1.
Tom Clancy
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Thomas Leo Tom Clancy Jr. was an American novelist and video game designer best known for his technically detailed espionage and military-science story lines set during and after the Cold War. Seventeen of his novels were bestsellers, and more than 100 million copies of his books are in print and his name was also used on movie scripts written by ghost writers, nonfiction books on military subjects, and video games. He was a part-owner of the Baltimore Orioles and vice-chairman of their community activities, Clancys literary career began in 1984 when he sold The Hunt for Red October for $5,000. His works, The Hunt for Red October, Patriot Games, Clear and Present Danger, Clancy died on October 1,2013, of an undisclosed illness. Clancy was born on April 12,1947, at Franklin Square Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland and he was the second of three children to Thomas Clancy, who worked for the United States Postal Service, and Catherine Clancy, who worked in a stores credit department. His mother worked to him to the private Catholic Loyola Blakefield in Towson, Maryland. He then attended Loyola College in Baltimore, graduating in 1969 with a degree in English literature, while at university, he was president of the chess club. He joined the Army Reserve Officers Training Corps, however, he was ineligible to serve due to his nearsightedness, after graduating, he worked for an insurance company in Hartford, Connecticut. In 1973, he joined the O. F. Bowen Agency, in 1980, he purchased the insurance agency from his wifes grandmother and wrote novels in his spare time. While working at the agency, he wrote his debut novel. Clancys literary career began in 1982 when he started writing The Hunt for Red October and she believed Clancy had an innate storytelling ability, and his characters had this very witty dialogue. The publisher requested Clancy to cut numerous technical details, amounting to about 100 pages, Clancy, who had wanted to sell 5,000 copies, ended up selling over 45,000. The book was praised for its technical accuracy, which led to Clancys meeting several high-ranking officers in the U. S. military. All but two of Clancys solely written novels feature Jack Ryan or John Clark, the Cold War epic Red Storm Rising was co-written with fellow military-oriented author Larry Bond. The first NetForce novel, titled Net Force, was adapted as a 1999 TV movie starring Scott Bakula, the first Op-Center novel was released to coincide with a 1995 NBC television miniseries of the same name starring Harry Hamlin and a cast of stars. Though the miniseries did not continue, the series did, but later had little in common with the first TV miniseries other than the title. Clancy wrote several books about various branches of the U. S. He also branded several lines of books and video games with his name that are written by other authors, by 1988, Clancy had earned $1.3 million for The Hunt for Red October and had signed a $3 million contract for his next three books
2.
Jack Ryan (Tom Clancy character)
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Dr John Patrick Jack Ryan, Sr. KCVO, Ph. D. is a fictional character created by Tom Clancy who appears in many of his novels and their respective film adaptations. Jack Ryan was born in Baltimore in 1950 and grew up there and he earned an NROTC commission in the Marines at Boston College. Medically discharged at the rank of 2ndLt following a helicopter crash and he met and married Caroline Cathy Mueller, a medical student and later an ophthalmic surgeon, with whom he had four children. He returned to academia, eventually accepting a position at the U. S. Naval Academy and he was later recommended to the CIA, eventually spending a short period there writing a position paper, as well as developing a counter-espionage mechanism. He returned to the academy and, while on a research trip to London. After his return to the States, he accepted a position with the CIA. He rose rapidly through the ranks in a variety of operations against the USSR. As DDI, he had political battles that led to him becoming President of the United States, Ryan had his background established in Patriot Games and Red Rabbit. He was born in 1950, the son of Emmet William Ryan, a Baltimore Police Department homicide lieutenant, the elder Ryan had served with the U. S. Armys 101st Airborne Division at the Battle of the Bulge. His mother, Catherine Burke Ryan, was a nurse, without Remorse mentioned that he had a sister, who lived in Seattle. S. While waiting for the Corps to assign him, he passed the Certified Public Accountant exam, after officer training at Marine Corps Base Quantico, he went on to serve as a platoon commander. The crash badly injured Ryans back, U. S. Navy surgeons, at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, inadequately repaired his back. This led to a recovery process after which, complete with a permanent disability and wearing a back brace. He passed his stockbrokers exam and took a position with Wall Street investment firm Merrill Lynchs Baltimore office and his parents died in a plane crash at Chicago Midway International Airport,19 months after his crash in Crete. He developed a fear of flying that persisted for years, the film version of The Hunt for Red October changed his education background to being a 1972 graduate of the US Naval Academy. Ryans story starts in Patriot Games and continues in Red Rabbit and he did so well that one of Merrill Lynchs senior vice presidents, Joe Muller, came to Baltimore to have dinner with him, with the objective of inviting him to the firms New York City headquarters. Also present is Mullers daughter Caroline, nicknamed Cathy, then a medical student at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. They immediately fall in love and get engaged, one night, while having dinner with his fiancée, Ryan throws out his back
3.
G. P. Putnam's Sons
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G. P. Putnams Sons is an American book publisher based in New York City, New York. Since 1996, it has been an imprint of the Penguin Group, the company began as Wiley & Putnam with the 1838 partnership between George Palmer Putnam and John Wiley, whose father had founded his own company in 1807. In 1841, Putnam went to London where he set up a branch office, in 1848, he returned to New York, where he dissolved the partnership with John Wiley and established G. Putnam Broadway, publishing a variety of works including quality illustrated books. Wiley began John Wiley, which is still an independent publisher to the present day, Putnam & Co. started Putnam’s Magazine with Charles Frederick Briggs as its editor. On George Palmer Putnam’s death in 1872, his sons George H. John and Irving inherited the business, son George H. Putnam became president of the firm, a position he held for the next fifty-two years. In 1874, the company established its own printing and manufacturing office, set up by John Putnam. On the death of George H. Putnam in 1930, the various Putnam heirs voted to merge the firm with Minton, George Palmer Putnams grandson, George P. Putnam, left the firm at that time. Melville Minton, the partner and sales manager of Minton Balch & Co. became acting president, in 1936, Putnam acquired the publisher Coward-McCann, and ran it as an imprint into the 1980s. Upon Melville Mintons death, his son Walter J. Minton took command of Putnams and brought the company to its lofty heights as one of the countrys most respected, in 1965, G. P. Putnams Sons acquired Berkley Books, a mass market paperback publishing house. Ten years later, Putnam Publishing Group and Berkley Publishing Group were sold to MCA, in 1982, Putnam acquired the respected childrens book publisher, Grosset & Dunlap, from Filmways. In 1996, the company was bought by the Penguin Group, the new owners merged Putnam/Berkley with Penguin USA to form Penguin Putnam Inc. who uses the name to publish the G. P. Putnams Sons Books for Young Readers, in 2013, Penguin merged with Bertelsmanns Random House, forming Penguin Random House. Some of the authors associated with G. P. Putnams Sons. Notes Bibliography About Putnam at Penguin Group
4.
