loop of thread through the work with a crochet hook, crochet stitches are named based on their structure. In the English-speaking crochet world, basic stitches have different names that vary by country, the differences are usually referred to as UK/US or British/American
4.
Staple (fastener)
–
A staple is a type of two-pronged fastener, usually metal, used for joining or binding materials together. Large staples might be used with a hammer or staple gun for masonry, roofing, corrugated boxes, smaller staples are used with a stapler to attach pieces of paper together, such staples are a more permanent and durable fastener for paper documents than the paper clip. The word staple originated in the late thirteenth Century, from Old English stapol, meaning post, the words first usage in the paper-fastening sense is attested from 1895. Most kinds of staples are easier to produce than nails or screws, the crown of the staple can be used to bridge materials butted together. The crown can bridge a piece and fasten it without puncturing with a leg on either side, the crown provides greater surface area than other comparable fasteners. This is generally more helpful with thinner materials, construction staples are commonly larger, have a more varied use, and are delivered by a staple gun or hammer tacker. Staple guns do not have backing anvils and are used for tacking. They typically have made from thicker metal. Some staple guns use arched staples for fastening small cables, e. g. phone or cable TV, powered electric staplers or pneumatic staplers drive staples easily and accurately, they are the simplest manner of applying staples, but are hindered by a cord or hose. The legs of a staple can be allowed to protrude out the back side, modern staples for paper staplers are made from zinc-plated steel wires glued together and bent to form a long strip of staples. Staple strips are available as full strips with 210 staples per strip. Both copper plated and more expensive stainless steel staples which do not rust are also available, some staple sizes are used more commonly than others, depending on the application required. Some companies have unique staples just for their products, Staples from one manufacturer may or may not fit another manufacturers unit even if they look similar and serve the same purpose. Staples are often described as X/Y, where the first number X is the gauge of the wire, some exceptions to this rule include staple sizes like No.10. Common sizes for the home and office include, 26/6, 24/6, 24/8, 13/6, 13/8, common sizes for heavy duty staplers include, 23/8, 23/12, 23/15, 23/20, 23/24, 13/10, and 13/14. Stapleless staplers cut and bend paper without using metal fasteners, there are few standards for staple size, length and thickness. This has led to many different incompatible staples and staplers systems, 24/6 staples are described by the German DIN 7405 standard. In the United States, the specifications for non-medical industrial staples are described in ASTM F1667-15, Standard Specification for Driven Fasteners, Nails, Spikes, the most common staples are used with paper
5.
Hardcover
–
A hardcover or hardback book is one bound with rigid protective covers. It has a flexible, sewn spine which allows the book to lie flat on a surface when opened, following the ISBN sequence numbers, books of this type may be identified by the abbreviation Hbk. Hardcover books are printed on acid-free paper, and are much more durable than paperbacks. Hardcover books are more costly to manufacture. If brisk sales are anticipated, an edition of a book is typically released first. Some publishers publish paperback originals if slow hardback sales are anticipated, for very popular books these sales cycles may be extended, and followed by a mass market paperback edition typeset in a more compact size and printed on shallower, less hardy paper. In the past the release of an edition was one year after the hardback. It is very unusual for a book that was first published in paperback to be followed by a hardback, an example is the novel The Judgment of Paris by Gore Vidal, which had its revised edition of 1961 first published in paperback, and later in hardcover. Hardcover books are sold at higher prices than comparable paperbacks. Hardcovers typically consist of a block, two boards, and a cloth or heavy paper covering. The pages are sewn together and glued onto a flexible spine between the boards, and it too is covered by the cloth, a paper wrapper, or dust jacket, is usually put over the binding, folding over each horizontal end of the boards. On the folded part, or flap, over the front cover is generally a blurb, the back flap is where the biography of the author can be found. Reviews are often placed on the back of the jacket, bookbinding Paperback How to make a simple Hardcover book
6.
Pamphlet
–
A pamphlet is an unbound booklet. The UNESCO definitions are, however, only meant to be used for the purpose of drawing up their book production statistics. Pamphiluss name is derived from the Greek name Πάμφιλος, meaning beloved of all, the poem was popular and widely copied and circulated on its own, forming a slim codex. Its modern connotations of a tract concerning an issue was a product of the heated arguments leading to the English Civil War. In some European languages other than English, this connotation, of a disputatious tract, has come to the fore, compare libelle, from the Latin libellus. Pamphlets can contain anything from information on kitchen appliances to medical information, Pamphlets are very important in marketing because they are cheap to produce and can be distributed easily to customers. Pamphlets have also long been an important tool of political protest, a pamphleteer is a historical term for someone who produces or distributes pamphlets, especially for a political cause. Ephemeral and to wide array of political or religious perspectives given voice by the ease of production. Substantial accumulations have been amassed and transferred to ownership of academic research libraries around the world, the pamphlet has been widely adopted in commerce, particularly as a format for marketing communications. Long-form journalism Flyer Randy Silverman,1987, small, Not Insignificant, a Specification for a Conservation Pamphlet Binding Structure, The Book and Paper Group Annual 6. Historical overview focusing on pamphlet binding, information about a project that digitised 26,000 19th century pamphlets from UK research libraries. Collection of 19th century pamphlets, predominantly of Irish interest and covering a spectrum of subjects. 19th Century Social History Pamphlets Collection, Collection of pamphlets relating to 19th century Irish social history, particularly the themes of education, health, famine, poverty, business and communications
7.
Dime novel
–
The dime novel is a form of late 19th-century and early 20th-century U. S. popular fiction issued in series of inexpensive paperbound editions. The term was used as a title as late as 1940, Dime novels are the antecedent of todays mass-market paperbacks, comic books, television shows and movies based on dime-novel genres. In the modern age, the dime novel has been used to refer to quickly written, lurid potboilers, usually as a pejorative to describe a sensationalized. In 1860, the publishers Erastus and Irwin Beadle released a new series of cheap paperbacks, Dime novel became a general term for similar paperbacks produced by various publishers in the early twentieth century. The first book in the Beadle series was Malaeska, the Indian Wife of the White Hunter, by Ann S. Stephens, the novel was essentially a reprint of Stephenss earlier serial, which had appeared in the Ladies Companion magazine in February, March and April 1839. It sold more than 65,000 copies in the first few months after its publication as a dime novel, Dime novels varied in size, even in the first Beadle series, but were mostly about 6.5 by 4.25 inches, with 100 pages. The first 28 were published without an illustration, in a salmon-colored paper wrapper. A woodblock print was added in issue 29, and the first 28 were reprinted with illustrated covers, the books were priced, of course, at ten cents. Most of the stories were frontier tales reprinted from the serials in the story papers and other sources. As the popularity of dime novels increased, original stories came to be the norm, the books were reprinted many times, sometimes with different covers, and the stories were often further reprinted in different series and by different publishers. The literacy rate increased around the time of the American Civil War, by the end of the war, numerous competitors, such as George Munro and Robert DeWitt, were crowding the field, distinguishing their product only by title and the color of the paper wrappers. Beadle & Adams had their own brands, such as the Frank Starr line. As a whole, the quality of the fiction was derided by critics. Adding to the confusion as to what is or is not a dime novel, many of the series, though similar in design and subject. Beadle & Adams complicated the matter by issuing some titles in the same salmon-colored covers at different prices, also, there were a number of ten-cent, paper-covered books of the period that featured medieval romance stories and melodramatic tales. This makes it hard to define what falls in the category of the novel, with classification depending on format, price. Examples of dime novel series that illustrate the diversity of the form include Bunces Ten Cent Novels, Bradys Mercury Stories, Beadles Dime Novels, in 1874, Beadle & Adams added the novelty of color to the covers when their New Dime Novels series replaced the flagship title. The stories were reprints from the first series
8.
Routledge
–
Routledge is a British multinational publisher. The company publishes approximately 1,800 journals &5,000 new books each year, Routledge is claimed to be the largest global academic publisher within humanities and social sciences. Following the merger of Informa and T&F in 2004, Routledge become a publishing unit, the firm originated in 1836, when Camden bookseller George Routledge published an unsuccessful guidebook, The Beauties of Gilsand with his brother-in-law W H Warne as assistant. The company was restyled in 1858 as Routledge, Warne & Routledge when George Routledges son, Robert Warne Routledge, Frederick Warne eventually left the company after the death of his brother W. H. Warne in May 1859. Gaining rights to titles, he founded Frederick Warne & Co in 1865. In July 1865, his son Edmund Routledge became a partner, by 1902 the company was running close to bankruptcy. Following a successful restructuring, however, it was able to recover and began to acquire and merge with other publishing companies including J. C. In 1912 the company merged with Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. the descendant of companies founded by Charles Kegan Paul, Alexander Chenevix Trench, Nicholas Trübner and it was soon particularly known for its titles in the social sciences. In 1985, Routledge & Kegan Paul joined with Associated Book Publishers, just two year later, Cinven and Routledges directors accepted a deal for Routledges acquisition by Taylor & Francis Group, with the Routledge name being retained as an imprint and subdivision. In 2004, T&F became a division within Informa plc after a merger, Routledge has grown considerably as a result of organic growth and acquisitions of other publishing companies and other publishers titles by its parent company. Humanities and social sciences acquired by T&F from other publishers are rebranded under the Routledge imprint. The famous English publisher Fredric Warburg was an editor at Routledge during the early 20th century. Novelist Nina Stibbe author of Love, Nina worked at the company as a Commissioning Editor in the 1990s, the republished works of these authors have appeared as part of the Routledge Classics and Routledge Great Minds series. Competitors to the series are Verso Books Radical Thinkers, Penguin Classics, Taylor and Francis closed down the Routledge print encyclopaedia division in 2006. Some of its publications were, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Edward Craig, in 10 volumes, Encyclopedia of Ethics, by Lawrence C. Reference Works by Europa Publications, published by Routledge, Europa World Year Book, many of Routledges reference works are published in print and electronic formats as Routledge Handbooks and have their own dedicated Web site, Routledge Handbooks Online. Records of Routledge & Kegan Paul - Correspondence files covering the period 1935 to 1990, as well as review files 1950s-1990s, Special Collections, archives of George Routledge & Company 1853-1902, Chadwyck-Healey Ltd,1973. 6 reels of microfilm and printed index, archives of Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Henry S. King 1858-1912, Chadwyck-Healey Ltd,1973
9.
