1.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
2.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Census in Australia
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The census in Australia, or officially, the Census of Population and Housing, is a descriptive count of population of Australia on one night, and of their dwellings, generally held quinquennially. Participation in the census is compulsory, though answering some questions is optional, the count is taken every five years and is managed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The first Australian census was held in 1911, on the night of 2 April, in 1961 the five-year period was introduced. Censuses are held on the second Tuesday of August, the most recent was held on 9 August 2016. The cost of the 2011 census was $440 million, a separate census of Norfolk Island has been conducted by the Norfolk Island Government every five years since 1981, and occurs on the same day as the Australian census. The census examines data such as age, gender, incomes, occupations, dwelling types and occupancy, transportation modes, ancestry, languages spoken, the Census and Statistics Act 1905 led to the 1906 establishment of the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. The Bureau was renamed the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 1975, the census is collected and published against geographic areas defined by the Australian Standard Geographical Classification. The ASGC provides a set of classifications for the dissemination of all ABS statistics. In 2007 the ABS published a set of spatial units called mesh blocks. The primary aim of mesh blocks is to provide a block for constructing alternative. Only data on persons and total dwellings is released at the mesh block level. Mesh blocks will form the basis of a new statistical geography, the traditional concept of a Collection District is that it was the area that one census collector can cover in about a ten-day period. In the 2001 census, collectors may be allocated more than one urban district because of their size. In urban areas collection districts average about 220 dwellings, in rural areas the number of dwellings per collection district reduces as population densities decrease. For the 2001 census there were 37,209 collection districts and 1,353 Statistical Local Areas defined throughout Australia, the Census and Statistics Act 1905 and Privacy Act 1988 guarantee that no personally-identifiable information is released from the ABS to other government organisations, or the public. However the ABS makes confidential census data available to researchers, who must make various legal commitments before being given access, in the 1970s there was public debate about privacy and the census. In 1979 the Law Reform Commission reported on Privacy and the Census, one of the key elements under question was the inclusion of names. It was found that excluding names reduced the accuracy of the data, individuals were likely to leave questions blank
5.
Postcodes in Australia
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Postcodes are used in Australia to more efficiently sort and route mail within the postal system. All postcodes in Australia have four digits and are placed at the end of the Australian address, Australian postcodes are managed by Australia Post. Postcodes are published in booklets available from post offices or online from the Australia Post website, Australian envelopes and postcards often have four square boxes printed in orange at the bottom right for the postcode. These are used when addressing mail by hand, use of the Australian postcode system commenced in 1967, implemented by the Postmaster-Generals Department, now called Australia Post. It replaced earlier postal sorting systems, such as Melbournes letter and number codes, if addressing a letter from outside Australia, the postcode is recorded before Australia. They are often linked with one area, due to post code rationalization, But are now sometimes they can be quite complex, especially in country areas. The south-western Victoria 3221 postcode of the Geelong Mail Centre also includes twenty places around Geelong with very few people and this means that mail for these places is not fully sorted until it gets to Geelong. Some postcodes cover large populations, while other postcodes have much smaller populations, Australian postcodes range from 0200 for the Australian National University to 9944 for Cannonvale, Queensland. Some towns and suburbs have two postcodes — one for deliveries and one for post office boxes. g. The Royal Brisbane and Womens Hospital has the postcode 4029, the Australian National University had the postcode 0200, more postcode ranges were made available for LVRs in the 1990s. Australia Post has been progressively discontinuing the LVR programme since 2006, Australian National Universitys postcode 0200 was the last LVR to be closed in September 2014. For example, postcode 2620 covers both a locality in NSW as well as a locality in the ACT, and postcode 0872 covers a number of localities across WA, SA, NT and QLD. Jervis Bay Territory, once an exclave of the ACT but now a territory, is geographically located on the coast of NSW. It is just south of the towns of Vincentia and Huskisson, Mail to the Jervis Bay Territory is still addressed to the ACT. The numbers used to show the state on each radio callsign in Australia are the number as the first number for postcodes in that state, e. g. 2xx in New South Wales, 3xx in Victoria. Radio callsigns pre-date postcodes in Australia by more than forty years, australias external territories are also included in Australia Posts postcode system. Capital city postcodes were the lowest postcodes in their state or territory range, before new ranges for LVRs, however, postcodes with the same second number are not always next to each other. As an example, postcodes in the range 2200–2299 are split between the suburbs of Sydney and the Central Coast of New South Wales
6.
Sydney central business district
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The Sydney central business district is the main commercial centre of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It extends southwards for about 3 km from Sydney Cove, the point of first European settlement in which the Sydney region was initially established, due to its pivotal role in Australias early history, it is one of the oldest established areas in the country. Geographically, its north–south axis runs from Circular Quay in the north to Central railway station in the south, at the 2011 Australian Census, the CBD recorded a population of 14,308. Sydney CBD is very used to refer not only to the CBD proper. The Sydney CBD is Australias main financial and economic centre, as well as a hub of economic activity for the Asia-Pacific region. The city centre employs approximately 13% of the Sydney regions workforce and it produced $64.1 billion worth of goods and services in 2011–12. Culturally, the city centre is Sydneys focal point for nightlife and it is also home to some of the citys most significant buildings and structures. The Sydney CBD is an area of very densely concentrated skyscrapers and other buildings, interspersed by parks such as Hyde Park, The Domain, Royal Botanic Gardens. George Street is the Sydney CBDs main north–south thoroughfare, the CBD runs along two ridge lines below Macquarie Street and York Streets. Between these ridges is Pitt Street, running close to the course of the original Tank Stream, bridge Street, took its name from the bridge running east–west that once crossed this stream. Pitt Street is the heart of the city which includes the Pitt Street Mall. Macquarie Street is a historic precinct that houses such buildings as the State Parliament House, administratively, the Sydney CBD falls under the authority of the local government area of the City of Sydney. The New South Wales state government also has authority over some aspects of the CBD, the Sydney CBD is home to some of the largest Australian companies, as well as serving as an Asia-Pacific headquarters for many large international companies. Sydneys CBD is serviced by rail, light rail, buses. There is a largely-underground CBD rail loop, accessed in both directions via Central, which services five additional CBD stations, plus a spur line to Bondi Junction which services two. The only light rail line currently operating links the southern part of the CBD, buses, both government-run and privately owned, service the CBD along several dozen routes to both inner and more remote suburbs. NightRide is an bus service that operates between midnight and 5, 00am, with most services running from George Street outside the Sydney Town Hall. Sydney Ferries operate largely from Circular Quay, on the edge of the CBD
7.
Local government areas of New South Wales
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Local government authorities provide a wide range of services. The most important of these are the services of administration, health, community amenities, recreation and culture, roads. Councils also provide a range of trading activities, mainly in areas of NSW. These trading activities include water supply, sewerage services, gas services, some areas retain designations they held under prior legislation, even though these titles no longer indicate a legal status. Many councils now choose not to use any title, and simply refer to themselves as councils, e. g. Northern Beaches Council. The smallest local government area by area in the state is the Municipality of Hunters Hill, the formation of local govermment in New South Wales predates the formation of responsible government in the state. The Sydney Corporation was formed in 1842, a body to manage primary services such as street lighting. The Municipalities Act,1858 introduced a system of local government, Municipalities were compulsorily incorporated by legislation in 1876, the third Municipalities Act,1897 consolidated municipal law, and in 1905 legislation was enacted to establish shires. The Local Government Act,1906 reformed the system, replaced by the Local Government Act,1919. Maximum flexibility was given in respect to provision, with some constraints. In regard to regulatory functions, proper attention had to be given to due process, the NSW Government has undertaken periodic reviews of local government since the early 1900s. Reforms included providing enfranchisement for women and for residents who did not own property in the LGA, standardising land valuation systems, the Barnett Committee Review of Local Government Areas, conducted during 1973-74, sought to create stronger economic LGAs through a substantial reduction in council numbers. The Barnett Report recommended the merging of the then 223 existing local government entities into 97 districts. However by 1980 and after references to the NSW Local Government Boundaries Commission. Bains review had major influence on the engagement of more general managers, councillors becoming policy makers. However, only four councils entered into voluntary mergers in order to avoid potential forced amalgamations, the Sproats Inquiry into the structure of local government in eight council areas of the Inner City and Eastern Suburbs of Sydney was commissioned by the state government in October 2000. The Carr government abandoned its policy of no forced mergers after the 2003 state election, in October 2013, the NSW Government released the findings of an independent review of local government in New South Wales. Included in the report were 65 recommendations to the Government, the IPART proposed a series of council mergers and amalgamation in both metropolitan and regional areas which proposed a reduction in the number of councils from 152 to 112
8.
City of Parramatta Council
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The City occupies an area of 84 square kilometres with an estimated population of 230,167 in 2015. The City houses the Parramatta central business district, the second largest employment destination for the area after the Sydney central business district. The Administrator of the City of Parramatta Council is Amanda Chadwick and it also provides two public swimming pools at Epping and Parramatta. At the 2011 Census, there were 166,858 people in the former Parramatta local government area that comprised 61 square kilometres, aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 0. 8% of the population. The median age of people in the City of Parramatta was 33 years, children aged 0 –14 years made up 18. 9% of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 11. 8% of the population. Of people in the area aged 15 years and over,52. 3% were married and 9. 9% were either divorced or separated. Population growth in the City of Parramatta between the 2001 Census and the 2006 Census was 3. 62% and in the subsequent five years to the 2011 Census, the median weekly income for residents within the City of Parramatta was on with par with the national average. The proportion of residents who stated an affiliation with Islam and Hinduism was in excess of four times. Since May 2016, the Council is managed by an Administrator, the former Parramatta City Council was composed of fifteen Councillors elected proportionally as five separate wards, each electing three Councillors. All Councillors were elected for a fixed term of office. The Lord Mayor was elected by the Councillors at the first meeting of the Council, the first proposed a merger of parts of Auburn, Holroyd and Parramatta to form a new council with an area of 72 square kilometres and support a population of approximately 219,000
9.