Hardcover
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A hardcover or hardback book is one bound with rigid protective covers. It has a flexible, sewn spine which allows the book to lie flat on a surface when opened, following the ISBN sequence numbers, books of this type may be identified by the abbreviation Hbk. Hardcover books are printed on acid-free paper, and are much more durable than paperbacks. Hardcover books are more costly to manufacture. If brisk sales are anticipated, an edition of a book is typically released first. Some publishers publish paperback originals if slow hardback sales are anticipated, for very popular books these sales cycles may be extended, and followed by a mass market paperback edition typeset in a more compact size and printed on shallower, less hardy paper. In the past the release of an edition was one year after the hardback. It is very unusual for a book that was first published in paperback to be followed by a hardback, an example is the novel The Judgment of Paris by Gore Vidal, which had its revised edition of 1961 first published in paperback, and later in hardcover. Hardcover books are sold at higher prices than comparable paperbacks. Hardcovers typically consist of a block, two boards, and a cloth or heavy paper covering. The pages are sewn together and glued onto a flexible spine between the boards, and it too is covered by the cloth, a paper wrapper, or dust jacket, is usually put over the binding, folding over each horizontal end of the boards. On the folded part, or flap, over the front cover is generally a blurb, the back flap is where the biography of the author can be found. Reviews are often placed on the back of the jacket, bookbinding Paperback How to make a simple Hardcover book
5.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
6.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
7.
Dewey Decimal Classification
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The Dewey Decimal Classification, or Dewey Decimal System, is a proprietary library classification system first published in the United States by Melvil Dewey in 1876. It has been revised and expanded through 23 major editions, the latest issued in 2011 and it is also available in an abridged version suitable for smaller libraries. It is currently maintained by the Online Computer Library Center, a cooperative that serves libraries. OCLC licenses access to a version for catalogers called WebDewey. The Decimal Classification introduced the concepts of relative location and relative index which allow new books to be added to a library in their location based on subject. Libraries previously had given books permanent shelf locations that were related to the order of acquisition rather than topic, the classifications notation makes use of three-digit Arabic numerals for main classes, with fractional decimals allowing expansion for further detail. Using Arabic numerals for symbols, it is flexible to the degree that numbers can be expanded in linear fashion to cover aspects of general subjects. A library assigns a number that unambiguously locates a particular volume in a position relative to other books in the library. The number makes it possible to find any book and to return it to its place on the library shelves. The classification system is used in 200,000 libraries in at least 135 countries, the major competing classification system to the Dewey Decimal system is the Library of Congress Classification system created by the U. S. Melvil Dewey was an American librarian and self-declared reformer and he was a founding member of the American Library Association and can be credited with the promotion of card systems in libraries and business. He developed the ideas for his classification system in 1873 while working at Amherst College library. He applied the classification to the books in library, until in 1876 he had a first version of the classification. In 1876, he published the classification in pamphlet form with the title A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and he used the pamphlet, published in more than one version during the year, to solicit comments from other librarians. It is not known who received copies or how many commented as only one copy with comments has survived, in March 1876, he applied for, and received copyright on the first edition of the index. The edition was 44 pages in length, with 2,000 index entries, comprised 314 pages, with 10,000 index entries. Editions 3–14, published between 1888 and 1942, used a variant of this same title, Dewey modified and expanded his system considerably for the second edition. In an introduction to that edition Dewey states that nearly 100 persons hav contributed criticisms, one of the innovations of the Dewey Decimal system was that of positioning books on the shelves in relation to other books on similar topics
8.
Library of Congress Classification
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The Library of Congress Classification is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress. It is used by most research and academic libraries in the U. S. the Classification is also distinct from Library of Congress Subject Headings, the system of labels such as Boarding schools and Boarding schools—Fiction that describe contents systematically. The classification was invented by Herbert Putnam in 1897, just before he assumed the librarianship of Congress, with advice from Charles Ammi Cutter, it was influenced by his Cutter Expansive Classification, the Dewey Decimal System, and the Putnam Classification System. It was designed specifically for the purposes and collection of the Library of Congress to replace the fixed location system developed by Thomas Jefferson, by the time Putnam departed from his post in 1939, all the classes except K and parts of B were well developed. LCC has been criticized for lacking a theoretical basis, many of the classification decisions were driven by the practical needs of that library rather than epistemological considerations. Although it divides subjects into broad categories, it is essentially enumerative in nature and that is, it provides a guide to the books actually in one librarys collections, not a classification of the world. In 2007 the Wall Street Journal reported that in the countries it surveyed most public libraries, the National Library of Medicine classification system uses the initial letters W and QS–QZ, which are not used by LCC. Some libraries use NLM in conjunction with LCC, eschewing LCCs R for Medicine, others use LCCs QP–QR schedules and include Medicine R. Subclass AC – Collections. Collected works Subclass AE – Encyclopedias Subclass AG – Dictionaries and other reference works Subclass AI – Indexes Subclass AM – Museums. Collectors and collecting Subclass AN – Newspapers Subclass AP – Periodicals Subclass AS – Academies, directories Subclass AZ – History of scholarship and learning. The humanities Subclass B – Philosophy Subclass BC – Logic Subclass BD – Speculative philosophy Subclass BF – Psychology Subclass BH – Aesthetics Subclass BJ – Ethics Subclass BL – Religions, rationalism Subclass BM – Judaism Subclass BP – Islam. Seals Subclass CE – Technical Chronology, calendar Subclass CJ – Numismatics Subclass CN – Inscriptions. Former Soviet Republics – Poland Subclass DL – Northern Europe, maps Subclass GA – Mathematical geography. Cartography Subclass GB – Physical geography Subclass GC – Oceanography Subclass GE – Environmental Sciences Subclass GF – Human ecology, anthropogeography Subclass GN – Anthropology Subclass GR – Folklore Subclass GT – Manners and customs Subclass GV – Recreation. Leisure Subclass H – Social sciences Subclass HA – Statistics Subclass HB – Economic theory, demography Subclass HC – Economic history and conditions Subclass HD – Industries. Labor Subclass HE – Transportation and communications Subclass HF – Commerce Subclass HG – Finance Subclass HJ – Public finance Subclass HM – Sociology Subclass HN – Social history, Social reform Subclass HQ – The family. Marriage, Women and Sexuality Subclass HS – Societies, secret, benevolent, races Subclass HV – Social pathology. Municipal government Subclass JV – Colonies and colonization, International migration Subclass JX – International law, see JZ and KZ Subclass JZ – International relations Subclass K – Law in general
9.