British Isles
–
The British Isles are a group of islands off the north-western coast of continental Europe that consist of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles. Situated in the North Atlantic, the islands have an area of approximately 315,159 km2. Two sovereign states are located on the islands, Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the oldest rocks in the group are in the north west of Scotland, Ireland and North Wales and are 2,700 million years old. During the Silurian period the north-western regions collided with the south-east, the topography of the islands is modest in scale by global standards. Ben Nevis rises to an elevation of only 1,344 metres, and Lough Neagh, the climate is temperate marine, with mild winters and warm summers. The North Atlantic Drift brings significant moisture and raises temperatures 11 °C above the average for the latitude. This led to a landscape which was dominated by temperate rainforest. The region was re-inhabited after the last glacial period of Quaternary glaciation, Ireland, which became an island by 12,000 BC, was not inhabited until after 8000 BC. Great Britain became an island by 5600 BC, Hiberni, Pictish and Britons tribes, all speaking Insular Celtic, inhabited the islands at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. Much of Brittonic-controlled Britain was conquered by the Roman Empire from AD43, the first Anglo-Saxons arrived as Roman power waned in the 5th century and eventually dominated the bulk of what is now England. Viking invasions began in the 9th century, followed by permanent settlements. Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom after the Irish War of Independence, the term British Isles is controversial in Ireland, where there are objections to its usage due to the association of the word British with Ireland. The Government of Ireland does not recognise or use the term, as a result, Britain and Ireland is used as an alternative description, and Atlantic Archipelago has had limited use among a minority in academia, while British Isles is still commonly employed. Within them, they are sometimes referred to as these islands. The earliest known references to the islands as a group appeared in the writings of sea-farers from the ancient Greek colony of Massalia. The original records have been lost, however, later writings, e. g. Avienuss Ora maritima, in the 1st century BC, Diodorus Siculus has Prettanikē nēsos, the British Island, and Prettanoi, the Britons. Strabo used Βρεττανική, and Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, historians today, though not in absolute agreement, largely agree that these Greek and Latin names were probably drawn from native Celtic-language names for the archipelago. Along these lines, the inhabitants of the islands were called the Πρεττανοί, the shift from the P of Pretannia to the B of Britannia by the Romans occurred during the time of Julius Caesar
10.
WHSmith
–
Its headquarters are in Swindon, Wiltshire. Smiths is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE250 Index and it was the first chain store company in the world, and was responsible for the creation of the ISBN book catalogue system. In 1792, Henry Walton Smith and his wife Anna established the business as a vendor in Little Grosvenor Street. The firm took advantage of the boom by opening news-stands on railway stations. In 1850, the firm opened depots in Birmingham, Manchester and it also ran a circulating library service for a century, from 1860 to 1961. The younger W. H. Smith also used the success of the firm as a springboard into politics, becoming an MP in 1868 and serving as a minister in several Conservative governments. After the death of W. H. Smith the younger, his widow was created Viscountess Hambleden in her own right, their son inherited the business from his father and the Viscountcy from his mother. After the death of the second Viscount in 1928, the business was reconstituted as a company, in which his son. On the death of the third Viscount in 1948, the duties were so severe that a public holding company had to be formed and shares sold to W. H. Smith staff. A younger brother of the third Viscount remained chairman until 1972, but the Smith familys control slipped away, in 1966, W. H. Smith originated a 9-digit code for uniquely referencing books, called Standard Book Numbering or SBN. It was adopted as international standard ISO2108 in 1970, and was used until 1974, from the 1970s, W. H. Smith began to expand into other retail sectors. W. H. Smith Travel operated from 1973 to 1991, the Do It All chain of DIY stores originated with an acquisition in 1979, becoming a joint venture with Boots in 1990. Boots acquired Smiths share in June 1996, the bookshop chain Waterstones, founded by former W. H. Smith executive Tim Waterstone in 1982, was bought in 1989 and sold in 1998. In 1986, W. H. Smith bought a 75% controlling share of the Our Price music chain, in the 1990s it also bought other music retailers including the Virgin Groups smaller shops. The 75% share of Virgin Our Price was sold to Virgin Retail Group Ltd in July 1998 for £145m, WHSmith also owned the American record chain The Wall, which was sold to Camelot Music in 1998. In March 1998, the company acquired John Menzies retail outlets for £68m and this purchase also cleared the way for W. H. Smiths retail expansion into Scotland. Prior to the takeover, Menzies larger Scottish stores dominated the market, for several years, the companys retail side had difficulties competing with specialist book and music chains on one side and large supermarkets on the other. This led to financial performance, and a takeover bid in 2004 by Permira
11.
Tauchnitz publishers
–
Tauchnitz was the name of a family of German printers and publishers. They published English language literature for distribution on the European continent outside Great Britain, Karl Christoph Traugott Tauchnitz, born at Grossbardau near Grimma, Saxony, established a printing business in Leipzig in 1796 and a publishing house in 1798. He specialized in the publication of dictionaries, Bibles, and stereotyped editions of the Greek and he was the first publisher to introduce stereotyping into Germany. The business was carried on by his son, Karl Christian Phillipp Tauchnitz, until 1865 and he left large sums to the city of Leipzig for philanthropic purposes. Christian Bernhard, Freiherr von Tauchnitz, the founder of the firm of Bernhard Tauchnitz, was the nephew of the first-mentioned, christians father died when he was young and his uncle played an important part in his development. His printing and publishing firm was started at Leipzig on February 1,1837, Bernhard started the Collection of British and American Authors in 1841, a reprint series familiar to anglophone travellers on the continent of Europe. These inexpensive paperbound editions, a precursor to mass-market paperbacks, were begun in 1841. In 1868 he began the Collection of German Authors, followed in 1886 by the Students Tauchnitz Editions, in fact the books were authorised by the authors or their representatives for Continental sale only. The authors were paid royalties even at a time when no copyright protection for English and that was Baron Tauchnitzs policy from the foundation of his company. In 1841, when Tauchnitz started his English-language editions, there were no copyright treaties between England or the United States and Continental countries, although Tauchnitzs editions were authorised, they were not protected from copyright infringement and he could offer none to the authors he paid. A few years later, various Continental States formed copyright treaties with Britain, Prussia and Saxony in 1846, France in 1852, in these countries, the Tauchnitz Authorised Edition became the Copyright Edition. Finally, the Berne Convention of 1886 conferred copyright upon authors in its fullest form over the part of the developed world. In 1860 he was ennobled with the title of Freiherr for his services to literature, from 1866 to 1895 he was British Consul-General for the kingdom and duchies of Saxony. Christian Bernhard was succeeded in the business by his son, Christian Karl Bernhard and he made a tour of Europe, stayed some time in England, and learned to speak and write English with barely a flaw. In 1866, he entered partnership with his father at his firm. The two authors who first attracted Tauchnitzs attention were Dickens and Lytton with the novels Pickwick Papers, twenty-two years later, in 1863, the five-hundredth title of the series was published under the title Five Centuries of the English Language and Literature. In 1869, an English-language edition of The New Testament, exhibiting the differences between the original Alexandrine, Sinaitic and Vatican manuscripts, was the one-thousandth title. It was dedicated by the Baron To my English and American Authors, as a Token of Esteem for the Living, by 1901,3,500 books had been published
12.
Reclam
–
Reclam Verlag or just Reclam is a German publishing house, established in Leipzig in 1828 by Anton Philipp Reclam. It is partuclarly known for the little yellow books of its Universal-Bibliothek, simple paperback editions of classics for school. In 1802 Charles Henri Reclam, whose family originated from Savoy, had moved to Leipzig where he established a bookselling business. His son Anton Philipp completed his apprenticeship as a printer and bookseller and borrowed money to purchase the Literarisches Museum. During the Restoration period and under the terms of the Carlsbad Decrees, it evolved to a centre of intellectual. On 1 October 1828 Anton Philipp Reclam founded his own publishing house, when he sold the library in 1837, the company was renamed Philipp Reclam jun. Two years later, he acquired a Leipzig print shop. After the German revolutions of 1848–49 had ultimatively failed, Reclam changed his policies, from 1858 to 1865 he edited the complete works of William Shakespeare. Made accessible in affordable separate paperback editions, the issues of the Universal-Bibliothek gave a range of literary texts the widest possible publicity. Thereby, Reclam contributed significantly to popular education and promotion of the Classicist cultural heritage, beside German authors, Reclam also published works of European literary culture as well as classical and philosophical texts. The house strongly relied on the latest production methods and professional marketing strategies for a consistent lowprice sales policy, when Anton Philipp Reclam died in 1896, his Universal-Bibliothek comprised about 3,500 books. Title No.5,000 was edited in 1908, the publishing house celebrated its centenary in 1928, with Nobel laureate Thomas Mann delivering the main speech. Reclam adjusted to this, to the satisfaction of Nazi cultural politics, in an allied bombing raid on Leipzig in World War II on 4 December 1943, the publishing building was severely damaged and 450 tons of books were destroyed. In September 1947, Reclam established a subisidiary in Stuttgart, which became the new main office in 1950. The original parent house in Leipzig remained there, but was nationalized by the Communist regime of East Germany until German reunification, both the West and the East German branch continued the edition of affordable paperback books for a mass audience. In 1970 Reclam in Stuttgart introduced the yellow colour code for German classics works of their Universal-Bibliothek edition. Since 1980, the houses West German head office has moved to a new production plant in nearby Ditzingen. After German reunification and reprivatisation of the East German branch, the Leipzig location was given up in 2006
13.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
14.
