1.
Cities in the Philippines
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A city is one of the units of local government in the Philippines. As of December 12,2015, there are 145 cities, Cities are entitled to at least one representative in the Philippine House of Representatives if its population reaches 250,000. They are allowed to use a common seal, only an Act of Congress can create or amend a city charter, and with this city charter Congress confers on a city certain powers that regular municipalities or even other cities may not have. A citys local government is headed by an elected by popular vote. The vice mayor serves as the officer of the Sangguniang Panlungsod. Upon receiving their charters, cities also receive a full complement of executive departments to serve their constituents. Some departments are established on a basis, depending on the needs of the city. Source, Local Government Code of 1991, Cities, like municipalities, are composed of barangays, which can range from urban neighborhoods, to rural communities. Barangays are sometimes grouped into officially defined administrative districts, examples of such are the cities of Manila, Davao, Iloilo, and Samal. Some cities such as Caloocan, Manila and Pasay even have a level between the district and barangay levels, called a zone. However, geographic districts and zones are not political units, there are no elected city government officials in these city-specific administrative levels, rather they only serve to make city planning, statistics-gathering other administrative tasks easier and more convenient. Cities are classified according to annual income based on the previous four calendar years. There are currently 33 highly urbanized cities in the Philippines,16 of which are located in Metro Manila, Component Cities, Cities which do not meet the preceding requirements are deemed part of the province in which they are geographically located. If a component city is located along the boundaries of two or more provinces, it shall be considered part of the province of which it used to be a municipality, majority of the remaining cities are considered component cities. The five exceptions are listed below, independent Component Cities, Cities of this type have charters that explicitly prohibit their residents to vote for provincial officials. These cities are considered independent from the province in which they are geographically located, there are five such cities, Cotabato, Dagupan, Naga, Ormoc and Santiago. There are 38 independent cities in the Philippines, all of which are classified as highly urbanized or independent component cities. Some independent cities are still grouped with their provinces for the purposes of representation in the Congress of the Philippines
Cities in the Philippines
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1.
Cities in the Philippines
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Philippines
Cities in the Philippines
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2.
Cities in the Philippines
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3.
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
3.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
Philippines
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King Philip II of Spain.
Philippines
Philippines
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Tabon Cave and its carvings.
Philippines
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The
Banaue Rice Terraces where
Ifugao/Igorot utilized terrace farming in the steep mountainous regions of northern Philippines over 2000 years ago.
4.
Metro Manila
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These 5 provinces, plus Metro Manila and Pampanga, sum to 30.7 million residents as of the newly counted census of 2015. The region is the center of culture, economy, education, NCR is one of the 12 defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines according to the National Economic and Development Authority. Designated as a global city, NCR exerts a significant impact on commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education. It is the home to all the consulates and embassies in the Philippines and its economic power makes the region the countrys premier center for finance and commerce. NCR accounts for 37. 2% of the domestic product of the Philippines. The Province of Manila, the progenitor to the present-day Metro Manila, is one of the eight provinces that revolted against the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. The province was honored as one of the sun rays in the Flag of the Philippines, a historical province known as Manila encompasses the former pre-Hispanic kingdoms of Tondo and Maynila. It became the capital of the colonial Philippines, with Manila serving as the center of colonial power, in 1898, it included the City of Manila and 23 other municipalities. Mariquina also served as the capital from 1898-1899, just as when the sovereignty of the Philippines was transferred to the United States, the province was dissolved and most of it was incorporated to the newly created province of Rizal in 1901. Since the Spanish colonial period, Manila was considered as one of the global cities. Pasig serves as its provincial capital, in 1939, President Quezon established Quezon City with a goal to replace Manila as the capital city of the country. A masterplan for Quezon City was completed, the establishment of Quezon City meant demise of the grand Burnham Plan of Manila, with funds being diverted for the establishment of the new capital. World War II further resulted in the loss most of the developments in the Burnham Plan, but more importantly, later on, Quezon City eventually declared as the national capital from 1948-1976. The tile was re-designated back to Manila through Presidential Decree No.940 owing to its significance as the seat of government of the Philippines since the Spanish colonial period. During the war, President Manuel L. Jorge Vargas was appointed as its mayor, Mayors in the cities and municipalities included in the City of Greater Manila served as vice mayors in their town. This was in order to ensure Vargas, who was Quezons principal lieutenant for administrative matters, the City of Greater Manila was abolished by the Japanese with the formation of the Philippine Executive Commission to govern the occupied regions of the country. The City of Greater Manila served as a model for the present-day Metro Manila, on November 7,1975, Metro Manila was formally established through Presidential Decree No.824. The Metropolitan Manila Commission was also created to manage the region, on June 2,1978, through Presidential Decree No
Metro Manila
Metro Manila
Metro Manila
Metro Manila
5.