Without Remorse
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Without Remorse is a thriller novel published in 1993 by Tom Clancy and is a part of the Jack Ryan universe series. While not the first novel of the series to be published, the main setting of the book is set during the Vietnam War, in the American city of Baltimore. The book focuses on the development of one of Clancys recurring characters, John Kelly/John Clark, the book serves to give a history of Kellys life, and explains how he becomes John Clark. The book alternates between two story arcs. John Kelly is enlisted by the military and CIA to plan, meanwhile, in the United States, a heroin ring in Baltimore uses enslaved prostitutes as drug mules. One of the escapes and becomes Kellys girlfriend, she is subsequently recaptured, tortured. Kelly embarks on a mission of revenge against the gang, but must stay one step ahead of the police investigation, in both missions, Kelly struggles with his questions about the moral use of violence and watches the human toll of war abroad and the drug epidemic at home. He also contends with traitors whose personal agendas put countless innocents at risk, the prologue of the story occurs in late 1970. John Kelly participates in an Underwater Demolition Teams destruction of an oil rig irreparably damaged by Hurricane Camille the previous year, while driving to pick him up after the job, Kellys pregnant wife Patricia is killed in a car accident. Meanwhile, Robin Zacharias, an Air Force colonel and F-105 pilot, is shot down during a Wild Weasel strike over North Vietnam, the story moves to late spring in the first chapter. Robin is captured and reported killed in action and he is transferred to a secret POW camp administered by the NVA. The purpose of the camp is to aid from the Soviet Union. Each of the high-ranking prisoners possesses highly classified technical knowledge and has already declared dead, allowing the Soviets to interrogate them. Conducting the interrogation is Colonel Nikolai Yevgenievich Kolya Grishanov and he is a humane man who lobbies his government to have them brought to the Soviet Union in safety, but friction between the two allies is leading the North Vietnamese to decide to kill the POWs. While Zacharias is being moved to his cell, a U. S. target drone photographs him, Admiral Dutch Maxwell recognizes the pilot, who had helped develop the Strategic Air Commands war plans. This helps Maxwell justify an operation to send Marines into North Vietnam to rescue the POWs, still struggling with the loss of his wife, Kelly meets a girl named Pamela Madden, who has escaped from prostitution and serving as a mule for a drug dealer named Henry Tucker. Kelly becomes romantically involved with Pam and he also befriends two doctors, Sam and Sarah Rosen, who are both professors at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. With the help of the Rosens, Kelly helps Pam recover from her addiction to barbiturates, while bringing her into the city for treatment, Kelly becomes curious about her past
10.
Red Rabbit
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Red Rabbit is a bestselling novel by Tom Clancy. It incorporates the 1981 plot to assassinate Pope John Paul II and it made it on to the New York Times bestseller list. The abridged book on CD released in 2002 was read by Dennis Boutsikaris, the unabridged book on CD released in 2002 was read by Derrick Hagon. The defector tells of a KGB plan to kill Pope John Paul II, in Command Authority, When trying to find information on the KGB assassin known as Zenith. Ryan asks Greer if Rabbit knows anything about the assassin with Greer confirming to Ryan that Rabbit does not know anything about him, upon its release the novel received somewhat poor reviews. Critics praised Clancys believable account of the plot, but disdained the lack of suspense, reviewers for CNN and The New York Times considered the development of the main plot slow and tedious and noted that sub-plots remained underdeveloped and unresolved. Reviewers for Publishers Weekly and Esquire believed the involvement of Clancys main character Ryan in the plot to be highly marginal. Nevertheless, the novel reached #1 on the New York Times Best Seller List
11.
The Hunt for Red October
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The Hunt for Red October was Tom Clancys 1984 debut novel. It was loosely inspired by the mutiny on the Soviet frigate Storozhevoy in 1975, the novel was originally published by the U. S. Naval Institute Press—one of the first fictional works it ever published, and still its most successful. The result is a weapon platform that is capable of sneaking its way into American waters. The strategic value of Red October was not lost upon Ramius and his wife, Natalia, died at the hands of a doctor who was incompetent and intoxicated, however, the doctor escaped punishment because he was the son of a Politburo member. As the ship leaves the shipyard at Polyarny, Ramius kills Ivan Putin, his political officer, before sailing, Ramius had sent a letter to Admiral Yuri Padorin, Natalias uncle, brazenly stating his intention to defect. The Soviet Northern Fleet therefore sails out to sink Red October under the pretext of a search and rescue mission. Meanwhile, Jack Ryan, a high-level CIA analyst and a former Marine, flies from London to Langley, Virginia, to deliver MI6s photographs of Red October to the Deputy Director of Intelligence. Ryan consults a friend at the U. S. Naval Academy, ex-submariner Skip Tyler, Red October passes near USS Dallas, a Los Angeles class submarine under the command of Cdr. Bart Mancuso, which is patrolling the entrance of a used by Soviet submarines in the Reykjanes Ridge off Iceland. Dallas hears the sound of the drive but does not identify it as a submarine. Putting information about Ramiuss letter together with the subsequent launch of the entire Northern Fleet, the U. S. military reluctantly agrees, while planning for contingencies in case the Soviet fleet has intentions other than those inferred. As tensions rise between the U. S. and Soviet fleets, the crew of Dallas analyzes sonar tapes of Red October, Ryan must contact Ramius to prevent the loss of the submarine and her revolutionary technology. In order to convince the Soviets that Red October has been destroyed, Ramius and his officers stay behind, claiming they are about to scuttle the submarine to prevent it getting into the hands of the Americans. A decommissioned U. S. ballistic missile submarine, the USS Ethan Allen, is blown up underwater as a deception, a depth gauge taken from the main instrument panel of Red October is made to appear as if it had been salvaged from the wreckage. Meanwhile, Ryan, Captain Mancuso, some of his crew, the deception efforts succeed in convincing Soviet observers that Red October has been lost. Loginov opens fire with his weapon, killing Captain Lieutenant Kamarov and seriously wounding Ramius, Ryan attempts to persuade the fiercely patriotic Loginov to surrender rather than die in the explosion, but Loginov refuses. Ryan manages to kill Loginov in the missile compartment. Captain Viktor Tupolov, a student of Ramius and commander of the Soviet Alfa-class attack submarine V. K. Konovalov, has been trailing what he initially believes is an Ohio-class vessel
12.
Central Intelligence Agency
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As one of the principal members of the U. S. Intelligence Community, the CIA reports to the Director of National Intelligence and is focused on providing intelligence for the President. Though it is not the only U. S. government agency specializing in HUMINT and it exerts foreign political influence through its tactical divisions, such as the Special Activities Division. Despite transferring some of its powers to the DNI, the CIA has grown in size as a result of the September 11 attacks. In 2013, The Washington Post reported that in fiscal year 2010, the CIA has increasingly expanded its roles, including covert paramilitary operations. One of its largest divisions, the Information Operations Center, has shifted focus from counter-terrorism to offensive cyber-operations, when the CIA was created, its purpose was to create a clearinghouse for foreign policy intelligence and analysis. Today its primary purpose is to collect, analyze, evaluate, and disseminate foreign intelligence, warning/informing American leaders of important overseas events, with Pakistan described as an intractable target. Counterintelligence, with China, Russia, Iran, Cuba, the Executive Office also supports the U. S. military by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperates on field activities. The Executive Director is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA, each branch of the military service has its own Director. The Directorate has four regional groups, six groups for transnational issues. There is a dedicated to Iraq, regional analytical offices covering the Near East and South Asia, Russia and Europe, and the Asian Pacific, Latin American. The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting intelligence. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of intelligence activities between other elements of the wider U. S. intelligence community with their own HUMINT operations. This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy, in spite of this, the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service, under the Defense Intelligence Agency. This Directorate is known to be organized by regions and issues. The Directorate of Science & Technology was established to research, create, many of its innovations were transferred to other intelligence organizations, or, as they became more overt, to the military services. For example, the development of the U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft was done in cooperation with the United States Air Force, the U-2s original mission was clandestine imagery intelligence over denied areas such as the Soviet Union. It was subsequently provided with signals intelligence and measurement and signature intelligence capabilities, subsequently, NPIC was transferred to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
13.
