1.
Scottish Parliament Building
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The Scottish Parliament Building is the home of the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood, within the UNESCO World Heritage Site in central Edinburgh. Construction of the building commenced in June 1999 and the Members of the Scottish Parliament held their first debate in the new building on 7 September 2004, the formal opening by Queen Elizabeth II took place on 9 October 2004. Enric Miralles, the Spanish Catalan architect who designed the building, Office and administrative accommodation in support of the Parliament were provided in buildings leased from the City of Edinburgh Council. The new Scottish Parliament Building brought together these different elements into one purpose-built parliamentary complex, housing 129 MSPs and more than 1,000 staff, from the outset, the building and its construction have been controversial. The choices of location, architect, design, and construction company were all criticised by politicians, the media and the Scottish public. Scheduled to open in 2001, it did so in 2004, a major public inquiry into the handling of the construction, chaired by the former Lord Advocate, Peter Fraser, was established in 2003. The inquiry concluded in September 2004 and criticised the management of the project from the realisation of cost increases down to the way in which major design changes were implemented. Despite these criticisms and a public reaction, the building was welcomed by architectural academics and critics. The building aimed to achieve a union between the Scottish landscape, its people, its culture, and the city of Edinburgh. Comprising an area of 1.6 ha, with a perimeter of 480 m, the large site previously housed the headquarters of the Scottish and Newcastle brewery which were demolished to make way for the building. Reids Close connects the Canongate and Holyrood Road on the side of the complex. The south eastern side of the complex is bounded by the Our Dynamic Earth visitor attraction opened in July 1999. In the immediate vicinity of the building is the Palace of Holyroodhouse, to the south of the parliamentary complex are the steep slopes of the Salisbury Crags and Arthurs Seat. The Treaty of Union, signed in 1707, created a political union between the Kingdom of Scots and the Kingdom of England. The two previous Acts of Union had dissolved the previous parliaments, the Treaty of Union created the Parliament of Great Britain which was housed in the Palace of Westminster in London. As a consequence, Scotland was directly governed from London for the next 292 years without a legislature or a Parliament building of its own. Whilst much of this conversion was completed and the building was renamed New Parliament House it was determined that the facility was too small for its stated purpose. Following the April 1992 election, when a weakened John Major was re-elected, starting informally this became a permanently manned vigil to keep the concept in the public mind
2.
Parliament Square, Edinburgh
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Parliament Square, Edinburgh, is located off the High Street, part of the Royal Mile. The Queensberry Memorial to the 5th Duke of Buccleuch, stands in West Parliament Square, the square came into existence in 1632 as a forecourt to the Parliament House on the old graveyard of St Giles Kirk. Parliament House not only housed the pre-union Parliament of Scotland but also the Court of Session. Another building adjacent to the square was the Old Tolbooth, which was used variously as a place for the Town Council. It was from there in 1661 that those guilty of high treason after the Restoration were taken to be executed next to the mercat cross. Henry Cockburn lamented the loss of the historical name, Parliament Close. Anderson, James, Mrs. James Guthrie, Mrs. James Durham, and Mrs
3.
Society of Writers to Her Majesty's Signet
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The Society of Writers to Her Majesty’s Signet is a private society of Scottish solicitors, dating back to 1594 and part of the College of Justice. The Society maintains the Category A listed Signet Library, part of the Parliament House complex in Edinburgh, and members of the Society are entitled to the postnominal letters, WS. Solicitors in Scotland were previously known as writers, Writers to the Signet were the solicitors entitled to use of the Kings Signet. Records of that use date back to 1369, in 1532, the Writers to the Signet were included as Members in the newly established College of Justice, along with the Faculty of Advocates and the Clerks of the Court of Session. The Society was established in 1594, when the Kings Secretary, as Keeper of the Signet, gave commissions to a Deputy Keeper and 18 other writers. In civil actions in the Court of Session, a pursuer is required to have his writ stamped with the Signet to give him authority from the Queen to serve the writ on the defender. That conferral, called passing the Signet, was carried out by the Signet Office. In 1976 the Signet Office was merged into the General Department of the Court of Session, nevertheless, the requirement of passing the Signet survived. Nowadays, these functions are no longer performed by the Society, the Keeper of the Signet is one of the Great Officers of State of Scotland, and is one of the offices held by the Lord Clerk Register. The current Keeper of the Signet is Lord Mackay of Clashfern, former Lord Advocate of Scotland, the office is now a purely ceremonial one, as the Keeper of the Signet grants a commission to the Principal Clerk of Session to allow the Signet to be used. The Keeper of the Signet is the officer of the Society of Writers to the Signet. Although the Society is a body, the Register of Commissions forms part of the records of the Court of Session. The Keeper does not exercise administrative functions over the Society, these being delegated to the Deputy Keeper, the present Deputy Keeper is Caroline Docherty, Consultant at Morton Fraser LLP. Jurists, advocates and foreign lawyers may be granted membership of the Society. Associate members are entitled to use the designation, Associate Writer to the Signet with the postnominal letters, prominent associate members include Harvey McGregor QC and the late former President of Poland, Lech Aleksander Kaczyński. Edinburgh City Chambers The Society of Writers to Her Majestys Signet
4.
Charles II of England
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Charles II was king of England, Scotland and Ireland. He was king of Scotland from 1649 until his deposition in 1651, Charles IIs father, Charles I, was executed at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, Cromwell became virtual dictator of England, Scotland and Ireland, and Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands. A political crisis followed the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy. On 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim, after 1660, all legal documents were dated as if he had succeeded his father as king in 1649. Charless English parliament enacted laws known as the Clarendon Code, designed to shore up the position of the re-established Church of England, Charles acquiesced to the Clarendon Code even though he favoured a policy of religious tolerance. The major foreign policy issue of his reign was the Second Anglo-Dutch War. In 1670, he entered into the treaty of Dover. Louis agreed to aid him in the Third Anglo-Dutch War and pay him a pension, Charles attempted to introduce religious freedom for Catholics and Protestant dissenters with his 1672 Royal Declaration of Indulgence, but the English Parliament forced him to withdraw it. In 1679, Titus Oatess revelations of a supposed Popish Plot sparked the Exclusion Crisis when it was revealed that Charless brother, the crisis saw the birth of the pro-exclusion Whig and anti-exclusion Tory parties. Charles sided with the Tories, and, following the discovery of the Rye House Plot to murder Charles and James in 1683, Charles dissolved the English Parliament in 1681, and ruled alone until his death on 6 February 1685. He was received into the Roman Catholic Church on his deathbed, Charless wife, Catherine of Braganza, bore no live children, but Charles acknowledged at least twelve illegitimate children by various mistresses. He was succeeded by his brother James, Charles II was born in St Jamess Palace on 29 May 1630. His parents were Charles I and Henrietta Maria, Charles was their second son and child. Their first son was born about a year before Charles but died within a day, England, Scotland and Ireland were respectively predominantly Anglican, Presbyterian and Roman Catholic. At birth, Charles automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay, at or around his eighth birthday, he was designated Prince of Wales, though he was never formally invested. During the 1640s, when Charles was still young, his father fought Parliamentary, by spring 1646, his father was losing the war, and Charles left England due to fears for his safety. Charles I surrendered into captivity in May 1646, at The Hague, Charles had a brief affair with Lucy Walter, who later falsely claimed that they had secretly married
5.
Edinburgh
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Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forths southern shore, it is Scotlands second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh,492,680 for the authority area. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and it is the largest financial centre in the UK after London. Historically part of Midlothian, the city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, the sciences and engineering. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, was placed 17th in the QS World University Rankings in 2013 and 2014. The city is famous for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe. The citys historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdoms second most popular tourist destination after London, attracting over one million overseas visitors each year. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, Edinburghs Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999. It appears to derive from the place name Eidyn mentioned in the Old Welsh epic poem Y Gododdin, the poem names Din Eidyn as a hill fort in the territory of the Gododdin. The Celtic element din was dropped and replaced by the Old English burh, the first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is a royal charter, c. 1124–1127, by King David I granting a toft in burgo meo de Edenesburg to the Priory of Dunfermline. In modern Gaelic, the city is called Dùn Èideann, the earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Cramond, where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c.8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have found on Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat, Craiglockhart Hill. When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, at some point before the 7th century AD, the Gododdin, who were presumably descendants of the Votadini, built the hill fort of Din Eidyn or Etin. Although its location has not been identified, it likely they would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat. In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria and it thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction. The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, in 1638, King Charles Is attempt to introduce Anglican church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In the 17th century, Edinburghs boundaries were defined by the citys defensive town walls
6.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
7.
Parliament of Scotland
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The Parliament of Scotland, or Estates of Parliament, was the legislature of the Kingdom of Scotland. The parliament, like other such institutions, evolved during the Middle Ages from the council of bishops. It is first identifiable as a parliament in 1235, during the reign of Alexander II, by the early fourteenth century, the attendance of knights and freeholders had become important, and from 1326 commissioners from the burghs attended. Parliamentary business was carried out by sister institutions, such as General Councils or Convention of Estates. These could carry out much business also dealt with by parliament – taxation, legislation and policy-making –, the Parliament of Scotland met for more than four centuries, until it was prorogued sine die at the time of the Acts of Union in 1707. Thereafter the Parliament of Great Britain operated for both England and Scotland, thus creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain, when the Parliament of Ireland was abolished in 1801, its former members were merged into what was now called the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Later, the bishops themselves were removed from the Church of Scotland during the Glorious Revolution, the Second Estate was then split into two to retain the division into three. From the 16th century, the estate was reorganised by the selection of Shire Commissioners. During the 17th century, after the Union of the Crowns and these latter identifications remain highly controversial among parliamentary historians. Regardless, the used for the assembled members continued to be the Three Estates. A Shire Commissioner was the closest equivalent of the English office of Member of Parliament, because the parliament of Scotland was unicameral, all members sat in the same chamber, as opposed to the separate English House of Lords and House of Commons. The Scottish parliament evolved during the Middle Ages from the Kings Council and it is perhaps first identifiable as a parliament in 1235, described as a colloquium and already with a political and judicial role. In 1296 we have the first mention of burgh representatives taking part in decision making, by the early 14th century, the attendance of knights and freeholders had become important, and Robert the Bruce began regularly calling burgh commissioners to his Parliament. Consisting of The Three Estates – of clerics, lay Tenants-in-chief and burgh commissioners – sitting in a single chamber, parliamentary business was also carried out by sister institutions, before c.1500 by General Council and thereafter by the Convention of Estates. These could carry out much business also dealt with by Parliament – taxation, legislation and policy-making –, the Scottish parliament met in a number of different locations throughout its history. In addition to Edinburgh, meetings were held in Perth, Stirling, St Andrews, Dundee, Linlithgow, Dunfermline, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Inverness and Berwick-upon-Tweed. From the early 1450s until 1690, a deal of the legislative business of the Scottish Parliament was usually carried out by a parliamentary committee known as the Lords of the Articles. This was a chosen by the three estates to draft legislation which was then presented to the full assembly to be confirmed
8.