Barangay
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A barangay, formerly referred to as barrio, is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district or ward. In colloquial usage, the term refers to an inner city neighbourhood. The word barangay originated from balangay, a kind of boat used by a group of Austronesian peoples when they migrated to the Philippines, as of June 2015, there were 42,029 barangays throughout the Philippines. When the first Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century, the name barangay originated from balangay, a Malay word meaning sailboat. The first barangays started as small communities of around 50 to 100 families. By the time of contact with Spaniards, many barangays have developed into large communities, some of these barangays had large populations. In Panay, some barangays had 20,000 inhabitants, in Leyte,15,000 inhabitants, in Cebu,3,500 residents, in Vitis,7,000 inhabitants, there were smaller barangays with less number of people. But these were generally inland communities, or if they were coastal and these smaller barangays had around thirty to one hundred houses only, and the population varies from one hundred to five hundred persons. According to Legazpi, he found communities with twenty to thirty people only, traditionally, the original “barangays” were coastal settlements of the migration of these Malayo-Polynesian people from other places in Southeast Asia. Most of the ancient barangays were coastal or riverine in nature and this is because most of the people were relying on fishing for supply of protein and for their livelihood. They also travelled mostly by water up and down rivers, trails always followed river systems, which were also a major source of water for bathing, washing, and drinking. The coastal barangays were more accessible to trade with foreigners and these were ideal places for economic activity to develop. Business with traders from other countries also meant contact with cultures and civilizations, such as those of Japan, Han Chinese, Indian people. These coastal communities acquired more cosmopolitan cultures, with developed social structures, during the Spanish rule, through a resettlement policy called the Reducción, smaller scattered barangays were consolidated to form compact towns. Each barangay was headed by the cabeza de barangay, who formed part of the Principalía - the elite ruling class of the municipalities of the Spanish Philippines and this position was inherited from the first datus, and came to be known as such during the Spanish regime. The Spanish Monarch ruled each barangay through the Cabeza, who collected taxes from the residents for the Spanish Crown. When the Americans arrived, slight changes in the structure of government was effected. Later, Rural Councils with four councilors were created to assist, now renamed Barrio Lieutenant, it was later renamed Barrio Council, the Spanish term barrio was used for much of the 20th century until 1974, when President Ferdinand Marcos ordered their renaming to barangays
Barangay
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Maybo Barangay Hall in
Boac, Marinduque
Barangay
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Philippines
Barangay
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Sulop Barangay Hall
6.
Liberal Party (Philippines)
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It was the ruling party after the election victory of Benigno Aquino III as the President of the Philippines. Abad, Jr. Franklin Drilon, Mar Roxas, and Benigno Aquino III, the Liberal Party was founded on January 19,1946 by Manuel Roxas, the first President of the Third Philippine Republic. It was formed by Roxas from what was once the Liberal Wing of the old Nacionalista Party, two more Presidents of the Philippines elected into office came from the LP, Elpidio Quirino and the redoubtable Diosdado Macapagal. Two other presidents came from the ranks of the LP, as members of the party who later chose to follow a different path by joining the Nacionalistas, Ramon Magsaysay. During the days leading to his declaration of martial law, Marcos would find his old party as a potent roadblock to his quest for one-man rule. Led by Ninoy Aquino, Gerry Roxas and Jovito Salonga, the LP would time and again hound the would-be dictator on issues like human rights, not even Marcos declaration of martial law silenced the LP, and the party continued to fight the dictatorship despite the costs. Many of its leaders and members would be prosecuted and even killed during this time and this ironically cost the party dearly, losing for it the elections of 1992. Franklin Drilon at a party meeting at the Manila Hotel. Days later, the Supreme Court proclaimed Drilon the true president of the party, during the fierce campaign battle that followed, the party was able to field new members breaking away from the then-ruling party Lakas Kampi CMD to become the largest minority party in Congress
Liberal Party (Philippines)
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Liberal Party
7.
Sangguniang Panlungsod
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The Sangguniang Panlungsod are the legislatures of city governments in the Philippines. As defined by the Local Government Code of 1991, the legislatures have legislative and quasi-judicial powers, the members of the Sangguniang Panlungsod, often referred to as councilors are either elected or ex-officio and includes a citys vice mayor who serves as the presiding officer. The term was coined from the Tagalog words sanggunian and lungsod which means city council, in the absence of the vice mayor, a temporary presiding officer is assigned by the members of the Sangguniang Panlungsod from among themselves. The number of elected councilors a citys Sangguniang Panlungsod is composed of is prescribed in its charter. In absence of such a provision, it is composed of ten elected councilors, on the other hand, if the city also corresponds to a legislative district. Some cities also elect their councilors by districts which may also be provided in its charter, in general, cities which are composed of at least two legislative districts, equally divide its elected council seats among its districts. Of all the cities, Manila and Quezon City have the most number of elected councilors with 36 each, COMELEC Resolution 7801 - Annex C
Sangguniang Panlungsod
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Philippines
8.
Liga ng mga Barangay
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Presently, almost 42,000 barangays are part of this organization, making it the association of Philippine local government units with the largest membership. In case of his absence or incapacity, a member of the barangay shall be its representative after being elected for this purpose by its members. The Liga ng mga Barangay began with the election in July,1992, of its first National President, the Liga ng mga Barangay is the largest of local government associations whose members come from the grassroots level. It represents a membership of almost 42,000 barangays, the Liga began in 1958 with the organization of the Barrio Lieutenants’ Association of the Philippines organized through the assistance of the now-defunct Presidential Arm on Community Development. It had then a membership of around 20,000 barrio lieutenants, in 1972, Congress enacted Republic Act No. Over the years, the membership grew in number with the creation of new barrios. Thus, in 1972, the federation boasted a membership of 33,700, a few years following the declaration of Martial Law on September 21,1972, the barrio was renamed into barangay. This paved the way for the restructuring of the entire federation. Then, the former Department of Local Government and Community Development issued Memorandum Circular No, 74-62 dated November 19,1974, which mandated a change in the mode of membership of the federation. What was once a federation of only the heads of the different barrios became a federation which included the entire barrio councils, the mode of membership was no longer by individual barrio captain but by council. This tremendously increased the membership of the federation which has now reached approximately 40,000 barangays nationwide, subsequently, a reorganization of the entire federation, then known as the Association of Barangay Councils from the national down to the barangay level, was effected. Later, the confederation of the various associations at the different local levels became officially known as the Pambansang Katipunan ng mga Barangay. On January,1975, the first national president of the PKB was elected in the person of Mrs. Nora Z. Petines, the first woman president, who hailed from San Isidro, Northern Samar. With the change in administration in 1986 following the People Power Revolution, then, on January,1990, the PKB elected its new set of national officers. Nick Enciso, a Barangay Captain and a veteran journalist from Tagaytay City and he was shot to death on May 27,1991 cutting short his term, and Alex David was eventually elected as national president. It was during the term that the Local Government Code of 1991 was enacted. The new Code modified the name Pambansang Katipunan ng mga Barangay into what is now known nationwide as the Liga ng mga Barangay, the League is structured into chapters and each chapter has a President, Vice President and five members of the board of directors. The board of directors appoints a secretary, a treasurer and any other position needed to manage the chapter
Liga ng mga Barangay
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League of Barangays of the Philippines
9.