Penguin Books
–
Penguin Books is a British publishing house. It was founded in 1935 by Sir Allen Lane as a line of the publishers The Bodley Head, Penguins success demonstrated that large audiences existed for serious books. Penguin also had a significant impact on public debate in Britain, through its books on British culture, politics, the arts, and science. Penguin Books is now an imprint of the worldwide Penguin Random House and it is one of the largest English-language publishers, formerly known as the Big Six, now the Big Five. The first Penguin paperbacks were published in 1935, but at first only as an imprint of The Bodley Head with the books originally distributed from the crypt of Holy Trinity Church Marylebone, Penguin Books has its registered office in the City of Westminster, London, England. However the question of how publishers could reach a larger public had been the subject of a conference at Rippon Hall, inexpensive paperbacks did not initially appear viable to Bodley Head, since the deliberately low price of 6d. This helped Allen Lane purchase publication rights for some works more cheaply than he otherwise might have done since other publishers were convinced of the short term prospects of the business. By March 1936, ten months after the launch on 30 July 1935. It was Frost who in 1945 was entrusted with the reconstruction of Penguin Inc after the departure of its first managing director Ian Ballantine, from the outset, design was essential to the success of the Penguin brand. In the central panel, the author and title were printed in Gill Sans. The initial design was created by the then 21-year-old office junior Edward Young, series such as Penguin Specials and The Penguin Shakespeare had individual designs. Lane actively resisted the introduction of images for several years. Some recent publications of literature from that time have duplicated the original look, from 1937 and on, the headquarters of Penguin Books was at Harmondsworth west of London and so it remained until the 1990s when a merge with Viking involved the head office moving to London. Paper rationing was the problem of publishers during wartime, with the fall of France cutting off supply of esparto grass. This was particularly advantageous to Penguin who as a volume printer had enjoyed a successful year that year. Further in a deal with the Canadian Government, Penguin had agreed to publish editions for their armed forces for which they were paid in tons of paper. Penguin would receive 60 tons a month from Paper Supply in return for 10 titles a month in runs of 75,000 at 5d, however demand was exceeding supply on the home front leading Lane to seek a monopoly on army books made specifically for overseas distribution. This dominance over the paper supply put Penguin in a strong position after the war as rationing continued
15.
Allen Lane
–
Sir Allen Lane was a British publisher who together with V. K. Krishna Menon and his brothers Richard and John Lane founded Penguin Books, Allen Lane Williams was born in Bristol to Camilla and Samuel Williams, and studied at Bristol Grammar School. In 1919 he joined the publishing company Bodley Head as an apprentice to his uncle, in the process, he and the rest of his family changed their surname to Lane to retain the childless John Lanes company as a family firm. Lane married Lettice Lucy Orr on 28 June 1941 and had three daughters, Clare, Christine, and Anna and he rose quickly at Bodley Head becoming managing editor in 1925 following the death of his uncle. Penguin Books became a company the following year. The legend goes that on a journey back from visiting Agatha Christie in 1934. Lane was also aware of the Hamburg publisher Albatross Books. The paperback venture was successful, and he expanded into other areas such as Pelican Books in 1937, Puffin Books in 1940. Lane was responsible for the decision to publish an edition of D. H. Lawrences Lady Chatterleys Lover as a means of testing the Obscene Publications Act 1959. In 1965, during an attempt by chief editor Tony Godwin, Lane fired Godwin, and retained control of Penguin, but was forced to retire shortly afterwards after being diagnosed with bowel cancer. He died in 1970 at Northwood, Middlesex, the first Penguin paperbacks History Today 60#7 Kells, Stuart. Penguin and the Lane Brothers, The Untold Story of a Publishing Revolution, Morpurgo, J. E. Allen Lane, King Penguin. London, Hutchinson Hare, Steve Penguin Portrait, Allen Lane, london, Penguin Books University of Bristol Library Special Collections. Works by or about Allen Lane in libraries Horatio Morpurgo, Lanes grandson, Lady Chatterleys Defendant, Allen Lane and the Paperback Revolution. BBC Radio 4 programme about Allen Lane by author Michael Morpurgo, his son-in-law
16.
Edition (book)
–
The bibliographical definition of an edition includes all copies of a book printed “from substantially the same setting of type, ” including all minor typographical variants. The numbering of editions is a special case of the wider field of revision control. The old and new aspects of book edition numbering are discussed below, however, book collectors generally use the term first edition to mean specifically the first print run of the first edition. Since World War II, books often include a line that indicates the print run. A first edition per se is not a collectible book. A popular work may be published and reprinted over time by many publishers, there will be a first edition of each, which the publisher may cite on the copyright page, such as, First mass market paperback edition. The first edition of a facsimile reprint is the reprint publishers first edition, the classic explanation of edition was given by Fredson Bowers in Principles of Bibliographical Description. ”Publishers often use the same typesetting for the hardcover and trade paperback versions of a book. These books have different covers, the page and copyright page may differ, and the page margin sizes may differ. From time to time, readers may observe an error in the text, the publisher typically keeps these reprint corrections in a file pending demand for a new print run of the edition, and before the new run is printed, they will be entered. The method of entry, obviously, depends on the method of typesetting, for letterpress metal, it typically meant resetting a few characters or a line or two. For linotype, it meant casting a new line for any line with a change in it, with film, it involved cutting out a bit of the film and inserting a new bit. In an electronic file, it means entering the changes digitally, such minor changes do not constitute a new edition, but introduce typographical variations within an edition, which are of interest to collectors. A common complaint of book collectors is that the definition is used in a book-collecting context. For example, J. D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye as of 2016 remains in print in hardcover, the type is the same as the 1951 first printing, therefore all hardcover copies are, for the bibliographer, the first edition. Collectors would use the term for the first printing only, the term first trade edition, refers to the earliest edition of a book offered for sale to the general public in book stores. For example, Upton Sinclairs 1906 novel The Jungle was published in two variant forms, a Sustainers Edition, published by the Jungle Publishing Company, was sent to subscribers who had advanced funds to Sinclair. The first trade edition was published by Doubleday, Page to be sold in bookstores and it is true that these are rarer than the production copies, but given that these were not printed from a different setting of type, they are not different editions. Publishers use the term first edition for their own purposes, with little consistency, the first edition of a trade book may be the first edition by the current publisher, or the first edition with a particular set of illustrations or editorial commentary
17.
Woolworths Group
–
Woolworths Group plc was a listed British company that owned the high-street retail chain, Woolworths. It also owned companies such as the entertainment distributor Entertainment UK. The chain was the UKs largest buyer of Candyking pick n mix sweets and it was sometimes referred to as Woolies by the UK media, the general public, and occasionally in its own television commercials. The British company also owned and ran F. W. Woolworth Ireland until 1984, on 26 November 2008, trading of shares in Woolworths Group plc was suspended, and its Woolworths and Entertainment UK subsidiaries entered administration. Deloitte closed all 807 Woolworths stores between 27 December 2008 and 6 January 2009, resulting in 27,000 job losses, Woolworths Group plc entered administration on 27 January 2009, and it was officially dissolved on 13 October 2015. In February 2009, Shop Direct Group purchased the Woolworths trademark and internet address, which continued as a retail website until its closure in June 2015. The British branch of the F. W. Woolworth Company, Frank Woolworth had ancestry in Woolley, Cambridgeshire— Frank claimed he had traced his ancestry through the Founding Fathers of the district to a small farm in middle-England. Wanamaker had established a chain of department stores across the United States and was one of Woolworths heroes. Stephenson was invited to London to meet Woolworth again, and was offered the job as director of the new company, Frank Woolworth expected other members of staff to admire the volunteers in establishing FW Woolworth & Co in Britain. Despite reservations such as Pecks, the decision to launch stores in the United Kingdom went ahead as planned by Woolworth. He considered several locations for the first stores, together with possible sites. The chosen location for the first store was 25 - 25A, Church Street and 8 and it opened on 5 November 1909 with a performance by a full orchestra, circus acts and fireworks. As a means of adherence to American trading tradition, only viewing of items was allowed on the first day of the shops opening and this included guests being given complimentary tea while being entertained by a traditional brass band in the refreshment room. The event was reported positively by the newspaper, the Liverpool Courier. Despite these reservations, the proved to be a success, large queues outside and low priced 3d. Items leading to it being almost stripped bare of goods before the end of the first day of trading and being attributed to mass purchased mass-produced foreign, at the onset of the First World War, F. W. Woolworth & Co. After the First World War, the continued to expand with the opening of further branches. By 1923 there were 130 branches, and William Lawrence Stephenson became managing director and he implemented a strategy of major expansion, with the company buying or building freehold properties
18.
