1.
Reggio Calabria
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Reggio di Calabria, commonly known as Reggio Calabria listen or simply Reggio in Southern Italy, is the biggest city and the most populated comune of Calabria, Southern Italy. It is the capital of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria, Reggio is located on the toe of the Italian Peninsula and is separated from the island of Sicily by the Strait of Messina. It is situated on the slopes of the Aspromonte, a long, about 560,000 people live in the metropolitan area, recognised in 2015 by Italian Republic as a metropolitan city. The region has been subject to earthquakes and it is a major economic center for regional services and transport on the southern shores of the Mediterranean. Reggio, with Naples and Taranto, is home to one of the most important archaeological museums, Reggio is the seat, since 1907, of the Archeological Superintendence of Bruttium and Lucania. The city center, consisting primarily of Liberty buildings, has a development along the coast with parallel streets. The city was an Italian candidate to become the European Capital of Culture. in 2019, during its 3, 500-year history Reggio has often been renamed. Each name corresponds with the major historical phases, Recion. Erythrà, the pre-Greek settlement populated by the Italic people, Rhégion, the Greek city from the archaic age to the Magna Grecia age, from the 8th to the 3rd centuries BC. Febèa, a period under Dionysius II of Syracuse, in the 4th century BC. Regium, its first Latin name, during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, rhègium Julium, as a noble Roman city during the Imperial age. Rivàh, Arabic name under the domination by Emirate of Sicily. Rìsa, under the Normans, between the 11th and 12th centuries, regols, Aragonese name under the Crown of Aragon, in the late 13th century. Reggio or Regio, usual Italian name in the Middle and Modern age, règgio di Calàbria, post Italian Unification. The toponym of the city is derived from Chaldean word Rec or maybe from the Greek one régnȳmi referring to the Straits between Calabria and Sicily as a break in the land. The sculptor Léarchos was at Reggio at the end of the 15th century BC, the land around Reggio was first known as Saturnia, or Neptunia, and later Italia, which in Roman times became the name of the whole Italian peninsula. After Cumae, Reggio is one of the oldest Greek colonies in southern Italy, the colony was settled by the inhabitants of Chalcis in 730 or 743 BC on the site of the older settlement, Erythrà, meaning the Red one. This dated back to the 3rd millennium BC and was established by the Ausones
Reggio Calabria
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Collage of Reggio di Calabria. Clockwise from top of left to right: Piazza Italia, Lungomare Falcomatà,
Riace bronze statues in Magna Grecia National Museum, View of downtown Reggio, Messina Strait from Rotonda Square, seaside coast in Reggio.
Reggio Calabria
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Tetradrachm of Rhegion with the
Nemean Lion.
Reggio Calabria
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Reggio in a medieval engraving.
Reggio Calabria
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Effects of the
1908 earthquake.
2.
Italians
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Italians are a nation and ethnic group native to Italy who share a common culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a native tongue. The majority of Italian nationals are speakers of Standard Italian. Italians have greatly influenced and contributed to the arts and music, science, technology, cuisine, sports, fashion, jurisprudence, banking, Italian people are generally known for their localism and their attention to clothing and family values. The term Italian is at least 3,000 years old and has a history that goes back to pre-Roman Italy. According to one of the common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The Etruscan civilization reached its peak about the 7th century BC, but by 509 BC, when the Romans overthrew their Etruscan monarchs, its control in Italy was on the wane. By 350 BC, after a series of wars between Greeks and Etruscans, the Latins, with Rome as their capital, gained the ascendancy by 272 BC, and they managed to unite the entire Italian peninsula. This period of unification was followed by one of conquest in the Mediterranean, in the course of the century-long struggle against Carthage, the Romans conquered Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Finally, in 146 BC, at the conclusion of the Third Punic War, with Carthage completely destroyed and its inhabitants enslaved, octavian, the final victor, was accorded the title of Augustus by the Senate and thereby became the first Roman emperor. After two centuries of rule, in the 3rd century AD, Rome was threatened by internal discord and menaced by Germanic and Asian invaders. Emperor Diocletians administrative division of the empire into two parts in 285 provided only temporary relief, it became permanent in 395, in 313, Emperor Constantine accepted Christianity, and churches thereafter rose throughout the empire. However, he moved his capital from Rome to Constantinople. The last Western emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed in 476 by a Germanic foederati general in Italy and his defeat marked the end of the western part of the Roman Empire. During most of the period from the fall of Rome until the Kingdom of Italy was established in 1861, Odoacer ruled well for 13 years after gaining control of Italy in 476. Then he was attacked and defeated by Theodoric, the king of another Germanic tribe, Theodoric and Odoacer ruled jointly until 493, when Theodoric murdered Odoacer. Theodoric continued to rule Italy with an army of Ostrogoths and a government that was mostly Italian, after the death of Theodoric in 526, the kingdom began to grow weak
Italians
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Amerigo Vespucci, the notable geographer and traveller from whose name the word
America is derived.