The Mall, London
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The Mall is a road in the City of Westminster, central London, between Buckingham Palace at its western end and Trafalgar Square via Admiralty Arch to the east. Before it terminates at Whitehall it is met by Horse Guards Road and Spring Gardens where the Metropolitan Board of Works and it is closed to traffic on Sundays, public holidays and on ceremonial occasions. The Mall began as a field for playing pall-mall, in the 17th and 18th centuries it was a fashionable promenade, bordered by trees. C. These routes were intended to be used for major national ceremonies, as part of the development – designed by Aston Webb – a new façade was constructed for Buckingham Palace, and the Victoria Memorial was erected. The Queen Victoria Memorial is immediately before the gates of the Palace, the length of The Mall from where it joins Constitution Hill at the Victoria Memorial end to Admiralty Arch is exactly 0.5 nautical miles. St. Jamess Park is on the side of The Mall, opposite Green Park and St Jamess Palace. Running off The Mall at its end is Horse Guards Parade. The surface of The Mall is coloured red to give the effect of a giant red carpet leading up to Buckingham Palace and this colour was obtained using synthetic iron oxide pigment from Deanshanger Oxide Works, which was created using the Deanox Process devised by chemist Ernest Lovell. It was David Eccles decision, as Minister of Works from 1951 to 1954 and these scenes were repeated in 2011 for the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, and again in 2012 for the Queens Diamond Jubilee, and the Jubilee concert. Scheduled buses are not allowed to use the Mall and go past Buckingham Palace except by permission of the monarch and this has only happened twice in history, in 1927 and in 1950. The annual London Marathon finishes on The Mall and it was also the start and finish line for the marathon course, the road race, and the race walks of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The womens marathon took place on 5 August and the mens Olympic marathon on 12 August, the mens 20 km walk took place on 4 August, with the mens 50 km walk and womens 20 km walk took place on 11 August. The Paralympic marathons were held on 9 September, media related to The Mall, London at Wikimedia Commons
14.
Prince of Wales
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Charles, Prince of Wales is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay, he is the heir apparent in British history. He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover, Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. After earning a bachelor of degree from Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons, Prince William later to become Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry, in 1996, the couple divorced, following well-publicised extramarital affairs. Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year, in 2005, Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles. Charles has sought to raise awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment. As an environmentalist, he has received awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world. His support for alternative medicine, including homeopathy, has been criticised by some in the medical community and he has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings. Subsequently, Charles created Poundbury, a new town based on his theories. He has authored a number of books, including A Vision of Britain, A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and he was baptised in the palaces Music Room by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, on 15 December 1948. When Prince Charles was aged three his mothers accession as Queen Elizabeth II made him her heir apparent. As the monarchs eldest son, he took the titles Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince. Charles attended his mothers coronation at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953, seated alongside his grandmother, as was customary for upper-class children at the time, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed and undertook his education between the ages of five and eight. Buckingham Palace announced in 1955 that Charles would attend school rather than have a private tutor, Charles then attended two of his fathers former schools, Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire, England, followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland. He reportedly despised the school, which he described as Colditz in kilts. Upon his return to Gordonstoun, Charles emulated his father in becoming Head Boy and he left in 1967, with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history and French, at grades B and C, respectively. Tradition was broken again when Charles proceeded straight from school into university
15.
Princess of Wales
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Princess of Wales is a British courtesy title held by the wife of the Prince of Wales, who is, since the 14th century, the heir apparent of the English or British monarch. The first acknowledged title holder was Eleanor de Montfort, wife of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and it has subsequently been used by wives of post-conquest princes of Wales. The title is held by Camilla, second wife of Charles. She does not, however, use the title, as it has remained associated with the previous holder. Instead, she uses the title Duchess of Cornwall, the Princess of Wales is not a princess in her own right. For most of her childhood, Mary was her fathers only legitimate heir, for example, Spanish scholar Juan Luis Vives dedicated his Satellitium Animi to Dominæ Mariæ Cambriæ Principi, Henrici Octavi Angliæ Regis Filiæ. When a title was discussed for the future Elizabeth II, the possibility of investing her as Princess of Wales in her own right was raised, but proved problematical. If it were used by Princess Elizabeth, it would have degraded her right as a Princess of the United Kingdom unless Letters Patent or legislation were introduced to the contrary. Furthermore, if the then-Princess Elizabeth had been given the title of Princess of Wales, therefore, King George VI decided not to grant his elder daughter the title. The Princess of Wales, by virtue of her marriage to the Prince of Wales, takes on the equivalent of her husbands titles. Of all these titles, Princess of Wales has been used officially, however, as with the example of the current holder, a subsidiary title may just as easily and lawfully be used. The Princess of Wales also holds the titles of Duchess of Cornwall and Countess of Chester, as the wife of the Prince of Wales who is also Duke of Cornwall, several consorts of Welsh princes of Wales were theoretically princesses of Wales while their husbands were in power. The only consort of a Welsh prince definitively shown to have used the title was Eleanor de Montfort, the English bride of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the last native Prince of Wales. Their only child was Gwenllian of Wales, who was taken prisoner as an infant following her fathers death. herein is kept the Princess of Wales, whom we have to maintain. This is a list of Princesses of Wales who held the title by their marriage to the Prince of Wales The Green Howards, tystiolaeth Garth Celyn Y Traethodydd 1998 ISSN 0969-8930 Fryer, M. Mary Beacock Fryer, Arthur Bousfield, Garry Toffoli. Lives of the Princesses of Wales
16.
Provisional Irish Republican Army
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It was the biggest and most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles. It saw itself as the successor to the original IRA and called simply the Irish Republican Army. It was also referred to as such by others. The Provisional IRA emerged in December 1969, following a split in the republican movement, the IRA initially focused on defence, but it began an offensive campaign in 1971. The IRAs primary goal was to force the British to negotiate a withdrawal from Northern Ireland and it used guerrilla tactics against the British Army and RUC in both rural and urban areas. It also carried out a campaign in Northern Ireland and England against what it saw as political. The IRA called a ceasefire in July 1997, after Sinn Féin was re-admitted into the Northern Ireland peace talks. It supported the 1998 Good Friday Agreement and in 2005 it disarmed under international supervision, the campaign was supported by arms and funding from Libya and from some Irish American groups. As a result, the IRA launched a new strategy known as the Long War and this saw them conduct a war of attrition against the British and increased emphasis on political activity, via the political party Sinn Féin. The success of the 1981 Irish hunger strike in mobilising support and winning elections led to the Armalite and ballot box strategy, with more time, the British demand was quickly dropped after the May 1997 general election in the UK. The IRA ceasefire was reinstated in July 1997 and Sinn Féin was admitted into all-party talks. The IRAs armed campaign, primarily in Northern Ireland but also in England and mainland Europe, the dead included around 1,100 members of the British security forces, and about 640 civilians. The IRA itself lost 275–300 members and an estimated 10,000 imprisoned at times over the 30-year period. The organisation remains classified as a proscribed terrorist group in the UK, two small groups split from the Provisional IRA, the Continuity IRA in 1986, and the Real IRA in 1997. Both reject the Good Friday Agreement and continue to engage in paramilitary activity and this new IRA group is estimated by Police Service of Northern Ireland intelligence sources to have between 250 and 300 active militants and many more supporting associates. The Provisional IRA was organised hierarchically, at the top of the organisation was the IRA Army Council, headed by the IRA Chief of Staff. All levels of the organisation were entitled to send delegates to IRA General Army Conventions, the GAC was the IRAs supreme decision-making authority. Since 1969, there have only three, in 1970,1986, and 2005, owing to the difficulty in organising such a large gathering of an illegal organisation in secret
17.