Simon & Schuster
–
Simon & Schuster, Inc. a subsidiary of CBS Corporation, is an American publishing company founded in New York City in 1924 by Richard Simon and Max Schuster. As of 2016, Simon & Schuster publishes 2,000 titles annually under 35 different imprints, in 1924, Richard Simons aunt, a crossword puzzle enthusiast, asked whether there was a book of New York World crossword puzzles, which were very popular at the time. After discovering that none had been published, Simon and Max Schuster decided to launch a company to exploit the opportunity, at the time, Simon was a piano salesman and Schuster was editor of an automotive trade magazine. They pooled US$8,000 to start a company to publish crossword puzzles, fad publishing became the business model for the new publishing house, which set out to exploit current fads and trends and publish books with commercial appeal. Instead of signing authors with a manuscript, they came up with their own ideas. In the 1930, the moved to what was known as Publishers Row on Park Avenue in Manhattan. In 1939, with Robert Fair de Graff, Simon & Schuster founded Pocket Books, in 1942, Simon & Schuster, or Essandess as it is called in the initial announcement, launched the Little Golden Books series in cooperation with the Artists and Writers Guild. Simon & Schusters partner in the venture was the Western Printing and Lithographing Company, Western Printing bought out Simon & Schusters interest in 1958. In 1944, Marshall Field III, owner of the Chicago Sun, purchased Simon & Schuster, following Fields death in 1957, his heirs sold the company back to Richard Simon and Max Schuster, while Leon Shimkin and James Jacobson acquired Pocket Books. In the 1950s and 1960s, many publishers including Simon & Schuster turned toward educational publishing due to the boom market. Pocket Books focused on paperbacks for the market instead of textbooks. By 1964 it had published over 200 titles and was expected to put out another 400 by the end of that year, Books published under the imprint included classic reprints such as Lorna Doone, Ivanhoe, Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn, and Robinson Crusoe. In 1966, Max Schuster retired and sold his half of Simon & Schuster to Leon Shimkin, Shimkin then merged Simon & Schuster with Pocket Books under the name of Simon & Schuster. Among his many bestsellers was Joseph Hellers Catch-22, in 1976, Gulf+Western headed by Charles Bluhdorn acquired S&S, which was grossing about US$50 million a year for $11 million, most of it in Gulf+Western stock. After the death of Bluhdorn in 1983, Simon & Schuster made the decision to diversify, bluhdorns successor Martin Davis told The New York Times, Society was undergoing dramatic changes, so that there was a greater need for textbooks, maps and educational information. We saw the opportunity to diversify into areas, which are more stable. In 1984, CEO Richard E. Snyder acquired Esquire Corporation, buying everything, Prentice Hall was brought into the company fold in 1985 for over $700 million and Martin Davis said that Prentice Hall became the road map for remodeling the company and a catalyst for change. This acquisition was followed by Silver Burdett in 1986, mapmaker Gousha in 1987, part of the acquisition included educational publisher Allyn & Bacon which according to Michael Korda became the nucleus of S&Ss educational and informational business
19.
Pocket Books
–
Pocket Books is a division of Simon & Schuster that primarily publishes paperback books. Pocket Books produced the first mass-market, pocket-sized paperback books in America in early 1939, Pocket Books was founded by Richard L. Simon, M. Lincoln Schuster and Leon Shimkin, partners of Simon & Schuster, along with Robert de Graff. In 1944, the owners sold the company to Marshall Field III. Following Fields death, in 1957, Leon Shimkin, a Simon & Schuster partner, Simon & Schuster acquired Pocket in 1966. Penguins success inspired entrepreneur Robert de Graff, who partnered with publishers Simon & Schuster to bring it to the American market, the format size, and the fact that the books were glued rather than stitched, were cost-cutting innovations.5 million units. Robert de Graff continued to refine his selections with movie tie-ins and greater emphasis on mystery novels, particularly those of Christie, Pocket and its imitators thrived during World War II because material shortages worked to their advantage. During the war, Pocket sued Avon Books for copyright infringement, among other issues, in 1981, Dr. Benjamin Spocks Baby and Child Care was listed as their top seller having sold 28 million copies at that time and having been acquired in 1946. Pocket is still known for publishing works of fiction based on movies or TV series, such as the Star Trek franchise. The author credited for one of the Buffy products is Gertrude Pocket, Pocket Books is also the division that currently owns publication rights to the well-known work of James OBarr, The Crow. WWE Books Official Pocket Star eBooks website A history of the paperback
20.
James Hilton (novelist)
–
James Hilton was an English novelist best remembered for several best-sellers, including Lost Horizon and Goodbye, Mr. Chips. Born in Leigh, Lancashire, England, Hilton was the son of John Hilton and he was educated at The Leys School, Cambridge and then at Christs College, Cambridge, where he wrote his first novel, and was also awarded an honours degree in English literature. He started work as a journalist, first for the Manchester Guardian and he wrote his two most remembered books, Lost Horizon and Goodbye, Mr. Chips while living in a house on Oak Hill Gardens, Woodford Green. The house still stands, with a plaque marking Hiltons residence. By 1938 he had moved to California, and his work became more connected with the Hollywood film industry and he married Alice Brown, a secretary at the BBC, just before they left for the United States in 1935, but they divorced in 1937. He then married Galina Kopernak but divorced eight years later and he became an American citizen in 1948. His obituary in The Times describes him as a modest and retiring man for all his success, he was a mountaineer and enjoyed music. Hiltons first novel, Catherine Herself, was published in 1920, the next eleven years were difficult for him, and it was not until 1931 that he had success with the novel And Now Goodbye. After this, he continued to write, but the works were not regarded as of the quality as his best-known novels. Hiltons books are characterised as sentimental and idealistic celebrations of English virtues. This is true of Mr. Chips, but some of his novels had a darker side, flaws in the English society of his time – particularly narrow-mindedness and class-consciousness – were frequently his targets. His novel We Are Not Alone, despite its title, is a grim story of legally approved lynching brought on by wartime hysteria in Britain. Freud - an early admirer - came to conclude that Hilton had wasted his talent by being too prolific, first published in 1933, this novel won Hilton the Hawthornden Prize in 1934. Later, Pocket Books, which pioneered the publication of small, soft-cover, inexpensive books, for that reason, the novel is frequently called the book that began the paperback revolution. Still living in Britain at the time, Hilton was perhaps influenced by the Tibetan travel articles of early travellers in Tibet whose writings were found in the British Library. Christian Zeeman, the Danish father of the mathematician Christopher Zeeman, has also claimed to be the model for the hero of the story. He disappeared while living in Japan, and was reputed to be living incognito in a Zen Buddhist monastery, coincidentally, Junction City now has a Tibetan Buddhist centre with the occasional Tibetan monks in saffron robes. The name Shangri-La has become a byword for a mythical utopia, the Navy subsequently gave that name to an aircraft carrier, and Roosevelt named his Maryland presidential retreat Shangri-La
21.
Lost Horizon
–
Lost Horizon is a 1933 novel by English writer James Hilton. The book was turned into a movie, also called Lost Horizon and it is best remembered as the origin of Shangri-La, a fictional utopian lamasery high in the mountains of Tibet. Hugh Conway, a member of the British diplomatic service, finds inner peace, love. Among the books themes is an allusion to the possibility of another world war. It is said to have inspired at least in part by accounts of travels in Tibetan borderlands, published in National Geographic by the explorer. The remote communities he visited, such as Muli, show similarities to the fictional Shangri-La. The town of Zhongdian, has renamed itself Shangri La because of its claim to be the inspiration for the novel. The book notes that, having made war on the ground, man would fill the skies with death and all things were in danger of being lost. It was hoped that, overlooked by the violent, Shangri-la would preserve them and that was the real purpose of the lamasery, study, inner peace and long life were merely a side benefit to living there. Conway is a veteran of the warfare of WWI, with the emotional state frequently cited after that war. This harmonises with the residents of the lamasery and he is strongly attracted to life at Shangri-La. The origin of the eleven numbered chapters of the novel is explained in a prologue and epilogue and this neurologist and a novelist friend, Rutherford, are given dinner at Tempelhof, Berlin, by their old school-friend Wyland, a secretary at the British embassy. A chance remark by a passing airman brings up the topic of Hugh Conway, a British consul in Afghanistan, who disappeared under odd circumstances. Later in the evening, Rutherford reveals to the narrator that, after the disappearance, he discovered Conway in a French mission hospital in Chung-Kiang, China, Conway recovered his memory and told Rutherford his story, then slipped away again. Rutherford wrote down Conways story, he gives the manuscript to the neurologist, in May 1931, during the British Raj in India, the 80 white residents of Baskul are being evacuated to Peshawar, owing to a revolution. In the aeroplane of the Maharajah of Chandrapore are Conway, the British consul, aged 37, Mallinson, his young vice-consul, an American, Barnard, the plane is hijacked and flown instead over the mountains to Tibet. After a crash landing, the pilot dies but not before telling the four to seek shelter at the lamasery of Shangri-La. The location is unclear but Conway believes the plane has progressed far beyond the range of the Himalayas towards the less known heights of the Kuen-Lun
22.