College of Justice
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The College of Justice includes the Supreme Courts of Scotland, and its associated bodies. The constituent bodies of the supreme courts are the Court of Session, the High Court of Justiciary. Its associated bodies are the Faculty of Advocates, the Society of Writers to Her Majestys Signet, the College was founded in 1532 by King James V following a bull issued by Pope Clement VII on 15 September 1531. The Parliament of Scotland passed an Act on 17 May 1532 authorising the creation of the college with 14 members, half spiritual, half temporal, plus a president, the college convened for the first time on 27 May 1532, in the royal presence. Supplementing the 14 ordinary lords, who were called Senators, were a number of supernumerary judges called extraordinary lords. The College at its foundation dealt with underdeveloped civil law and it did not dispense justice in criminal matters as that was an area of the law reserved to the Kings justice, through the justiciars, the Barony Courts and the Commission of Justiciary. The High Court of Justiciary was only incorporated into the College of Justice in 1672, initially, there was little legal literature. Acts of the Parliament of Scotland and the books of the Old Law as well as Roman Law and it was only after the establishment of the court that this situation improved, with judges noting their decisions in books of practicks. The Treaty of Union 1707 with England preserved the Scottish Legal System
9.
Old Town, Edinburgh
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The Old Town is the name popularly given to the oldest part of Scotlands capital city of Edinburgh. The area has preserved much of its street plan and many Reformation-era buildings. Together with the 18th-century New Town, it part of a protected UNESCO World Heritage Site. Narrow closes, often no more than a few feet wide, the area has a number of underground vaults and hidden passages that are relics of previous phases of construction. No part of the street is officially called The Royal Mile in terms of legal addresses, the actual street names are Castlehill, Lawnmarket, High Street, Canongate and Abbey Strand. This crag and tail landform was created during the last ice age when receding glaciers scoured across the land pushing soft soil aside, the hilltop crag was the earliest part of the city to develop, becoming fortified and eventually developing into the current Edinburgh Castle. The rest of the city grew slowly down the tail of land from the Castle Rock and this was an easily defended spot with marshland on the south and a man-made loch, the Nor Loch, on the north. Access up the road to the settlement was therefore restricted by means of various gates. The original strong linear spine of the Royal Mile only had narrow closes and these began to be supplemented from the late 18th century with wide new north–south routes, beginning with the North Bridge/South Bridge route, and then George IV Bridge. The Edinburgh City Improvement Act of 1866 further added to the north south routes and this was devised by the architects David Cousin and John Lessels. It had quite radical effects, St Marys Wynd was demolished and replaced by the much wider St Marys Street with all new buildings, Leith Wynd which descended from the High Street to the Low Calton was demolished. Jeffrey Street started from Leith Wynds junction with the High Street, opposite St Marys Street, east Market Street was built to connect Market Street and New Street. Blackfriars Street was created by the widening of Blackfriars Wynd, removing all the buildings on the east side, Chambers Street was created, replacing N College Street and removing Brown Square and Adam Square. It was named after the then Lord Provost of Edinburgh, Sir William Chambers, guthrie Street was created, linking the new Chambers Street to the Cowgate. Multi-storey dwellings became the norm from the 16th century onwards, the construction of new streets including North Bridge and South Bridge in the 18th century also created underground spaces, such as the Edinburgh Vaults below the latter. Traditionally buildings were less dense in the eastern, Canongate, section and this area underwent major slum clearance and reconstruction in the 1950s, thereafter becoming an area largely of Council housing. Further Council housing was built on the fringe of the Canongate in the 1960s and 1970s in an area generally called Dumbiedykes. From 1990 to 2010 major new housing schemes appeared throughout the Canongate and these were built to a much higher scale than the traditional buildings and have greatly increased the population of the area
10.
Royal Mile
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The Royal Mile is the name given to a succession of streets forming the main thoroughfare of the Old Town of the city of Edinburgh in Scotland. The name was first used in W M Gilberts Edinburgh in the Nineteenth Century, the streets which make up the Royal Mile are Castlehill, the Lawnmarket, the High Street, the Canongate and Abbey Strand. The Royal Mile is the busiest tourist street in the Old Town, running eastwards from the crag, the Royal Mile sits upon the ridge of the tail which slopes gently down to Holyrood Palace. Steep closes run between the many tall lands off the main thoroughfare, the route runs from an elevation of 42 meters above sea level at the palace, to 109 meters at the castle, for an average gradient of 4. 1%. The Castle Esplanade was laid out as a ground, in 1753. It was formalised in 1816 when it was widened and provided with decorative railings, the Esplanade with its several monuments has been A-listed by Historic Scotland. It is the venue of the annual Edinburgh Military Tattoo at which time specially designed temporary grandstands are erected, the Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland and New College are further down on the same side, in an architecturally somewhat understated building as seen from this side. The Scottish Parliament met in the Assembly Hall between 1999 and 2004, the Lawnmarket was originally part of the High Street before its separate naming, which accounts for the street numbering being a continuation of the High Street numbers. A charter of 1477 designated this part of the High Street as the market-place for what was called inland merchandise - items such as yarn, stockings, coarse cloth, in later years, linen was the main product sold. As a result, it known as the Land Market which was later corrupted to Lawn Market. Today, the majority of shops in the street are aimed at tourists, on the north side is the preserved 17th century merchants townhouse Gladstones Land owned by the National Trust for Scotland. The south side has a strong Dutch influence in its 17th-century gables, the lower end of the Lawnmarket is intersected by George IV Bridge on the right and Bank Street on the left, leading to The Mound and the New Town. The view down Bank Street is closed by the headquarters of the Bank of Scotland. On the south-west corner of intersection, with its entrance on George IV Bridge, is a new hotel. This building is of controversial design winning both best building awards and carbuncle awards in 2009/10. Between Bank Street and St Giles Street, marking the end of the Lawnmarket, St Giles Cathedral, the High Kirk of Edinburgh, also stands in Parliament Square. The prison was described by Sir Walter Scott as the Heart of Midlothian, locals have traditionally spat upon the heart, presumably to express disgust. The custom has been to some extent sanitised by tourist guides who claim that the spitting is merely for good luck, on the north side, opposite St Giles, stand Edinburgh City Chambers, where the City of Edinburgh Council meets
11.
St Giles' Cathedral
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St Giles Cathedral, also known as the High Kirk of Edinburgh, is the principal place of worship of the Church of Scotland in Edinburgh. Its distinctive crown steeple is a prominent feature of the city skyline, the church has been one of Edinburghs religious focal points for approximately 900 years. The present church dates from the late 14th century, though it was restored in the 19th century. Today it is regarded as the Mother Church of Presbyterianism. The cathedral is dedicated to Saint Giles, who is the saint of Edinburgh, as well as of cripples and lepers. It is the Church of Scotland parish church for part of Edinburghs Old Town, St Giles was only a cathedral in its formal sense for two periods during the 17th century, when episcopalianism, backed by the Crown, briefly gained ascendancy within the Kirk. In the mediaeval period, prior to the Reformation, Edinburgh had no cathedral as it was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of St Andrews, for most of its post-Reformation history the Church of Scotland has not had bishops, dioceses, or cathedrals. As such, the use of the cathedral today carries no practical meaning. The High Kirk title is older, being attested well before the brief period as a cathedral. The oldest parts of the building are four central pillars, often said to date from 1124. In 1385 the building suffered a fire and was rebuilt in the subsequent years, much of the current interior dates from this period. Over the years many chapels, referred to as aisles, were added, greatly enlarging the church, in 1466 St Giles was established as a collegiate church by Pope Paul II. In response to this raising of status, the tower was added around 1490, and the chancel ceiling raised, vaulted. At the height of the Scottish Reformation the Protestant leader and firebrand John Knox was chosen minister at St Giles by Edinburgh Town Council, a 19th-century stained glass window in the south wall of the church shows him delivering the funeral sermon for the Regent Moray in 1570. A bronze statue of Knox, cast by Pittendrigh MacGillivray in 1904, by about 1580, the church was partitioned into separate preaching halls to suit the style of reformed Presbyterian worship for congregations drawn from the quarters of Edinburgh. The partition walls were removed in 1633 when St Giles became the cathedral for the new see of Edinburgh. Our pleasure is that with all diligence you cause raze to the ground the east wall in the church. The internal partitions were restored in 1639 and, after several re-arrangements, the disturbances led to the National Covenant and hence the Bishops Wars, the first conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, which included the English Civil War
12.
Hammerbeam roof
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A hammerbeam roof is a decorative, open timber roof truss typical of English Gothic architecture and has been called. the most spectacular endeavour of the English Medieval carpenter. They are traditionally timber framed, using short beams projecting from the wall on which the rafters land and these short beams are called hammer-beams and give this truss its name. A hammerbeam roof can have a single, double or false hammerbeam truss, a hammerbeam is a form of timber roof truss, allowing a hammerbeam roof to span greater than the length of any individual piece of timber. The hammerbeam truss exerts considerable thrust on the walls or posts that support it, Hammerbeam roofs can be highly decorated including ornamented pendants and corbels, with church roofs often including carved angels. A roof with one pair of beams is a single hammerbeam roof. Some roofs have a pair of hammer beams and are called double hammerbeam roofs. Possibly the earliest hammer-beamed building still standing in England, built in about 1290, is located in Winchester, in Winchester Cathedral in Pilgrims Hall, the roof of Westminster Hall is a fine example of a hammerbeam roof. The span of Westminster Hall is 20.8 metres, and the opening between the ends of the hammer beams 7.77 metres. The height from the paving of the hall to the hammerbeam is 12.19 m, other important examples of hammerbeam roofs exist over the halls of Hampton Court and Eltham palaces, and Burghley House near Stamford. There are also examples of smaller dimensions in churches throughout England. Sometimes, but rarely, the beam is similarly treated, or cut through and supported by additional curved braces, as in the hall of the Middle Temple. Recently, as part of a restoration project undertaken by Historic Scotland. Green oak from 350 Perthshire trees was used to fabricate and erect 57 hammerbeam trusses spanning approximately 15 metres, since its construction around 1502 by King James IV of Scotland, structural loads from the roof had caused the walls of the hall to deflect outwards. To ensure that the ridge of the roof would be level and straight, the restoration started in 1991 and was completed in 1999. A spectacular modern example of a roof is the new Gothic roof of St Georges Hall at Windsor Castle, designed by Giles Downe. This replaced the previous roof which was destroyed in the 1992 Windsor Castle fire. In fact, the roof at Bristol Temple Meads railway station uses modern cantilever construction and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Hammerbeam Roof. Lynn Towery Courtenay, English Royal Carpentry in the Late Middle Ages, The Hammer-beam Roof
13.