Italians
Italians
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Christopher Columbus, the discoverer of the
New World.
Italians
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Laura Bassi, the first chairwoman of a university in a scientific field of studies.
3.
List of most wanted fugitives in Italy
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The list of most wanted fugitives in Italy is a most wanted list published by the Italian Interior Ministry. It includes criminals who are considered dangerous by the Polizia di Stato. The list was started in July 1992, there are also lists of 100 and 500 most wanted fugitives of lesser importance. When a fugitive is caught, they are removed from the list. 2015 Pasquale Scotti, wanted since 1985, arrested on 26 May 2015 in Recife,2013 Francesco Nirta, wanted since 2007, arrested on 20 September 2013 in Nieuwegein. Michele Antonio Varano, wanted since 2000, arrested on 12 May 2009 in Gandria, Varano was removed from the list in June 2013 and finally surrendered to the police on 2 December 2014 in Genoa. 2012 Domenico Condello, wanted since 1993, arrested on 10 October 2012, Francesco Matrone, wanted since 2007, arrested on 17 August 2012, in Battipaglia. Vito Badalamenti, wanted since 1995, statute of limitations declared expired on 29 March 2012,2011 Michele Zagaria, wanted since 1995, arrested on 7 December 2011, in Casapesenna. Sebastiano Pelle, wanted since 1995, arrested on 10 November 2011, Giovanni Arena, wanted since 1993, arrested on 26 October 2011, in Catania. Giuseppe DellAquila, wanted since 2002, arrested on 25 May 2011, Giuseppe Pacilli, wanted since 2009, arrested on 13 May 2011, in Monte SantAngelo. Mario Caterino, wanted since 2005, arrested on 2 May 2011,2010 Antonio Iovine, wanted since 1996, arrested on 17 November 2010, in Casal di Principe. Gerlandino Messina, wanted since 1999, arrested on 23 October 2010, Franco Li Bergolis, wanted since 2009, arrested on 26 September 2010, in Monte SantAngelo. Cesare Pagano, wanted since 2009, arrested on 8 July 2010, Giuseppe Falsone, wanted since 1999, arrested on 25 June 2010, in Marseille. Giovanni Tegano, wanted since 1993, arrested on 26 April 2010, nicola Panaro, wanted since 2003, arrested on 14 April 2010, in Lusciano. Paolo Di Mauro, wanted since 2003, arrested on 27 January 2010,2009 Raffaele Arzu, wanted since 2002, arrested on 9 December 2009, in Talana. Giovanni Nicchi, wanted since 2006, arrested on 5 December 2009, gaetano Fidanzati, wanted since 2008, arrested on 5 December 2009, in Milan. Domenico Raccuglia, wanted since 1996, arrested on 15 November 2009, Luigi Esposito, wanted since 2003, arrested on 7 November 2009, in Posillipo. Pasquale Russo, wanted since 1995, arrested on 1 November 2009, Salvatore Russo, wanted since 1995, arrested on 31 October 2009
List of most wanted fugitives in Italy
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Photofit of fugitive Mafia boss
Matteo Messina Denaro
4.