Pearl S. Buck
–
Pearl Sydenstricker Buck was an American writer and novelist. As the daughter of missionaries, Buck spent most of her life before 1934 in Zhenjiang and her novel The Good Earth was the best-selling fiction book in the United States in 1931 and 1932 and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1932. In 1938, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and she was the first American woman to win the Nobel Prize for Literature. Originally named Comfort by her parents, Pearl Sydenstricker was born in Hillsboro, West Virginia, to Caroline Stulting and her parents, Southern Presbyterian missionaries, traveled to China soon after their marriage on July 8,1880, but returned to the United States for Pearls birth. When Pearl was five months old, the arrived in China, first in Huaian and then in 1896 moved to Zhenjiang. The Boxer Uprising greatly affected the family, their Chinese friends deserted them and her father, convinced that no Chinese could wish him harm, stayed behind as the rest of the family went to Shanghai for safety. A few years later, Pearl was enrolled in Miss Jewells School there and she also read voraciously, especially, in spite of her fathers disapproval, the novels of Charles Dickens, which she later said she read through once a year for the rest of her life. In 1911, Pearl left China to attend Randolph-Macon Womans College in Lynchburg, Virginia, in the United States, graduating Phi Beta Kappa in 1914 and a member of Kappa Delta Sorority. Although she had not intended to return to China, much less become a missionary, from 1914 to 1932, she served as a Presbyterian missionary, but her views later became highly controversial during the Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy, leading to her resignation. In 1914, Pearl returned to China and she married an agricultural economist missionary, John Lossing Buck, on May 13,1917, and they moved to Suzhou, Anhui Province, a small town on the Huai River. This region she describes in her books The Good Earth and Sons, from 1920 to 1933, the Bucks made their home in Nanjing, on the campus of the University of Nanking, where they both had teaching positions. She taught English literature at the private, church-run University of Nanking, Ginling College, in 1920, the Bucks had a daughter, Carol, afflicted with phenylketonuria. In 1921, Bucks mother died of a disease, sprue. In 1924, they left China for John Bucks year of sabbatical and returned to the United States for a short time, in 1925, the Bucks adopted Janice. That autumn, they returned to China, the tragedies and dislocations that Buck suffered in the 1920s reached a climax in March 1927, during the Nanking Incident. In a confused battle involving elements of Chiang Kai-sheks Nationalist troops, Communist forces, since her father Absalom insisted, as he had in 1900 in the face of the Boxers, the family decided to stay in Nanjing until the battle reached the city. When violence broke out, a poor Chinese family invited them to hide in their hut while the house was looted. The family spent a day terrified and in hiding, after which they were rescued by American gunboats and they traveled to Shanghai and then sailed to Japan, where they stayed for a year, after which they moved back to Nanjing
23.
The Good Earth
–
The Good Earth is a novel by Pearl S. Buck published in 1931 and awarded the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel in 1932. The best-selling novel in the United States in both 1931 and 1932 was a factor in Bucks winning the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1938. It is the first book in a trilogy that includes Sons, the novel, which dramatizes family life in a Chinese village before World War I, has been a steady favorite ever since. It was included in Life Magazines list of the 100 outstanding books of 1924–1944, in 2004, the book was returned to the bestseller list when chosen by the television host Oprah Winfrey for Oprahs Book Club. The novel helped prepare Americans of the 1930s to consider Chinese as allies in the war with Japan. However, the 1937 film, The Good Earth, which was based on the version, was more successful. The story begins on Wang Lungs wedding day and follows the rise, the House of Hwang, a family of wealthy landowners, lives in the nearby town, where Wang Lungs future wife, O-Lan, lives as a slave. However, the House of Hwang slowly declines due to use, frequent spending. Meanwhile, Wang Lung, through his own work and the skill of his wife, O-Lan. O-Lan delivers three sons and three daughters, the first daughter becomes mentally handicapped as a result of severe malnutrition brought on by famine and her father greatly pities her and calls her Poor Fool, a name by which she is addressed throughout her life. O-Lan kills her daughter at birth to spare her the misery of growing up in such hard times. During the devastating famine and drought, the family must flee to a city in the south to find work. Wang Lungs malevolent uncle offers to buy his possessions and land, the family sells everything except the land and the house. Wang Lung then faces the long journey south, contemplating how the family will survive walking, in the city, O-Lan and the children beg while Wang Lung pulls a rickshaw. Wang Lungs father begs but does not earn any money, and they find themselves aliens among their more metropolitan countrymen who look different and speak in a fast accent. They no longer starve, due to the one-cent charitable meals of congee, Wang Lung longs to return to his land. When armies approach the city he can work at night hauling merchandise out of fear of being conscripted. One time, his son brings home stolen meat, furious, Wang Lung throws the meat on the ground, not wanting his sons to grow up as thieves
24.
Ace Books
–
Ace Books is an American specialty publisher of science fiction and fantasy books. The company was founded in New York City in 1952 by Aaron A. Wyn and began as a publisher of mysteries. It soon branched out other genres, publishing its first science fiction title in 1953. This was successful, and science fiction titles outnumbered mysteries and westerns within a few years. Other genres also made an appearance, including nonfiction, gothic novels, media tie-in novelizations, Ace became known for the tête-bêche binding format used for many of its early books, although it did not originate the format. Most of the titles were published in this Ace Double format. Ace, along with Ballantine Books, was one of the science fiction publishers for its first ten years of operation. With the death of owner A. A. Wyn in 1967, however, two prominent editors, Donald A. Wollheim and Terry Carr, left in 1971, and in 1972 Ace was sold to Grosset & Dunlap. Despite financial troubles, there were further successes, particularly with the third Ace Science Fiction Specials series, further mergers and acquisitions resulted in the company becoming a part of Berkley Books. Ace then became an imprint of Penguin Group, editor Donald A. Wollheim was working at Avon Books in 1952, but disliked his job. While looking for work, he tried to persuade A. A. Wyn to begin a new paperback publishing company. Wyn was already a well-established publisher of books and pulp magazines under the name A. A. Wyns Magazine Publishers and his magazines included Ace Mystery and Ace Sports, and it is perhaps from these titles that Ace Books got its name. Wyn liked Wollheims idea but delayed for months, meanwhile, Wollheim was applying for other jobs. Pyramid mistakenly called Wyns wife Rose for a reference, thinking Wollheim had worked for her, when Rose told her husband that Wollheim was applying for another job, Wyn made up his mind, he hired Wollheim immediately as an editor. The first book published by Ace was a pair of mysteries bound tête-bêche, Keith Vinings Too Hot for Hell, backed with Samuel W. Taylors The Grinning Gismo, priced at 35 cents, with serial number D-01. A tête-bêche book has the two titles bound upside-down with respect to other, so that there are two front covers and the two texts meet in the middle. This format is regarded as an innovation of Aces, it was not. Books by established authors were often bound with those by lesser-known writers, the main drawback of the Ace Double format was that the two books had to fit a fixed page length, thus one or both novels might be cut or revised to fit
25.
Bantam Books
–
Bantam Books is an American publishing house owned entirely by parent company Random House, a subsidiary of Penguin Random House, it is an imprint of the Random House Publishing Group. It was formed in 1945 by Walter B, kramer, and Ian and Betty Ballantine. It began as a mass market publisher, mostly of reprints of hardcover books and it expanded into both trade paperback and hardcover books, including original works, often reprinted in house as mass-market editions. The company was failing when Oscar Dystel, who had worked at Esquire. By the end of the year the company was profitable. Dystel retired as chairman in 1980, by that time Bantam was the largest publisher of paperbacks, had over 15% of the market, and exceeded US$100 million in sales. Bantam also published a volumes of short story adaptations of scripts from Star Trek. Bantam is the American paperback publisher of The Guinness Book of Records, another series was Bantam War Book from the 1970s to the 90s, with the majority of books from World War II, but also from Vietnam, Korea and other conflicts. Other series include Bantam Classics Series, the Bantam Spectra science fiction imprint, the juvenile Skylark imprint, authors originally published exclusively or significantly by Bantam include, Spock Must Die
26.
Avon (publisher)
–
Avon Publications was an American paperback book and comic book publisher. As of 2010, it is an imprint of HarperCollins, publishing primarily romance novels, Avon Books was founded in 1941 by the American News Corporation to create a rival to Pocket Books. They hired brother and sister Joseph Meyers and Edna Meyers Williams to establish the company, ogilvie Publications, a dime novel publisher partly owned by both the Meyers, and renamed it Avon Publications. They also got into comic books, the early Avons were somewhat similar in appearance to the existing paperbacks of Pocket Books, resulting in an immediate and largely ineffective lawsuit by that company. Despite this superficial similarity, though, from early on Meyers differentiated Avon by placing an emphasis on popular appeal rather than loftier concepts of literary merit, the first 40 titles were not numbered. First editions of the first dozen or so have front and rear endpapers with an illustration of a globe, as well as normal-sized paperbacks, Avon published digest-format paperbacks in series. These included Murder Mystery Monthly, Modern Short Story Monthly and Avon Fantasy Readers, many authors highly prized by present-day collectors were published in these editions, including A. Merritt, James M. Cain, H. P. Lovecraft, Raymond Chandler and Robert E. Howard. In 1953, Avon Books sold books in the range of 25¢ to 50¢ and were selling more than 20 million copies a year. Their books were characterized by Time Magazine as westerns, whodunits, at around this time, Avon also began to publish under other imprints, including Eton, Novel Library, Broadway and Diversey. Avons 35-cent T series, introduced in 1953, also had strong mass-market appeal, the T series also contained many movie tie-in editions and the stand-bys of mysteries and science fiction. Avon was bought by the Hearst Corporation in 1959, in 1972, Avon entered the modern romance genre with the publication of Kathleen Woodiwiss The Flame and the Flower. The novel went on to sell 2.35 million copies, Avon followed its release with the 1974 publication of Woodiwisss second novel, The Wolf and the Dove and two sexy novels by newcomer Rosemary Rogers, Sweet Savage Love and Dark Fires. The latter sold two million copies in its first three months of release, in 1999, the News Corporation bought out Hearsts book division. Avons hardcover and non-romance paperback lines were moved to sister company Morrow, from at least 1945 through the mid-1950s, Avon published comic books. Its titles included horror fiction, science fiction, Westerns, romance comics, war comics, most titles lasted only a few issues, with the six longest-running detailed in the complete list below, Official website
27.