Tron Kirk
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The Tron Kirk is a former principal parish church in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is a landmark on the Royal Mile. It was built in the 17th century and closed as a church in 1952, having stood empty for over fifty years, it was used briefly as a tourist information centre and, more recently, has been re-opened as a small marketplace. The church was dedicated to Christ by the citizens of Edinburgh in 1641 and it was built for the North-West parish, one of the four parishes of Edinburgh after the Scottish Reformation of 1560. Prior to the erection of new church, parishioners of the North-West parish worshipped in St. Giles Cathedral. There were special grants of pews made by the Edinburgh Town Council to noblemen, Senators of the College of Justice, citizens of Edinburgh Old Town, Principals and Professors of the University. A full list of seat-holders has been preserved for 1650, the year of the battle of Dunbar, and for 1745, when Bonnie Prince Charlie was in Edinburgh. The service at the Tron was taken by the Reverend Neil McVicar of St. Cuthberts, when this was reported to Prince Charles, he is said to have laughed and expressed himself highly pleased at the courage and charity of the minister. Aikenhead was prosecuted for saying I wish I were in that place Ezra calls hell so I could warm myself as he walked by the kirk on his way back from a night of drinking with some classmates. On 25 April 1694 Helen, daughter of George Ogilvy, 2nd Lord Banff by his spouse Agnes, daughter of Alexander 1st Lord Falconer, of Halkerstoun, the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland met in the Tron from 1830 to 1840—the period of the Ten Years Conflict. The Tron, as it is called, was ordered to be built by King Charles I when he created Edinburgh a City. The land was purchased by the parish from Dr. William Scott, MD and it was erected between 1636 and 1647 to a design by John Mylne, Royal master mason. The design mixed Palladian and Gothic elements and was inspired by contemporary Dutch architecture, the full Chamberlains Accounts for this project are still extant. The width of the building was reduced when both side aisles were removed in 1785 to accommodate the South Bridge and Blair Street leading to Hunter Square, in 1828 a new spire was constructed to replace the original, destroyed in the Great Edinburgh Fire of November 1824. The Tron closed as a church in 1952 and was acquired by the City of Edinburgh Council and it was subsequently left to decay, and the interiors were eventually gutted. Excavations then took place under the church, from within, in 1974, a debate continues as to whether the internal destruction of this famous church was warranted. The Tron is also used as a venue during the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the Tron Kirk of Edinburgh, by the Reverend D. Butler, MA, Minister of the Tron parish, Edinburgh,1906. The Buildings of Scotland - Edinburgh, by Colin McWilliam, John Gifford, & David Walker, Penguin Books Ltd, London,1984, ISBN 0-14-071068-X Edinburgh Hogmanay Edinburgh Architecture - The Royal Mile
14.
Glued laminated timber
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In North America the material providing the laminations is termed laminating stock or lamstock. By laminating a number of pieces of lumber, a single large, strong. These structural members are used as columns or horizontal beams. Glulam is readily produced in curved shapes and it is available in a range of species, connections are usually made with bolts or plain steel dowels and steel plates. Glulam optimizes the structural values of a renewable resource – wood, because of their composition, large glulam members can be manufactured from a variety of smaller trees harvested from second- and third-growth forests and plantations. Glulam provides the strength and versatility of large wood members without relying on the old growth-dependent solid-sawn timbers, Glulam has much lower embodied energy than reinforced concrete and steel, although of course it does entail more embodied energy than solid timber. However, the process allows timber to be used for much longer spans, heavier loads. Glulam is two-thirds the weight of steel and one sixth the weight of concrete – the embodied energy to produce it is six times less than the same strength of steel. Glulam can be manufactured to a variety of straight and curved configurations so it offers architects artistic freedom without sacrificing structural requirements, the size is limited only by transportation and handling constraints. The building is now the Marriage Room of Southampton Register Office, the first industrial patented use was in Weimar, Germany. Here in 1872 Otto Hetzer set up a sawmill and carpentry business in Kohlstrasse. Beginning in 1892, he took out a series of patents, DRP No.63018 was for a ventilated timber floor deck that could be tightened laterally after installation, to compensate for shrinkage. Hetzer continued to patent various ingenious systems, but the first of these that could be compared with subsequently standardised horizontal glulam was DRP No and this entailed vertical columns which transitioned into curved glued laminated eaves zones, and then became sloped rafters, all in a single laminated unit. Each component, bonded under pressure, comprised three or more horizontally arranged laminations, the result was the first glulam portal. In 1895, Hetzer moved his company to Ettersburger Strasse, still in Weimar, at the height of production, in around 1917, he employed about 300 workers, and Müller includes a fine engraving of the railway sidings and works in 1921. In 1909, the Swiss engineering consultants Terner & Chopard purchased permission to use Hetzers patent and these included the distinctive bell-shaped roof dome of the former Hygiene Institute, Zurich,1911, now the main building of the University of Zurich. A significant development in the industry was the introduction of fully water-resistant phenol-resorcinol adhesive in 1942. This allowed glulam to be used in exposed exterior environments without concern of gluline degradation, the first U. S. manufacturing standard for glulam was Commercial Standard CS253-63, which was published by the Department of Commerce in 1963
15.
Acts of Union 1707
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The Acts of Union were two Acts of Parliament, the Union with Scotland Act 1706 passed by the Parliament of England, and the Union with England Act passed in 1707 by the Parliament of Scotland. They put into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union that had agreed on 22 July 1706. Although described as a Union of Crowns, until 1707 there were in two separate Crowns resting on the same head. The Acts took effect on 1 May 1707, on this date, the Scottish Parliament and the English Parliament united to form the Parliament of Great Britain, based in the Palace of Westminster in London, the home of the English Parliament. Hence, the Acts are referred to as the Union of the Parliaments, on the Union, the historian Simon Schama said What began as a hostile merger, would end in a full partnership in the most powerful going concern in the world. It was one of the most astonishing transformations in European history, the first attempts at Union surrounded the foreseen unification of the Royal lines of Scotland and England. In pursuing the English throne in the 1560s, Mary, Queen of Scots pledged herself to a union between the two kingdoms. England and Scotland were ruled by the king for the first time in 1603 when James VI of Scotland also became the king of England. However they remained two separate states until 1 May 1707, the first attempt to unite the parliaments of England and Scotland was by Marys son, King James VI and I. On his accession to the English throne in 1603 King James announced his intention to unite his two realms so that he would not be guilty of bigamy. James used his prerogative powers to take the style of King of Great Britain and to give an explicitly British character to his court. In the meantime, James declared that Great Britain be viewed as presently united, and as one realm and kingdom, the Scottish and English parliaments established a commission to negotiate a union, formulating an instrument of union between the two countries. However, the idea of union was unpopular, and when James dropped his policy of a speedy union. When the House of Commons attempted to revive the proposal in 1610, the ordinance was ratified by the Second Protectorate Parliament, as an Act of Union, on 26 June 1657. One united Parliament sat in Westminster, with 30 representatives from Scotland and 30 from Ireland joining the members from England. Whilst free trade was brought about amongst the new Commonwealth, the benefits were generally not felt as a result of heavy taxation used to fund Cromwells New Model Army. This republican union was dissolved automatically with the restoration of King Charles II to the thrones of England and Scotland, Scottish members expelled from the Commonwealth Parliament petitioned unsuccessfully for a continuance of the union. An abortive scheme for union occurred in Scotland in 1670, following the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the records of the Parliament of Scotland show much discussion of possible union
16.
The Merchant of Venice
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The Merchant of Venice is a 16th century play by William Shakespeare in which a merchant in Venice must default on a large loan provided by an abused Jewish moneylender. It is believed to have written between 1596 and 1599. Also notable is Portias speech about the quality of mercy, critic Harold Bloom listed it among Shakespeares great comedies. Bassanio, a young Venetian of noble rank, wishes to woo the beautiful, having squandered his estate, he needs 3,000 ducats to subsidise his expenditures as a suitor. Bassanio approaches his friend Antonio, a merchant of Venice who has previously and repeatedly bailed him out. Antonio has already antagonized Shylock through his outspoken antisemitism, and because Antonios habit of lending money without interest forces Shylock to charge lower rates, Shylock is at first reluctant to grant the loan, citing abuse he has suffered at Antonios hand. He finally agrees to lend the sum to Bassanio without interest upon one condition, if Bassanio is unable to repay it at the specified date, Shylock may take a pound of Antonios flesh. Bassanio does not want Antonio to accept such a condition, Antonio is surprised by what he sees as the moneylenders generosity. With money at hand, Bassanio leaves for Belmont with his friend Gratiano, Gratiano is a likeable young man, but is often flippant, overly talkative, and tactless. Bassanio warns his companion to exercise self-control, and the two leave for Belmont, meanwhile, in Belmont, Portia is awash with suitors. Her father left a will stipulating each of her suitors must choose correctly from one of three caskets – one each of gold, silver and lead, if he picks the right casket, he gets Portia. The first suitor, the Prince of Morocco, chooses the gold casket, interpreting its slogan, Who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire, as referring to Portia. The second suitor, the conceited Prince of Arragon, chooses the silver casket, both suitors leave empty-handed, having rejected the lead casket because of the baseness of its material and the uninviting nature of its slogan, Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath. The last suitor is Bassanio, whom Portia wishes to succeed, as Bassanio ponders his choice, members of Portias household sing a song which says that fancy is engendred in the eyes, With gazing fed, Bassanio chooses the lead casket and wins Portias hand. At Venice, Antonios ships are reported lost at sea so the merchant cannot repay the bond, Shylock has become more determined to exact revenge from Christians because his daughter Jessica eloped with the Christian Lorenzo and converted. She took an amount of Shylocks wealth with her, as well as a turquoise ring which Shylock had been given by his late wife. Shylock has Antonio brought before court, at Belmont, Bassanio receives a letter telling him that Antonio has been unable to repay the loan from Shylock. Portia and Bassanio marry, as do Gratiano and Portias handmaid Nerissa, Bassanio and Gratiano leave for Venice, with money from Portia, to save Antonios life by offering the money to Shylock
17.
Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville
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Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville PC FRSE was a Scottish advocate and Tory politician. He was the first Secretary of State for War and became, in 1806, although acquitted, he never held public office again. Dundas was born in Edinburgh on 28 April 1742 in the known as Bishops Land on the Royal Mile. He was the son of Robert Dundas of Arniston, Lord President of the Court of Session, by his second wife, Anne Gordon. While a student he was a member of the Edinburgh University Belles Lettres Society, participating in its meetings and his name appears in the 1776 minute book of the Poker Club. After holding subordinate offices under William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne and William Pitt the Younger, appointed Minister for War on the outbreak of the Wars of the French Revolution, he was Pitts closest advisor and planner for Britains military participation in the First Coalition. He is largely responsible for the lack of organization and confused planning in the Flanders Campaign. In November 1793, he provided support to Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Graham, from 1794 to 1801 he was War Secretary under Pitt, his great friend. From about 1798 on he pleaded frequently to be allowed to resign on grounds, but Pitt. In 1802 he was elevated to the Peerage of the United Kingdom as Viscount Melville and Baron Dunira, under Pitt in 1804 he again entered office as First Lord of the Admiralty, when he introduced numerous improvements in the details of the department. Suspicion had arisen, however, as to the management of the Admiralty. In 1802 a commission of inquiry was appointed, which reported in 1805, the result was the impeachment of Dundas in 1806, on the initiative of Samuel Whitbread, for the misappropriation of public money. Although the process ended in an acquittal, and nothing more than formal negligence lay against him and this was the last impeachment trial ever held in the House of Lords. Another reason for his retreat could have been Pitts death in 1806, an earldom was offered in 1809 but declined. Lord Melvilles first marriage was to Elizabeth, daughter of David Rannie, of Melville Castle, within days she had confessed by letter to her husband, and approximately a month later they were divorced. She never saw her again, dying in 1847, aged 97. Henry Dundas, as was the law of the time, kept all of the money, after this divorce he married again, to Lady Jane Hope, daughter of John Hope, 2nd Earl of Hopetoun, in 1793. He died in May 1811, aged 69, and was succeeded in his titles by his son from his first marriage, the Viscountess Melville later remarried and died in June 1829
18.