Paolo De Stefano
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Paolo De Stefano was a member of the Ndrangheta who became the undisputed boss of Reggio Calabria. Together with his brothers Giovanni, Giorgio and Orazio he headed the De Stefano ndrina, De Stefano clan hailed from the Archi neighbourhood in Reggio Calabria. Paolo and his brother Giorgio De Stefano went to university for several years, according to the pentito Giacomo Lauro, who held important positions in the Reggio Calabria clans, “In 1970 … the De Stefanos … were nobody, they were nobody. The De Stefano brothers became the owners of Reggio Calabria after the war, … I do not want to swear, but who the fuck were the De Stefanos in the 1970s. They had killed a certain Sergi for four oxen, for a fraud of four oxen in Modena … These were the De Stefanos and they committed petty fraud for four cows, … then with cigarettes. Within two years moved from being simple Ndranghetisti to being the new lords of Reggio Calabria. They won a monopoly of construction work in northern Reggio Calabria, moving the rival Tripodo group out of the market of public contracts with the support of the Piromalli. They also robbed a shipment of smuggled tobacco belonging to Tripodo, Paolo’s brother Giovanni De Stefano was killed in 1974 and his other brother Giorgio was wounded. The attack triggered the First Ndrangheta war, Tripodo was arrested in February 1975 and incarcerated in the Poggioreale prison in Naples. He was killed with the help of Camorra boss Raffaele Cutolo and he also supported prince Junio Valerio Borghese and his plans for a neo-fascist coup. The so-called Golpe Borghese fizzled out in the night of December 8,1970, De Stefano entered in a masonic lodge in order to better take care of business and political interests. He also supported his cousin, the lawyer Giorgio De Stefano, after the First Ndrangheta war, De Stefano became one of the undisputed bosses of Reggio Calabria, and attracted significant police attention. He was convicted in the trial against the Ndrangheta in 1979 and sent into internal banishment. He fled to France and in 1983 he was arrested in Cap dAntibes on the Côte dAzur, however, due to pre-arrest bail, release on ground of health and being a fugitive, he did not spend many days in jail. The conflict exploded in 1985, two years after the marriage and saw all the ‘ndrine in the city of Reggio Calabria grouped into either one of two opposing factions. De Stefano had become fearful of the new alliance that might challenge his power base, a failed attempt on Antonio Imerti triggered the murder of Paolo De Stefano on October 13,1985, by the brothers Paolo and Domenico Condello. The bloody six-year war between the Condello-Imerti clan and De Stefano allied with the Tegano clan left 621 deaths, the resulting clash with the Piromalli family, whose monopoly this was, half destroyed the De Stefano cosca and left the leader, Paolo De Stefano, dead. Paolo’s brother Orazio De Stefano and his cousin, the lawyer Giorgio De Stefano, both were seen as the main mentor of the pax mafiosa that ended the Second Ndrangheta war
Paolo De Stefano
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Paolo De Stefano
5.
Siderno
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Siderno is a town and comune located in Calabria, Italy about 3 kilometres from Locri. Siderno Marina is the town located on the Ionian coast. It is popular with both Italian and foreign tourists and has a bathing beach, Siderno Superiore is the old town, higher up on the flank of the coastal mountain range. It has historic palaces, old buildings and very narrow streets and it has now become a ghost town because most of the old population has moved to the more modern Siderno which is the new city and offers more job opportunities and services. The early history of the town is unknown, Siderno Marina was built along the coast after the 1783 earthquake. Large-scale emigration abroad as well as to Northern Italy, which began to only in the 1970s, has had a lasting effect on the demographic situation in the region. Emigrants from Siderno emigrated to the United States, Canada and Australia since the end of the 19th century to find employment, many moving to Canada settled in Schreiber, Ontario, because of the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway and many played a major part in its completion. One of them was Cosimo Figliomeni and his good fortune and letters home lured many of his villagers to jobs in Schreiber. Half of Schreiber’s 2,000 residents trace their roots to the Italian city of Siderno, the town is home to the Ndrangheta, a Mafia-type criminal organization based in Calabria. Several powerful criminal clans originate from the town, Siderno was the fiefdom of Antonio Macrì, the undisputed local boss until his demise in January 1975. Several of the clans are sometimes involved in bloody feuds. The town is home to one of the Ndranghetas biggest and most important clans, several clans moved to Canada, in particular the Greater Toronto Area, home to what Canadian law enforcement call the Siderno Group, which has been here since at least the 1950s. The criminal minds of Siderno are in Canada, according to the Siderno police force, one of them, Antonio Commisso, was arrested in June 2005. Thunder Bay, Canada Donisi, Vennerello, Mirto, Campo, Lucis, Zammariti, Pellegrina, Arona, San Filippo, Leone, Grappidaro, Gonia, Pergola, fratelli di Sangue, Cosenza, Luigi Pellegrini Editore ISBN 88-8101-373-8 Italian Wikipedia article on Siderno
Siderno
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Map of the province of Reggio Calabria
6.