Greater Western Sydney
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In government administration, the region has a Minister for Western Sydney, currently held by the Hon. Stuart Ayres, MP. The population is predominantly of a working background, with major employment in the heavy industries. Greater Western Sydney local government authorities agree on the definition of greater western Sydney. The Macarthur Regional Organisation of Councils includes the government areas of Camden, Campbelltown. This confirmed earlier accounts by Governor Phillip, who suggested that the trees were growing at a distance of twenty to forty feet from each other. Maximum summer temperatures average at around 28 °C to 30 °C and winter temperatures are mild, averaging at around 17 °C to 18 °C, autumn and spring are the transitional seasons, with spring showing a larger variation than autumn in terms of temperatures. Rainfall is almost evenly throughout the year, although the first half tends to be wetter. The region is in a rain shadow created by the higher coastal highlands which seize the rain from the prevailing south-east winds. The months from July through to December tend to be drier, thunderstorms are common in late summer and early autumn. Winters are pleasantly cool and relatively sunny, although east coast lows can bring large amounts of rainfall, most suburbs in the west have an annual precipitation that averages at around 700 to 900 mm, in contrast to Sydney CBDs 1,217 mm. Western Sydney is much warmer than Sydney city in summer, during this time, daytime temperatures can be 5 degrees Celsius warmer than the city. This is because sea breezes in the City do not penetrate the inland areas, northwesterlies occasionally bring hot winds from the desert that raise temperatures as high as 40 °C. The humidity in the summer is usually in the comfortable range, in early autumn, hot days are possible, with temperatures above 38 °C possible in March, but quite rare. April is cooler, with days above 30 °C happening on average only 1.1 times during the month, days cooler than 20 °C occur more regularly leading into May. In May, days are mild, ranging from the high teens to the low-mid 20s. Average minimums fall throughout the season, with the first night below 10 °C often occurring in April. Winter temperatures often show a variation in late winter than early winter. Winter nights average 6.9 °C, although an average of 2.1 nights per year see temperatures fall below 2 °C, mostly in July, and these low temperatures often occur when the night sky is clear and the ground can radiate heat back into the atmosphere
10.
Lands administrative divisions of Australia
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Many property titles in Australia are listed as being in the parish and county. Parts of South Australia and Western Australia were similarly divided into counties, however South Australia has subdivisions of hundreds instead of parishes, along with the Northern Territory, which was part of South Australia when the hundreds were proclaimed. There were also formerly hundreds in Tasmania, Counties in Australia have no administrative or political function, unlike those in England, the United States or Canada. Australia instead uses local government areas, including shires, districts, councils and municipalities according to the state, below these are groups of land parcels known as deposited plans, registered plans or title plans. Queensland has registered plans, New South Wales and Western Australia have deposited plans, within these are individual land parcels such as lots, in total there are estimated to be about 10.2 million of these in Australia. Counties were used since the earliest British settlement in Australia, with the County of Cumberland proclaimed by Captain Phillip on 4 June 1788, in 1804 Governor King divided Van Diemens Land into two counties, Buckingham in the south and Cornwall in the north. The parishes date to the surveys conducted after 1825, with the given to Governor Brisbane on 23 Jun 1825 to divide the colony into counties, hundreds. At this time there were five counties already proclaimed in New South Wales, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Camden, Argyle, Counties were established soon after the foundation of other Australian colonies. Many of the counties have English names, often the names of counties in England, such as Devon, Dorset, Cornwall, less frequently, some have Aboriginal names such as the County of Yungnulgra in New South Wales, and County of Croajingolong in Victoria. Legal cases referenced counties, and many records for Australia in the 19th century list the county and parish for location of birth, deaths. Counties and parishes are still referenced in property law, and in industrial relations instruments, for example in a New South Wales award. Similar award examples exist in the states and territories that have been subdivided into counties. The County of Yancowinna is also the part of New South Wales which is in a different time zone to the rest of the state. Counties are also used on paperwork for mortgage securities in banks, Parishes and counties are also mentioned in definitions of electoral districts. Counties have since gone out of use in Australia, and are used or even known by most of the population today. The counties which contain the cities have millions of people, while those in remote areas have a very small population. The County of Adelaide, for instance, has a population than all the other counties in South Australia combined. Wangaratta, for instance, is located at the junction of the Ovens and King rivers, some of the county names live on by being the same name of present-day local government areas, general region names, towns or establishments in the area
11.
County of Cumberland, New South Wales
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Cumberland County is a county in the State of New South Wales, Australia. Most of the Sydney metropolitan area is located within the County of Cumberland and it includes the area of the Cumberland Plain. The county has been marked on maps since the start of the colony, in the nineteenth century, parts of the county were in the South and North Riding electoral districts from 1856 to 1859, which were replaced by Central Cumberland. There was also the Cumberland Boroughs electoral district, the State of New South Wales is divided up into 141 counties, for the purposes of surveying and the registration of land titles. Few Australian counties have ever had any government or administrative function, however, the County of Cumberland did have a county government, the Cumberland County Council, from 1945 to 1964. Its responsibilities were primarily limited to town planning on the metropolitan scale, the Cumberland County Council was not elected by the people, but rather was elected by councillors of the various local governments within the County. The council consisted of 10 councillors each elected to a single constituency, in 1948 the Council published the County of Cumberland planning scheme, a framework for accommodating expected postwar growth in the Sydney Basin. The objectives of the County Council were often in conflict with the aims of many State Government departments, as a result, the Cumberland County Council was dissolved in 1964. Its metropolitan planning functions were taken over by a new body, the State Planning Authority, as of 2011 this government department is the New South Wales Department of Planning and Infrastructure. There were thirteen hundreds in Cumberland County, which were published in a government gazette on 27 May 1835, unlike South Australia, the hundreds were never adopted anywhere else in New South Wales. Previously, the subdivisions of the area since the beginning of the colony were called districts, many of the parishes founded in 1835 kept the name of the district. Others were named after Anglican churches in the same area and this included three of the four small parishes in the Sydney city area, St Philip, St James, St Andrew. However St Lawrence parish gave its name to the church, rather than the way around. Lukes in Liverpool, St. Peters in Campbelltown
12.
St John Parish, Cumberland
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St John Parish is one of the 57 parishes of Cumberland County, New South Wales, a cadastral unit for use on land titles. It is named after St Johns Anglican church in Parramatta, which opened in 1803, the parish is shaped like a T, with the northern part stretching from Toongabbie to near Homebush Bay. The southern end is at Prospect Creek near Yennora, woodville Road and Parramatta Road form the boundaries to the south-east. The Old Prospect Road is part of the boundary in the west and it includes the suburbs of Merrylands, Parramatta, Silverwater, Westmead, Fairfield East and Guildford. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales
13.
Electoral district of Parramatta
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Parramatta is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is currently held by Geoff Lee of the Liberal Party of Australia, Parramatta is the only electorate to have existed continuously since the first Legislative Assembly election in 1856. It elected two members simultaneously from 1856 to 1880, in 1920, it absorbed Granville and elected three members under proportional representation. In 1927, it was divided into the single-member electorates of Parramatta, Granville, for most of its single member history since 1927 and prior to 2011 Parramatta was a safe Australian Labor Party seat. Prior to 2011 it was last held by the Liberals by John Books from 1988 to 1991, the Liberal Party had hopes of winning back the seat at the 1994 by-election when it was a marginal ALP seat but the ALP retained the seat with a huge swing towards it. Labor went into the 2011 election holding the seat with a margin of 13.1 percent and he was reelected in 2015, the first time in over 80 years that the Liberals have been reelected in the seats single member incarnation
14.
Electoral district of Baulkham Hills
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Baulkham Hills is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by David Elliott of the Liberal Party, the Baulkham Hills electorate was first created in 1991, replacing the short-lived electorate of Carlingford. As with its predecessor, it covers a series of wealthy and largely conservative suburbs
15.
Electoral district of Granville
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Granville is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydneys West. It is currently represented by Julia Finn of the Australian Labor Party, granville was first established in 1894, partly replacing part of Central Cumberland. In 1920, with the introduction of proportional representation, it was absorbed into Parramatta and it has historically tended to be a Labor seat
16.