Francis Leggatt Chantrey
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Sir Francis Legatt Chantrey RA was an English sculptor. He became the leading sculptor in Regency era Britain, producing busts. He left the Chantrey Bequest or Chantrey Fund for the purchase of works of art for the nation, Chantrey was born at Jordanthorpe near Norton, where his father had a small farm. His father, who dabbled in carpentry and wood-carving, died when Francis was twelve. In 1802 Chantrey paid £50 to buy out of his apprenticeship with Ramsay and immediately set up a studio as a portrait artist in Sheffield. For several years he divided his time between Sheffield and London, studying intermittently at the Royal Academy Schools, in the summer of 1802 he travelled to Dublin, where he fell very ill, losing all his hair. He exhibited pictures at the Royal Academy for a few years from 1804, but from 1807 onwards devoted himself mainly to sculpture. Asked later in life, as a witness in a case, whether he had ever worked for any other sculptors, he replied, No. His first recorded marble bust was one of the Rev. James Wilkinson and his first imaginative sculpture, a head of Satan was shown at the Royal Academy in 1808. Three of them were shown at the Royal Academy that year, on 23 November 1809 he married his cousin, Mary Ann Wale at St Marys Church, Twickenham. He also bought land to two more houses, a studio and offices. In 1811 he showed six busts in the Royal Academy, the subjects included Horne Tooke and Sir Francis Burdett, two political figures he greatly admired, his early mentor John Raphael Smith, and Benjamin West. Joseph Nollekens placed the bust of Tooke between two of his own, and the given to it is said to have had a significant influence on Chantreys career. In the wake of the exhibition he received commissions amounting to £2,000, in 1813 he was able to raise his price for a bust to a hundred and fifty guineas, and in 1822 to two hundred. He visited Paris in 1814, and again in 1815, this time with his wife, Thomas Stothard, in 1819 he went to Italy, accompanied by the painter John Jackson, and an old friend named Read. In Rome he met Thorvaldsen and Canova, getting to know the latter especially well, in 1828 Chantrey set up his own foundry in Eccleston Place, not far from his house and studio, where large-scale works in bronze, including equestrian statues, could be cast. His assistants would make a clay model based on the drawings. A plaster cast would be made of the model
19.
Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville
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Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville KT PC FRS was a British statesman, the son of Henry Dundas, the 1st Viscount. Dundas was the Member of Parliament for Hastings in 1794, Rye in 1796 and he was also Keeper of the Signet for Scotland from 1800. He was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1807, a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1817, a Knight of the Thistle in 1821, and was Chancellor of the University of St Andrews from 1814. Melville filled various offices and was First Lord of the Admiralty from 1812 to 1827. He was born in Edinburgh on 14 March 1771, the son of Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville. Educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, he went in 1786 with his tutor John Bruce on a continental tour and he studied afterwards at Edinburgh University and at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and was admitted at Lincolns Inn in 1788. After a successful attempt at law he became his fathers secretary from 1794, though he was brought in as MP for Hastings in 1794. The same year, on 29 August, he married an heiress, Anne Saunders, and took her name beside his own. They had four sons and two daughters, their eldest son, Henry Dundas, later third Viscount Melville, became an officer while their second son, Richard Saunders Dundas. Dundas was appointed Keeper of the Signet for Scotland and elected MP for Midlothian in 1801 and he remained silent in parliament until his speeches of 1805 and 1806 in defence of his father, who was then being impeached. His first real test came in negotiating to be left in charge of Scotland by a hostile ‘ministry of all the talents’ and he got nowhere, but won the respect of his own side, and the problem vanished with the ministrys collapse. He was rewarded with the presidency of the Board of Control for India by the Duke of Portland in 1807, dundass main task was to frustrate any possibility that Napoleon might exploit his alliance with Russia to make some attempt on British India. He sent a mission to the shah of Persia, at whose court French agents were present and he formed alliances with the princes of Lahore and Kabul. He ordered occupation of the Portuguese factories in India and China, of the Dutch colony of Java and he had also to deal with a sharp deterioration, through loss of trade during the war, in the finances of the East India Company. Dundas drafted the legislation which ended them at the renewal of the charter in 1813. Dundass Indian administration was interrupted for six months in 1809 when he served as Chief Secretary for Ireland, spencer Perceval, succeeding Portland, then wanted to promote him to the cabinet as secretary for war, but this did not happen due to the wishes of his father. Dundas returned to the Board of Control, still without a place in cabinet and he succeeded as Viscount Melville on 27 May 1811. The next year, under Prime Minister Lord Liverpool, he was promoted First Lord of the Admiralty, while the Napoleonic wars went on, his job was to maintain the British maritime supremacy established at the battle of Trafalgar
20.
Henry Cockburn, Lord Cockburn
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Henry Thomas Cockburn of Bonaly, Lord Cockburn was a Scottish lawyer, judge and literary figure. He served as Solicitor General for Scotland between 1830 and 1834 and he was educated at the Royal High School and the University of Edinburgh. His brother was John Cockburn FRSE was a merchant and founder of Cockburns of Leith. Cockburn contributed regularly to the Edinburgh Review and he was the model of a high-bred Scotch gentleman. He spoke with a Doric breadth of accent, Cockburn was one of the most popular men north of the Tweed. He was a member of the famous Speculative Society, to which Sir Walter Scott, Henry Brougham and his published work continued with his Journal, published in 1874. These constitute an autobiography of the writer interspersed with notices of manners, public events and he became a distinguished advocate, and ultimately a judge. He was one of the leaders of the Whig party in Scotland in its days of darkness prior to the Reform Act of 1832, on the accession of Earl Greys ministry in 1830 he became Solicitor General for Scotland. During his time here he drafted the First Scottish Reform Bill, in 1834 he was raised to the bench, and on taking his seat as a Judge in the Court of Session he adopted the title of Lord Cockburn as a Scottish Lord of Session. Cockburn married Elizabeth Macdowall, daughter of James Macdowall and second wife Margaret Jamieson, in Edinburgh, Midlothian, as was common in the period he had both a town house and country house. The country house was at Bonaly, on the south-west edge of Edinburgh and his town house was a hugely impressive house at 14 Charlotte Square, designed by Robert Adam and lying at the heart of the fashionable west end of the city. Cockburn died on 26 April 1854, at his mansion of Bonaly, a statue of Cockburn by local sculptor William Brodie stands in the north-east corner of Parliament Hall. The Cockburn Association, founded in 1875, was named in his honour, Cockburn was played by Russell Hunter in Cocky, a one-man play which was effectively a dramatisation of his memoirs, broadcast on BBC Scotland. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Cockburn. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Cousin. A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature, london, J. M. Dent & Sons. Wikisource Scotlands greatest Whig Romantic, Times Literary Supplement,18 January 2006 Archival material relating to Henry Cockburn, Lord Cockburn
21.
William Brodie (sculptor)
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William Brodie was a Scottish sculptor, operational in Edinburgh in the 19th century. He was the son of John Brodie, a Banff shipmaster and he was elected Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1857, and Royal Scottish Academician in 1859. In 1876 he was appointed Secretary of the RSA, a post he held until his death, when he was about six years old, his family moved to Aberdeen. William Brodie was later apprenticed to a plumber, but studied in his time at the Mechanics Institute. He soon began to model small medallion portraits which attracted the attention of John Hill Burton and it was Burton who encouraged him to go to Edinburgh in 1847. Here Brodie studied for four years at the Trustees School of Design, learning to model on a larger scale, at this time he lived at 14 Heriot Place in the Lauriston district of Edinburgh. In 1875 he made the group of A Peer and His Lady Doing Homage for the Prince Consort Memorial in Edinburgh. Brodie exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1850–1881, and at the Royal Scottish Academy, 1847–1881, at the Great Exhibition of 1851 he showed a group of Little Nell and his most famous work is probably the Greyfriars Bobby Fountain. He died at his home at 9 Cambridge Street, Edinburgh and he is buried with his wife and daughter in the Dean Cemetery under a simple granite monument surmounted by an urn, unlike his far grander monuments to others around him. The grave lies on the side of the main east-west path. The urn bears a carving of a caterpillar being reborn as a butterfly and he was married to Helen Chisholm. Their daughter Mary Brodie married the maverick Edinburgh architect, Sir James Gowans, amelia Robertson Hill David Watson Stevenson Bust of Sir Thomas Dick-Lauder Bronze statue of Hercules now at Portmeirion, Wales. Statuary group Little Nell and her Grandfather, at the Great Exhibition Bust of Lord Jeffrey Bust of Lord Cockburn, now in the NE corner of Parliament Hall in Edinburghs Law Courts. Bust of the Duke of Argyll for Dunrobin Castle Statue of Hecamede for the Rt, hon. Henry Labouchere Bust of Lord Alfred Tennyson Bust of Lord Dunfermline Scottish National Portrait Gallery Statue of Oenone, Avington Park, Hants. Opposite a statue of St. Mungo by G E Ewing and this model is now within the David Livingstone Museum at High Blantyre. Bust of Dr. Thomas Guthrie for Inverary Manse, Argyll The carving of the Moffat Ram on the William Colvin Drinking Fountain, Moffat. Bust of Sir James Young Simpson Edinburgh Bust of Dr. Young declined burial in Westminster Abbey choosing to be buried closer to home in Warriston Cemetery, probably built with the house, possibly as a wedding present to Gowans as his son-in-law
22.