Demonym
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A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above
Demonym
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Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary has not adopted the term "demonyn" for these adjectives and nouns
10.
Philippine Standard Time
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Philippine Standard Time, also known as Philippine Time and informally Juan Time, is the official name for the time in the Philippines. The country only uses one time zone, and for a short period, geographically, the Philippines lies within 116°40′ and 126°34′ east of the Prime Meridian, and is physically located within the UTC+08,00 time zone. Philippine Standard Time is maintained by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, the Philippines shares the same time zone with Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, most parts of China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Brunei, central Indonesia, and Western Australia. Philippine Standard Time was instituted through Batas Pambansa Blg,8, approved on 2 December 1978 and implemented on 1 January 1983. The Philippines is one of the few countries to officially and almost exclusively use the 12-hour clock in non-military situations. From 1521 to 1844, the Philippines had the date as Mexico. Monday,30 December 1844 was immediately followed by Wednesday,1 January 1845 and this meant that International Date Line moved from going west of the Philippines to go on the east side of the country. At the time, local time was used to set clocks, meaning that every place used its own local time based on its longitude. Television and radio stations in the Philippines display the time, in September 2011, the Department of Science and Technology proposed to synchronise time nationwide in an effort to discourage tardiness. On May 15,2013, President Benigno Aquino III signed Republic Act No,10535, better known as the The Philippine Standard Time Act of 2013 as a last step to finally implement the Juan Time. Effective June 1,2013, all government offices and media networks will be required to use Philippine Standard Time as a basis to set their timepieces, in addition, the first week of January will be regularly observed as the National Time Consciousness Week. The IANA time zone database contains one zone for the Philippines in the file zone. tab, hapon starts at 1,00 PM and ends 5,59 PM. Gabí starts at 6,00 PM and ends 12,00 AM which is Hatinggabi, madalíng Araw starts at 12,01 AM and ends 4,59 AM. Except in very formal situations, Filipinos rarely use the numbers in telling time. - Alas otso kwarenta y uno ng gabí or Apatnapút-isá makalipas ng ikawaló ng gabí5,30 A. M, - Alas singko y medya ng umaga or Tatlumpûng minuto makalipas ng ikalimá ng umaga or ikalimá at kalaháti ng umaga 3,00 P. M. - Alas tres ng hapon o Ikatló ng hapon 12,00 P. M, - Alas dose ng tanghalì o Ikalabíndalawá ng tanghalì12,00 A. M. - Alas dose ng hatinggabi o Ikalabíndalawá ng hatinggabí2,00 A. M
Philippine Standard Time
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World time conversion based on Philippine Standard Time (click to enlarge).
11.
List of ZIP codes in the Philippines
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In the Philippines, the Philippine ZIP code is used by the Philippine Postal Corporation to simplify the distribution of mail. While in function it is similar to the ZIP code used in the United States, its form, the use of ZIP codes in the Philippines is not mandatory, however it is highly recommended by Philpost that they be used. This article provides a list of Philippine ZIP codes, cities that have become independent of the province are listed under the province they used to be part of
List of ZIP codes in the Philippines
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ZIP codes per provinces according to the first two numbers.
12.
Telephone numbers in the Philippines
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Telephone numbers in the Philippines follow an open telephone numbering plan and an open dial plan. Both plans are regulated by the National Telecommunications Commission, an agency under the Department of Information. The Philippines is assigned an international dialling code of 63 by ITU-T, telephone numbers are fixed at seven digits, with area codes fixed at one, two, or three digits. Mobile phone numbers are always 10 digits, when making long-distance calls in the Philippines, the prefix 0 for domestic calls and 00 for international calls are used. Some smaller carriers concentrated within a geographic area may issue four- or five-digit area codes. Occasionally, an area may change area codes. For example, the City of Bacoor in Cavite has been included in the coverage area of area code 2 per the National Telecommunications Commissions Memorandum Order No. 08-09-2011, although almost all fixed-lines in the city use the old 46 area code due to the poor compliance of PLDT. Sometimes area codes are shared by a number of government entities to maximise their use. In extreme cases, area codes are shared across an island like in Leyte and Samar, or even entire regions, in order to identify the calls point of origin, the three-digit telephone exchange prefix is checked. Since the Philippines employs an open plan, telephone numbers dialled within a given area code do not require the area code. When dialling other area codes, the long distance access prefix 0 is added, but when dialling from overseas. However, the code indicates the service provider and not necessarily a geographic region. Unlike fixed-line telephones, the telephone dialling format is always observed when using a mobile phone. Therefore, mobile phone numbers always have the format +63 xxx-xxxx for international callers and 0 xxx-xxxx for domestic callers. Some of the first area codes to be assigned for mobile phones were 912 for Mobiline/Piltel,915 for Islacom,917 for Globe Telecom,918 for Smart Communications, and 973 for Express Telecom. As service began growing rapidly since the 1990s, new codes have been added to meet demand as existing codes have since been exhausted, newer codes often come immediately after the last code exhausted, but this might not be the case if the next code is already in use. 955/956 are the latest codes and are used for Globe & TM, areas codes are grouped by provider with no single contiguous block of codes for a single provider
Telephone numbers in the Philippines
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Fixed line area codes
13.