Maoism
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Mao Zedong Thought, or Maoism, is a political theory derived from the teachings of the Chinese political leader Mao Zedong. Its followers are known as Maoists, the modern Chinese intellectual tradition of the turn of the twentieth century is defined by two central concepts, iconoclasm and nationalism. It was this association of conservatism and Confucianism which lent to the nature of Chinese intellectual thought during the first decades of the twentieth century. Chinese iconoclasm was expressed most clearly and vociferously by Chen Duxiu during the New Culture Movement which occurred between 1915 and 1919, vital to understanding Chinese nationalist sentiments of the time is the Treaty of Versailles, which was signed in 1919. The negative reaction culminated in the May 4th Incident which occurred on day in 1919. The May 4th Incident and Movement which followed, catalyzed the political awakening of a society which had long seemed inert, yet another international event would have a large impact on not only Mao but also the Chinese intelligentsia, the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. Although the revolution did elicit interest among Chinese intellectuals, socialist revolution in China was not considered an option until after the May 4th Incident. Afterwards, To become a Marxist was one way for a Chinese intellectual to both the traditions of the Chinese past and Western domination of the Chinese present. During the period following the Long March, Mao and the Communist Party of China were headquartered in Yanan. During this period Mao clearly established himself as a Marxist theoretician, the rudimentary philosophical base of Chinese Communist ideology is laid down in Maos numerous dialectical treatises and was conveyed to newly recruited party members. This period truly established ideological independence from Moscow for Mao and the CPC, the Initial Marxist Period from 1920–1926, Marxist thinking employs imminent socioeconomic explanations, Maos reasons were declarations of his enthusiasm. Mao did not believe education alone would bring about the transition from capitalism to communism because of three main reasons and these reasons do not provide socioeconomic explanations, which usually form the core of Marxist ideology. The Formative Maoist Period from 1927–1935, In this period, Mao avoided all theoretical implications in his literature and his writings in this period failed to elaborate what he meant by the Marxist method of political and class analysis. Prior to this period, Mao was concerned with the dichotomy between knowledge and action, now, he was more concerned with the dichotomy between revolutionary ideology and counter-revolutionary objective conditions. There was more correlation drawn between China and the Soviet model, the Mature Maoist Period from 1935–1940, Intellectually, this was Maos most fruitful time. The shift of orientation was apparent in his pamphlet Strategic Problems of Chinas Revolutionary War and this pamphlet tried to provide a theoretical veneer for his concern with revolutionary practice. Mao started to separate from the Soviet model since it was not automatically applicable to China, Chinas unique set of historical circumstances demanded a correspondingly unique application of Marxist theory, an application that would have to diverge from the Soviet approach. The Civil-War Period from 1940-1949, Unlike the Mature period, this period was intellectually barren, Mao focused more on revolutionary practice and paid less attention to Marxist theory
18.
Libya
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The three traditional parts of the country are Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica. With an area of almost 1.8 million square kilometres, Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa, Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world. The largest city and capital, Tripoli, is located in western Libya, the other large city is Benghazi, which is located in eastern Libya. Libya has been inhabited by Berbers since the late Bronze Age, the Phoenicians established trading posts in western Libya, and ancient Greek colonists established city-states in eastern Libya. Libya was variously ruled by Carthaginians, Persians, Egyptians and Greeks before becoming a part of the Roman Empire, Libya was an early center of Christianity. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the area of Libya was mostly occupied by the Vandals until the 7th century, in the 16th century, the Spanish Empire and the Knights of St John occupied Tripoli, until Ottoman rule began in 1551. Libya was involved in the Barbary Wars of the 18th and 19th centuries, Ottoman rule continued until the Italian occupation of Libya resulted in the temporary Italian Libya colony from 1911 to 1943. During the Second World War Libya was an important area of warfare in the North African Campaign, the Italian population then went into decline. Libya became an independent kingdom in 1951, a military coup in 1969 overthrew King Idris I, beginning a period of sweeping social reform. Since then, Libya has experienced a period of instability, the European Union is involved in an operation to disrupt human trafficking networks exploiting refugees fleeing from wars in Africa for Europe. At least two political bodies claim to be the government of Libya, the Council of Deputies is internationally recognized as the legitimate government, but it does not hold territory in the capital, Tripoli, instead meeting in the Cyrenaica city of Tobruk. Parts of Libya are outside of either governments control, with various Islamist, rebel, the United Nations is sponsoring peace talks between the Tobruk and Tripoli-based factions. An agreement to form an interim government was signed on 17 December 2015. Under the terms of the agreement, a nine-member Presidency Council, the leaders of the new government, called the Government of National Accord, arrived in Tripoli on 5 April 2016. Since then the GNC, one of the two governments, has disbanded to support the new GNA. The name Libya was introduced in 1934 for Italian Libya, reviving the name for Northwest Africa. The name was based on use in 1903 by Italian geographer Federico Minutilli. It was intended to supplant terms applied to Ottoman Tripolitania, the region of what is today Libya having been ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1551 to 1911
19.
Royal Ulster Constabulary
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The Royal Ulster Constabulary was the police force in Northern Ireland from 1922 to 2001. Following the awarding of the George Cross in 2000, its title became the Royal Ulster Constabulary. It was founded on 1 June 1922 out of the Royal Irish Constabulary, at its peak the force had around 8,500 officers with a further 4,500 who were members of the RUC Reserve. In the same period, the RUC killed 55 people,28 of whom were civilians, the RUC was replaced by the Police Service of Northern Ireland in 2001. The former police force was renamed and reformed, as is provided for by the version of the Police Act 2000. The RUC has been accused by republicans and Irish nationalists of one-sided policing and discrimination, conversely, it was praised as one of the most professional policing operations in the world by British security forces. The allegations regarding collusion prompted several inquiries, the most recent of which was published by Police Ombudsman Nuala OLoan, Ombudsman Dame Nuala OLoan stated in her conclusions that there was no reason to believe the findings of the investigation were isolated incidents. Under section 60 of the Government of Ireland Act 1920, Northern Ireland was placed under the jurisdiction of the Royal Irish Constabulary. On 31 January 1921, Richard Dawson Bates, the first Minister of Home Affairs for Northern Ireland and it was asked to advise on any alterations to the existing police necessary for the formation of a new force. An interim report was published on 28 March 1922, the first official report of the new Parliament of Northern Ireland, on 29 April 1922, King George V granted to the force the name Royal Ulster Constabulary. In May, the Parliament of Northern Ireland passed the Constabulary Act 1922, the headquarters of the force was established at Atlantic Buildings, Waring Street, in Belfast. The uniform remained essentially the same as that of the RIC - a dark green, as opposed to the dark blue worn by the other British police forces and the Garda Síochána. A new badge of the Red Hand of Ulster on a St Georges Cross surrounded by a chain was designed but proved unpopular and was never uniformly adopted, eventually the harp and crown insignia of the Order of St Patrick, as worn by the RIC, was adopted. To this end, its members were armed as the RIC had been, the RUC was limited by statute to a 3, 000-strong force. Initially, a third of positions within the force were reserved for Roman Catholics, the first two thousand places were filled quickly and those reserved for Catholics were filled mainly by ex-RIC men fleeing north. Due to reluctance by the establishment to employ too many Catholics. In addition, many Roman Catholics who joined the force, particularly during the troubles were targeted for murder or ostracised by their own community, as a result, representation of Catholics in the RUC never exceeded 20% and, by the 1960s, it had fallen to 12%. The polarised political climate in Northern Ireland resulted in violence from both sides of the political and religious divide, referring to the situation in Belfast after July 1921 he stated, For twelve months after that, the city was in a state of turmoil
20.