Division of Parramatta
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The Division of Parramatta is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. The division was created in 1900 and was one of the original 75 divisions contested at the first federal election and it is named for the locality of Parramatta. The name Parramatta has been sourced to an Aboriginal word for the area, the Darug people had lived in the area for many generations, and regarded the area as a food bowl, rich in food from the river and forests. They called the area Baramada or Burramatta which means the place where the eels lie down, the division is based in the western suburbs of Sydney. The current Member for the Division of Parramatta, since the 2004 federal election, is Julie Owens, as originally created, it covered the outer northwestern suburbs of Sydney, though that citys dramatic growth made it an entirely urban seat after World War II. As a result, the seat was held by the Liberals and their predecessors for all, a redistribution ahead of the 1977 election split Parramatta almost in half. Most of the eastern half became the comfortably safe Liberal seat of Dundas. Parramattas Liberal incumbent, Phillip Ruddock, opted to follow most of his base into Dundas, allowing his 1975 challenger, since then, it has been located between Labors traditional heartland of western Sydney and the traditional Liberal stronghold of the North Shore. As a result, whenever the seat is redistributed, a shift of a few kilometres to the west or east can radically alter its political landscape, most recently, the 2006 redistribution shifted Parramatta from marginally Labor to notionally marginally Liberal. Owens has subsequently been re-elected at the 2010,2013 and 2016 elections, the latter victory came as Labor lost government, marking the second time that the Liberals and their predecessors have been in government without holding Parramatta. Ruddock, a former Attorney-General and Immigration Minister also represented the seat, as did Brown, Division of Parramatta - Australian Electoral Commission
17.
Northmead, New South Wales
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Northmead is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Northmead is located 26 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, Northmead is part of the Greater Western Sydney region. Northmead is a suburb with low to medium density houses, townhouses and apartment buildings. It is located to the northeast of the junction of Darling Mills Creek and Toongabbie Creek, with the British settlement of Parramatta, this area was originally part of the domain of Government House. What is left of this domain, including Government House, forms Parramatta Park, the name Northmead is derived from the location of the north mead, or meadow, of the governors domain. The land was subdivided between 1859 and 1889 and the Northern Meadow and Western Meadow of the domain were split off and called Northmead and Westmead. From this time, orchards were established by new settlers, including some whose names were well known in the Parramatta area - George Oakes, Nat Payten. Commercial Area 1, Northmead Shopping Centre is located at 2 Campbell St, corner of Windsor Road, and features an IGA supermarket and many specialty shops. Specialty shops include Thai take away restaurant, medical centre, florist, deli, butcher, bakery, dry cleaners, chemist, fruit & veg, the centre is managed by PRD Nationwide in Bondi Junction. Northmead is the home of a number of light industires. Along Briens Road are, Coca-Cola Amatil bottles Coca-Cola and other softdrink Australian Paper Ontera Carpets On Boundary Road, Northmead Public School - Moxhams Road. Northmead High School - Campbell Street, the Hills School - William Street. The North West T-Way connecting the Hills with Parramatta runs through Northmead, northmeads public transport needs are only catered by buses, namely those of the Hillsbus bus company. This results in highly operational bus services in the Hills District - an area that is one of the fastest growing in Australia, the major roads are Windsor Road and the Cumberland Highway. Northmead once featured a line known as the Rogans Hill railway line. Currently, there is no line that services Northmead with the closest being the Main Western Railway Line that runs through Westmead. According to the 2011 census conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and this was a significant increase from the 2006 census, which showed a population of 6,969. This increase went hand in hand with an increase in apartments in the suburb from 9. 9% to 29. 9% over the period, apart from English, the most common languages spoken were Arabic, Korean, Mandarin and Cantonese
18.
North Parramatta
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The Darug people had lived in the area for many generations, and regarded the area as a food bowl, rich in food from the river and forests. They called the area Baramada or Burramatta which means the place where the eels lie down, North Parramatta is dominated by Lake Parramatta and The Kings School, which together comprise almost 50% of the land area. Lake Parramatta is a 10-hectare reserve, based around a former reservoir, the catchment area for the lake is bounded by North Rocks Road, Pennant Hills Road and Hunts Creek. The entrance is from Lackey Street, North Parramatta, Lake Parramatta served as a recreational spot for locals who enjoyed swimming. It had been closed due to pollution, but was reopened in January 2015, monicas Primary School The nearest train station to North Parramatta is Parramatta railway station. The 609 bus route, run by Hillsbus, is the access to bus transport. It circles around from Prince Street, to Gloucester Avenue, past Lake Parramatta, onto Iron Street, at the 2011 census,21. 9% of employed people travelled to work on public transport and 57. 3% by car. At the 2011 census, North Parramatta recorded a population of 12,594, of these, Age distribution North Parramatta has a slight over-representation of young adults when compared to the country as a whole. This is most apparent in the range 25–34 years of age, North Parramatta residents median age was 33 years, compared to the national median of 37. Children aged 0–14 years made up 16. 6% of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 10. 1% of the population. Ethnic diversity About half of North Parramatta residents were born in Australia, the next most common countries of birth were China 5. 6%, India 5. 0%, Iran 2. 5%, Lebanon 2. 3% and New Zealand 2. 3%. However, only 15. 3% identify their ancestry as Australian, which is the largest group, the next most common self-identified ancestries were English 14. 2%, Chinese 8. 8%, Lebanese 5. 8% and Indian 5. 0%. Just under half of people only spoke English at home, other languages spoken at home included Arabic 6. 1%, Mandarin 5. 0%, Cantonese 3. 8%, Korean 2. 7% and Persian 2. 5%. Income The average weekly income was $1,277, compared to the national average of $1,234. Housing Most private dwellings were flats, units or apartments, another 24. 4% were separate houses, while 16. 0% were semi-detached. The average household size was 2.4 people, Burnside Homes North Parramatta Lake Parramatta, a recreational area and a swimming spot in the suburb http, //www. parracity. nsw. gov. au/ Christopher Malouf. Airlie House, Burnside Homes, North Parramatta
19.
Oatlands, New South Wales
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Oatlands is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Oatlands is 23 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district in the government area of the City of Parramatta. Oatlands is considered to be part of the Greater Western Sydney area, the suburb extends from the south-east of Kissing Point Road and Vineyard Creek to the north-west bordering Pennant Hills Road and the North Rocks area. The name originally comes from Oatlands House, which was one of the earliest homes in the Parramatta district, while it has been suggested that name reflects the first sowing of oats in Australia, this cant be confirmed. Instead, the name appears to be taken from Oatlands Park in England, in 1840, the land was sold to James Bettington, who used it for sheep farming. Oatlands House is now used as centre, with the surrounding land forming the Oatlands Golf Course. Oatlands was defined as a new suburb in 1991, prior to this, the area had been known as Dundas West. Dundas West Post Office opened on 3 July 1967 and it was renamed Oatlands in 1993. Oatlands is home to the historic Oatlands House, located within the grounds of the Oatlands Golf Club, annual events include the New South Wales Womens Open, attracting professional golf athletes and media attention to the area. Winners of this event include Laura Davies, Lydia Ko in 2012, Swede Caroline Hedwall, in 2013, the Club is well renowned in the Sydney area, and is nominated as Australias best par 70 course by former touring professional golfer and now media personality Brett Ogle. In addition, touring professional and multiple Australian Open and Australian PGA winner Peter Lonard is a product of the program at the club. He also served his PGA traineeship there, and was the professional for some years before rejoining the tour after recovering from Ross River Fever. Oatlands also includes the known as Burnside, which was the site of Burnside Homes. Although not used for childrens homes any more, the area is still the site of the headquarters of Uniting Care Burnside, the name is also used by Burnside Public School, which was built on land belonging to the trust. The area contains mainly new housing developments such as Burnside Gardens Estate, there is a small shopping area featuring a post office, supermarket, fruit shop, liquor store, chicken shop, hairdressers, butcher, real estate, doctors surgery, chemist and newsagency. Oatlands Public School is located on Belmore Street, Burnside Public School At the 2011 census, Oatlands recorded a population of 5,330. Of these, The age distribution was similar to the country in general. The median age was 39 years, similar to the median of 37 years
20.
Westmead, New South Wales
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Westmead is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Westmead is bounded by the Parramatta River, Toongabbie Creek and Finlayson Creek in the north, on the east it is bounded by Parramatta Park, the Parramatta Golf Club, Amos Street and Good Street. The southern boundary is the Great Western Highway, the western boundary is Bridge Road, the railway line and Finlayson Creek. With the British settlement of Parramatta, Westmead was originally part of the domain of Government House, what is left of this domain, including Government House, form Parramatta Park. The name Westmead came into use when the domain was first subdivided in 1859. The subdivision of the domain was completed in 1889, the Northern Meadow and Western Meadow of the domain were split off and called Northmead and Westmead. From this time orchards were established by new settlers, including some whose names were well known in the Parramatta area - George Oakes, Nat Payten. Parramatta Marist School was established by Fr, john Therry in Hunter Street Parramatta in 1820, under the direction of Mr. George Morley. The school was transferred to the site of the present junior school in 1837 and this makes Parramatta Marist the oldest Catholic school in Australia. A community foundation supports fundraising and awareness activities of Westmead, Westmead Public School was established in 1917, when an Infants School opened in a rented Church of England hall in April of that year. By 1919 the present site was acquired, and the first purpose-built school building was opened in May 1920, in 1923 the building was extended to provide accommodation for Primary students. Within two years the local population created demand for additional accommodation for Primary students. At the present day Westmead Public School is one of the best primary schools in NSW, with academic, sporting. It schools over 900 children and has many teachers and staff. Sacred Heart Primary School Westmead Christian Grammar School was established at the site of Essington House in 1983 and it provides a Christian Education for students from Kindergarten through to Year 6. Westmead railway station is on the North Shore, Northern & Western Line of the Sydney Trains network, the Western railway line from Parramatta to Blacktown was built through the suburb in 1861. A railway station at Westmead was opened in April 1893 after a petition by local residents. A bus transitway, the North-West T-way, services Westmead from both Parramatta and The Hills District, the two-line Parramatta Light Rail project was announced in 2015
21.