Filipino language
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Filipino /ˌfɪlɪˈpiːnoʊ/, in this usage, refers to the national language of the Philippines. Filipino is also designated, along with English, as a language of the country. It is the register of the Tagalog language, an Austronesian. As of 2007, Tagalog is the first language of 28 million people, or about one-third of the Philippine population, Filipino is among the 185 languages of the Philippines identified in the Ethnologue. Filipino is ideally a pluricentric language, in reality, however, Filipino has been variously described as simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with no grammatical element or lexicon coming from. Other major Philippine languages, and as essentially a version of Tagalog. In most contexts, Filipino is understood to be a name for Tagalog. There was no language in the Philippine archipelago when the Spanish arrived in the 16th century. The four major trade languages were Visayan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, as the Philippine languages are all closely related and therefore easy for Filipinos to learn, most speakers of smaller languages spoke two or more of such regional languages. The first dictionary of Tagalog was written by the Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura, a latter book of the same name was written by Czech Jesuit missionary Paul Klein at the beginning of the 18th century. Klein spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books and he wrote the first dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez. On November 13,1936, Commonwealth act No, on November 12,1937, the First National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth approved the law for the establishment of the Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ. This institute would be responsible for surveying and researching existing native languages in order to determine among them the basis for a national language of the Philippines. Then-president Manuel L. Quezon later appointed representatives for each major regional language to form NLI, sales Rodriguez, Hadji Butu, and Cecilio Lopez. On December 13,1937, Presisis of the new national language, Spanish was the language of the 1896 Revolution and the Katipunan, but the revolution was led by people who also spoke Tagalog. In 1959, the became known as Pilipino in an effort to dissociate it from the Tagalog ethnic group. However, neither the nor the amended version specified either Tagalog or Pilipino as the basis for Filipino. Instead they tasked the National Assembly to, take steps toward the development and this move has drawn much criticism from the nations other ethnic groups
Filipino language
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Filipino languages spoken around the country. This only includes languages that have at least 1 million speakers. Note that on regions marked with black diamonds, the language with the most number of speakers denotes a minority of the population.
14.
Pasay
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Pasay is one of the cities in Metro Manila, the National Capital Region of the Philippines. It is bordered to the north by the City of Manila, Makati to the northeast, Taguig to the east, due to its location just south of the City of Manila, Pasay quickly became an urban town during the American Colonial Period. The Namayan was a confederation of barangays which reached its zenith c and its ruler, whose capital was at Sapa, controlled territory stretching from Manila Bay to Laguna de Bay. Dayang-dayang Pasay, presumably a royal or noble of the realm, is noted as having inherited lands in what is now Culi-culi, Pasay, the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in what is now the Philippines on March 16,1521. On May 19,1571, Miguel López de Legaspi took formal possession of the Kingdom of Maynila, for 250 years, the Islands were governed by the Viceroy of Mexico, but in practise Catholic clergymen governed local politics. Of the many orders that came, it was the Augustinian Order who would figure predominantly in the evangelisation of Pasay. The parish of Pasay was governed from the old Namayan capital, ana de Sapa, which was under the jurisdiction of the Franciscans. Most of Pasay went to friar hands either via donation or by purchase, in 1727, the Augustinians formally took over Pasay and attached it to the Parish of Nuestra Señora de los Remedios in Malate. In that year, Pasay was renamed Pineda in honour of Don Cornelio Pineda, in 1862, a number of prominent citizens of Pasay sent a petition to the civil and ecclesiastical authorities asking that they be allowed to manage their own political and religious affairs. On December 2,1863, Pasay became a pueblo upon the recommendation of the Archbishop of Manila, the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 led many more Spaniards to this part of the world. The new arrivals carried with them ideas and ideals that led to the political and social reforms, times were good and Filipinos were delighted but the Spaniards and friars considered the liberal learnings as seeds of heresy. Democratic reforms ended with the collapse of the regime in Madrid. Pasay produced numerous heroes during the Philippines-Spanish War, the Katipunan, the organisation founded by Andrés Bonifacio that spearheaded the revolution, had a chapter in Pineda organized by Pascual Villanueva, Jacinto Ignacio, and Valentin Ignacio. Several women also fought for the cause of the Katipunan including Marcela Marcelo, the execution of José Rizal, who authored the novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo on December 30,1896, fanned the flames of the Revolution. War between the United States and Spain was declared on April 25, and Dewey steamed into Manila Bay on the night of April 30, with a few well-directed shots, the American squadron destroyed the Spanish flotilla without any deaths. General Emilio Aguinaldo meanwhile declared the independence of the First Philippine Republic on June 12,1898, with this, Don Catalino became Pasays first Presidente municipal. Thinking Americans were allies, Noriel left Pineda on July 29, when Intramuros was finally captured, the Filipinos were denied entry to the walled city. Since then, tension simmered between Filipino and American troops, with both sides assigned respective zones but neither observed boundary lines
Pasay
–
(From top, left to right):
SM Mall of Asia,
EDSA corner
Taft Avenue,
Mall of Asia Arena,
Resorts World Manila, TwoE-comCenter,
NAIA Terminal 2,
Roxas Boulevard
Pasay
–
Headquarters of
Philippine Airlines
Pasay
–
Manila Film Center.
Pasay
–
Pasay City skyline
15.