Fawcett Publications
–
Fawcett Publications was an American publishing company founded in 1919 in Robbinsdale, Minnesota by Wilford Hamilton Captain Billy Fawcett. At the age of 16, Fawcett ran away home to join the Army. Back in Minnesota, he became a reporter for the Minneapolis Journal. The title Captain Billys Whiz Bang combined Fawcetts military moniker with the nickname of a destructive World War I artillery shell, according to one account, the earliest issues were mimeographed pamphlets, typed on a borrowed typewriter and peddled around Minneapolis by Captain Billy and his four sons. Distributing free copies of Captain Billys Whiz Bang to wounded veterans and his Minnesota friends, he then circulated the remaining copies to newsstands in hotels. With gags like, AWOL means After Women Or Liquor, the joke book caught on, the book Humor Magazines and Comic Periodicals notes, Few periodicals reflect the post-WW I cultural change in American life as well as Captain Billy’s Whiz Bang. To some people represented the decline of morality and the flaunting of sexual immodesty, Captain Billys Whiz Bang is immortalized in the lyrics to the song Trouble from Meredith Willsons The Music Man, Is there a nicotine stain on his index finger. A dime novel hidden in the corncrib, is he starting to memorize jokes from Captain Billys Whiz Bang. The publication, delivered in a 64-page, saddle-stitched, digest-sized format, by 1923, the magazine had a circulation of 425,000 with $500,000 annual profits. With the rising readership of Captain Billys Whiz Bang, Fawcett racked up more sales with Whiz Bang annuals, the popularity of Whiz Bang peaked during the 1920s. It continued into the 1930s, but circulation slowed as readers graduated to the sophisticated humor of Esquire. It had an influence on many other digest-sized cartoon humor publications, including Charley Jones Laugh Book, Captain Billys success as a publisher prompted him to create the Breezy Point Resort on Pelican Lake in Breezy Point, Minnesota. Since celebrity visitors came to the resort, Captain Billy had the road from Breezy Point into Pequot Lakes blacktopped at his own expense. His building program at the Resort included the construction of a lodge, planned to accommodate 700 people, using native Norway pines. Celebrities who stayed at Breezy Point included Carole Lombard, Tom Mix, the Fawcett House, Captain Billys personal log mansion, is made available for public rental today. Decorated with elk and deer skins, Fawcett House has ten bedrooms, the living room has a cathedral ceiling, a loft, a bar and a large field rock fireplace. Harry Truman was another Breezy Point guest, edward McKim, a friend of Trumans since World War I, told of visits to the Resort in 1932 and Trumans success at the Breezy Point slot machine, Captain Billy was quite a shot with a shotgun. He was on the American Olympic team at one time and he had some traps out there, so we did a little shooting with him
28.
Gold Medal Books
–
Gold Medal Books, launched by Fawcett Publications in 1950, was a U. S. book publisher known for introducing paperback originals, a publishing innovation at the time. Fawcett was also an independent newsstand distributor, and in 1949 the company negotiated a contract with New American Library to distribute their Mentor and this contract prohibited Fawcett from publishing their own paperback reprints. Roscoe Kent Fawcett wanted to establish a line of Fawcett paperbacks, when these books successfully sailed through the contract loophole, Fawcett announced Gold Medal Books, their line of paperback originals. Sales soared, prompting Ralph Daigh to comment, In the past six months we have produced 9,020,645 books, and people seem to like them very well. However, hardcover publishers resented Roscoe Fawcetts innovation, as evidenced by Doubledays LeBaron R. Barker and it was a revolutionary turning point in paperback publishing. William Lengel was the Gold Medal editor, and the art director was Al Allard, beginning their numbering system at 101, Gold Medal got underway with Alan Hynds We Are the Public Enemies, the anthology Man Story and The Persian Cat by John Flagg. Writing about the demise of pulp magazines in The Dime Detectives, Ron Goulart observed, Fawcett dealt another blow to the pulps when, in 1950, what Gold Medal specialized in was original novels. Some were merely sleazy, but others were in a tough, hard-boiled style that seemed somehow more knowing, early Gold Medal authors included John D. MacDonald, Charles Williams, Richard S. Prather, and Marijane Meaker. With an increase from 35 titles in 1950 to 66 titles in 1951, literary agent Donald MacCampbell stated that one publisher threatened to boycott my agency if it continued to negotiate contracts with original 25-cent firms
29.
Newsagent's shop
–
A newsagents shop or simply newsagents, newsagency or newsstand is a business that sells newspapers, magazines, cigarettes, snacks and often items of local interest. In Britain, Ireland and Australia, these businesses are termed newsagents, Newsagents typically operate in busy public places like city streets, railway stations and airports. Racks for newspapers and magazines can also be found in stores, bookstores. The physical establishment can be freestanding or part of a larger structure. In Canada and the United States, newsstands are often open stalls in locations such as streets. In suburban areas and villages they are housed in a shop selling stationery, tobacco. A newsagent is the manager, often the owner of a newsagent shop, Newsagents conduct either a retail business and/or a distribution business. When they first started in Australia is unknown, the earliest reference known in Australia is an advertisement in 1855 in Melbourne, today there are more than 5000 individually owned and operated newsagencies. Retail newsagencies primarily offer a range of newspapers and magazines as well as stationery. Distribution newsagencies offer home delivery of a range of newspapers and magazines, These can be quite large. If authorised, they are fully computerized. They often have a territory, which is protected by contracts with most of the Australian Newsagents Federation recognised publishers/distributors. These recognised publishers/distributors include ACP Publishing, News Limited, Fairfax Publications, Rural Press and these monopolies have been a major source of contention between newsagents and the Australian Consumer Affairs. In suburban areas and villages they are housed in a shop selling stationery, tobacco. In Japan, newsagents shops are called kiosks, and are found in or around railway or subway stations. In addition to newspapers and magazines, they sell beverages, snack foods, postage stamps, cigarettes, ekiben boxed lunches can be purchased at larger kiosks in inter-city rail stations. In the United Kingdom, newsagents shops are small shops selling newspapers as well as magazines, sweets and tobacco, some of them also sell provisions, opening times vary according to the owners preferences. These family owned shops may carry purchasing group branding such as SPAR, Todays, alternatively the private owner choosing to do his own purchasing may carry advertising for a local paper, national news group or soft drinks brand externally
30.
New American Library
–
The New American Library is an American publisher based in New York, founded in 1948. Its initial focus was affordable paperback reprints of classics and scholarly works, as well as popular and pulp fiction but now publishes trade and it is currently an imprint of Penguin Random House, it was announced in 2015 that the imprint would publish only nonfiction titles. New American Library began life as Penguin U. S. A. enoch served as president of New American Library from 1947-1965. He later served as head of Book Publishing at Times Mirror, nALs productions were not limited to softbound reprints. Original works of mystery, romance, and adventure proved to be profitable, in 1963 the company began publishing hard-copy original publications, such as the immensely popular James Bond 007 series written by Ian Fleming. These paperbound books included subjects in the humanities, the arts, and it also published at least two notable magazines in book form, New World Writing in the 1950s and early 1960s, and New American Review in the latter 1960s and early 1970s. NAL enjoyed great success, by 1965, its Mentor and Signet books annually sold over 50 million volumes, NAL became involved with the censorship trials when certain books were deemed inflammatory and subsequently banned. Victor Weybright was asked to testify before a 1952 House Committee that examined pornography, rather than accept government restrictions, Weybright endorsed a self-regulated censorship policy on the part of publishing companies. New York University Library received the NAL archive as a gift from the NAL in the spring of 1965, NAL witnessed several changes in ownership beginning in the 1960s. In 1960 Times Mirror of Los Angeles bought NAL, however, NAL continued to operate autonomously within the Mirror Company, in 1983 Odyssey Partners and Ira J. Hechler bought NAL from the Times Mirror Company for over $50 million. At the time of the sale New American Library had over 1 billion paperback books in print, in 1985 New American Library acquired E. P. Dutton, an independent hardcover and trade publisher, during this period there was pressure for paperback publishers to add hardcover divisions. NAL had started publishing hardcovers in 1980 with mixed success and determined that Dutton would give them an edge in that space, in 1987, the NAL was reintegrated back into the Penguin Publishing Company. Penguin had been purchased by Pearson PLC in 1970, in 2013, Pearson PLC merged Penguin with Bertelsmann owned Random House to form Penguin Random House. New American Library is currently part of the Penguin Publishing Group, in June 2015 it was announced by Penguin that starting in fall of 2016, Berkley would publish fiction titles while New American library would publish only non-fiction titles. According to Berkley/NAL Publishing Group president Leslie Gelbman this will delineate the two publishing lines and sharpen their publishing identities, imprints past and present have included, Meridian Mentor, non-fiction Mentor-Omega, featuring Catholic philosophers Mentor Executive Library, for businesspeople. Plume Signet Classics, paperback reprints of classics from Giovanni Boccaccio to Sinclair Lewis, accompanied by introductions and in newer editions, Signet Fiction Signet Science Signet Key, for young readers ages 10 to 14. At the time they broke away from Penguin Books, Signet and Mentor correlated to Penguins original imprints of Penguin, arthur Koestler Flannery OConnor George Orwell James Joyce Mickey Spillane William Faulkner New American Library, Signet, Onyx, Accent About NAL at Penguin Group
31.