Dundas, New South Wales
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Dundas is a suburb in the Northern suburbs region of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Dundas is located 21 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district, in the government area of the City of Parramatta. Dundas is a green suburb, notably due to its centrepiece The Ponds Walk. Dundas and surrounding areas were known as The Ponds, a name still reflected in The Ponds Creek. The first private land grants in Sydney made in 1791 were in what is now North East Dundas and adjoining Dundas Valley, the name Dundas was first used in the area in 1799, named for the Dundas family of Scotland. There are over 100 places named in their honour, mostly in parts of the former British Empire, according to the 2011 census, there were 3,880 residents in Dundas. 56. 0% of people were born in Australia, the most common other countries of birth were China 7. 8%, Korea, Republic of 4. 0% and India 2. 2%. Almost half of residents spoke a language other than English at home with the top languages being Mandarin 8. 9%, Cantonese 6. 3%, Korean 4. 8%, Arabic 2. 9% and Italian 1. 1%. The majority of households were families and there were single person households. Dundas railway station is on the Carlingford line of the Sydney Trains network, to the south, the next station is Rydalmere and to the north, Telopea. The station is located on Station Street, connects to Kissing Point Road by footpath, st Patricks Marist College Dundas, located on Kirby Street, is a Catholic secondary school and plays host to the Shamrocks Dundas JRLFC Football Club. Dundas Public School is located on Kissing Point Road, opposite Calder Road, the local Anglican Church meets at Telopea on Saturday evenings and at Dundas on Sundays. The Church of Scientologys Sydney Rehabilitation Project Force is located in Dundas
22.
Rydalmere, New South Wales
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Rydalmere is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Rydalmere is approximately 21 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district in the government area of the City of Parramatta. The earliest grant in the area was to Phillip Schaeffer who settled in 1791, the district comprising modern day Rydalmere, Ermington and Dundas was initially called The Ponds because of such natural features occurring above Subiaco Creek. Shortly after Schaeffers, further grants were given to several emancipists, eight marines and two crew of HMS Sirius, on the bank of the Parramatta River at Rydalmere. By about 1800 The Ponds became known as Field of Mars, presumably because of Mars being the god of war, and the military men that received land grants there. The parish of Field of Mars spread more or less from Parramatta to West Ryde and up to Carlingford, later on to the north of this area along the Lane Cove river, a Field of Mars Common of 5000 acres was established. Todays Field of Mars reserve and cemetery are remnants of this common and he left for the Californian goldfields in 1849 and returned in 1851, the venture being quite profitable for him. He entered business with much energy and a drive which along with sound commercial instincts allowed him to retire a very wealthy man in 1877. Another myth is that ONeill purchased the Vineyard estate as a speculator in order to sell it. The facts dont tend to support this view and it was an orchard and pasture property Fairmount the family home he built, was said to be a very beautiful residence, and splendid views were to be had from its tower. It has long disappeared and was thought to have been located near Victoria Road. Victoria Road in 1886, rather than being sold off for a profit, Thomas ONeill died on 13 March 1890 at Fairmount aged 59. His funeral service was held in St Marys Cathedral, and he was buried in Waverley cemetery and he was said to have been a most amiable man, held in high regard by all that knew him. His was deeply involved in not only Irish and Catholic affairs and his charity spanned many years with his support of St Vincents Hospital, The Good Samaritan Refuge and The Benevolent Asylum being on-going. His purse was never closed to charity and his final act before his illness was to donate the land and money to help the establishment of the Catholic church and school at Rydalmere. He still owned most of his Rydalmere property at the time of his death, Fairmount was later sold by the family and remained an orchard with a few building lots sold. It was not until after WW11, when the Housing Commission acquired it for public housing, so why did he name his property Rydalmere, a lake he probably had never seen. Well, he had owned an estate named Rydalmere, which he had years before buying the Vineyard estate
23.
Merrylands, New South Wales
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Merrylands is a suburb in western Sydney, Australia. Merrylands is located 25 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district and is in the government area of the Cumberland Council. Merrylands was named after the former English home of Arthur Todd Holroyd, who acquired land in area in 1855. Merrylands has an area around Merrylands railway station. Stockland Merrylands is a centre with supermarkets, discount department stores. The Merrylands railway station is serviced by the Airport, Inner West & South Line, there is limited parking for commuters. It is on the bus route from Liverpool to Parramatta, main transport corridors of Woodville Rd (Parramatta-Hume Hwy, Western Motorway M4. Other main roads include Coleman St, Hawkesview Rd, Neil St, Pitt St, Lois St, with an entry Merrylands Road and Paton Street along the Cumberland Highway this nature reserve has kangaroos, emus, birdlife and waterfalls around the lake. Pinnaroo and Yarrabee can be hired for the day from Cumberland Council for a fee, access is by road or bus from Merrylands Station and is a route of the Liverpool to the Parramatta Transitway. Bounded by Centenary Road, Hollywood, Richmond and Fairmount Streets, is used as a sporting field for cricket, soccer, softball and netball. Merrylands Swimming Centre was opened in 1968 and is owned and operated by Cumberland Council, the Swimming Centre was heated in 2004 and consists of 3 pools. An 8 lane 50m competition pool, a pool and a babies pool. The water in the competition and training pools is heated to 27 °C, the centre is the home of the Merrylands Amateur Swimming Club – the second largest swimming club in the City of Cumberland and one of the largest in the South West of the Sydney Metropolitan Area. Bounded by Merrylands Road, Claremont Street, Montrose Avenue and Woodville Road the park is approximately 13. 2ha in area, mcDonalds has a restaurant on the corner of the park with access from Merrylands Road and Woodville Road. It has several sporting fields, an area, basketball court, cricket and nets. When the circuses arrive they stay here, during WWII Granville Park was used as US Naval Base Hospital No 10. Several main cycle routes pass through Merrylands and surrounding suburbs and linking up to Liverpool, Penrith, M4 has an exit in Crown Street, Parramatta for Parrmatta, Merrylands and Holroyd access. Merrylands has a climate, with hot summers and mild winters
24.
Holroyd, New South Wales
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Holroyd is a small suburb in western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Holroyd is located 30 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district in the government area of the Cumberland Council. The local government area takes its name from Arthur Holroyd, first Mayor of the area, local landowner, the administrative centre is located in nearby Merrylands. Arthur Todd Holroyd acquired Sherwood Scrubs in 1855, located in Merrylands, it was named after his former home in England. Holroyd became a Member of Parliament for Bathurst Plains then Parramatta and he was respected and powerful and was on many and varied boards and committees. He became the first mayor of Holroyd Council, then the Municipality of Prospect & Sherwood and he made clay pipes for drainage at Sherwood Scrubs and introduced drainage to the local area. He also encouraged the rail line to Parramatta Junction, the suburb of Holroyd was created when the New South Wales Geographical Names Board sought to define suburb boundaries in 1999. The suburb named Holroyd was gazetted in 1999 with boundaries being Walpole Street, Neil Street the railway line, there was a change to the boundary in 2001 with the northern boundary extended to the freeway. The historic Goodlet and Smith Brickpit sites have now been redeveloped into Holroyd Gardens Park on the site of a pit that was later filled. Holroyd Gardens Estate which is a medium density development that includes the remaining heritage brickwork kilns, at the 2011 census, there were 1,044 residents in Holroyd. Almost 70% of people were born outside of Australia, with the top countries of birth being India 8. 4%, China 7. 2%, Afghanistan 5. 5%, Lebanon 3. 9%, about three quarters of people spoke a language other than English at home. The most common languages spoken were Arabic 10. 2%, Mandarin 8. 3%, Dari 4. 0%, Hindi 3. 8%. The top responses for religious affiliation were Catholic 23. 4%, Islam 16. 5% and No Religion 14. 7%
25.
Harris Park, New South Wales
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Harris Park is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Harris Park is located 23 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district in the government area of the City of Parramatta and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region. Harris Park is the home of historic sites, including Experiment Farm. James Ruse was the first convict to be granted land in the colony and he developed Australias first private farm known as Experiment Farm, which sowed the first wheat in Australia. Surgeon John Harris, who had received land grants in the area in 1793 and 1805, bought the farm. Harris Park is named after John Harris, the cottage is heritage-listed and open to the public. John Macarthur built Elizabeth Farm in 1793, the building changed and grew substantially over the years, and the architect John Verge is thought to have worked on it from around the late 1820s to the late 1830s. It now falls within the Rosehill area and is heritage-listed, Macarthur built Hambledon Cottage in the early 1820s for Penelope Lucas, the governess for his children. The main wing was designed by Henry Kitchen and the house was used for vice-regal guests until 1883, Penelope Lucas is now remembered in Penelope Lucas Lane, in Rosehill. In the 1880s, Arthur Latimer McCredie, an architect and alderman in Parramatta Council, built his mansion, Kenilworth and it was a two-storey building in Victorian Italianate style and served as his home for most of the remainder of his life. Though his will forbade the property being conveyed to Catholics, it was acquired on his death by the Sisters of Mercy. It then became the Australian International Performing Arts High School, in 2013 it was converted into the new home of Holy Spirit Seminary, the seminary of the Catholic Diocese of Parramatta. Harris Park has a shopping area around Marion Street. It is very close to the commercial centre of Parramatta. Harris Park railway station is on the North Shore, Northern & Western Line of the Sydney Trains network and our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Church was officially opened and blessed by Archbishop Abdo Khalifé on 6 August 1978. The school was opened on 10 December 1972, St Ioannis Greek Orthodox Church, located on Hassall Street, is one of the parishes of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia. Holy Spirit Seminary, the seminary of the Catholic Diocese of Parramatta, was moved from its site in St Marys to Harris Parks historic house Kenilworth in 2013. It was opened and blessed by Most Rev Bishop Anthony Fisher, next door is the church of St Oliver Plunkett and St Olivers Primary School
26.