Bulletproof glass
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Bulletproof glass is a type of strong but optically transparent material that is particularly resistant to being penetrated when struck. Like any material, however, it is not completely impenetrable and it is usually made from a combination of two or more types of glass, one hard and one soft. The softer layer makes the glass more elastic, so it can instead of shatter. The index of refraction for both of the used in the bulletproof layers must be almost the same to keep the glass transparent and allow a clear. Bulletproof glass varies in thickness from 3⁄4 to 3 1⁄2 inches, bulletproof glass is used in windows of buildings that require security, such as jewelry stores and embassies, as well as military and private vehicles. Bullet-resistant glass is constructed using layers of laminated glass, the more layers the higher the protection. When a weight reduction is needed 3mm of polycarbonate is laminated onto the safe side, the aim is to make a material with the appearance and clarity of standard glass but with effective protection from small arms. Polycarbonate designs usually consist of such as Armormax, Makroclear, Cyrolon, Lexan or Tuffak. The polycarbonate usually has one of two types of coating to resist abrasion, a coating that heals after being scratched or a hard coating that prevents scratching. The plastic in laminate designs also provides resistance to impact from physical assault from blunt, the plastic provides little in the way of bullet-resistance. The glass, which is harder than plastic, flattens the bullet. The ability of the layer to stop projectiles with varying energy is directly proportional to its thickness. Laminated glass layers are built from glass sheets bonded together with polyvinyl butyral, polyurethane, when treated with chemical processes, the glass becomes much stronger. This design has been in use on combat vehicles since World War II. It is typically thick and is extremely heavy. Bullet-resistant materials are tested using a gun to fire a projectile from a set distance into the material, levels of protection are based on the ability of the target to stop a specific type of projectile traveling at a specific speed. When projectiles do not penetrate, the depth of the dent left by the impact can be measured and related to the projectile’s velocity and thickness of the material. Some researchers have developed models based on results of this kind of testing to help them design bulletproof glass to resist specific anticipated threats. S
21.
Libyan Desert
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The Libyan Desert forms the northern and eastern part of the Sahara Desert. The Libyan Desert is one of the driest, harshest and most remote parts of the greater Sahara and this extended desert country is barren, bone dry and rainless. Modern Libya is divided into the regions of Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, the country covers an area of 1,760,000 square kilometres. Most of which is desert save for a coastal strip to the north on the shore of the Mediterranean. Like most of the Sahara, this desert is primarily sand, Sand plains, dunes, ridges, and some depressions typify the endorheic region, with no rivers draining into or out of the desert. The desert features a diversity of landscapes including mountains, oases. To the south lie the main ranges, from the Jebel Uweinat, on the Libya-Egypt-Sudan border, the Tibesti to the south, on the border with Chad. The main oases are Jaghbub and Jalo in east, in Cyrenaica, Kufra in the southeast, the sand seas lie in a ring around the border of Libya. To the south-east lies the Rebiana Sand Sea, near the border with Sudan, to the south west is the Idehan Murzuq, bordering Chad, and to west lies the Idehan Ubari, bordering Algeria. The sand seas contain dunes up to 512 meters in height, to the southeast, between Kufra and the Libya-Egypt-Sudan border, lies the Jebel Arkenu, with the associated Arkenu structures, thought to be caused by meteorite strikes. North of the Gilf Kebir plateau, among the shallow peripheral dunes of the southern Great Sand Sea, is a field of Libyan desert glass and this is thought to be associated with a meteorite impact, marked by the Kebira crater, on the Libya-Egypt border. A specimen of the glass was used in a piece of Tutankhamuns ancient jewellery. The Libyan Desert is barely populated apart from the settlements at oases of the lower Cyrenaica region in southeastern Libya. The indigenous population are Bisharin tribe, Mahas, and Berber, where the desert extends into Egypt and no longer in Libya, it is generally known as the Western Desert. The term Western Desert contrasts with the Eastern Desert to the east of the Nile River, the Libyan desert is said to be one of the least hospitable regions on Earth. Its climate is variable, being hot in summer, with average daytime temperatures of 50 °C and above. In winter days are cool, with temperastures averaging 27 °C, at these times the formation of hoar frost is not uncommon, and are known as White Nights. Contrariwise, at Aziziya a daytime temperature of 58 °C was seen in 1922, in the north, along the Mediterranean shore, cool onshore winds blow inland, while further south, hot, dry winds, known as Ghibli, blow from the interior, creating blinding sand-storms
22.
Domestic terrorist
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The definition of homegrown terrorism includes what is normally considered domestic terrorism. Since the September 11 attacks in the United States, and U. S. ”Under the 2001 USA Patriot Act, Homegrown or imported terrorism is not new to the United States or Europe. The United States has uncovered a number of alleged terrorist plots that have successfully suppressed through domestic intelligence. A July 2009 document by the FBI estimated that there were roughly 15,000 websites and web forums that support terrorist activities, 80% of these sites are on U. S. -based servers. S. This is a significant increase over the 21 plots caught in the seven years after the September 11 attacks. During these seven years, two resulted in attacks, compared to the two attacks between May 2009 and November 2010, which resulted in 14 deaths. This spike post-May 2009 shows that some Americans are susceptible to ideologies that support a violent form of jihad, the former CIA Director Michael Hayden called homegrown terrorism the more serious threat faced by American citizens today. The UK, likewise, considers homegrown terrorism to be a considerable threat, on June 6,2011, Prime Minister David Cameron announced a wide-ranging strategy to prevent British citizens from being radicalized into becoming terrorists while at university. The strategy is intended to prevent extremist speakers or groups from coming to universities and this makes them valuable assets to international terrorist organizations. Al-Qaeda recognizes the value of citizens and has tried to encourage operations toward homegrown terrorism, according to al-Qaeda’s U. S. -born spokesperson. This new strategy focuses on inspiring American-Muslims to become one-man terrorist cells, dispatching less experienced recruits decreases the amount of time that they have to be identified and detected by law enforcement. Some potential jihadists, such as the perpetrators of the July 7,2005 underground bombings in London, stopped attending services at their mosques, additionally, democracies are challenged in handling internal dissent, such as terrorism. That’s a devil of a problem” because the step that intelligence communities would take would be to infringe on the privacy of Americans. Terrorism is a relatively inexpensive proposition for organizations, the minimal cost of orchestrating an operation means that foreign terrorist groups will likely continue to regard U. S. homeland operations as both desirable and a financially feasible option. Even failed plots, such as the Times Square bombing plot, can still pay vast dividends in terms of publicity, there is no one path toward violence. Homegrown terrorists have been high school dropouts, college graduates, members of the military, some domestic terrorists studied overseas and were exposed to radical Islamist thought, while others took their inspiration from the internet. Social networks provided in support and build upon an individual’s radical beliefs. This was the case with the Times Square plot carried out by Faisal Shazad, tehrik-i-Taliban or Pakistani Taliban was on record as providing financing and four months of training for Shazad directly prior to his actions in Times Square
23.