Duncan Forbes, Lord Culloden
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Duncan Forbes, Lord Culloden was a Scottish politician and judge. He was President of the Court of Session and he was born the second son of Duncan Forbes of Culloden and Bunchrew, near Inverness, by his wife, Mary Innes. Duncan and his brother, John, were sent to the grammar school of Inverness. Here, according to his first biographer, who preserves some details omitted from more decorous records, Duncan drank freely until, about 1725, delicate health compelled greater temperance, for a period at least. The same writer states that on the occasion of his mothers funeral in 1716, Forbes, on his fathers death in 1704 Forbess elder brother took the estate and Forbes inherited a small sum of money which he lost in mercantile speculations. He then went to law at Edinburgh, under John Spottiswood. He had been present in March 1705 at the trial of Captain Thomas Green for piracy. The execution of a man proved to be innocent made a deep impression upon him. At Leyden he studied both the law and oriental languages. He returned to Scotland in 1707, soon after his return he married Mary, daughter of Hugh Rose, twelfth baron of Kilravock, near Culloden. She died early, though the date is not known. Duncan was admitted an advocate 26 July 1709, and was afterwards appointed sheriff of Midlothian. This appointment was due to the favour of John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, the dukes brother, Lord Islay, was also a warm friend. Forbes, it is said, managed the dukes estates without accepting a fee and he took an active part in politics on the whig side. On a canvass for his brother on one occasion his liberality in distributing claret, during the Jacobite Rising of 1715 he distinguished himself by loyal exertions against the rebels. His brother John joined the famous Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, at Stirling, the brothers had raised forces to support the government. Culloden and Kilravock were garrisoned, and, in combination with Lovat, they threatened Inverness, Duncan Forbes was rewarded by the office of depute-advocate, upon which he entered 12 March 1716. He accepted the office with great reluctance and he was expected, as he thought, to take part in the trial of some of the rebels in Carlisle
23.
Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey
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Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey was a Scottish judge and literary critic. He was born in Edinburgh, the son of George Jeffrey, after attending the Royal High School for six years, he studied at the University of Glasgow from 1787 to May 1789, and at Queens College, Oxford, from September 1791 to June 1792. He had begun the study of law at Edinburgh before going to Oxford and he became a member of the Speculative Society, where he measured himself in debate with Sir Walter Scott, Lord Brougham, Francis Horner, the Marquess of Lansdowne, Lord Kinnaird and others. He was admitted to the Scottish bar in December 1794, but, having abandoned the Tory principles in which he had been educated, he found that his Whig politics hampered his legal prospects. In consequence of his lack of success at the bar he went to London in 1798 to try his hand at journalism and his marriage to Catherine Wilson in 1801 made the question of a settled income even more pressing. At the outset the Review did not have an editor, the first three numbers were effectively edited by Sydney Smith. On his leaving for England the work devolved chiefly on Jeffrey, who, by an arrangement with Archibald Constable and this article expressed despair of the success of the British arms in Spain, and Scott at once withdrew his subscription, the Quarterly being soon afterwards started in opposition. According to Lord Cockburn the effect of the first number of the Edinburgh Review was electrical, the English reviews were at that time practically publishers organs, with articles by hack writers instructed to obey the publishers interests. The Edinburgh Review, on the hand, enlisted a brilliant and independent staff of contributors, guided by the editor. They received sixteen guineas a sheet, increased subsequently to twenty-five guineas in many cases, the review was not limited to literary criticism but became the accredited organ of moderate Whig public opinion. These general principles and the novelty of the method ensured the success of the undertaking even after the circle of exceptionally able men who founded it had been dispersed. It had a circulation of 12,000, Jeffreys editorship lasted about twenty-six years, ceasing with the ninety-eighth number, published in June 1829, when he resigned in favour of Macvey Napier. Jeffreys own contributions numbered two hundred, all six being written before his resignation of the editorship. He wrote quickly, at odd moments of leisure and with special preparation. A criticism in the number of the Review on the morality of Thomas Moores poems led in 1806 to a duel between the two authors at Chalk Farm. The proceedings were stopped by the police, and Jeffreys pistol was found to contain no bullet, the affair led to a warm friendship, and Moore contributed to the Review, while Jeffrey made ample amends in a later article on Lalla Rookh. Jeffreys wife had died in 1805, and in 1810 he became acquainted with Charlotte, daughter of Charles Wilkes of New York, when she returned to the United States, Jeffrey followed her, and they were married in 1813. Before returning to Scotland, they visited several of the chief American cities, notwithstanding the increasing success of the Review, Jeffrey continued to look to the bar as the chief field of his ambition
24.
Sir John Steell
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Sir John Robert Steell RSA was a Scottish sculptor. He is best known for a number of sculptures displayed in Edinburgh, Steell was born in Aberdeen, but his family moved to 5 Calton Hill in Edinburgh in 1806. He was one of the thirteen children of John Steell senior, a carver and guilder, and Margaret Gourlay, the daughter of William Gourlay, as the family grew they moved to a larger house at 20 Calton Hill. Due to his fathers own fame as a sculptor, for much of his working career he is referred to as John Steel Junior. Steell initially followed his father, training to be a carver himself, in 1819 his father was declared bankript by the Trades of Calton, bringing much shame on the family. However, John junior showed artistic talent, and despite this, the work appears closely based on a sketch of a statue of St Andrew in Rome by François Duquesnoy. As the office stood immediately opposite the Royal Scottish Academy it was noticed by Edinburghs artistic society. In 1829, spurred on by the success of this work, the first work to attract international attention was Alexander taming Bucephalus carved in 1832–33. Around 1838 he was appointed as Sculptor to Her Majesty the Queen, in 1840 he opened Scotlands first foundry on Grove Street in Edinburgh, dedicated to sculpture, in order to cast his statue of Wellington himself. In 1854 he commissioned a new house for himself at 24 Greenhill Gardens and his fame by then was international, receiving commissions from the United States, Canada and New Zealand. Prior to this he had lived at 3 Randolph Place on the edge of the Moray Estate in Edinburghs West End, Steell died at home,24 Greenhill Gardens in Edinburghs southern suburbs, on 15 September 1891 and is buried in an unmarked grave in Edinburghs Old Calton Cemetery. This grave was purchased by his father John Steell senior and many members of the Steell, in 1826 he married Elizabeth Graham, daughter of John Graham, an Edinburgh merchant. His son, William Steell, appears to have been an architect, one of his few recorded works is the pedestal for Johns statue of Dr Thomas Chalmers on George Street in Edinburgh. Sir John Steells brother Gourlay Steell was himself a noted painter, he was Queen Victorias animal painter. Many of Gourlay Steells paintings remain in the collection of Queen Elizabeth II. His portrait was painted by Robert Scott Lauder and William Grant Stevenson, Steells works include, a wooden statue of St Andrew in the Dalkeith Kilwinning No. X masonic lodge, Dalkeith - the work originally at 1 Hanover Street in Edinburgh, a stone statue of Queen Victoria on top of the Royal Scottish Academy,1844. A bust of the Duke of Wellington at Eton College,1845, a bust of the Duke of Wellington at Apsley House,1846
25.
David Boyle, Lord Boyle
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David Boyle, Lord Boyle FRSE was a Scottish judge. Boyle was born near Irvine, the son of the Hon Reverend Patrick Boyle of Shewalton, son of John Boyle and his mother was Elizabeth Dunlop, daughter of Prof Alexander Dunlop. He was educated in Law, first at St Andrews University and he became an advocate in 1793. He was Member of Parliament for Ayrshire from 1807 to 1811, in 1811, he was appointed a Senator of the College of Justice, with the judicial title Lord Boyle. He was Lord Justice Clerk from 1811 to 1841 and he became a Privy Counsellor in 1820 and Lord Justice General from 1841 to 1852. From 1815 to 1817 he served as Rector of Glasgow University, in 1833 his address was listed as 28 Charlotte Square a highly prestigious address then and still, at the west end of Edinburghs New Town. Boyle married firstly, in 1804, Elizabeth Montgomery, daughter of Alexander Montgomery and they had several children, including Patrick Boyle, father of David Boyle, 7th Earl of Glasgow, and Alexander Boyle, a vice-admiral in the Royal Navy. Boyle married secondly, in 1827, Catherine Campbell Smythe, daughter of David Smythe, there were children from this marriage as well, including George David Boyle, who became Dean of Salisbury. Boyle died on 30 January 1853, aged 80 and his second wife died in December 1880. His daughter, Helen, married Charles Dalrymple Fergusson, Baronet of Kilkerran, David Boyle inherited the family estate of Shewalton near Irvine, and was buried at Dundonald, South Ayrshire. Highland Society Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Grant, Arthur Henry, london, Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 109–110. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by David Boyle thepeerage. com Rt
26.
Robert Blair, Lord Avontoun
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He was the third son of Rev Robert Blair, the poet and Isabella Law, his wife, the daughter of Mr. William Law of Elvingston, East Lothian. He was born in 1741 at the manse in Athelstaneford, where his father was the minister, young Blair commenced his education at the Grammar school at Haddington, where he formed a friendship with Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, which only ended with their lives. From Haddington he was removed to the High School in Edinburgh, in 1764, he was admitted a member of the Faculty of Advocates, and soon obtained a considerable practice at the bar, where he and Henry Erskine were often pitted against each other. In 1789, Blair was appointed by his friend Dundas one of the depute advocates, for some years also he was one of the assessors of the city of Edinburgh. In November 1783 he was one of the members of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In 1789, at the age of forty-seven, Blair became Solicitor General for Scotland and this post he continued to occupy until the change of ministry which was occasioned by Pitt’s death in 1806. During this period he refused the offer of a seat on the judicial bench. In 1801, he was elected dean of the faculty of advocates and he died suddenly on 20 May 1811, at home at 56 George Square in Edinburgh. He is buried nearby in Greyfriars Kirkyard, the grave lies in the sealed south-west section of the graveyard known as the Covenanters Prison. His old friend, Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, who came to Edinburgh specifically to attend Blairs funeral, was taken ill, presuming this to be a correct story this would place the funeral on 28 May 1811. Blair married Isabella Cornelia Halkett, the youngest daughter of Colonel Charles Craigie Halkett of Lawhill, Fife. His widow, one son, and three daughters, survived him, but he left them so badly off that a pension was granted by the crown to his widow and his daughter married Alexander Maconochie, Lord Meadowbank. He was a man of a very understanding, with a thoroughly logical mind and a firm grasp of legal principles. He had such ‘an innate love of justice and abhorrence of iniquity, ’ and took so liberal and enlarged a view of law and it is somewhat remarkable that Blair never sat in parliament. As a recreation he took pleasure in agricultural pursuits, and he brought his small estate at Avontoun, near Linlithgow. His statue by Chantrey stands in the first division of the house of the Court of Session. Two portraits of him were taken by Kay of Edinburgh, one in 1793, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Barker, George Fisher Russell. London, Smith, Elder & Co. p.166, 341-52, Kays Original Portraits and Caricature Etchings,1877, i
27.