Camellia, New South Wales
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Camellia is an post industrial suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It began brownfields remediation in late 2015, and is ear-marked as a centre for high density living. Camellia is located 23 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district in the government area of the City of Parramatta. The suburb is bounded by the Parramatta River to the north, Clay Cliff Creek to the west, Duck River to the east, major roads dissecting the suburb are Grand Avenue and James Ruse Drive. On 22 April 1788 Governor Arthur Phillip and his party of officers and they landed at the head of a navigable river near what is now Clyde, which he called Duck River due to the abundance of ducks in the area. They left their boats to explore the area but could not penetrate the thick bush, the party moved to the banks of Clay Cliff Creek, where they decided to camp because of its fresh water. In his Journal, surgeon John White recorded and we followed this branch westward for a few miles, until we came to a small fresh-water stream that emptied itself into it. We made a kettle of excellent soup out of a white cockatoo, the land all around us was similar to that which we had passed. The railway station opened here in 1885 was originally called Subiaco. In 1901, the name was changed to Camellia, after the Camellia Grove Nursery nearby that specialised in growing Camellias. This land was leased by Silas Sheather since 1852 on what was part of the 850 acres of Elizabeth Farm. Camellia is predominantly an industrial and commercial area, an office block close to the railway station contains an Aldi supermarket. This is the site of the James Hardie asbestos plant where Bernie Banton worked. Camellia railway station is on the Carlingford Line of the Sydney Trains network, Grand Avenue is the main road in Camellia. A conversion of the Carlingford to Camellia section of the Carlingford railway line to rail was announced in 2015 as part of the Parramatta Light Rail project. A second line, from Strathfield, will join the Carlingford line at Camellia before both lines proceed to Westmead
27.
Rosehill, New South Wales
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Rosehill is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Rosehill is located 23 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district in the government area of the City of Parramatta and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region. Rosehill contains a mixture of residential, commercial, industrial and recreational land, in the early days of the colony, the hill behind old Government House had been named ‘Rose Hill’ by Governor Arthur Phillip, before the suburb had been named Parramatta. Nearly a hundred years later in 1883,850 acres of John Macarthur’s Elizabeth Farm were subdivided for industrial purposes, part of the estate was set aside for a recreation area, which became Rosehill Racecourse. A public school opened here in 1886 and the station opened in 1888 on the Carlingford line. Rosehill Gardens Racecourse hosts some of the most important events on the Australian horse racing calendar, historic Elizabeth Farm was the home of wool pioneer, John Macarthur Rosehill railway station is on the Carlingford Line of the Sydney Trains network. Mercure Sydney Parramatta Hotel, formerly Travelodge Rosehill At the 2011 census, of these, The age distribution was unusual, with a preponderance of younger adults compared to the country in general, but similar to the neighbouring suburb of Silverwater. The median age was 31 years, compared to the median of 37 years. There was a concentration of people between 20–34 years of age, they make up 38. 7% of residents. Children aged 0–14 years made up 17. 3% of the population and people aged 65 years, there is a broad ethnic mix. Just over one third were born in Australia, the next most common countries of birth were India 13. 2%, Lebanon 5. 4%, China 4. 4%, New Zealand 2. 6%, about three-quarters of residents had both parents born overseas. Only 32. 3% of people spoke English at home, other languages spoken at home included Arabic 12. 9%, Gujarati 5. 2%, Punjabi 3. 9%, Mandarin 3. 7% and Hindi 3. 5%. 7. 3% only the work-force was unemployed, slightly above the average of 5. 6%. Almost two-thirds of households were family households,31. 2% were single person households and 4. 0% were group households. Just over half were flats, units or apartments,36. 5% were separate houses,9. 2% were semi-detached, half were rented,26. 8% were owned with a mortgage and 15. 9% were owned outright
28.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
29.
Parramatta River
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The Parramatta River is an intermediate tide dominated, drowned valley estuary located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Parramatta River is the tributary of Sydney Harbour, a branch of Port Jackson. Secondary tributaries include the smaller Lane Cove and Duck rivers, formed by the confluence of Toongabbie Creek and Darling Mills Creek at North Parramatta, the river flows in an easterly direction to a line between Yurulbin, Birchgrove and Manns Point, Greenwich. Here it flows into Port Jackson, about 21 kilometres from the Tasman Sea, the total catchment area of the river is approximately 252.4 square kilometres and is tidal to Charles Street Weir in Parramatta, approximately 30 kilometres from the Sydney Heads. The land adjacent to the Parramatta River was occupied for thousands of years by the Burramattagal, Toongagal, Wallumattagal, Wangal. They used the river as an important source of food and a place for trade, the headwaters of the Parramatta River are formed by the confluence of Darling Mills Creek and Toongabbie Creek. The point of the lies on the northern border of the grounds of Cumberland Hospital. It also lies on the boundary of the suburbs of Westmead, Northmead, entering Parramatta Park, it then turns west and flows through the Parramatta CBD. Both banks are open to the public, with parkland and walkways. The river is fed by a number of creeks and stormwater drains. The weirs have been equipped with fish ladders, kiosk Weir and Charles Street Weir also include footbridges enabling a crossing of the river. Historically, the river was dammed to provide reservoirs for the town, currently, however, the function of the weirs is aesthetic, preventing the water from draining away during dry periods. As a consequence the river floods in heavy rain, particularly at the Charles Street Weir, the Charles Street Weir forms the boundary between fresh water and salt water, and is also the limit of tides. The whole of Sydney Harbour including its tributary rivers is subject to a long range Catchment Management Plan, the Government has almost eliminated local representation by eliminating the former local catchment management boards. Moorings and jetties are the responsibility of Roads and Maritime Services, many bays contain swing moorings, mostly privately owned, but some associated with commercial marinas. Along the Parramatta River many hands have made lighter work, in the effort to make the entire river swimmable again by 2025. Thirteen councils sit within the Parramatta River catchment group and all have committed to tackling the two major polluters, sewer overflows and stormwater, There are River Cat services along the Parramatta River to Circular Quay. The main wharves, west–to–east are, The Parramatta River, along with Sydney Harbour, is the most significant waterway in Sydney
30.
New South Wales Police Force
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The New South Wales Police Force is the primary law enforcement agency of the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is a servant of the Crown, independent of Government, under the Police Regulation Act,1862, the organisation of the NSW Police Force was formally established in 1862 with the unification of all existing independent police units in the state. The authority and responsibility of the police force was given to the inspector general of police. The 1990s were a turbulent period in NSW police history, the Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service was held between 1995 and 1997. The Royal Commission uncovered hundreds of instances of bribery, money laundering, drug trafficking, the police commissioner, Tony Lauer, resigned as the level of corruption in the service became clear and his own position untenable. Peter James Ryan was recruited from the UK, wide-ranging reforms occurred as a result of the recommendations of the Royal Commission, including the establishment of a permanent Police Integrity Commission. The minister for justice and police, Troy Grant, is responsible to the NSW parliament for the police portfolio, Grant is a former NSW police officer who served 22 years before entering politics. As of October 2014, the force consists of some 16,467 officers. The motto of the NSW Police Force is the Latin Culpam poena premit comes, the NSW Police insignia includes the motto. The overall mission of the police is to life and property and to detect. Like all other states of Australia, municipalities and shires in NSW have only limited law enforcement responsibilities. The police perform the primary law enforcement role in all areas of the state, the New South Wales Police Force has existed in various forms since the foundation of the colony of New South Wales at Sydney in 1788. Police units were under the rule of the district magistrates, responding to the various forms of crime, a number of independent specialised units were set up. The earliest of these units formed was the Mounted Police, established in 1825 to keep the settlers safe, in 2009, it had 34 horses and was claimed to be the oldest mounted police unit in the world. Other specialist groups formed during this time were the Water Police, the Border Police and the Native Police. After a failed attempt made by Act No.38 of 1850, unified control of the police eventuated in 1862 when the Police Regulation Act was passed, the first inspector general of police, John McLerie, was appointed to assume overall authority and responsibility. The Police Regulation Act, passed in 1935, changed the title to commissioner of police. The position of deputy commissioner was also created, by 1872, there were seventy police stations throughout the colony in sub-districts, with a total of 803 police officers
31.