Taguig
–
Taguig is a highly urbanized city located in south-eastern portion of Metro Manila in the Philippines. From a thriving fishing community along the shores of Laguna de Bay, according to the 2015 census, Taguig is the 7th most populous city in the Philippines after Zamboanga City, it has a population of 804,915. The local government of Taguig currently administers Bonifacio Global City, which is considered as one of Metro Manilas central business districts alongside Makati CBD and Ortigas Center. Taguig River, a tributary of the Pasig River cuts through the half of the municipality and Napindan River. The original 800-some farmer-fishermen of the area were good at threshing rice after harvest, hence they were referred to as mga taga-giik, and the settlement as pook ng mga taga-giik. Spanish friar Fray Alonso de Alvarado, together with conquistador Ruy López de Villalobos who crossed Pasig River to reach the present site in 1571 found taga-giik difficult to pronounce. Tagui-ig was later shortened to its current form Taguig, before the Spaniards came, Taguig was a part of the Kingdom of Tondo ruled by Rajah Sulayman. This was believed to have originated from Chinas Ming dynasty, Taguig was one of the earliest known territories to have been Christianized when the Spaniards succeeded in subjugating mainland Luzon through the Legazpi expedition in 1571. Between the years 1582 and 1583, Taguig was part of the encomienda of Tondo headed by an alcalde mayor and it was in 1587 when Taguig was established as a separate pueblo of the then province of Manila. Captain Juan Basi was its Kapitan from 1587 to 1588, according to records, Taguig had nine barrios then namely, Bagumbayan, Bambang, Hagonoy, Palingon, Sta. Ana, Tipas, Tuktukan, Ususan, and Wawa, records show that Tipas had once petitioned to become an independent town but was denied by the Spanish government. During that time, Taguig was accessible via the Pasig River, the population then was estimated to be 800 tributes. The town produced more than enough rice for consumption but had less sugar cane to mill, the men lived through fishing while women wove cotton cloth and sawali from bamboo strips. The people of Taguig were known to have resisted both Spanish and American colonial rule, during that early period of Spanish colonization. Don Juan Basi, Kapitan of Taguig from 1587 to 1588, took part in the Tondo Conspiracy, Basi was exiled for two years as punishment. When the Katipunan was on its years, many from Taguig became followers. The people of Taguig also joined the government of General Emilio Aguinaldo on August 6,1898. During the American occupation, they struggled against the forces of General Wheaton under the command of General Pio del Pilar
Taguig
–
(From top, left to right):
Bonifacio Global City,
Archdiocesan Shrine of Saint Anne, Taguig City Hall, Napindan Parola,
Arca South
Taguig
–
Saint Anne Parish Church (Taguig)
Taguig
–
Libingan ng mga Bayani
Taguig
–
A building in
Bonifacio High Street
16.
Muntinlupa
–
Muntinlupa, officially the City of Muntinlupa, is the southernmost city in Philippine National Capital Region. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 504,509 and it is classified as a highly urbanized city. It is given the nickname Emerald City of the Philippines by the tourism establishment, Muntinlupa came from at least three versions. First, its association with the topsoil in the area. Third, the nature of the area, where the term Monte or mountain was expanded to Muntinlupa or mountain land. 1869, The lands were transferred to the state and large individual landholders, August 6,1898, The town supported the Philippine Revolution against the Spaniards and formally joined the revolutionary government headed by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. June 1,1901, The Philippine Commission promulgated Rizal Province on June 11,1901 through Act 137, Muntinlupa becomes a district of Morong, Rizal. November 25,1903, Under the American regime, Muntinlupa was incorporated under Act 1008, Muntinlupa residents protested this Executive Act, and through their town head, Marcelo Fresnedi, filed a formal petition to the Governor for the return of the municipality to the province of Rizal. March 22,1905, Act 1308 paved the way for Muntinlupas return to Rizal province to become a part of Taguig along with Pateros. January 1,1918, Governor General Harrisons Executive Order 108, vidal Joaquin, a native of Alabang, served as the first appointed mayor in 1918-1919 followed by Primo Ticman, native of Poblacion 1919-1922 while the first elected mayor was Melencio Espeleta. January 22,1941, The historic New Bilibid Prison, the penitentiary, was established in the hills of Muntinlupa. November 7,1975, Muntinlupa became a part of Metropolitan Manila by virtue of Presidential Decree No.824 issued by then President Ferdinand E. Marcos, in the ratification of the 1987 Constitution, Muntinlupa together with Las Piñas formed one political district. December 6,1988, President Corazon C. Aquino by Proclamation 351 declares the 19th of December as Municipality of Muntinlupa Day, february 16,1995, House Bill No.14401 converting the Municipality of Muntinlupa into a highly urbanized city was approved by the House of Representatives. Then on March 1, Muntinlupa becomes the 65th city in the Philippines as signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos, August 3,2007, The city hall of Muntinlupa was completely damaged and later abandoned due to a fire. The fire started from an area behind the city hall. Almost all files, important documents and other references of Muntinlupa were burned, muntinlupa’s terrain is relatively flat to sloping towards the east along the lake. Gentle rolling hills occupy the part of the city, with elevation increasing up to 60 meters. The West Fault is capable of producing large earthquakes on its active phases with a magnitude of 7 or higher
Muntinlupa
–
Skyline of Alabang, Muntinlupa
Muntinlupa
–
Muntinlupa City Hall
Muntinlupa
–
Insular Life Corporate Centre. Cultural Heritage Monument in the Philippines No. PH-00-0198
Muntinlupa
–
Alabang Town Center main atrium.
17.
Manila Bay
–
Manila Bay is a natural harbour which serves the Port of Manila, in the Philippines. Manila Bay drains approximately 17,000 km2 of watershed area, with an average depth of 17 m, it is estimated to have a total volume of 28.9 billion cubic metres. Entrance to the bay is 19 km wide and expands to a width of 48 km, however, width of the bay varies from 22 km at its mouth and expanding to 60 km at its widest point. The islands of Corregidor and Caballo divides the entrance into two channels, about 2 mi towards the North and 6.5 mi wide on the South side. Mariveles, in the province of Bataan, is an anchorage just inside the northern entrance, on either side of the bay are volcanic peaks topped with tropical foliage,40 km to the north is the Bataan Peninsula and to the south is the province of Cavite. In the south channel is El Fraile Island and outside the entrance, to the immediate north and south are additional harbors, upon which both local and international ports are situated. Large number of ships at the North and South harbors facilitate maritime activities in the bay, being smaller of the two harbors, the North Harbor is used for inter-island shipping while the South Harbor is used for large ocean-going vessels. Manila Bay was connected to Laguna de Bay approximately 3,000 years ago, recurring episodic uplifts along the West Marikina Valley Fault caused the two to break up. Interaction between Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay today occurs only through the Pasig River, the bay was the setting for the Battle of Manila Bay in 1898, in which American troops led by Commodore George Dewey seized the area. This battle showcased the United States naval strength, all major Spanish ships were destroyed and captured. With its proud historic past and abundant marine life, Manila Bay became the portal and Filipino epicenter for government, economy. During the Russo-Japanese War at the close of the Battle of Tsushima in 1905, three surviving Russian protected cruisers managed to make port in then-United States-controlled Manila for repairs. However, because the US was neutral in conflict, the trio of warships. In World War II, Corregidor Island was annexed by 1942 by Japanese forces based in Manila Bay, much earlier, various other battles were fought from this naval base, including the La Naval de Manila in 1646, which finally ended Dutch attempts to seize the Philippines. It also serves a focus for recreation for Metro Manila and is a destination for walks. Much of the land fronting the bay along Metro Manila is reclaimed land now includes important sites such as the Philippine Senate. On 27 September 2011, the sea walls of Manila Bay were destroyed by the surge caused by Typhoon Pedring. Even the United States Embassy, Museo Pambata and Sofitel Philippine Plaza were submerged by the flooding and it was estimated that the damage would cost P30 million to repair
Manila Bay
–
Manila Bay Sunset
Manila Bay
–
Satellite image of Manila Bay.