University of Maryland Medical Center
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It gets more than 35,000 inpatient admissions and 165,000 outpatient visits each year. UMMC has approximately 6,500 employees as well as 1,000 attending physicians, all members of the medical staff are on the faculty of the University of Maryland School of Medicine. The University of Maryland Medical Center was named one of the nations best acute-care hospitals in patient safety and quality of care in 2006 and 2007 by the Leapfrog group, the University of Maryland Medical Center is one of the nation’s oldest teaching hospitals. It was created in 1823 as the Baltimore Infirmary, which was located on the site as today’s medical center. It has one of the nations largest kidney transplant programs and is known for developing and performing minimally invasive surgical procedures, shock Trauma has more than 100 inpatient beds dedicated to emergency surgery, resuscitation, intensive care, and acute surgical care. The trauma staff treat more than 7,500 critically injured patients each year who arrive by helicopter or ambulance, UMGCC also is known as a center with expertise in laboratory and clinical research. UMGCC researchers actively particate in new development, and the center offers more than 100 clinical trials. The University of Maryland Childrens Hospital provides care for serious and complex problems in patients ranging from newborns to young adults. UMCH has its own pharmacy and emergency room, and is also very active in childrens health care research. Special programs and services include a clinic, asthma program, AIDS program, pediatric surgery. Infants born prematurely are transported from around the region to be cared for in the 52-bed NICU — the largest in the state, the University of Maryland Heart Center was recognized as one of the 100 Top Cardiovascular Hospitals by Thomson Healthcare for 2007. The Heart Center is recognized for its expertise in robotic surgery, minimally invasive heart bypass and valve surgery, heart transplants. The Heart Center also emphasizes heart disease prevention by educating patients about lifestyle factors, including proper nutrition and it is also known for its laboratory and clinical research, and offers a wide selection of clinical trials
24.
George Bush Center for Intelligence
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The George Bush Center for Intelligence is the headquarters of the Central Intelligence Agency located in the unincorporated community of Langley in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. The headquarters is a conglomeration of the Original Headquarters Building and the New Headquarters Building that sits on a total of 258 acres of land, prior to its current name, the CIA headquarters was formally unnamed. The Original Headquarters Building was designed by the New York firm Harrison & Abramovitz in the 1950s, the ground was broken for construction on November 3,1959, with President Dwight Eisenhower laying the cornerstone, and the building was completed in March 1961. The New Headquarters Building, designed by Smith, Hinchman and Grylls Associates, was completed in March 1991 after the ground was broken for construction on May 24,1984. It is a complex that adjoins two six-story office towers and is connected via a tunnel to the OHB. The Center is located at 1000 Colonial Farm Road in McLean, Virginia, the CIA Museum is located within the Center. As it is located within the CIA compound, it is not accessible by the general public, an Enigma machine and Osama bin Ladens AKMS are held in the museum. There is a Starbucks located on the site of the CIA headquarters, kryptos is an infamous encrypted sculpture that sits on the grounds of the CIAs headquarters. Defense Intelligence Agency Headquarters 1993 shootings at CIA Headquarters Headquarters Virtual Tour—A virtual tour of the CIA headquarters Three Things About the CIAs Langley Headquarters
25.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
26.
Verizon Communications
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The company is based at 1095 Avenue of the Americas in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, but is incorporated in Delaware. Bell Atlantic came into existence in 1984 with a footprint from New Jersey to Virginia, as part of the rebranding that the Baby Bells took in the mid-1990s, all of the operating companies assumed the Bell Atlantic name. In 1997, Bell Atlantic expanded into New York and the New England states by merging with fellow Baby Bell NYNEX, although Bell Atlantic was the surviving company, the merged company moved its headquarters from Philadelphia to NYNEXs old headquarters in New York City. In 2000, Bell Atlantic merged with GTE, which operated telecommunications companies across most of the rest of the country that was not already in Bell Atlantics footprint, Bell Atlantic, the surviving company, changed its name to Verizon, a portmanteau of veritas and horizon. As of 2016, Verizon is one of three companies that had their roots in the former Baby Bells, the other two, like Verizon, exist as a result of mergers among fellow former Baby Bell members. One, SBC Communications, bought out its former parent AT&T Corporation, the other, CenturyLink, was formed initially in 2011 by the acquisition of Qwest. Bell Atlantic Corporation was created as one of the original Regional Bell Operating Companies in 1984, in 1994, Bell Atlantic became the first RBOC to entirely drop the original names of its original operating companies. In 1996, CEO and Chairman Raymond W. Smith orchestrated Bell Atlantics merger with NYNEX, when it merged, it moved its corporate headquarters from Philadelphia to New York City. NYNEX was consolidated into this name by 1997, the approval came with 25 stipulations to preserve competition between local phone carriers, including investing in new markets and broadband technologies. The new venture was headed by co-CEOs Charles Lee, formerly the CEO of GTE, upon its inception, Verizon became the largest local telephone company in the United States, operating 63 million telephone lines in 40 states. The company also inherited 25 million mobile phone customers, additionally, Verizon offered internet services and long-distance calling in New York, before expanding long-distance operations to other states. The name Verizon derives from the combination of the words veritas, Latin for truth, the name was chosen from 8,500 candidates and the company spent $300 million on marketing the new brand. The companies established Verizon Wireless as its own business operated by Bell Atlantic, Vodafone retained 45% of the company. The deal was valued at approximately $70 billion and created a mobile carrier with 23 million customers, Verizon Wireless merged Bell Atlantics wireless network, Vodafones AirTouch and PrimeCo holdings, and the wireless division of GTE. Due to its size, Verizon Wireless was able to offer national coverage at competitive rates, in another partnership with MSN in 2002, Verizon Wireless launched the mobile content service VZW with MSN and a phone that utilized the Microsoft Windows operating system. In August 2000, approximately 85,000 Verizon workers went on an 18-day labor strike after their contracts expired. The strike affected quarterly revenues, resulting in Verizon Wireless postponement of the companys IPO, Verizon launched 3G service in 2002, which doubled the Internet speeds of the time to 144kb a second. In August 2002, Verizon began offering local, long-distance, and mobile calling, as well as Internet service and it was initially only available to customers in New York and Massachusetts
27.