Sydney Water
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Sydney Water has historically held a monopoly over the supply of water within the Sydney region, although legislation has recently been passed to open the market to competition. Sydney Waters management received extensive of criticism following the 1998 Sydney water crisis regarding what was believed to be the large scale contamination of Sydneys raw water supply, the supposed contamination was heightened levels of cryptosporidium and giardia in Sydneys Warragamba Dam. This meant the public had to take steps in their own homes to ensure tap water was safe to drink. After this event, the Sydney Catchment Authority was created to manage Sydneys dams, reservoirs, raw water, the Chairman of Sydney Water, David Hill resigned ten days after the crisis and denied any responsibility, claiming he was leaving only to concentrate on his political career. Since June 2009 Sydney Water replaced water restrictions with Water Wise Rules, the Rules are, All hoses must now have a trigger nozzle. Hand held hoses, sprinklers and watering systems may be used only before 10 am and after 4 pm on any day – to avoid the heat of the day No hosing of hard surfaces such as paths, fire hoses may be used for fire fighting activities only. Sydney Water has imposed fines of $200 for violations of the rules for individuals, $500 for businesses, Rules are enforced by Sydney Water staff through random checks. The central location of Sydney Water in Sydney reflected the organisations strategic significance as the organisation in planning Sydneys growth. Without water services, no residential or business growth could occur in Sydney, Sydney Waters headquarters hence were relocated to Parramatta in May 2009. The developer, Brookfield Multiplex, valued the project at A$176 million, the former Water Board high rise building in Sydney still stands, though is due to be demolished with a new residential tower built in its place. In early 2010 operations of the Sydney Desalination Plant began, with a licence granted to Veolia Water Australia Pty Ltd to operate the plant, the terms of the A$2.3 billion lease lock Sydney Water into a 50–year water supply agreement with DSP
32.
Old Government House, Parramatta
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It is considered a property of national and international significance as an archaeological resource. It also serves to demonstrate how the British Empire expanded and Australian society has evolved since 1788, there is evidence of Aboriginal occupation on the site, such as middens. The abode of the first Governor of New South Wales, Captain Arthur Phillip, was a made of canvas and timber brought from England with the First Fleet. After establishing the site of the settlement, a temporary government house was located on the corner of what is now Bridge St and Phillip Street. This cottage, as many of the settlements earliest structures, was not robustly constructed. However, a precedent for a residence for the Governor had been set. Other country residences of the Governor included a cottage constructed at Windsor overlooking the Hawkesbury River, in 1799 the second Governor, John Hunter, had the remains of Arthur Phillips cottage cleared away, and a more permanent building erected on the same site. Later, starting in 1815, Governor Lachlan Macquarie and Mrs Macquarie added extensively to Hunters structure and this building is now called Dairy Cottage and has a heritage listing. Old Government House is furnished in the style of the early 1820s and is open to visitors and it is situated at Parramatta on 110 hectares of parkland overlooking the Parramatta River, and is Australias oldest public building. The grounds are of particular interest as they are a relatively undisturbed colonial-era reserve surrounded by what is now Australias largest urban area. The practice of land management conducted by the aboriginal Darug tribe. Also, shells used to strengthen the mortar used in the Houses construction have been found to originate from Aboriginal middens, Old Government House and Government Domain were included in the Australian National Heritage List on 1 August 2007. Shells from Aboriginal middens in the area were used to produce lime for mortar used in construction, of the 11 sites the Hyde Park Barracks, Old Great North Road and Cockatoo Island are also within the Sydney region
33.
Westfield Parramatta
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Westfield Parramatta is a shopping centre in Parramatta, a city within the Greater Sydney Metropolitan area Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The centre is owned and managed by The Westfield Group, in July 2014, the Westfield Group became two companies Scentre Group and Westfield Corporation. This shopping centre is now managed by Scentre Group and it has a net leasable area of approximately 137, 407m² and contains 498 shops built over five levels, making it Australias fourth largest shopping centre by Gross Leasable Area. Westfield Parramatta is a regional shopping centre in the Parramatta Central Business District. Reflecting Parramattas status as Sydneys second CBD, Westfield Parramatta serves a resident and worker population. Westfield Parramatta has 5 levels of retail and 9 levels of car parking spread across 5 city blocks, two pedestrian air bridges connect the central portion of the centre with the western and eastern peripheries. Level 1 is wholly underground and connects to the Parramatta Transport Interchange, a 3 level office tower sits atop the shopping centre near the corner of Church and Argyle Streets. The centre houses two McDonalds outlets, one kiosk in the food court, and one kiosk in the upper food court. It is connected to the Parramatta Transport Interchange and Parramatta railway station via an underground retail concourse, the site upon which Westfield Parramatta currently stands has had a long history of retail. In 1933, Grace Bros. opened their first Sydney suburban department store on a site on the corner of Church and this block, bounded by Aird and Marsden Streets, was predominantly occupied by retail properties and expanded the Parramatta town centre south of the railway line. That original Grace Bros. store was incorporated into the first stage development of the new Westfield Parramatta. The first redevelopment of Westfield Parramatta took place between 1988 and 1989 and this was followed by a large scale expansion of the centre completed in 1996. A multi-storey retail air bridge over Marsden Street and Aird Street connected the two new sections to the existing centres levels 3,4 and 5. Department store David Jones relocated to Westfield Parramatta from its stand alone store on Church Street in the north of the Parramatta CBD, Village Cinemas expanded from a 4 screen complex to an 8 screen complex while a new food court and fresh food market were opened on level 5. In 2006, Westfield completed a redevelopment and expansion of its Parramatta centre. Greater Union opened an 11 screen complex featuring 3 Gold Class theatres,1 GMAX theatre and 7 regular movie cinemas replacing the existing Village Cinemas. At street level beneath the cinemas, and fronting Parramattas Transport Interchange, is a concourse of restaurants, the underground retail arcade links the centres level 1 with Parramatta Railway Stations main concourse as well as the Parramatta Transport Interchange. It provides for an extension of the level 1 foodcourt featuring cafes and takeaway food retailers as well as a food market
34.
Parramatta railway station
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Parramatta railway station is located on the Main Western line, serving the Sydney suburb of Parramatta. It is served by Sydney Trains T1 Western Line and T5 Cumberland Line services and NSW TrainLink Blue Mountains Line, Central West XPT, Parramatta station is one of Sydneys oldest. Sydneys first line connected Sydney and Parramatta Junction near Granville and opened on 26 September 1855 and it was extended to the current Parramatta station on 4 July 1860. Prior to the Main Western line being quadrupled from Granville to Westmead in 1985, in 1985, the station was refurbished with a new underground subway bus interchange built at the stations north-east side. In late 2003, work began on a new transport interchange which linked the station to the neighbouring Westfield Parramatta shopping centre, the works included upgrading the station, providing more access to commuters, and constructing a new bus interchange. On 19 February 2006 the interchange was opened, media related to Parramatta railway station at Wikimedia Commons Parramatta Transport Interchange - a guide for commuters Sydney Trains - Parramatta station details
35.
Radiocarbon dating
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Radiocarbon dating is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon. The method was developed by Willard Libby in the late 1940s, Libby received the Nobel Prize for his work in 1960. The radiocarbon dating method is based on the fact that radiocarbon is constantly being created in the atmosphere by the interaction of cosmic rays with atmospheric nitrogen. The resulting radiocarbon combines with oxygen to form radioactive carbon dioxide. When the animal or plant dies, it stops exchanging carbon with its environment, and from that point onwards the amount of 14C it contains begins to decrease as the 14C undergoes radioactive decay. Measuring the amount of 14C in a sample from a plant or animal such as a piece of wood or a fragment of bone provides information that can be used to calculate when the animal or plant died. The idea behind radiocarbon dating is straightforward, but years of work were required to develop the technique to the point where accurate dates could be obtained. Research has been ongoing since the 1960s to determine what the proportion of 14C in the atmosphere has been over the past fifty thousand years. The resulting data, in the form of a curve, is now used to convert a given measurement of radiocarbon in a sample into an estimate of the samples calendar age. Other corrections must be made to account for the proportion of 14C in different types of organisms, additional complications come from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil, and from the above-ground nuclear tests done in the 1950s and 1960s. Conversely, nuclear testing increased the amount of 14C in the atmosphere, measurement of radiocarbon was originally done by beta-counting devices, which counted the amount of beta radiation emitted by decaying 14C atoms in a sample. The development of dating has had a profound impact on archaeology. In addition to permitting more accurate dating within archaeological sites than previous methods, histories of archaeology often refer to its impact as the radiocarbon revolution. Radiocarbon dating has allowed key transitions in prehistory to be dated, such as the end of the last ice age, and they synthesized 14C using the laboratorys cyclotron accelerator and soon discovered that the atoms half-life was far longer than had been previously thought. This was followed by a prediction by Serge A. Korff, then employed at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia and it had previously been thought that 14C would be more likely to be created by deuterons interacting with 13C. At some time during World War II, Willard Libby, who was then at Berkeley, learned of Korffs research, in 1945, Libby moved to the University of Chicago where he began his work on radiocarbon dating. He published a paper in 1946 in which he proposed that the carbon in living matter might include 14C as well as non-radioactive carbon, by contrast, methane created from petroleum showed no radiocarbon activity because of its age. The results were summarized in a paper in Science in 1947, Libby and James Arnold proceeded to test the radiocarbon dating theory by analyzing samples with known ages
36.