Walter Scott
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Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet, FRSE was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright and poet. Many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature, famous titles include Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, Old Mortality, The Lady of the Lake, Waverley, The Heart of Midlothian and The Bride of Lammermoor. A prominent member of the Tory establishment in Edinburgh, Scott was an member of the Highland Society. He survived a bout of polio in 1773 that left him lame. To cure his lameness he was sent in 1773 to live in the rural Scottish Borders at his grandparents farm at Sandyknowe, adjacent to the ruin of Smailholm Tower. Here he was taught to read by his aunt Jenny, and learned from her the speech patterns and many of the tales and legends that characterised much of his work. In January 1775 he returned to Edinburgh, and that went with his aunt Jenny to take spa treatment at Bath in England. In the winter of 1776 he went back to Sandyknowe, with another attempt at a cure at Prestonpans during the following summer. In 1778, Scott returned to Edinburgh for private education to him for school. In October 1779 he began at the Royal High School of Edinburgh and he was now well able to walk and explore the city and the surrounding countryside. His reading included chivalric romances, poems, history and travel books and he was given private tuition by James Mitchell in arithmetic and writing, and learned from him the history of the Church of Scotland with emphasis on the Covenanters. Scott began studying classics at the University of Edinburgh in November 1783, at the age of 12, in March 1786 he began an apprenticeship in his fathers office to become a Writer to the Signet. While at the university Scott had become a friend of Adam Ferguson, Scott met the blind poet Thomas Blacklock, who lent him books and introduced him to James Macphersons Ossian cycle of poems. During the winter of 1786–87 the 15-year-old Scott saw Robert Burns at one of these salons, for what was to be their only meeting. When Burns noticed a print illustrating the poem The Justice of the Peace and asked who had written the poem, only Scott knew that it was by John Langhorne, and was thanked by Burns. When it was decided that he would become a lawyer, he returned to the university to study law, first taking classes in Moral Philosophy, after completing his studies in law, he became a lawyer in Edinburgh. As a lawyers clerk he made his first visit to the Scottish Highlands directing an eviction and he was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1792. He had an unsuccessful love suit with Williamina Belsches of Fettercairn, as a boy, youth and young man, Scott was fascinated by the oral traditions of the Scottish Borders
28.
Peter Turnerelli
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Peter Turnerelli was a successful Irish-born sculptor of Italian descent working in Britain in the early 19th century. He was born in Belfast, the son of Iacomo Turnerelli and his grandfathers surname had been Tognarelli, but this was quickly adapted to the Irish vernacular. The family moved to Dublin in 1787, often identifying him as from Dublin. Peter initially studied for the priesthood, at Sauls Court under Father Thomas Betagh, peter abandoned his studies in 1794 and joined them there. He then began studies in October of that year at the Royal Academy to specifically train as a sculptor. In 1796/7 he took a trip to Rome, a normal practice at this time. By 1799 he was accomplished and won the medal for sculpture in the class. It is noteworthy that Turnerelli was one of the first to portray his subjects in their attire, rather than in classical costume. In 1797, he had given the enormously prestiguous role as art tutor to the royal princesses, apparently at the request of Sir Thomas Lawrence. In 1801 this role was elevated when he became Sculptor in Ordinary to the Royal family, however, he twice refused a knighthood. He died intestate on 20 March 1839 at his house in Newman Street and his first marriage, to Margaret Mary Tracy, bore him one son, Edward Tracy Turnerelli. He remarried in 1835 following the death of his wife and his second wife, Mary OConnor, bore him a daughter. npg. org. uk/collections/search/person/mp07664/peter-turnerelli http, //www. libraryireland. com/irishartists/peter-turnerelli. php
29.
Henry Raeburn
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Sir Henry Raeburn FRSE RA RSA was a Scottish portrait painter and Scotlands first significant portrait painter since the Union to remain based in Scotland. He served as Portrait Painter to King George IV in Scotland, Raeburn was born the son of a manufacturer in Stockbridge, on the Water of Leith, a former village now within the city of Edinburgh. He had a brother, born in 1744, called William Raeburn. His ancestors were believed to have been soldiers, and may have taken the name Raeburn from a farm in Annandale. Orphaned, he was supported by William and placed in Heriots Hospital, soon he took to the production of carefully finished portrait miniatures, meeting with success and patronage, he extended his practice to oil painting, at which he was self-taught. Raeburn was especially aided by the loan of portraits to copy, soon he had gained sufficient skill to make him decide to devote himself exclusively to painting. George Chalmers is his earliest known portrait, in his early twenties, Raeburn was asked to paint the portrait of a young lady he had noticed when he was sketching from nature in the fields. Anne was the daughter of Peter Edgar of Bridgelands, and widow of Count James Leslie of Deanhaugh, fascinated by the handsome and intellectual young artist, she became his wife within a month, bringing him an ample fortune. The acquisition of wealth did not affect his enthusiasm or his industry and it was usual for artists to visit Italy, and Raeburn set off with his wife. After two years of study in Italy he returned to Edinburgh in 1787, and began a career as a portrait painter. In that year he executed a portrait of the second Lord President Dundas. The portraits of John Clerk, Lord Eldin, and of Principal Hill of St Andrews belong to a later period, Raeburn was fortunate in the time in which he practised portraiture. Sir Walter Scott, Hugh Blair, Henry Mackenzie, Lord Woodhouselee, William Robertson, John Home, Robert Fergusson, and Dugald Stewart were resident in Edinburgh, mature works include his own portrait and that of the Rev. Apart from himself, Raeburn painted only two artists, one of whom was Sir Francis Leggatt Chantrey, the most important and famous British sculptor of the first half of the nineteenth century. Raeburn spent his life in Edinburgh, rarely visiting London, and then only for brief periods, so varied were his other interests that sitters used to say of him, You would never take him for a painter till he seizes the brush and palette. In 1812 he was elected president of the Society of Artists in Edinburgh, in 1814 associate, on 29 August 1822 he was knighted by George IV and appointed His Majestys limner for Scotland at the Earl of Hopetoun house. Raeburn had all the qualities of a popular and successful portrait painter. David Wilkie recorded that, while travelling in Spain and studying the works of Diego Velázquez, Scottish physician and writer John Brown wrote that Raeburn never fails in giving a likeness at once vivid, unmistakable and pleasing
30.
George Joseph Bell
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George Joseph Bell FRSE was a Scottish advocate and legal scholar. From 1822 to 1843 he was Professor of Scots Law at the University of Edinburgh and he was succeeded by John Shank More. George Bell was born in Fountainbridge, Edinburgh, a son of the Rev William Bell and he was the younger brother of the surgeon John Bell, and an elder brother of the surgeon Sir Charles Bell. At the age of eight he entered the school. Between 1787 and 1788 he attended lectures on Scots law by Hume, Professor of Scots law at Edinburgh University, Bell became a member of the Faculty of Advocates in 1791, and was one of the close friends of Francis Jeffrey. In 1821, Bell was elected Professor of Scots Law in the University of Edinburgh and he was placed at the head of a commission in 1833 to inquire into the Scottish bankruptcy law. His smaller treatise, Principles of the Law of Scotland, became a standard text-book for law students and he wrote also Illustrations of the Principles. Bell married Barbara Shaw in 1805, In 1832 they were living at 68 Queen Street in the centre of Edinburgh and he is buried in St Johns Episcopal Churchyard at the west end of Princes Street in Edinburgh. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Bell
31.
William Nairne, Lord Dunsinane
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Sir William Nairne, Lord Dunsinane, 5th Baronet of Nairne was a Scottish advocate and judge, and the uncle of Katherine Ogilvie. The title of Lord Dunsinane was taken from Dunsinane Hill, a fort near Collace, Perthshire. Dunsinane Hill is referenced in Shakespeares play, Macbeth, the alternative Gaelic spelling of the term Dunsinane is Dunsinnan, meaning The hill of ants, likely a reference to the large number of people it took to build the fortress. William Nairne was born in Perthshire, Scotland in about 1731 and he was the son of Sir William Nairne, 2nd Baronet and his wife, Emilia Graham of Fintry, Forfarshire. The Nairne baronetcy was conferred on Nairnes grandfather by Queen Anne on 31 March 1704, as the younger son of the 2nd Baronet, and under the presumption that ascending to the baronetcy was unlikely, Nairne pursued a career in law. He was admitted as an advocate on 11 March 1755, and in 1758 was appointed joint Commissary Clerk of Edinburgh with Alexander Nairne and he was made Sheriff of Perthshire in 1783. After thirty years as an advocate, Nairne was elevated to a Lord of Session and he also was appointed a Commissioner of Justiciary, a position he held from 1792 to 1808. Nairnes ‘Disputatio Juridica ad tit.4 Lib. xx, qui potiores in pignore vel hypotheca habeantur’ was published in 1755. He also assisted in the collection of the ‘Decisions of the Court of Session from the end of the year 1756 to the end of the year 1760’, a portrait of Lord Dunsinane, painted by Scottish painter Sir Henry Raeburn, hangs in Parliament Hall, Edinburgh. Nairne was the uncle of Katherine Kitty Ogilvie, née Nairne, Katherine became a sensation throughout Scotland in 1765 when she and Lieut. Patrick Ogilvie, her brother-in-law and alleged lover, were convicted of incest and of the poisoning of Katherines much older husband, Thomas Ogilvie of Eastmiln, the case was salacious even by todays standards. The main accusers being another Ogilvie brother, Alexander, and his recent bride, both Katherine and Patrick were found guilty of their crimes. Patrick Ogilvie was hung in the Grassmarket of Edinburgh, Katherine, owing to pregnancy, was given a stay of execution sufficient to allow her to deliver her child. Katherine purportedly left Edinburgh towards Dover in a driven by her uncles clerk. Once at Dover she obtained ship passage to France, a civil reward was offered for Katherine Nairnes capture, but to no avail. Accounts vary as to the outcome for Katherine, including the fate of her child. One scenario has Katherine entering a convent, a second marrying a Dutch man and having a large family, also unknown is whether Lord Dunsinane definitively aided in Katherines escape. If he did, it would appear his involvement had no effect on his law career, Nairne succeeded to the baronetcy upon the death of his nephew William Nairne, the fourth baronet, in January 1790
32.
William Craig, Lord Craig
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William Craig, Lord Craig FRSE LLD was a Scottish judge and essayist. He was born in Glasgow on 6 June 1745, the son of Rev William Craig DD minister of St Andrews Church in Glasgow and he studied at both the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow and graduated in Glasgow in 1763. He was admitted as an advocate at the Scottish bar in 1768, in 1784 he discharged the duties of advocate-depute along with Robert Blair and Alexander Abercromby, and in 1787 he became sheriff-depute of Ayrshire. In 1783 he was a member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In 1792, on the death of Lord Hailes, Craig was raised to the bench with the title of Lord Craig, in 1795 he succeeded Lord Henderland as a legal lord of the court of justiciary, a post which he held till 1812. He retained his office in the court till his death 8 July 1813. He died at home,10 York Place in the First New Town in Edinburgh and is buried against the eastmost boundary wall of Canongate Kirkyard on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh. Craigs cousin, Robert Burns muse, Agnes Maclehose, commonly known as Clarinda is buried next to him, Craig was one of a group of advocates in literary society called the Tabernacle, who met in a tavern to read essays. On the suggestion of Craig they started a periodical, The Mirror, William Creech published The Mirror, on Tuesdays and Saturdays, the first number appearing on Saturday 23 January 1779, and the 110th and last on 27 May 1780. After Henry Mackenzie the contributions of Craig were the most numerous, including a paper on the poems of Michael Bruce, Craig was also a contributor to the Lounger, published by the same club. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Stephen, Leslie, ed. Craig
33.