Manila Bay
–
View of Manila Bay in the late afternoon from the
SM Mall of Asia in
Pasay, Metro Manila.
Manila Bay
–
Roxas Boulevard facing Manila Bay
18.
Banyan
–
A banyan, also spelled banian, is a fig that begins its life as an epiphyte, i. e. A plant that grows on plant, when its seed germinates in a crack or crevice of a host tree or human edifice. Like other fig species, including the edible fig Ficus carica. The syncarp of Ficus species supplies shelter and food for fig wasps and, in turn, frugivore birds disperse the seeds of banyans. The seeds are small, and because most banyans grow in woodlands, for this reason banyans bear the colloquial name strangler fig. A number of tropical species that compete for sunlight, especially of the genus Ficus. The leaves of the tree are large, leathery, glossy, green. Like most figs, the bud is covered by two large scales. As the leaf develops the scales abscise, young leaves have an attractive reddish tinge. Older banyan trees are characterized by aerial roots that mature into thick, woody trunks. Old trees can spread laterally by using these prop roots to grow over a wide area, in some species, the prop roots develop over a considerable area that resembles a grove of trees, with every trunk connected directly or indirectly to the primary trunk. The topology of this root system inspired the name of the hierarchical computer network operating system Banyan VINES. In a banyan that envelops its host tree, the mesh of roots growing around the latter eventually applies considerable pressure to, such an enveloped, dead tree eventually decomposes, so that the banyan becomes a columnar tree with a hollow, central core. In jungles, such hollows are very desirable shelters to many animals, the name was originally given to F. benghalensis and comes from India, where early travellers observed that the shade of the tree was frequented by banias or Indian traders. In the Gujarati language, banya means grocer or merchant, not tree, the Portuguese picked up the word to refer specifically to Hindu merchants, and passed it along to the English as early as 1599 with the same meaning. By 1634, English writers began to tell of the banyan tree, the tree provided a shaded place for a village meeting or for merchants to sell their goods. Eventually, banyan became the name of the tree itself, the original banyan, F. benghalensis, can grow into a giant tree covering several hectares. Over time, the name became generalized to all strangler figs of the Urostigma subgenus, the many banyan species include, Ficus microcarpa, which is native from Sri Lanka through New Caledonia, is a significant invasive species elsewhere
Banyan
–
Banyan
Banyan
–
Early stages of a strangler fig on a host tree in the
Western Ghats,
India.
Banyan
–
Looking upward inside a strangler fig where the host tree has rotted away, leaving a hollow, columnar tree.
Banyan
–
Thimmamma Marrimanu
19.
Order of Saint Augustine
–
In its establishment in its current form, it was shaped as a mendicant Order, one of the four great Orders which follow that way of life. The Order has done much to extend the influence of the Church, to propagate the Roman Catholic Faith, the Order has, in particular, spread internationally the veneration of the Virgin Mary under the title of Our Lady of Good Counsel. St. Augustine of Hippo, first with friends and afterward as bishop with his clergy. Religious vows were not obligatory, but the possession of property was prohibited. Their manner of life led others to imitate them, epistola ccxi, otherwise cix, contains the early Augustinian Rule for Nuns, Epistolae ccclv and ccclvi De moribus clericorum. Between 430 and 570 this life-style was carried to Europe by monks and this system of life for cathedral clergy continued in various locations throughout Europe for centuries. As the first millennium came to an end, the fervor of this began to wane. At the start of the millennium, there was a revival in interest in the stricter form of clerical life. Several groups of canons were established under various disciplines, all with the Augustinian Rule as their basis, examples of these were the Congregation of canons in Ravenna, founded by the Blessed Peter de Honestis about 1100, as well as the Norbertines. Around the start of the 13th century, many communities, especially in the vicinity of Siena, Italy. These were often small and composed of laymen, thus they lacked the clerical orientation of the canons and their foundational spirit was one of solitude and penance. With time, some of the adopted a more outward looking way of life. As the number of hermit-priests increased, assisting the clergy in providing spiritual care for their neighbors became a larger part of their lives. In 1223 four of the communities around Siena joined in a loose association, at this time there were a number of eremitical groups living in such diverse places as Tuscany, Latium, Umbria, Liguria, England, Switzerland, Germany, and perhaps France. In 1243 the Tuscan hermits petitioned Pope Innocent IV to unite them all as one group, the bull also appointed Cardinal Riccardo Annibaldi as their supervisor and legal guide. The importance of this man in the foundation of the Order cannot be overstated, the delegates from other small religious communities met in Rome on 1 March 1256, which resulted in a union. Lanfranc Septala of Milan, Prior of the Bonites, was appointed the first Prior General of the newly constituted Order, ecclesiastical privileges were granted to the order almost from its beginning. Since the end of the 13th century the sacristan of the Papal Palace was always to be an Augustinian friar and this privilege was ratified by Pope Alexander VI and granted to the Order forever by a Bull issued in 1497
Order of Saint Augustine
–
St. Thomas of Villanova Church, on the Villanova University campus.