Darug
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Other versions of the name include Daruk, Dharruk, Dharrook, Darrook, Dharug, Broken Bay tribe, and Dharung. There is some dispute about the extent of the Darug nation, while some historians believe the coastal Eora people were a separate group to the Darug people, others believe the two groups were part of the same grouping. Taking the first perspective, the Darug were situated North-West of the Eora, convesely, the territory that was indisputably Darug Boorooberongal-Warmuli was the Cumberland Plain in western Sydney, that stretches from Wisemans Ferry in the north down to around Camden in the south. Some think the Darug people extended into the foothills of the Blue Mountains and they likely extended into the Hills District to the east. A strong centre of cultural attachment for the Darug people has been the Blacks Town in the Blacktown local government area, however, in September 2012 the Blacktown City Council de-recognised the Darug tribe, which it had previously recognised as the former owners of the area. The Council also passed a motion, opposed by some Councillors, an online petition was launched which called for the official re-recognition of the Darug. According to one of the Liberal Councillors, Cr Jess Diaz, there was a cultural divide between the western Darug and the coastal Darug. The coastal Darug were katungal or sea people and they built canoes and their diet was primarily seafood including fish and shellfish from Sydney Harbour, Botany Bay and their associated rivers. The inland Darug were paiendra or tomahawk people and they hunted kangaroos, emus and other land animals and used stone axes more extensively. The Darug nation was divided up into a number of clans who tended to live in a certain geographic area. This geographic area would also house descendant clans, each clan typically included 50 to 100 people. Numbers in a geographic descendant clan area were kept at the lowest levels necessary for the survival of the clan and it was often the case that men and women married between the clans, and thus the members of the clans were interrelated. They lived in the caves and overhangs in the sandstone of the Hawksbury region, although some did choose to make huts out of bark, sticks
37.
Port Jackson
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Port Jackson, consisting of the waters of Sydney Harbour, Middle Harbour, North Harbour and the Lane Cove and Parramatta Rivers, is the ria or natural harbour of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The harbour is an inlet of the Tasman Sea and it is the location of the Sydney Opera House and Sydney Harbour Bridge. The location of the first European settlement in Australia, Port Jackson has continued to play a key role in the history and development of Sydney. Many recreational events are based on or around the harbour itself particularly the Sydney New Years Eve celebrations, the waterways of Port Jackson are managed by the Roads & Maritime Services. Sydney Harbour National Park protects a number of islands and foreshore areas, swimming spots, bushwalking tracks, the land around Port Jackson was occupied at the time of the European arrival and colonisation by the Eora clans, including the Gadigal, Cammeraygal, and Wangal. The Gadigal occupied the land stretching along the side of Port Jackson from what is now South Head. The Cammeragal lived on the side of the harbour. The area along the banks of the Parramatta River to Rose Hill belonged to the Wangal. The Eora occupied Port Jackson, south to the Georges River, the first recorded European discovery of Sydney Harbour, was by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770 - Cook named the inlet after Sir George Jackson. His ships log notation states at noon we were. about 2 or 3 miles from the land, eighteen years later, on 21 January 1788, after arriving at Botany Bay, Governor Arthur Phillip took a longboat and two cutters up the coast to examine Cooks Port Jackson. Phillip first stayed over night at Camp Cove, then moved down the harbour, landing at Sydney Cove, Phillip returned to Sydney Cove in HM Armed Tender Supply on 26 January 1788, where he established the first colony in Australia, later to become the city of Sydney. From 1938, seaplanes landed in Sydney Harbour on Rose Bay, in 1942, to protect Sydney Harbour from a submarine attack, the Sydney Harbour anti-submarine boom net was constructed. It spanned the harbour from Green Point, Watsons Bay to the battery at Georges Head, on the night of 31 May 1942, three Japanese midget submarines entered the harbour, one of which became entangled in the western end of the boom nets central section. Unable to free their submarine, the crew detonated charges, killing themselves in the process, a second midget submarine came to grief in Taylors Bay, the two crew committing suicide. The third submarine fired two torpedoes at USS Chicago before leaving the harbour, in November 2006, this submarine was found off Sydneys Northern Beaches. The anti-submarine boom net was demolished soon after World War II, and all that remains are the foundations of the old boom net winch house, today, the Australian War Memorial has on display a composite of the two midget submarines salvaged from Sydney Harbour. The conning tower of one of the submarines is on display at the RAN Heritage Centre, Garden Island. Fort Denison is a former site and defensive facility occupying a small island located north-east of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney Harbour
38.
Parramatta Eels
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The Parramatta Eels are an Australian professional rugby league football club based in the Sydney suburb of Parramatta. The Parramatta District Rugby League Football Club was formed in 1947, owing to the demolition of Pirtek Parramatta will play its home games at ANZ Stadium. It took thirty years for the club to make the grand final, however, this period foreshadowed their most successful period in the early 1980s, when they won four premierships and qualified for five grand finals in six seasons. This was an era for the club and yielded their only premiership titles. In 2016, a salary cap breach saw them stripped of their 2016 Auckland Nines premiership, the club plays in the National Rugby League, the premier rugby league football competition in Australia. Parramatta sides are also fielded in lower grades and junior competitions run by the New South Wales Rugby League where they regularly win premierships in various grades. The roots of the playing of rugby union and rugby league in Parramatta lie in the 19th century with the formation of the Parramatta Rugby Club in 1879. With the advent of a Sydney District competition in 1900, the Parramatta club merged with Western Suburbs, on a local level, rugby league began to be played in 1910 when a district competition was formed. Other clubs in the Parramatta district also emerged, over the ensuing decades, the proposal was rejected by all clubs except Western Suburbs who, despite having the most to lose from the entrance of a Parramatta side, voted for the entrance of the new club. The advent of World War II put the establishment of the club on hold, Parramatta saw very little success in their early years, despite narrowly missing out on finals qualification in 1949 under the guidance of former Western Suburbs and Leeds five-eighth Vic Hey. Between 1952 and 1961, they finished last eight times and won only 35 of 180 matches, in 1962, Parramatta made the finals for the first time, this achievement was repeated for the three following seasons. However, the club slid back down the ladder in the following years, the club’s first major success came in 1975 when they defeated Manly-Warringah in the pre-season cup final. In 1976, the club reached the Grand Final, in their thirtieth season. However, they lost narrowly to a Manly-Warringah side that they had defeated just two weeks earlier, unfortunately for Parramatta, this game is regarded as “the one that got away” with Manly winning 13–10 despite the Eels crossing for two tries to Manly’s one. A dropped pass by winger Neville Glover with the wide open in the dying moments of the game ultimately costing the Eels a chance to win the game. Had Glover scored the score would have been tied at 13-all giving goal kicking Five-eighth John Peard a sideline conversion attempt to win the game, the following year, Parramatta captured their first minor premiership before qualifying for the Grand Final for the second year running. Against St. George, the match was drawn 9–9, forcing a Grand Final replay the following weekend, in this match, Parramatta lost 22–0. The Eels made the finals in both 1978 and 1979, but missed the finals in 1980 for the first time since 1974, the early 1980s was the most successful period for Parramatta, who earned five Grand Final appearances and four premierships from 1981 to 1986
39.
Rugby league
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Rugby league football, usually called rugby league, is a full contact sport played by two teams of thirteen players on a rectangular field. One of the two codes of football, it originated in England in 1895 as a split from the Rugby Football Union over the issue of payments to players. Its rules gradually changed with the aim of producing a faster, in rugby league, points are scored by carrying the ball and touching it to the ground beyond the opposing teams goal line, this is called a try, and is the primary method of scoring. The opposing team attempts to stop the side scoring points by tackling the player carrying the ball. In addition to tries, points can be scored by kicking goals, after each try, the scoring team gains a free kick to try at goal with a conversion for further points. Kicks at goal may also be awarded for penalties, and field goals can be attempted at any time. Rugby league is a sport in Northern England, the states of Queensland and New South Wales in Australia, New Zealand. The European Super League and Australasian National Rugby League are the club competitions. Rugby league is played internationally, predominantly by European, Australasian and Pacific Island countries, the first Rugby League World Cup was held in France in 1954, the current holders are Australia. The first of these, the Northern Rugby Football Union, was established in 1895 as a faction of Englands Rugby Football Union. Similar breakaway factions split from RFU-affiliated unions in Australia and New Zealand in 1907 and 1908, renaming themselves rugby football leagues, in 1922, the Northern Union also changed its name to the Rugby Football League and thus over time the sport itself became known as rugby league football. In 1895, a schism in Rugby football resulted in the formation of the Northern Rugby Football Union, within fifteen years of that first meeting in Huddersfield, more than 200 RFU clubs had left to join the rugby revolution. In 1897, the line-out was abolished and in 1898 professionalism introduced, in 1906, the Northern Union changed its rules, reducing teams from 15 to 13 a side and replacing the ruck formed after every tackle with the play the ball. A similar schism to that which occurred in England took place in Sydney, There, on 8 August 1907 the New South Wales Rugby Football League was founded at Batemans Hotel in George Street. Rugby league then went on to rugby union as the primary football code in New South Wales. On 5 May 1954 over 100,000 spectators watched the 1953–54 Challenge Cup Final at Odsal Stadium, Bradford, England, also in 1954 the Rugby League World Cup, the first for either code of rugby, was formed at the instigation of the French. In 1966, the International Board introduced a rule that a team in possession was allowed three play-the-balls and on the tackle a scrum was to be formed. This was increased to six tackles in 1972 and in 1983 the scrum was replaced by a handover,1967 saw the first professional Sunday matches of rugby league played
40.