Pulp magazine
–
Pulp magazines were inexpensive fiction magazines that were published from 1896 to the 1950s. The term pulp derives from the wood pulp paper on which the magazines were printed, in contrast. The typical pulp magazine had 128 pages, it was 7 inches wide by 10 inches high, the pulps gave rise to the term pulp fiction in reference to run-of-the-mill, low-quality literature. Pulps were the successors to the penny dreadfuls, dime novels, although many respected writers wrote for pulps, the magazines were best known for their lurid, exploitative, and sensational subject matter. The first pulp was Frank Munseys revamped Argosy Magazine of 1896, with about 135,000 words per issue, on paper with untrimmed edges. In six years Argosy went from a few thousand copies per month to over half a million, Street & Smith, a dime novel and boys weekly publisher, was next on the market. Seeing Argosys success, they launched The Popular Magazine in 1903, due to differences in page layout however, the magazine had substantially less text than Argosy. Haggards Lost World genre influenced several key pulp writers, including Edgar Rice Burroughs, Robert E. Howard, Talbot Mundy and Abraham Merritt. Street and Smiths next innovation was the introduction of specialized genre pulps, with each focusing on a particular genre, such as detective stories, romance. At their peak of popularity in the 1920s and 1930s, the most successful pulps could sell up to one million copies per issue, in 1934, Frank Gruber says there were some 150 pulp titles. The most successful pulp magazines were Argosy, Adventure, Blue Book and Short Stories, although pulp magazines were primarily an American phenomenon, there were also a number of British pulp magazines published between the Edwardian era and World War II. Notable UK pulps included Pall Mall Magazine, The Novel Magazine, Cassells Magazine, The Story-Teller, The Sovereign Magazine, Hutchinsons Adventure-Story and Hutchinsons Mystery-Story. The German fantasy magazine Der Orchideengarten had a format to American pulp magazines, in that it was printed on rough pulp paper. During the Second World War paper shortages had a impact on pulp production, starting a steady rise in costs. Beginning with Ellery Queens Mystery Magazine in 1941, pulp magazines began to switch to digest size, in 1949, Street & Smith closed most of their pulp magazines in order to move upmarket and produce slicks. The pulp format declined from rising expenses, but even more due to the competition from comic books, television. In a more affluent post-war America, the price gap compared to slick magazines was far less significant, in the 1950s, mens adventure magazines began to replace the pulp. The format is still in use for some lengthy serials, like the German science fiction weekly Perry Rhodan, many titles of course survived only briefly
32.
Earle K. Bergey
–
Earle K. Bergey was an American artist and illustrator who painted cover art for thousands of pulp fiction magazines and paperback books. Bergey was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to A and he attended Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts from 1921 to 1926, finishing formal Academy studies in the spring of 1926. He initially went to work in the art departments of Philadelphia newspapers including Public Ledger, early in his career, Bergey contributed many covers to the pulp magazines of publisher Fiction House. By the mid-1930s, Bergey made a home and studio in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, throughout the 1930s, Bergey worked freelance for a number of publishing houses. His eye-catching paintings were featured as covers on a wide array of pulp magazines, including romance as well as detective, adventure, aviation. Bergey illustrated mainstream publications, such as The Saturday Evening Post and he illustrated covers for fitness magazines. His illustrations of scantily-clad women surviving in outer space served as an inspiration for Princess Leias slave-girl outfit in Return of the Jedi and Madonnas conical brass brassiere. Bikini-tops worn by Bergey girls often resembled coppery metal, giving rise to the phrase the girl in the brass bra, sometimes used in reference to this sort of art. In 1948, Bergey made the transition to the rapidly expanding paperback book industry along with skilled pulp artists like Rudolph Belarski, while continuing to paint pulp covers until his death, Bergey sold illustrations to at least four leading paperback publishing houses, including Popular Library and Pocket Books. His art graced the covers of dozens of novels and helped to sell millions of volumes and his paperback cover illustrations were as diverse as his work for the pulps. Many of his paperbacks are now cult classics, some featuring hidden self-portraits, Bergey died suddenly and unexpectedly on September 30,1952 in New Hope, Pennsylvania with family at his side. Cause of death according to his State of Pennsylvania death certificate was acute coronary thrombosis due to coronary artery disease, syndicated Comic Strips and Artists, 1924-1995, The Complete Index
33.
Arthur Miller
–
Arthur Asher Miller was an American playwright, essayist, and figure in twentieth-century American theater. Among his most popular plays are All My Sons, Death of a Salesman, The Crucible and he also wrote several screenplays and was most noted for his work on The Misfits. The drama Death of a Salesman has been numbered on the short list of finest American plays in the 20th century alongside Long Days Journey into Night, Miller was often in the public eye, particularly during the late 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s. During this time, he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama, testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee, in 1980, Miller received the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates. He received the Prince of Asturias Award and the Praemium Imperiale prize in 2002, Miller was born on October 17,1915, in Harlem, in the New York City borough of Manhattan, the second of three children of Augusta and Isidore Miller. His father was born in Radomyśl Wielki, Galicia, and his mother was a native of New York whose parents arrived from that town. Isidore owned a clothing manufacturing business employing 400 people. He became a wealthy and respected man in the community, the family, including his younger sister Joan Copeland, lived on West 110th Street in Manhattan, owned a summer house in Far Rockaway, Queens, and employed a chauffeur. In the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the family lost almost everything and moved to Gravesend, as a teenager, Miller delivered bread every morning before school to help the family. After graduating in 1932 from Abraham Lincoln High School, he worked at menial jobs to pay for his college tuition. At the University of Michigan, Miller first majored in journalism and worked for the student paper and it was during this time that he wrote his first play, No Villain. Miller switched his major to English, and subsequently won the Avery Hopwood Award for No Villain, the award brought him his first recognition and led him to begin to consider that he could have a career as a playwright. Rowe provided realistic feedback along with much-needed encouragement, and became a lifelong friend, in 1937, Miller wrote Honors at Dawn, which also received the Avery Hopwood Award. After his graduation in 1938, he joined the Federal Theater Project and he chose the theater project despite the more lucrative offer to work as a scriptwriter for 20th Century Fox. However, Congress, worried about possible Communist infiltration, closed the project in 1939, Miller began working in the Brooklyn Navy Yard while continuing to write radio plays, some of which were broadcast on CBS. In 1940, Miller married Mary Grace Slattery, the couple had two children, Jane and Robert. Miller was exempted from service during World War II because of a high-school football injury to his left kneecap. 1940 was also the year his first play was produced, The Man Who Had All the Luck won the Theatre Guilds National Award, the play closed after four performances with disastrous reviews
34.
John Steinbeck
–
John Ernst Steinbeck, Jr. was an American author of 27 books, including 16 novels, six non-fiction books, and five collections of short stories. He is widely known for the comic novels Tortilla Flat and Cannery Row, the multi-generation epic East of Eden, the Pulitzer Prize-winning The Grapes of Wrath is considered Steinbecks masterpiece and part of the American literary canon. In the first 75 years after it was published, it sold 14 million copies, the winner of the 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature, he has been called a giant of American letters. His works are widely read abroad and many of his works are considered classics of Western literature, most of Steinbecks work is set in southern and central California, particularly in the Salinas Valley and the California Coast Ranges region. His works frequently explored the themes of fate and injustice, especially as applied to downtrodden or everyman protagonists, Steinbeck was born on February 27,1902, in Salinas, California. He was of German, English, and Irish descent, johann Adolf Großsteinbeck, Steinbecks paternal grandfather, shortened the family name to Steinbeck when he immigrated to the United States. The family farm in Heiligenhaus, Mettmann, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, is still named Großsteinbeck and his father, John Ernst Steinbeck, served as Monterey County treasurer. Johns mother, Olive Hamilton, a school teacher, shared Steinbecks passion for reading and writing. The Steinbecks were members of the Episcopal Church, although Steinbeck later became agnostic, Steinbeck lived in a small rural town, no more than a frontier settlement, set in some of the worlds most fertile land. He spent his summers working on ranches and later with migrant workers on Spreckels sugar beet farms. There he learned of the aspects of the migrant life and the darker side of human nature. He explored his surroundings, walking across local forests, fields, while working at Spreckels Sugar Company, he sometimes worked in their laboratory, which gave him time to write. He had considerable mechanical aptitude and fondness for repairing things he owned, Steinbeck graduated from Salinas High School in 1919 and went on to study English Literature at Stanford University near Palo Alto, leaving, without a degree, in 1925. He travelled to New York City where he took odd jobs while trying to write, when he failed to publish his work, he returned to California and worked in 1928 as a tour guide and caretaker at Lake Tahoe, where he met Carol Henning, his first wife. They married in January 1930 in Los Angeles, where, with friends, the elder Steinbecks gave John free housing, paper for his manuscripts, and from 1928, loans that allowed him to write without looking for work. When those sources failed, Steinbeck and his wife accepted welfare, whatever food they had, they shared with their friends. Carol became the model for Mary Talbot in Steinbecks novel Cannery Row, in 1930, Steinbeck met the marine biologist Ed Ricketts, who became a close friend and mentor to Steinbeck during the following decade, teaching him a great deal about philosophy and biology. Ricketts, usually quiet, yet likable, with an inner self-sufficiency
35.
CMYK color model
–
The CMYK color model is a subtractive color model, used in color printing, and is also used to describe the printing process itself. CMYK refers to the four used in some color printing, cyan, magenta, yellow. Though it varies by print house, press operator, press manufacturer, the K in CMYK stands for key because in four-color printing, cyan, magenta and yellow printing plates are carefully keyed, or aligned, with the key of the black key plate. Some sources suggest that the K in CMYK comes from the last letter in black and was chosen because B already means blue. Some sources claim this explanation, although useful as a mnemonic, is incorrect, the CMYK model works by partially or entirely masking colors on a lighter, usually white, background. The ink reduces the light that would otherwise be reflected, such a model is called subtractive because inks subtract brightness from white. In additive color models such as RGB, white is the combination of all primary colored lights. In the CMYK model, it is the opposite, white is the color of the paper or other background. To save cost on ink, and to produce deeper black tones, unsaturated and dark colors are produced by using black ink instead of the combination of cyan, magenta, with halftoning, a full continuous range of colors can be produced. To improve print quality and reduce moiré patterns, the screen for each color is set at a different angle. Common reasons for using black ink include, In traditional preparation of color separations, in some cases a black keyline was used when it served as both a color indicator and an outline to be printed in black. Because usually the black plate contained the keyline, the K in CMYK represents the keyline or black plate, also sometimes called the key plate. A combination of 100% cyan, magenta, and yellow inks soaks the paper with ink, making it slower to dry, causing bleeding, adding black ink absorbs more light and yields much better blacks. Using black ink is less expensive than using the corresponding amounts of colored inks. When a very dark area is desirable, a colored or gray CMY bedding is applied first, then a black layer is applied on top, making a rich, deep black. A black made with just CMY inks is sometimes called a composite black, the amount of black to use to replace amounts of the other ink is variable, and the choice depends on the technology, paper and ink in use. Processes called under color removal, under addition, and gray component replacement are used to decide on the final mix. CMYK or process color printing is contrasted with spot color printing, some printing presses are capable of printing with both four-color process inks and additional spot color inks at the same time
36.