La Santa
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La Santa is a secret society within the Ndrangheta, a criminal organisation in Calabria. The name probably derives from the shortening of mamma santissima, in mafia slang, the expression is used to refer to mafia chiefs. Mamma santissima literally means most holy mother and refers to the Virgin Mary, the Santa was an innovation in the traditional stratification of the Ndrangheta introduced in the early 1970s to maximize the power and invisibility of the most important bosses. Security concerns led to the creation of a society within the secret society. Membership in the Santa is only known to other members, contrary to the Ndrangheta code, it allowed bosses to establish close connections with state representatives, even to the extent that some were affiliated with the Santa. These connections were established through the Freemasonry, which the santisti – breaking another rule of the traditional code – were allowed to join. The rank of santista was established at the end of the 1960s by Girolamo Piromalli, leader of the Piromalli family in Gioia Tauro and he said that this rank had been given him directly in Toronto, where there was a very important ndrina. The Santa was originally set up as an exclusive body restricted to 33 people, only when a santista died another member was allowed to enter it. As the years went by, an inflation took place in assigning the status of santista, around 1978, a new higher rank was established, the vangelo. Later this was followed by the institution of the position of trequartino or quintino, finally, the current highest rank of associazione was established – reserved for the supreme bosses of the Ndrangheta. Girolamo Piromalli Paolo De Stefano Antonio Nirta Giuseppe Nirta Francesco Nirta Natale Iamonte Santo Araniti Antonio Mammoliti Rocco Gioffrè Paoli, mafia Brotherhoods, Organized Crime, Italian Style, Oxford/New York, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-515724-9
La Santa
–
Ranks
7.
Domenico Tripodo
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Domenico Tripodo was an Italian criminal and a historical and charismatic boss of the Ndrangheta dominating the city of Reggio Calabria and the surrounding areas. Also known as Don Mico Tripodo he was one of the most powerful Ndrangheta bosses of his time, Tripodo rose to power by ousting the old Reggio boss Domenico Strati after a two-year conflict in 1958-59. In the 1960s, he formed a sort of triumvirate with Antonio Macrì, the triumvirate’s senior position was recognized by all other family chiefs and their advice was in most cases followed without protest. Tripodo acquired considerable financial resources through tobacco smuggling and he had relations with the Sicilian Mafia and was the compare d’anello of Mafia boss Totò Riina at his wedding in 1974. According to Enzo Ciconte, a specialist on the Ndrangheta and a consultant for the Antimafia Commission, Tripodo was opposed by his former underbosses in Reggio, the De Stefano brothers. They won a monopoly of construction work in northern Reggio Calabria, moving the rival Tripodo group out of the market of public contracts with the support of the Piromalli. They also robbed a shipment of smuggled tobacco belonging to Tripodo, the various disagreement led to bloodshed in the First Ndrangheta war, which took place in 1974-76. Tripodo tried to strike first, killing Giovanni De Stefano in 1974, Tripodo did not see the end of the conflict. He was arrested on February 21,1975, and incarcerated in the Poggioreale prison in Naples, paolo De Stefano emerged as the new leader of the Reggio Calabria Ndrangheta. After the defeat, his son Carmelo Tripodo first moved to north Italy, later to Caserta in Campania and he allied himself with the Calabrian Imerti-Condello clan, historical enemies of the De Stefanos. He was arrested on October 30,1996, in Rome on charges of extortion, the Mafia Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Oxford, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-285197-7 Paoli, Letizia. Mafia Brotherhoods, Organized Crime, Italian Style, New York, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-515724-9
Domenico Tripodo
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Ranks
8.