First Fleet
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The First Fleet is the name given to the 11 ships that left England on 13 May 1787 to found the penal colony that became the first European settlement in Australia. The First Fleet was commanded by Commodore Arthur Phillip, who was given instructions authorising him to make regulations, the cost to Britain of outfitting and despatching the Fleet was £84,000. Ropes, crockery, agricultural equipment and a miscellany of other stores were needed, the party had to rely on its own provisions to survive until it could make use of local materials, assuming suitable supplies existed, and grow its own food and raise livestock. Scale models of all the ships are on display at the Museum of Sydney, the models were built by ship makers Lynne and Laurie Hadley, after researching the original plans, drawings and British archives. The replicas of the Supply, Charlotte, Scarborough, Friendship, Prince of Wales, Lady Penrhyn, Borrowdale, Alexander, Sirius, Fishburn, nine Sydney harbour ferries built in the mid-1980s are named after First Fleet vessels. The unused names are Lady Penrhyn and Prince of Wales, the people of the fleet included seamen, marines and their families, government officials, and a large number of convicts, including women and children. The majority were British, but there were also African, American, the six convict transports each had a detachment of marines on board. Most of the families of the marines travelled aboard the Prince of Wales, a number of people on the First Fleet kept diaries and journals of their experiences, including the surgeons. There are twelve known journals in existence as well as some letters, the exact number of people directly associated with the First Fleet will likely never be established, as all accounts of the event vary slightly. A total of 1,420 people have identified as embarking on the First Fleet in 1787. The total number of persons embarking on the First Fleet would, therefore, be approximately 1,530 with about 1,483 reaching Sydney Cove. The Scarborough, of 418 tons, had on board 205 male convicts,1 captain,2 lieutenants,2 sergeants,2 corporals,1 drummer, and 26 privates, with 1 assistant surgeon to the colony. The Charlotte, of 346 tons, had on board 89 male and 20 female convicts,1 captain,2 lieutenants,2 sergeants,3 corporals,1 drummer, and 35 privates, with the principal surgeon of the colony. The Lady Penrhyn, of 338 tons, had on board 101 female convicts,1 captain,2 lieutenants, and 3 privates, with a person acting as a surgeons mate. The Prince of Wales, of 334 tons, had on board 2 male and 50 female convicts,2 lieutenants,3 sergeants,2 corporals,1 drummer, and 24 privates, with the surveyor-general of the colony. The Friendship, … of 228 tons, had on board 76 male and 21 female convicts,1 captain,2 lieutenants,2 sergeants,3 corporals,1 drummer, and 36 privates, with 1 assistant surgeon to the colony. There were on board, beside these,28 women,8 male and 6 female children, belonging to the soldiers of the detachment, the Fishburn store-ship was of 378 tons, the Borrowdale of 272 tons, and the Golden Grove of 331 tons. Golden Grove carried the chaplain for the colony, with his wife, not only these store-ships, but the men of war and transports were laden with provisions, implements of agriculture, camp equipage, clothing for the convicts, baggage, etc
41.
Sydney Cove
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Sydney Cove is a small bay on the southern shore of Sydney Harbour, one of several harbours in Port Jackson, on the coast of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Sydney Cove was named after the British Home Secretary, The 1st Baron Sydney, today, the exact site where the flag was planted is not apparent, as in its place is Circular Quay and buildings of the CBD. Phillips instructions were to establish the settlement at Botany Bay, a large bay down the coast, but Phillip discovered that Botany Bay offered neither a secure anchorage nor a reliable source of fresh water. Sydney Cove offered both of these, being serviced by a creek which was soon to be known as Tank Stream. The site of the settlement was Sydney Cove and it was one of the smaller inlets, chosen because it had fresh water and good anchorage for ships close into the land. Today the Tank Stream is encased in a drain beneath the streets of the central business district. The head of the cove is occupied by the Circular Quay ferry terminal, on Bennelong Point at the northern end of the eastern shore of the cove stands the Sydney Opera House. On the western shore is the district known as The Rocks. The Hyundai A-League football team Sydney FCs active supporter group The Cove takes its name from the site, wedgwood found it excellent, and made a commemorative medal that became known as the Sydney Cove Medallion. Sydney Cove is a point for community celebrations, due to its central Sydney location between the Sydney Opera House and the Sydney Harbour Bridge. It is one of the main points for Sydney New Years Eve. Water Polo by the Sea is held every year by Australian Water Polo with the Australia mens national water polo team take on the International All Stars. Sydney FC draw support from right across Sydney, and is one of the most heavily supported clubs in Australia, the largest supporter group of Sydney FC is known as The Cove, and are located at the Paddington end of Sydney Football Stadium in bays 22 –26. The name came from the name given to the colonial settlement of Sydney — Sydney Cove. Destiny in Sydney, An epic novel of convicts, Aborigines, and Chinese embroiled in the birth of Sydney, Australia
42.
Convicts in Australia
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Between 1788 and 1868, about 162,000 convicts were transported by the British government to various penal colonies in Australia. The British government began transporting convicts overseas to American colonies in the early 17th century, when transportation ended with the start of the American Revolution, an alternative site was needed relieve further overcrowding of British prisons and hulks. Earlier in 1770, James Cook charted and claimed possession of the east coast of Australia for Britain. Other penal colonies were established in Van Diemens Land in 1803 and Queensland in 1824, while Western Australia, founded in 1829 as a free colony. Victoria and South Australia remained free colonies, penal transportation to Australia peaked in the 1830s and dropped off significantly the following decade. The last convict ship arrived in Western Australia on 10 January 1868, many convicts were transported for petty crimes, while a significant number were political prisoners. More serious crimes, such as rape and murder, were punishable by death, once emancipated, most ex-convicts stayed in Australia and joined the free settlers, with some rising to prominent positions in Australian society. However, convictism carried a stigma, and for some later Australians. Attitudes became more accepting in the 20th century and it is now considered by many Australians to be a cause for celebration to have a convict in ones lineage, around 20% of modern Australians are descended from transported convicts. The convict era has inspired novels, films, and other cultural works. According to Robert Hughes in The Fatal Shore, the population of England and Wales, by the time of the American Revolution, London was overcrowded, filled with the unemployed, and flooded with cheap gin. Poverty, social injustice, child labor, harsh and dirty living conditions, Dickens novels perhaps best illustrate this, even some government officials were horrified by what they saw. Only in 1833 and 1844 were the first general laws against child labour passed in the United Kingdom, crime had become a major problem and in 1784 a French observer noted that from sunset to dawn the environs of London became the patrimony of brigands for twenty miles around. Each parish had a watchman, but British cities did not have forces in the modern sense. Jeremy Bentham avidly promoted the idea of a prison. Virtually all malefactors were caught by informers or denounced to the court by their victims. Pursuant to the so-called Bloody Code, by the 1770s there were 222 crimes in Britain which carried the death penalty, almost all of which were crimes against property. These included such offences as the stealing of goods worth over 5 shillings, the cutting down of a tree, the situation was so dire that hulks left over from the Seven Years War were used as makeshift floating prisons
43.
Arthur Phillip
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Admiral Arthur Phillip RN was a Royal Navy officer and the first Governor of New South Wales who founded the British penal colony that later became the city of Sydney, Australia. After much experience at sea, Phillip sailed with the First Fleet as Governor-designate of the proposed British penal colony of New South Wales, in January 1788, he selected its location to be Port Jackson. Phillip was a governor who soon saw that New South Wales would need a civil administration. But his plan to bring skilled tradesmen on the voyage had been rejected and his friendly attitude towards the aborigines was also sorely tested when they killed his gamekeeper, and he was not able to assert a clear policy about them. Phillip retired in 1805, but continued to correspond with his friends in New South Wales, Arthur Phillip was born on 11 October 1738, the younger of two children to Jacob Phillip and Elizabeth Breach. His father Jacob was born in Frankfurt, Germany and he was a languages teacher who may also have served in the Royal Navy as an able seaman and pursers steward. His mother Elizabeth was the widow of a seaman, John Herbert. At the time of Arthur Phillips birth, his family maintained a modest existence as tenants near Cheapside in the City of London, there are no surviving records of Phillips early childhood. His father Jacob died in 1739, after which the Phillip family may have fallen on hard times, on 22 June 1751 he was accepted into the Greenwich Hospital School, a charity school for the sons of indigent seafarers. In keeping with the curriculum, his education was focused on literacy, arithmetic and navigational skills. He was a competent student and something of a perfectionist and his headmaster, Rev. Francis Swinden observed that in personality, Phillip was unassuming, reasonable, business-like to the smallest degree in everything he undertakes. Phillip remained at the Greenwich School for two and a half years, considerably longer than the student stay of twelve months. At the end of 1753 he was granted a seven-year indenture as an apprentice aboard Fortune and he left the Greenwich School on 1 December and spent the winter aboard Fortune awaiting the commencement of the 1754 whaling season. Phillip spent the summer of 1754 hunting whales near Svalbard in the Barents Sea, as an apprentice, his responsibilities included stripping blubber from whale carcasses and helping to pack it into barrels. Food was scarce and Fortunes thirty crew members supplemented their diet with eggs, scurvy grass. The ship returned to England on 20 July 1754, the whaling crew were paid off and replaced with twelve sailors for a winter voyage to the Mediterranean. As an apprentice, Phillip remained aboard as Fortune undertook a trading voyage to Barcelona and Livorno carrying salt and raisins, returning via Rotterdam with a cargo of grains. The ship returned to England in April 1755 and sailed immediately for Svalbard for that years whale hunt, Phillip was still a member of the crew, but abandoned his apprenticeship when the ship returned to England on 27 July
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