Alexander Abercromby, Lord Abercromby
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Alexander Abercromby, Lord Abercromby of Tullibody FRSE was a Scottish advocate, judge and essayist. Abercromby was born in Clackmannanshire on 15 October 1745, the fourth and youngest son of George Abercromby of Tullibody, two of his brothers entered the army, one of them became general Sir Ralph Abercromby. Alexander was the brother-in-law of Robert Bruce, Lord Kennet and James Edmonstone, Alexander studied at the University of Edinburgh, where he seems to have been chiefly distinguished for his handsome person and engaging disposition. He was admitted a member of the Faculty of Advocates in 1766, personal residence, however, not being required, he continued the practice of his profession at the bar. In 1780 he resigned his sheriffship and was appointed one of the advocates-depute by Henry Dundas, then Lord Advocate of Scotland, and acquired a good practice. He also helped Henry Mackenzie, the author of the Man of Feeling, to start the Mirror, published at Edinburgh in 1779, Abercrombys papers show much correctness of style and tenderness of expression. In 1792 he took his seat on the bench of the Court of Session under the title of Lord Abercromby. On 17 November 1795, he died of disease at Exmouth. Lord Abercrombys known contributions to literature consist of ten papers in the Mirror, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Paul, James Balfour. London, Smith, Elder & Co. p.38, chambers, Robert & Thomson, Thomas Napier. A biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen, portraits of Alexander Abercromby, Lord Abercromby at the National Portrait Gallery, London
34.
John Watson Gordon
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Sir John Watson Gordon PRSA RA was a Scottish portrait painter and a president of the Royal Scottish Academy. Gordon was born John Watson in Edinburgh, the eldest son of Captain Watson, a cadet of the family of Watson of Overmains, in the county of Berwick. He was educated specially with a view to joining the Royal Engineers and he entered as a student in the government school of design, under the management of the Board of Manufactures. He showed an aptitude for art, and his father was persuaded to allow him to adopt it as his profession. After the death of Sir Henry Raeburn in 1823, he succeeded to much of his practice and he assumed in 1826 the name of Gordon. One of the earliest of his famous sitters was Sir Walter Scott, who sat for a first portrait in 1820. Then came JG Lockhart in 1821, Professor Wilson,1822 and 1850, two portraits, Sir Archibald Alison,1839, Dr Chalmers,1844, a little later De Quincey, and Sir David Brewster,1864. Among his most important works may be mentioned the 1st Marquess of Dalhousie, Sir Alexander Hope, Lord President Hope and these, unlike his later works, are generally rich in colour. During the last twenty years of his life he painted many distinguished Englishmen who came to Edinburgh to sit to him and he was very successful in rendering acute observant character. A good example of his last style, showing pearly flesh-painting freely handled, since 1841 he had been an associate of the Royal Academy, and in 1851 he was elected a royal academician. He is buried in the extension of Canongate Kirkyard on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Gordon
35.
Patrick Robertson, Lord Robertson
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Patrick Robertson, Lord Robertson was a Scottish judge. Born in Edinburgh on 17 February 1794, he was the son of James Robertson, writer to the signet. He was educated at Edinburgh high school, and was called to the Scottish bar on 27 May 1815 and he soon obtained a practice, both in the Court of Session and before the General Assembly. Robertston was commonly called by the diminutive Peter, and was known as a wit, in the 1830s Lord Robertson is listed as living at 9 Charlotte Square. In January 1838 Robertson defended the Glasgow cotton-spinners before the High Court of Justiciary at Edinburgh, on 29 November 1842 he was chosen Dean of the Faculty of Advocates. Robertson was appointed a lord of session in the place of Lord Meadowbank in November 1843. In 1848 he was elected by the students Lord Rector of Marischal College and University of Aberdeen and he died suddenly, from apoplexy, at his house at 32 Drummond Place, Edinburgh, on 10 January 1855, aged 60. He was buried in the vault of Robert Pont in St Cuthberts churchyard at the west end of Princes Street. A marble tablet was erected to his memory in St Giles Cathedral, lockhart made several rhyming epitaphs on Scott, and wrote a vivid description of his mock-heroic speech at the Burns dinner of 1818. He was the author of t volumes of verse, Leaves from a Journal,1844, Leaves from a Journal and other Fragments in Verse, London,1845, including most of the previous. Gleams of Thought reflected from the Writings of Milton, Sonnets, Sonnets, reflective and descriptive, and other Poems, Edinburgh,1849. Sonnets, reflective and descriptive, Second Series, Edinburgh,1854 and his speeches in the Stewarton case and the Strathbogie case were printed. Robertson married, on 8 April 1819, Mary Cameron, daughter of the Rev. Thomas Ross, D. D. minister of Kilmonivaig, Inverness-shire, by whom he had several children. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Lee, Sidney, ed. Robertson
36.
Sir Thomas Hope, 1st Baronet
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Sir Thomas Hope, 1st Baronet of Craighall was a Scottish lawyer. He was the son of an eminent merchant, admitted as an advocate in 1605, he made his reputation by defence of Rev John Forbes, and five other ministers at Linlithgow in 1606, charged with high treason. He prepared the deed revoking James VIs grants of church property in 1625 and he was appointed Lord Advocate under Charles I in 1626, and held the office until 1641. He was created a Baronet of Nova Scotia in 1628, Hope conducted the case against John Elphinstone, 2nd Lord Balmerino in 1634. As Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1643, in 1645 Hope was appointed one of the Commissioners for managing the Exchequer, but died the next year. He is buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard in Edinburgh, the grave lies in the north-west section of the original graveyard, against the west wall. His Practical Observations Upon divers titles of the Law of Scotland, commonly called the Minor Practicks, were published in 1726, John Hope, Lord Craighall, Thomas Hope, Lord Kerse, and Sir James Hope of Hopetoun. This privilege his successors in the office of Lord Advocate have in theory ever since enjoyed, Alexander was cupbearer to Charles I. Of his two daughters who survived infancy, Mary was wife of Sir Charles Erskine of Alva, and Anne married David Erskine, Sir Thomas Hope is the subject of Nigel Tranters last novel, Hope Endures. Article on Hope Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Lee, Sidney, ed. Hope
37.
George Jamesone
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George Jamesone was Scotlands first eminent portrait-painter. He was born in Aberdeen, where his father, Andrew Jamesone, was a stonemason, Jamesone attended the grammar school near his home on Schoolhill and is thought to have gone on to further education at Marischal College. Legend has it that Jamesone once studied under Rubens in Antwerp with Anthony van Dyck and this is, however, yet to be proven as his name does not appear to be noted on the Guild registers of the town. Since Rubens was exempt from registering pupils, the absence of Jamesones name does not mean that the painter definitely did not study there. Jamesone certainly did complete an apprenticeship under the supervision of his uncle, John Anderson, Jamesone finished this training in 1618. He is not recorded as being in Aberdeen again until 1620, if the Scotsman had gone to Antwerp, it would have had to have been between the years of 1618 to 1620. Whilst in Aberdeen, Jamesone made a name for himself painting portraits of local academics, in 1633, when Charles I made his grand royal visit to Edinburgh, Jamesone rose from local to national fame. For this occasion the painter was asked to decorate a highly elaborate triumphal arch with the portraits of all the past kings of Scotland and he was also given the honour of painting the portrait of Charles himself. It has been said that the king was so pleased with the result that he gave Jamesone a ring off his own finger as a reward, after hearing of the Kings approval, many of the Scottish gentry desired to be painted by the now highly reputable George Jamesone. One of his finest examples is that of Mary Erskine which is on display at the National Gallery of Scotland, Jamesone had homes and studios in Aberdeen and in Edinburgh. Having two bases allowed him to meet the demands of hundreds of patrons from the north to the south of the country, Jamesone died in Edinburgh in 1644 and was buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard in the centre of the city. The grave is largely illegible but lies on the east wall of the original churchyard, Jamesones pupil, John Michael Wright, also went on to be a highly important portrait painter in seventeenth century British art. Although Jamesone had several children with his young Aberdonian wife Isabella Tosche and this was his youngest daughter Mary. Mary Jamesone inherited her fathers artistic talents and excelled in the craft of needlework, four examples of her dexterity, four scenes from the Old Testament and Apocrypha, can be seen to this day in St. Nicholas Kirk in Aberdeen. Attribution Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Jameson, George, works in the National Galleries of Scotland
38.
William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield
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William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield, PC, SL was a British barrister, politician and judge noted for his reform of English law. Born to Scottish nobility, he was educated in Perth, Scotland and he was accepted into Christ Church, Oxford, in May 1723, and graduated four years later. Returning to London from Oxford, he was called to the Bar by Lincolns Inn on 23 November 1730 and he became involved in politics in 1742, beginning with his election as a Member of Parliament for Boroughbridge, and appointment as Solicitor General. With the promotion of Sir Dudley Ryder to Lord Chief Justice in 1754, he became Attorney General, the most powerful British jurist of the century, his decisions reflected the Age of Enlightenment and moved England on the path to abolishing slavery and the slave trade. He advanced commercial law in ways that establish the nation as the world leader in industry, finance. He modernised both English law and the English courts system, he sped up the system for submitting motions and reformed the way judgments were given to reduce time and expense for the parties. For his work in Carter v Boehm and Pillans v Van Mierop, he has been called the founder of English commercial law. Murray was born on 2 March 1705, at Scone Palace in Perthshire, Scotland, the son of the 5th Viscount of Stormont and his wife, Margaret, née Scott. Both his parents were supporters of the Jacobite cause. The Jacobite sympathies of Murrays family were glossed over by contemporaries and this was incorrect, as Murray was educated at Perth Grammar School, where he was taught Latin, English grammar, and essay writing skills. He later said that this gave him an advantage at university, as those students educated in England had been taught Greek and Latin. The distance from Perth to London was around 400 miles, Murray flourished at Westminster and was made a Kings Scholar on 21 May 1719. After an examination in May 1723, Murray was accepted into Christ Church, Oxford and his older brother James was a barrister in Scotland, and his family decided that a career as a barrister was best for Murray. The Scottish Bar at the time was overcrowded, which made it difficult for a young barrister to build a reputation, yet qualifying for the English Bar was extremely expensive. Thanks to the patronage of Thomas Foley, 1st Baron Foley, who gave Murray £200 a year to live on, Murray could afford to study at the bar, and became a member of Lincolns Inn on 23 April 1724. After George I died on 11 June 1727, Murray entered and his actions were seen as a show of support for the House of Hanover and the political status quo, something odd considering the strong Jacobite sympathies of his family. He probably did this because, having no income, he wished to secure patronage to help him advance politically. Another entrant was William Pitt, who was a constant rival to Murray until Pitts death in 1778
39.