Villa San Giovanni
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Villa San Giovanni is a town and comune in the province of Reggio Calabria, Calabria, southern Italy. In 2010 its population was 13,747 and it is the main terminal of access to Sicily. On 25 April 2005 the President of the Republic had conferred upon it the title of city and it is located on the coast of Strait of Messina, facing the city of Messina across the narrow strait. The Punta Pezzo lies in the area and is the nearest point to Sicily, there are many neighborhoods, Acciarello, Cannitello, Pezzo and Piale. On 28 December 1908 a powerful earthquake in the Strait of Messina killed 698 people in Villa San Giovanni, the last decades of the sixteenth century saw the rise in the small coastal villages, as Cannitello and Pieces, inhabited mostly by sailors and fishermen. Further inland, at the current center of the Villa, there was a village called Blackwater, later he also formed Piale and Acciarello. On 8 January 1676 he fought a battle between the Dutch and the French fleet in the waters of the Strait in front of Punta Pezzo. Probably the guns found in Pieces in 1902 were built in this battle, the plague of 1743 and the fire pit In 1743, an unfortunate incident involving the small village of Fossa. In March of that year, a Genoese ship loaded with wheat from Patras had brought the plague to Messina. The Health Council of the city of Reggio Calabria had ordered all boats not to approach the port of Messina and instituirono of guard duty on the coast to enforce the ordinance. Throughout the month of April, arrived in Naples news confused on the situation of Messina, so the government did not take the necessary steps, among these smugglers were the brothers Peter and Paul Lombardo di Fossa, originating Fiumara. In any case, the epidemic also came to the Pit, the governor Ferri and the two mayors did then Fossa the scapegoat of the epidemic and ordered an expedition against the small town. Initially, the residents of Blackwater tried to resist, but had to give, all the inhabitants, including old men, women and children, were forced to strip naked and to be washed with oil and vinegar. I reggini were made to deliver the clothes and all property and forced the inhabitants to march naked to Punta Pezzo. ma piece. I fossesi remained in miserable conditions at the beach Piece for several days, the Ferri ordered him to Carlo Ruffo, Duke of Bagnara and Lord of Fiumara di Muro to provide him, as fossesi were still part of the feud fiumarese. But it was sent a few beans and a cow. Only the captain of a boat that was carrying onions from Tropea took pity on them, finally, between Blackwater and the neighboring towns about eighty people died from the plague. A Messina of 62,775 inhabitants were left just 11,436, Government aid were absorbed by Reggio and Messina and fossesi nothing came
Villa San Giovanni
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Villa San Giovanni
Villa San Giovanni
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The Old Fountain of Villa San Giovanni
Villa San Giovanni
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The belltower of the church of San Cosma e Damiano in Villa San Giovanni
9.
Domenico Condello
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Domenico Condello, also known as Micu u pacciu, is an Italian criminal belonging to the Ndrangheta, a Mafia-type criminal organisation in Calabria. He was arrested on October 10,2012, before his arrest, he was on the list of most wanted fugitives in Italy. With his brother Paolo Condello he was arrested in January 1988 for the killing of De Stefano and he was sentenced to life, but was released in November 1990 because the terms of his pretrial detention expired before the appeal. His cousin Pasquale Condello, the leader of the clan, was arrested in February 2008. His companion is Margherita Tegano, with whom he has two children and she was arrested in March 2012, together with Condellos cousins Caterina and Giuseppa Condello and 15 others, for obstructing Condello’s arrest
Domenico Condello
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Domenico Condello
10.