Order of Saint Augustine
–
Order of Saint Augustine Ordo fratrum sancti Augustini
Order of Saint Augustine
–
Monastery of San Agustin of Yuriria, Mexico, founded in 1550.
Order of Saint Augustine
–
1914 tour group led by Blasius Zeiser, OSA, on the deck of
RMS Carpathia.
20.
Limahong
–
Lim Hong, well known as Ah Hong or Lim-A-Hong, was a Chinese pirate and warlord who invaded the northern Philippine Islands in 1574. He built up a reputation for his constant raids to ports in Guangdong, Fujian and he is noted to have twice attempted, and failed, to overthrow the Spanish city of Manila in 1574. Born to a family in the city Raoping of Chaozhou, Limahong had an early start in criminal activity and progressed to piracy. His activities and attacks on ports and ships throughout southern China increased and he shifted his activities to piracy on the high seas and out of reach of Chinas power. He was able to accumulate up to 40 ships, whereupon he again raided cities. Limahong attacked a city occupied by Vintoquián, another Chinese pirate, however, Limahong was able to capture 55 of Vintoquiáns fleet and thus increased his own to 95 ships. He was now a king of the high seas of southern China. In late 1573, he gathered an army of 3,000 Chinese warriors, renegades and vagabonds, there, he and his band of outlaws sought refuge, established their own kingdom and waged war with the Spaniards. By this time, a force of 40,000 soldiers and 135 ships was sent by the Ming emperor to kill, Limahong and his troops first arrived in Ilocos Sur in early 1574 where they quarreled with the Spanish commander, Juan de Salcedo. After a brief struggle with the Spanish army, his troops were away from the city. The pirates then chanced upon merchant ships from Manila doing trade with the Chinese, folk accounts have it that the inhabitants were at first disorganized, until a man from a barrio, by the name of Galo, came forward and took command. Under his able leadership, and with the arrival of Spanish forces led by Captain Juan de Salcedo from Ilocos, Limahong was repulsed, the stiff resistance of the barrio residents shocked the Chinese pirate, who thought that capturing Manila would be easy. The battle became known as the Red Sea Incident, the Parañaqueños not only saved their town, but they contributed decisively to Limahongs abandoning his plans to conquer the area. In appreciation for Galos leadership and heroic deeds, the Spanish authorities granted him the title of Don, the barrio later on was named after him. Foiled at Manila to establish a kingdom of his own, Limahong set sail for the Lingayen Gulf, as a rich place and far enough from the reach of the Spaniards and the Chinese emperor, Limahong resolved to stay here and to make himself master of the region. Near the mouth of the Agno River about four miles from the sea he built a fort consisting of a palisade of palm logs. He also built pagodas and dwelling places preparatory for permanent settlement, Limahong announced to the people that he had conquered the Spaniards and that he had come to rule over them as their king. They were commanded to pay tributes to him, thereupon, great terror and fright filled all the neighboring villages, and all of them, with no exception, received Limahong as king, and they obeyed him and paid him tributes
Limahong
–
Anne Bonny
21.
British occupation of Manila
–
The British occupation was ended as part of the peace settlement of the Seven Years War. At the time, Britain and France were belligerents in what was called the Seven Years War. As the war progressed, the neutral Spanish government became concerned that the string of major French losses at the hands of the British were becoming a threat to Spanish interests. Britain first declared war against Spain on 4 January 1762, France successfully negotiated a treaty with Spain known as the Family Compact which was signed on 15 August 1761. By an ancillary secret convention, Spain became hurriedly committed to making preparations for war against Britain, Draper was commanding officer of the 79th Regiment of Foot, which was currently stationed in Madras, British India. There was also the expectation that the commerce of Spain would suffer a crippling blow, upon arriving in India, Drapers brevet rank became brigadier general. A secret committee of the East India Company agreed to provide a civil governor for the administration of the Islands, Manila was one of the most important trading cities in Asia during this period and the Company wanted to extend its influence over the Archipelago. On 24 September 1762, a British fleet of eight ships of the line, three frigates, and four ships with a force of 6,839 regulars, sailors and marines. The expedition, led by Brigadier-General William Draper and Rear-Admiral Samuel Cornish, captured Manila, the Spanish defeat was not really surprising. The Spanish Crown appointed the Mexican-born Archbishop of Manila Manuel Rojo del Rio y Vieyra as temporary Lieutenant Governor, in part, because the garrison was commanded by the Archbishop, instead of by a military expert, many mistakes were made by the Spanish forces. On 5 October 1762, the night before the fall of the city of Manila. Several times the archbishop wished to capitulate, but was prevented, at dawn of 6 October, British forces attacked the breach and took the fortifications meeting with little resistance. During the siege, the Spanish military lost three officers, two sergeants,50 troops of the line, and 30 civilians of the militia, besides many wounded, among the natives there were 300 killed and 400 wounded. The besiegers suffered 147 killed and wounded, of whom 16 were officers, the fleet fired upon the city more than 5,000 bombs, and more than 20,000 balls. Once Manila fell to British troops, the soldiers turned to pillage, Rojo wrote that the sack actually lasted 30 hours or more, although he laid the blame on the domestics of the Spaniards, the Chinese and Filipinos, as much as upon the British soldiers. Although the captain-general objected at the end of the twenty-four hours and he himself killed with his own hands a soldier he found transgressing his orders, and had three hanged. The British had demanded a ransom of four million dollars from the Spanish government to which Archbishop Rojo now agreed to further destruction. On 2 November 1762, Dawsonne Drake of the British East India Company assumed office as the British Governor of Manila and he was assisted by a council of four, consisting of John L. Smith, Claud Russel, Henry Brooke and Samuel Johnson
British occupation of Manila
British occupation of Manila
–
Flag
British occupation of Manila
–
Map of British Conquest of Manila in 1762.
British occupation of Manila
–
Sign at
Fort Santiago, Manila, marking the departure point of Simón de Anda y Salazar.