David Martin (artist)
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David Martin was a British painter and engraver. Born in Fife, he studied in London and Italy, before gaining a reputation as a portrait painter, born in Anstruther Easter, he was the first of the five children of John Martin, Anstruther Easters parish schoolmaster, and his second wife, Mary Boyack. He accompanied the portrait painter Allan Ramsay on his tour of Italy in 1756–7, having already been taught by him, there he gained premiums for life drawing in each year from 1759 to 1761. He also joined Ramsays studio as its principal draughtsman, in the 1760s helping to produce many of the portraits of George III. He had his own studio by 1770, by time he had also produced his first self-portrait. It shows him with a clear skin, wavy ginger hair, aquiline nose. Martin painted over 300 portraits in his lifetime, one of the earliest independent ones is the 1767 one of Benjamin Franklin. His most influential works depict Scottish Enlightenment figures like the chemist Joseph Black and the philosopher David Hume and his Dictionary of National Biography entry states that He portrayed his sitters with integrity in an honest natural style, thereby consolidating a recognizably Scottish tradition of portraiture. Martin exhibited at the Incorporated Society of Artists from 1765 to 1777, at the Free Society of Artists in 1767 and at the Royal Academy in 1779 and 1790. He is listed in 1766 as a member of the Society for the Encouragement of the Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, as History Painter, living in Soho Square. In 1780, Martin returned to Edinburgh, a move signalled by his admittance to the Royal Company of Archers, in 1785 he was appointed principal painter to the prince of Wales in Scotland. Martin died in 1797 at his home,4 St James Square, Edinburgh, on 20 July 1771 he married Ann Hill, but all three of their children died in infancy. Portraits by him at the National Portrait Gallery His portraits at the National Gallery of Scotland Oxford DNB entry
40.
George Deas, Lord Deas
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Sir George Deas, Lord Deas was a Scottish judge. Deas, son of Francis Deas of Falkland, Fife, was born in 1804, Sir David Deas, naval medical officer, was his brother. He acquired the rudiments of knowledge in schools in Falkland, Milnathort in Kinross, and Perth. He was called to the Scottish bar in 1828, where he acquired considerable practice. In 1833, George Deas, advocate, is listed as living at 33 Scotland Street in Edinburghs Second New Town, in 1840 he received the appointment of advocate depute, an office to which he was reappointed in 1846, and which he held until 1850. As an advocate he was distinguished rather by strong logical faculty than by eloquence and he proved himself an acute and painstaking judge, and though he was seldom deterred from making a caustic remark by the fear of giving pain, his disposition is said to have been really kindly. He spoke with a broad Scotch accent, Deas married, first, in 1838, Margaret, only daughter of Sylvester Reid, and secondly, in 1857, the widow of Sir Benjamin Fonseca Outram, C. B. M. D. Pittendreich House, Lasswade, was built in 1857 for Lord Deas and he also owned Hartwoodhill estate in North Lanarkshire He died on 7 February 1887 at his residence,32 Heriot Row, Edinburgh. He is buried against the east wall of Warriston Cemetery in north Edinburgh, with him lie his wife, Dame Sally Outram and son, Francis Deas FRSE an advocate and amateur microscopist. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Deas
41.
John Graham-Gilbert
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John Graham-Gilbert was a Scottish portrait painter and art collector. He then went to Italy to study old masters of the Venetian school and he settled in Edinburgh in 1827, and sent a portrait to the first exhibition of the Royal Scottish Academy. In 1834 he married the wealthy heiress Miss Jane Gilbert of Yorkhill and he added her name to his, and moved to her native Glasgow. He remained an exhibitor at the Royal Scottish Academy, but from 1844 he also exhibited at the Royal Academy in London. His widow Mrs. s, Graham-Gilbert, John John Graham Gilbert in the Oxford Biography Index, Number 101011228141 Painting by or after John Graham-Gilbert at the Art UK site
42.
Ilay Campbell, Lord Succoth
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Sir Ilay Campbell, Lord Succoth FRSE was a Scottish advocate, judge and politician. His birthplace is given as either Argyll or Edinburgh and his father was Archibald Campbell of Succoth, Principal Clerk of Session to the Scottish Courts. He attended Mundells School in Edinburgh and then Glasgow University to study Law, an advocate from 1757, he was engaged in the Douglas peerage case from 1764 to 1769. He was appointed Solicitor General for Scotland in 1783 and Lord Advocate in 1784 and he became Member of Parliament for Glasgow Burghs in the same year. He was Lord President of the Court of Session and Lord Justice General from 1789 to 1808, on his resignation in 1808, he was created a baronet, and resided at Garscube, about four miles from Glasgow on the banks of the river Kelvin. There he engaged in the management of his estate, and the performance of his duties as a country gentleman. Lord Cockburn says of him that he lived like a patriarch in a house overflowing with company, beloved by troops of relations and he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Glasgow University in 1784. He was elected Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow in 1799 and he died in 1823 aged eighty-nine years. Sir Ilay was succeeded by his son Archibald, also a Senator of the College of Justice under the title of Lord Succoth. Ilay married Susan Mary Murray of Murrayfield, sister of Alexander Murray and his daughter, Margaret Campbell, married Sir John Connell, Judge of the Admiralty Court. Their son, Arthur Connell FRSE was a famous chemist and discoverer of Connellite and his daughter Elizabeth Campbell married William Dalziell Colquhoun. His daughter Mary Frances Campbell died in 1870 without marrying and these two sisters are buried in Dean Cemetery. Founder member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Director of the Highland Society Campbell, Ilay
43.
John Partridge (artist)
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For others with the same name, see John Partridge John Partridge was a British artist and portrait painter. Named portrait painter-extraordinary to Queen Victoria, his pictures depict many of the figures of his time. Born in Glasgow, he was the son of twelve children of Samuel Partridge. His brother Richard Partridge became the President of the Royal College of Surgeons, Partridge studied with the portrait painter Thomas Phillips from 1814, he exhibited his first painting, Miss Foote in the Character of Lucilla at the Royal Academy in 1815. He moved to London the same year, entering the Royal Academy Schools in 1816, at first he lived in Marylebone, then a popular neighbourhood with artists. In 1820, he married his cousin Clementina Sarah Campbell, she features in his painting The artist and his family in his house at 21 Brook Street, from 1823 to 1827, he lived in Italy, staying in Florence, Venice, and Rome. During his time there, his focus widened from purely portraits, he sketched landscapes and made copies of Renaissance masters including Correggio, Raphael, Rubens, Tintoretto, during his stay in Italy, he gained several wealthy patrons. In 1828, soon after his return from Rome, he left Marylebone for the upper class Brook Street, off Grosvenor Square. The move seems to have paid off, his career blossomed, between 1827 and 1845, he painted over two hundred portraits, earning him £2762 in 1841 alone. Many were of prestigious sitters, including an 1836 commission from Leopold I of Belgium and he painted several successful portraits of the Queen and of Prince Albert, and in 1843, he became portrait painter-extraordinary to the Queen. Queen Victorias attentions were, however, to prove fickle, and he did not change his mind even when, two years later, Reinagle was discredited for claiming another artists work as his own. Although Partridge set up a gallery in his studio to exhibit his works, commissions plummeted, with only 76 portraits in the period from 1845 to 1865, as the penalty for maintaining any degree of self-respect and independent feeling. Partridge died in London in 1872 and he had earlier donated some of his unsold paintings to the National Portrait Gallery, where many are still on display. Partridge portrayed many of the people of the day, with over three hundred portraits in total. He worked mainly in oil on canvas, several of his paintings were subsequently engraved and his early style was significantly influenced by his teacher Thomas Phillips, who in turn was influenced by Sir Thomas Lawrence. His other works encompassed landscapes, often depicting Italy, paintings with literary themes, the majority were exhibited at the British Institution. Usually small, they included numerous pencil sketches, sometimes incorporating an ink or watercolour wash, links to online representations are given where available
44.
John Inglis, Lord Glencorse
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Rt Hon John Inglis, Lord Glencorse FRSE DCL LLD was a Scottish politician and judge. He was Lord President of the Court of Session, the youngest son of Rev John Inglis DD, minister of Old Greyfriars Kirk, and his wife, Maria Moxham Passmore, Inglis was born on 21 August 1810 at 43 George Square in Edinburgh. He attended the High School in Edinburgh and he then studied Law at the University of Glasgow from whence he went to Balliol College, Oxford. He graduated BA in 1834 and MA in 1836, in the summer of 1857, he famously served as counsel for Madeleine Smith, a Glasgow socialite who was the defendant in a sensational murder trial. Smith was freed with a verdict of not proven, in March 1858 he resumed this office in Lord Derbys second administration, being returned to the House of Commons as member for Stamford. Again his tenure was brief, leaving office in July 1858 and he was responsible for the Universities Act 1858, and in the same year he was elevated to the bench as Lord Justice Clerk, with the judicial title Lord Glencorse. In 1867 he was made Lord Justice General of Scotland and Lord President of the Court of Session and he was made a Privy Counsellor in 1859, and awarded a Doctor of Civil Law by the University of Oxford in 1859. Outside his judicial duties he was responsible for much public work. He was President of Scottish Texts Society and published Historical Study of Law 1863 and he died at Loganbank, a villa in Glencorse south of Edinburgh on 20 August 1891, the day before his 81st birthday. He is buried in his vault in New Calton Cemetery. In 1842 he was married to Isabella Mary Wood, daughter of Alexander Wood, Lord Wood FRSE and she bore him a son, John David Inglis and another, Harry Herbert Inglis WS. A bust of Lord Glencorse, sculpted by Charles McBride, is held by Edinburgh University, in 1857 Inglis defended Madeleine Smith in a sensational murder trial. In 1865 Inglis presided over the case of Edward William Pritchard, the last person to be publicly hanged in Glasgow
45.
George Reid (Scottish artist)
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Sir George Reid was a Scottish artist. Reid was born in Aberdeen in 1841 and he developed an early passion for drawing, which led to his being apprenticed in 1854 for seven years to Messrs Keith & Gibb, lithographers in Aberdeen. Reid returned to Aberdeen to paint landscapes and portraits for any trifling sum which his work could command and his first portrait to attract attention, from its fine quality, was that of George Macdonald, the poet and novelist, now the property of the University of Aberdeen. His early landscapes were painted in the open air and on the spot. But Reid soon came to see such work was inherently false, painted as the picture was day after day under varying conditions of light. Accordingly, in 1865 he proceeded to Utrecht to study under Alexander Mollinger, Reid went to Paris in 1868 to study under the figure painter Yvon, and he worked in 1872 with Jozef Israëls at the Hague. From this time forward Reids success was continuous and marked, elected Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1870, Reid attained full membership in 1877, and took up his residence in Edinburgh, at 17 Carlton Terrace on Calton Hill, in 1882. In 1891 he was elected President - a post which he held until 1902 - receiving also the honour of knighthood, in later life he lived at 22 Royal Terrace on Edinburghs Calton Hill. He died in Somerset on 9 February 1913. univ. ox. ac. uk/file/james-franck-bright His brother, Samuel Reid, was also a painter, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Reid, Sir George. Works by George Reid at Project Gutenberg Works by or about George Reid at Internet Archive 259 Painting by or after George Reid at the Art UK site
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