Antonio Nirta
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Antonio Nirta was a boss of the Ndrangheta, a Mafia-type organization in Calabria, Italy. Together with his brothers Giuseppe, Francesco and Sebastiano, he ruled San Luca, San Luca, in the words of a study published in 2005 by Italys domestic intelligence service, is the cradle of and its epicentre. Since the mid-1970s, according to several pentiti, members of the Nirta family from San Luca, Nirta and his brothers belonged to the high level of the organisation, the maggiore. In 1935, at the age of 16, Nirta was already charged for coercion with the use of arms, in 1953, authorities considered him a danger for public order and in 1967 he was charged with criminal association, extortion and attempted murder. In October 1969, he participated in the infamous Montalto meeting near the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Polsi in the municipality of San Luca, the Court in Locri sentenced Nirta to two years and seven months for criminal association because of his attendance of the meeting. Nirta vouched for the De Stefanos, while Antonio Mammoliti vouched for the Imerti clan and he became a member of La Provincia, a provincial commission of the Ndrangheta formed at the end of the war in September 1991, to avoid further internal conflicts. On August 8,1993, Nirta was arrested in the town of Benestare. He died at home on 1 September 2015, mafia Brotherhoods, Organized Crime, Italian Style
Antonio Nirta
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Antonio Nirta
11.
San Luca
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San Luca is a comune in the Province of Reggio Calabria in the Italian region Calabria, located about 100 kilometres southwest of Catanzaro and about 35 kilometres east of Reggio Calabria. The town is situated on the slopes of the Aspromonte mountain, in the valley of the Bonamico river. At about 10 kilometres from San Luca up the lies the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Polsi. The Italian author Corrado Alvaro was born in San Luca in 1895 and his hand-written notes and other personal belongings are now kept in the house where he was born by the Corrado Alvaro Foundation. San Luca was founded on October 18,1592, by the Prince Sigismund Loffredo and named after the saint of that day, Luke the Evangelist. It was populated by refugees from the old town of Potamia, San Luca became a comune in 1811, and was hit by floods and landslides in 1951,1953 and December 1972. Around 1900, at the time the young Corrado Alvaro grew up in San Luca, illiteracy was near 100 percent, the women went to fetch water with the casks on their heads at a well nearby. The town was pretty much isolated, there was no road to the coast, many inhabitants joined the Italian diaspora to escape the extreme poverty. San Luca is considered to be the stronghold of the Ndrangheta, at least since the 1950s, the chiefs of the Ndrangheta locali have met regularly near the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Polsi during the September Feast. In 1969 the police raided a meeting near the sanctuary and captured more than 70 ndranghetisti, San Luca, in the words of a study published in 2005 by Italys domestic intelligence service, is the cradle of and its epicentre. Corrado Alvaro, journalist and writer Antonio Pelle, also known as Ntoni Gambazza, a historically significant Ndrangheta boss Antonio Nirta, mafia Brotherhoods, Organized Crime, Italian Style. All In The Famiglia, Cracking omertà in Calabria, by Bruce Livesey, The Walrus Magazine, May 2008
San Luca
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Map of the province of Reggio Calabria
12.
La Provincia
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The Provincia, is a collegial body of the Ndrangheta, a Mafia-type organisation in Calabria. It is also known as camera di controllo or camera di canalizzazione and it is composed of leading Ndrangheta members to decide on important questions concerning the organization and settling disputes. The bloody six-year war between the Condello-Imerti-Serraino-Rosmini clans and the De Stefano-Tegano-Libri-Latella clans left more than 600 deaths. The Sicilian Mafia contributed to the end of the conflict and probably suggested the subsequent set up of a body, similar to the Sicilian Mafia Commission. The body, also referred to as the Commission in reference to its Sicilian counterpart, is composed of three bodies, known as mandamenti. One for the clans on the Ionic side of Calabria, a second for the Tyrrhenian side, according to the pentito Pasquale Barreca the Provincia had the authority of a true hierarchical superordinate power. Its primary function is the settlement of inter-family disputes, any controversy between the various clans has to be submitted to the Commission before violence can be used. Smaller conflicts within the same Ndrangheta group are left to the jurisdiction of the local family boss. If a decision of the Commission is ignored, all the locali – all the ndrine in a town or territory – are expected to line up against the one who violated the decision. However, so far the Commission has not succeeded in ending all violent conflicts, the membership of the first Provincia or Commission varies according to different testimonies of Ndrangheta turncoats. In the course of the investigation the capo crimine also appeared to be the head of the Provincia. Oppedisano represented the Tyrrhenian mandamento, while his No,2, the Capo società Antonino Latella represented the Centre and Bruno Gioffré, the Mastro generale, the Ionic side. To govern the Ndrangheta locali outside Calabria a so-called Camera di controllo is constituted, the investigation confirmed the existence of a Camera di controllo in Lombardy and Liguria. A Camera di Controllo also exists in Canada, according to information of the police which they believe to be reliable. It consists of six or seven Toronto-area men, who co-ordinate activities and resolves disputes among Calabrian gangsters in Southern Ontario, one of the members was Giuseppe Coluccio, before he was arrested and extradited to Italy. Other members are Vincenzo DeMaria, as well as a member of the Figliomeni clan, fratelli di Sangue, Cosenza, Luigi Pellegrini Editore ISBN 88-8101-373-8 Paoli, Letizia. Mafia Brotherhoods, Organized Crime, Italian Style, New York, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-515724-9
La Provincia
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Ranks
13.