22.
Philippine Revolution
–
The Philippine Revolution, also called the Tagalog War by the Spanish, was a revolution and subsequent conflict fought between the people of the Philippines and the Spanish colonial authorities. The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, when the Spanish authorities discovered Katipunan, the Katipunan, led by Andrés Bonifacio, was a liberationist movement whose goal was independence from Spain through armed revolt. The organization began to influence much of the Philippines, Bonifacio called for an attack on the capital city of Manila. This attack failed, however, the surrounding provinces began to revolt, in particular, rebels in Cavite led by Mariano Alvarez and Emilio Aguinaldo won early victories. A power struggle among the revolutionaries led to Bonifacios death in 1897, with command shifting to Aguinaldo and that year, the revolutionaries and the Spanish signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, which temporarily reduced hostilities. Aguinaldo and other Filipino officers exiled themselves in Hong Kong, however, the hostilities never completely ceased. On April 21,1898, the United States launched a blockade of Cuba. On May 1, the U. S. Navys Asiatic Squadron, under Commodore George Dewey, decisively defeated the Spanish Navy in the Battle of Manila Bay, effectively seizing control of Manila. On May 19, Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with the United States, returned to the Philippines, by June, the rebels had gained control of nearly all of the Philippines, with the exception of Manila. On June 12, Aguinaldo issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence, although this signified the end date of the revolution, neither Spain nor the United States recognized Philippine independence. The Spanish rule of the Philippines officially ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1898, in the treaty, Spain ceded control of the Philippines and other territories to the United States. There was an uneasy peace around Manila, with the American forces controlling the city, in June 1899, the nascent First Philippine Republic formally declared war against the United States. The Philippines would not become an internationally recognized independent state until 1946, the main influx of revolutionary ideas came at the start of the 19th century, when the Philippines was opened for world trade. In 1809, the first English firms were established in Manila, the Philippines had been governed from Mexico since 1565, with colonial administrative costs sustained by subsidies from the galleon trade. Increased competition with foreign traders brought the trade to an end in 1815. After its recognition of Mexican independence in 1821, Spain was forced to govern the Philippines directly from Madrid, at this point, post-French Revolution ideas entered the country through literature, which resulted in the rise of an enlightened principalia class in the society. The 1868 Spanish Revolution brought the rule of Queen Isabella II to an end. The autocratic government was replaced by a government led by General Francisco Serrano
Philippine Revolution
–
Clockwise from top left: Surviving Spanish troops on Barcelona after the
Siege of Baler, Captured of a Filipino Revolutionary Leader by Spanish Troops, Filipino Soliers at the
Siege of Baler, Monument recapturing the
Battle of Imus, Filipino negotiators for the
Pact of Biak-na-Bato, Filipino soldier during the near end of the Revolution.
Philippine Revolution
Philippine Revolution
Philippine Revolution
23.
History of the Philippines (1898-1946)
–
With the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10,1898, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States. The interim U. S. military government of the Philippine Islands experienced a period of political turbulence. Beginning in 1901, the government was replaced by a civilian government—the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands—with William Howard Taft serving as its first Governor-General. From 1901 to 1906 there also existed a series of governments that lacked significant international diplomatic recognition. Following the passage of the Philippine Independence Act in 1934, a Philippine presidential election was held in 1935, Manuel L. Quezon was elected and inaugurated second President of the Philippines on November 15,1935. The Insular Government was dissolved and the Commonwealth of the Philippines was brought into existence, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was intended to be a transitional government in preparation for the countrys full achievement of independence in 1946. After the Japanese invasion and subsequent occupation of the Philippines during World War II, according to the terms of the Philippine Independence Act, the United States formally recognized the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on July 4,1946. The terms of the called for Aguinaldo and his militia to surrender. Other revolutionary leaders were given amnesty and a monetary indemnity by the Spanish government in return for which the government agreed to go into exile in Hong Kong. The failure of Spain to engage in social reforms in Cuba as demanded by the United States government was the basic cause for the Spanish–American War. American attention was focused on the issue after the explosion that sank the American battleship Maine on February 15,1898 in Havana Harbor. Spain found it had no support in Europe, but nevertheless declared war. Theodore Roosevelt, who was at that time Assistant Secretary of the Navy, ordered Commodore George Dewey, commanding the Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy, Order the squadron. to Hong Kong. In the event of declaration of war Spain, your duty will be to see that the Spanish squadron does not leave the Asiatic coast, Deweys squadron departed on April 27 for the Philippines, reaching Manila Bay on the evening of April 30. The first battle of the Spanish–American War took place in the Philippines on May 1,1898, in a matter of hours, Commodore Deweys Asiatic Squadron defeated the Spanish squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo. The U. S. squadron took control of the arsenal, Dewey cabled Washington, stating that although he controlled Manila Bay, he needed 5,000 additional men to seize Manila itself. The unexpected rapidity and completeness of Deweys victory in the first engagement of the war prompted the McKinley administration to make the decision to capture Manila from the Spanish. While awaiting the arrival of troops from the Eighth Corps, Dewey dispatched the cutter USRC McCulloch to Hong Kong to transport Aguinaldo back to the Philippines, Aguinaldo arrived on May 19 and, after a brief meeting with Dewey, resumed revolutionary activities against the Spanish
History of the Philippines (1898-1946)
History of the Philippines (1898-1946)
–
1898 US political cartoon. U.S. President
William McKinley is shown holding the Philippines, depicted as a native child, as the world looks on. The implied options for McKinley are to keep the Philippines, or give it back to Spain, which the cartoon compares to throwing a child off a cliff.
History of the Philippines (1898-1946)
–
Governor General
William Howard Taft addressing the audience at the
Philippine Assembly in the
Manila Grand Opera House
.svg)
Iloilo City, Philippines
Geographic data related to Parañaque at OpenStreetMap
Geographic data related to 
Parañaque
.JPG)