Lamination
–
A laminate is a permanently assembled object by heat, pressure, welding, or adhesives. There are different lamination processes, depending on the type of materials to be laminated, the materials used in laminates can be the same or different, depending on the processes and the object to be laminated. An example of the type of laminate using different materials would be the application of a layer of plastic film—the laminate—on either side of a sheet of glass—the laminated subject, vehicle windshields are commonly made by laminating a tough plastic film between two layers of glass. This is to prevent shards of glass detaching from the windshield in case it breaks, plywood is a common example of a laminate using the same material in each layer. Glued and laminated dimensioned timber is used in the industry to make wooden beams, Glulam. Another reason to laminate wooden strips into beams is quality control, as with this method each, examples of laminate materials include melamine adhesive countertop surfacing and plywood. A new type of HPDL is produced using wood veneer or multilaminar veneer as top surface. High-pressure laminates consists of laminates molded and cured at pressures not lower than 1,000 lb per sq in. meanwhile, low pressure laminate is defined as a plastic laminate molded and cured at pressures in general of 400 pounds per square inch. Corrugated fiberboard boxes are examples of laminated structures, where an inner core provides rigidity and strength, and the outer layers provide a smooth surface. Laminating paper products, such as photographs, can prevent them from becoming creased, faded, water damaged, wrinkled, stained, smudged, abraded, photo identification cards and credit cards are almost always laminated with plastic film. Boxes and other containers are also laminated using a UV coating, lamination is also used in sculpture using wood or resin. An example of an artist who used lamination in his work is the American Floyd Shaman, further, laminates can be used to add properties to a surface, usually printed paper, that would not have them otherwise. Sheets of vinyl impregnated with ferro-magnetic material can allow portable printed images to bond to magnets, specially surfaced plastic sheets can be laminated over a printed image to allow them to be safely written upon, such as with dry erase markers or chalk. Multiple translucent printed images may be laminated in layers to achieve certain visual effects or to hold holographic images, many printing businesses that do commercial lamination keep a variety of laminates on hand, as the process for bonding many types is generally similar when working with arbitrarily thin material
37.
Pharmacy
–
Pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing and dispensing drugs. It is a profession that links health sciences with chemical sciences and aims to ensure the safe. Pharmacists, therefore, are the experts on drug therapy and are the health professionals who optimize use of medication for the benefit of the patients. An establishment in which pharmacy is practiced is called a pharmacy or a chemists, often, collaborative teams from various disciplines work together toward the introduction of new therapeutics and methods for patient care. However, pharmacy is not a basic or biomedical science in its typical form, medicinal chemistry is also a distinct branch of synthetic chemistry combining pharmacology, organic chemistry, and chemical biology. Pharmacology is sometimes considered as the 4th discipline of pharmacy, although pharmacology is essential to the study of pharmacy, it is not specific to pharmacy. Both disciplines are distinct. Those who wish to practice both pharmacy and pharmacology receive separate training and degrees unique to either discipline, pharmacoinformatics is considered another new discipline, for systematic drug discovery and development with efficiency and safety. The World Health Organization estimates that there are at least 2.6 million pharmacists, pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy in which they practice, pharmacists are represented internationally by the International Pharmaceutical Federation. In some cases, the body is also the registering body. The Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy certifies pharmacists in geriatric pharmacy practice, the American Board of Applied Toxicology certifies pharmacists and other medical professionals in applied toxicology. A Pharmacy Technician in the UK has recently referred to by some as a professional. Legislation requires the supervision of certain pharmacy technicians activities by a pharmacist, the majority of pharmacy technicians work in community pharmacies. In hospital pharmacies, pharmacy technicians may be managed by other senior pharmacy technicians, Pharmacy technicians are registered with the General Pharmaceutical Council. The GPhC is the regulator of pharmacists, pharmacy technicians and pharmacy premises, in the US, pharmacy technicians perform their duties under supervision of pharmacists. The earliest known compilation of medicinal substances was the Sushruta Samhita, however, the earliest text as preserved dates to the 3rd or 4th century AD. Many Sumerian cuneiform clay tablets record prescriptions for medicine, Ancient Egyptian pharmacological knowledge was recorded in various papyri such as the Ebers Papyrus of 1550 BC, and the Edwin Smith Papyrus of the 16th century BC. In Ancient Greece, Diocles of Carystus was one of several men studying the properties of plants
38.
Variety store
–
A variety store is a retail store that sells a wide range of inexpensive household goods. Larger stores may sell frozen foods and fresh produce, variety stores arose in the early 20th century, with Woolworths model to reduce store overheads by simplifying the duties of sales clerks. They may now be all over the world. A variety store often sells all goods at a single price, the name of the store often reflects this, and in different markets it may be called a dollar store, pound shop, euro store and so on. Some items are offered at a considerable discount over other retailers, there are two ways variety stores make a profit, Buying and selling huge amounts of goods at heavily discounted prices provides a small profit margin that is multiplied by the volume of sales. Pricing many items at prices that are higher than regular retailers and these goods are commonly bought by consumers who perceive them to be bargains based on the heavy discounts on other items in the store. In the case of fixed price-point retailers, this can be achieved by reducing the size of the package to one that is smaller than what is found in retail outlets. Bought at a sale, such as seasonal or promotional goods or bankruptcy stock. Sold in a smaller unit sizes than elsewhere, not all variety stores are single price-point stores, even if their names imply it. For example, in the United States, Dollar General and Family Dollar sell items at more or less than a dollar, some stores also sell goods priced at multiples of the named price and, conversely, multiple items for the price. The discrepancy with the price is also compounded if sales tax is added at the point of sale. In many countries, stock can be imported from others with lower costs, because of differences in wages. Usually goods are imported by an importer, then sold to the stores wholesale. Another source of stock is overruns, surplus items and out-of-date food products, real Deals, a regional dollar store in the Syracuse, New York area, is stocked almost entirely with surplus goods such as these. Although some people may link variety stores with low-income areas, this is not always true, for example, Atherton, California has a variety store within its city limits, even though it has a median household income of nearly $185,000 a year. Studies of food discounters in Great Britain show quite a varied demographic, the originators of the concept were the Woolworth Bros. in July 1879. Woolworth Bros. later became F. W. Woolworth Company or just Woolworths, Frank soon brought his brother Charles Sumner Sum Woolworth into the business. Together they opened a store in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on July 18,1879
39.
Armed Services Editions
–
Armed Services Editions were small, compact, paperback books printed by the Council on Books in Wartime for distribution within the American military during World War II. This program was in effect from 1943 to 1946, the ASEs were designed to provide entertainment to soldiers serving overseas, while also educating them about political, historical, and military issues. The slogan of the Council on Books in Wartime was, Books are weapons in the war of ideas, the ASE program featured an array of fiction and non-fiction titles, including classics, contemporary bestsellers, biographies, drama, poetry, and genre fiction. Non-fiction books included biographies, religious/self-help titles, and science titles, most of these books were printed in unabridged versions. Tuttle, Mark Twain, H. G. Wells, the distinctive covers bore the description, Armed Services Edition, This is the Complete Book—Not a Digest. Seventy-nine of the titles printed were abridged, usually for length rather than content and these bore the slogan, Condensed for wartime reading, or slight variations such as Slightly condensed for rapid reading. Over the life of the program, over 123 million copies of 1,322 books were printed and this makes the ASE program one of the largest wide-scale distributions of free books in history. Of the 1,322 books,1,227 were unique titles and 95 were reprints of titles issued earlier in the series, a complete, extant collection of all 1,322 ASE books is held at the Library of Congress. For a list of titles in the series, and to see how the books were numbered, the small books were convenient for soldiers because they fit easily into a cargo pocket. Finished size varied slightly, from 5½ to 6½ long and from 3⅞ to 4½ high, unlike traditional paperbacks, most of the ASEs were bound on the short side of the text block rather than the long side, due to the printing presses used. A few titles near the end of the series were published in paperback format with the spine on the long side. Armed Services Editions were printed on digest and pulp magazine presses, some ASEs were stapled along the binding, in addition to being glued, to make them sturdier. Because the Council on Books in Wartime made use of presses to print ASEs when the presses were not in use. The cost for printing was around 6 cents per copy, and this early experiment with mass paperback printing helped to prove the viability of paperback publishing in the United States. ASEs were very popular amongst the armed forces, copies were shared, re-read, and ripped into sections so they could accommodate two or more readers at once. ASEs were the first books some readers had picked up since high school, today, many Armed Services Editions are still readily available from used booksellers. However, the titles from the series are difficult to find. The scarcest tend to be the titles produced at the beginning, other titles, such as Superman and A Rose for Emily, are more common but valuable because they appeal to a wider array of collectors