Lodovico Ligato
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Lodovico Ligato was an Italian Christian Democrat politician from Reggio Calabria and the former head of the Italian State Railways. He was killed by the Ndrangheta – the Calabrian equivalent of the Mafia, born in Reggio Calabria as the son of a poor railwayman, he began in journalism, joined the Christian Democrat Party and in 1979 was elected to parliament with a large majority. He won with 80,000 votes thanks to the support of the De Stefano ndrina, intelligent, pushy, self-assured and charming, he rose quickly in the ranks of the party. In 1985, thanks to his connections, he was made head of the state railways. Subsequently, there were charges of bribery, corruption and embezzlement. Back in Calabria he claimed a share of the rake-offs from huge. At the end of the 1980s,600 billion lire were allocated for the modernization of the city of Reggio Calabria, Ligato demanded a 10 percent bribe on the whole project, jeopardizing agreements already reached among a so-called business committee of local politicians and Ndrangheta groups. On August 27,1989, he was killed after he bade farewell to dinner guests at the gate of his villa at Bocale. In 1992 four Calabrian politicians - three Christian Democrats and a Socialist - were charged with deciding, along with five Ndrangheta bosses, to have ordered the assassination of Ligato. The two former MPs, one a minister, and two former mayors of Reggio Calabria and their Ndrangheta associates decided to kill Ligato because he had got in the way of their business interests. The politicians were absolved from ordering the killing in 1996, among the Ndrangheta bosses who ordered the killing were Pasquale Condello, Santo Araniti, Paolo Serraino and Diego Rosmini and his namesake son. Mafia Brotherhoods, Organized Crime, Italian Style, Oxford/New York, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-515724-9
Lodovico Ligato
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Lodovico Ligato in 1979.
14.
Christian Democracy (Italy)
–
Christian Democracy was a Christian democratic political party in Italy. The DC was founded in 1943 as the successor of the Italian Peoples Party, which had the same symbol. The party was nicknamed the White Whale, from 1946 until 1994 the DC was the largest party in Parliament, governing in successive coalitions. It originally supported governments based on political positions, before moving to centre-left coalitions. The party was succeeded by a string of parties, including the Italian Peoples Party, the Christian Democratic Centre, the United Christian Democrats. Former Christian Democrats are also spread among other parties, including the centre-right Forza Italia and the New Centre-Right, the DC was a founding member of the European Peoples Party in 1976. The party was founded as the revival of the Italian Peoples Party, a party created in 1919 by Luigi Sturzo. In December 1945 Christian Democrat Alcide De Gasperi was appointed Prime Minister of Italy, in the 1946 general election the DC won 35. 2% of the vote. In May 1947 De Gasperi broke decisively with his Communist and Socialist coalition partners under pressure from U. S. President Harry Truman. This opened the way for a centrist coalition that included the Italian Workers Socialist Party, a centrist break-away from the PSI, as well as its allies, the PLI. In the 1948 general election the DC went on to win a victory, with the support of the Catholic Church and the United States. Under De Gasperi, major reforms were carried out in the poorer rural regions in the early postwar years, with farms appropriated from the large landowners. De Gasperi served as Prime Minister until 1953 and would die a year later. No Christian Democrat would match his longevity in office and, despite the fact that DCs share of vote was always between 38 and 43% from 1953 to 1979, the party was more and more fractious, as a result, Prime Ministers changed more frequently. From 1954 the DC was led by progressive Christian Democrats, such as Amintore Fanfani, Aldo Moro and Benigno Zaccagnini, supported by the influential left-wing factions. In 1963 the party, under Prime Minister Aldo Moro, formed a coalition with the PSI, which returned to ministerial roles after 16 years, the PSDI, similar Organic Centre-left governments became usual through the 1960s and the 1970s. From 1976 to 1979 the DC governed with the support of the PCI. Moro, who was the party leader and who had inspired the Compromise, was abducted and murdered by the Red Brigades
Christian Democracy (Italy)
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Alcide De Gasperi
Christian Democracy (Italy)
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Christian Democracy Democrazia Cristiana
Christian Democracy (Italy)
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Giulio Andreotti
Christian Democracy (Italy)
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Propaganda posters of the DC: they described to potential voters the party's commitment to
anti-communism (in the left poster),
traditionalism (in the centre poster), and
family values (in the right poster). Note the use of symbols, especially the crossed shield (representing the DC) protecting
Italy (represented by
Italia Turrita) from the
communist hammer and sickle symbol being used as a weapon in the left poster.
15.
Italian State Railways
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Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane S. p. A. is a government-owned holding company that manages infrastructure and services on the Italian rail network. One of the subsidiaries of the company, Trenitalia, is the rail operator in Italy. Ferrovie dello Stato was instituted by an act on 22 April 1905, taking control over the majority of the national railways, the president was nominated by the government. With the rise of fascism, a policy was carried out. The board of directors and chief administrator office were abolished at the end of 1922, the institution was administered by a commissioner, appointed by the King until April 1924. Since then, Ferrovie dello Stato was managed by the newly born Ministry of Communications, after the armistice on 8 September 1943, Italy was divided and train operations were separately directed too, with headquarters in Salerno for the south and Verona for the north. The period after World War II was particularly tough for Ferrovie dello Stato, since most of the Italian rail network was severely damaged, the network was rebuilt almost entirely by 1952. Since then, a period of renewal started, new trains were introduced, among them the ETR300, and many sections of the national network were electrified and sometimes doubled. In 1957, the new ALn 442/448 multiple unit was introduced, during these years, the rolling stock was generally renewed and expanded with the mass construction of electrical and diesel multiple units, like the Ale 883, ALe 840 and ALn 772. However, the revolution was the introduction in 1956 of the new FS ALn 668 diesel multiple unit. In the following years,3 MU out of 4 were 668, many electrical multiple units were also introduced during this period, like the ALe 601, progenitor of the Ale 801/940 and ALe 803 EMU, still in use today on regional service. During the 1970s, electronic cars were first introduced on the Italian network, trains for regional and metropolitan service. The new E.444 was the first attempt on high-speed rail, the ETR401 was the first prototype of the new Pendolino class. Following other network improvements, works for the first Italian high-speed rail line started in these years, the Direttissima line from Florence to Rome was partially opened in 1986 and concluded in 1992. In 1986, trains were travelling the line at 200 km/h, in 1988, the ETR450 Pendolino was travelling regularly at 250 km/h, todays top speed on the line. The line was the fastest in Europe after the French TGV lines, the old logo was renewed in 1982 and again in 1994, with the introduction of the XMPR livery. The FS was left unchanged in its structure until the end of 1985. From the following year, after 80 years, the Azienda Autonoma delle Ferrovie dello Stato was replaced by a new company, the newly born Ferrovie dello Stato underwent major structural transformations between 1986 and 1992
Italian State Railways
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Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane S.p.A.
16.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
Wayback Machine
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Wayback Machine
17.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