Pose
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Human positions refer to the different physical configurations that the human body can take. There are several synonyms that refer to human positioning, often used interchangeably, the sway of quiet standing is often likened to the motion of an inverted pendulum. There are many mechanisms in the body that are suggested to control movement, e. g. a spring action in muscles. Although standing isnt dangerous per se, there are associated with it. One short term condition is orthostatic hypotension, and long term conditions are sore feet, stiff legs, sitting requires the buttocks resting on a more or less horizontal structure, such as a chair or the ground. Special ways of sitting are with the horizontal, and in an inclined seat. While on a chair the shins are usually vertical, on the ground the shins may be crossed in the position or be placed horizontally under the thigh in a seiza. Squatting is a posture where the weight of the body is on the feet but the knees, in contrast, sitting, involves taking the weight of the body, at least in part, on the buttocks against the ground or a horizontal object such as a chair seat. It is possible to squat with one leg and assume another position with the other leg, crouching may involve squatting, kneeling or a combination of the two. Among Chinese, Southeast Asian, and Eastern European adults, squatting often takes the place of sitting or standing, when in lying position, the body may assume a great variety of shapes and positions. The following are the basic recognized positions, supine position, lying on the back with the face up. Prone position, lying on the chest with the face down, lying on either side, with the body straight or bent/curled forward or backward. The fetal position is lying or sitting curled, with close to the torso. Kneeling is a human position where one or both knees touch the ground. It is used as a position, during childbirth and as an expression of reverence. It is common to kneel with one leg and assume another position with the other leg, to crouch means to bend down, to stoop low, to lie close to the ground with legs bent, as an animal when waiting for prey or in fear. Crouching may involve kneeling, squatting or a combination of the two and this is the static form of crawling which is instinctive form of locomotion for very young children. It is a commonly used position in non-Western cultures
28.
Sneak attack
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Ambushes have been used consistently throughout history, from ancient to modern warfare. The use by humans of the ambush may date as far back as two million years when anthropologists have recently suggested that ambush techniques were used to hunt large game. One example from ancient times is the Battle of the Trebia river, hannibal encamped within striking distance of the Romans with the Trebia River between them, and placed a strong force of cavalry and infantry in concealment, near the battle zone. When the Roman infantry became entangled in combat with his army, the result was slaughter and defeat for the Romans. Nevertheless, the battle also displays the effects of good tactical discipline on the part of the ambushed force, although most of the legions were lost, about 10,000 Romans cut their way through to safety, maintaining unit cohesion. This ability to discipline and break out or maneuver away from a kill zone is a hallmark of good troops. Another famous ambush was sprung by Germanic warchief Arminius against the Romans at Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. This particular ambush was to affect the course of Western history, the Germanic forces demonstrated several principles needed for a successful ambush. They took cover in difficult forested terrain, allowing the warriors time and they had the element of surprise, and this was also aided by the defection of Arminius from Roman ranks prior to the battle. They sprang the attack when the Romans were most vulnerable, when they had left their fortified camp, the Germans also made use of blocking obstacles, erecting a trench and earthen wall to hinder Roman movement along the route of the killing zone. The result was slaughter of the Romans, and the destruction of three legions. The Germanic victory caused a limit on Roman expansion in the West, ultimately, it established the Rhine as the boundary of the Roman Empire for the next four hundred years, until the decline of the Roman influence in the West. The Roman Empire made no further concerted attempts to conquer Germania beyond the Rhine, according to Muslim tradition Islamic Prophet Muhammad made use of ambush tactics in his military campaigns. His first such use was during the Caravan raids, in the Kharrar caravan raid Sad ibn Abi Waqqas was ordered to lead a raid against the Quraysh and his group consisted of about twenty Muhajirs. This raid was done about a month after the previous, Sad, with his soldiers, set up an ambush in the valley of Kharrar on the road to Mecca and waited to raid a returning Meccan caravan from Syria. But the caravan had already passed and the Muslims returned to Medina without any loot, arab tribes during Muhammads era also made use of ambush tactics. One example retold in Muslim tradition is said to have taken place during the First Raid on Banu Thalabah, Muhammad ibn Maslama pretended to be dead. A Muslim who happened to pass that way found him and assisted him to return to Medina, in modern warfare, an ambush is most often employed by ground troops up to platoon size against enemy targets, which may be other ground troops, or possibly vehicles
29.
United States Secret Service
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The United States Secret Service is a federal law enforcement agency under the U. S. Department of Homeland Security. Until 2003, the Service was part of the U. S. Department of the Treasury, the Secret Services initial responsibility was to investigate counterfeiting of U. S. currency, which was rampant following the U. S. Civil War. The agency then evolved into the United States first domestic intelligence and counterintelligence agency, the Secret Service has two primary missions, investigation of financial crimes and physical protection of designated protectees. After the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley, Congress also directed the Secret Service to protect the President of the United States, Protection remains the other key mission of the United States Secret Service. From 1997 until 2013, legislation became effective limiting Secret Service protection to former Presidents, President Barack Obama signed legislation reversing this limit and reinstating lifetime protection on January 10,2013. The Secret Service investigates thousands of incidents a year of individuals threatening the President of the United States, the Director of Secret Service is appointed by the President of the United States. With a reported one third of the currency in circulation being counterfeit at the time, Chief William P. Wood was sworn in by Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch. It was commissioned in Washington, D. C. as the Secret Service Division of the Department of the Treasury with the mission of suppressing counterfeiting, the legislation creating the agency was on Abraham Lincolns desk the night he was assassinated. At the time, the other federal law enforcement agencies were the United States Park Police. Post Office Departments Office of Instructions and Mail Depredations, and the U. S. Marshals Service, the Marshals did not have the manpower to investigate all crime under federal jurisdiction, so the Secret Service began to investigate everything from murder to bank robbery to illegal gambling. After the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901, Congress informally requested that the Secret Service provide presidential protection, a year later, the Secret Service assumed full-time responsibility for presidential protection. In 1902, William Craig became the first Secret Service agent to die while serving, the Secret Service was the first U. S. domestic intelligence and counterintelligence agency. Domestic intelligence collection and counterintelligence responsibilities were vested in the Federal Bureau of Investigation upon the FBIs creation in 1908, the Secret Service assisted in arresting Japanese American leaders and in the Japanese American internment during World War II. Secret Service is not a part of the U. S, on October 16, the day of the summit, Burnham discovered a man holding a concealed palm pistol standing at the El Paso Chamber of Commerce building along the procession route. Burnham signaled a Texas Ranger, Private C. R. Moore, in 1950, President Harry S. Truman was residing in Blair House while the White House, across the street, was undergoing renovations. On November 1,1950, two Puerto Rican nationalists, Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola, approached Blair House with the intent to assassinate President Truman, Collazo and Torresola opened fire on Private Leslie Coffelt and other White House Police officers. Though mortally wounded by three shots from a 9 mm German Luger to his chest and abdomen, Private Coffelt returned fire, as of 2017, Coffelt is the only member of the Secret Service killed while protecting a US president against an assassination attempt. Collazo was also shot, but survived his injuries and served 29 years in prison before returning to Puerto Rico in late 1979, in 1968, as a result of Robert F. Kennedys assassination, Congress authorized protection of major presidential and vice presidential candidates and nominees
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United States Marine Corps
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The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, Americas third air force, and, second land army. By the mid-20th century, the U. S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and it is the smallest of the U. S. The USMC serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness and this last clause, while seemingly redundant given the Presidents position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps of 1834, in 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps. In addition to its duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House. The Marine Band, dubbed the Presidents Own by Thomas Jefferson, Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides transport to Cabinet members. The relationship between the Department of State and the U. S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself, for over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, in 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15,1948, during the first year of the MSG program,36 detachments were deployed worldwide. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore, the Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ships landing force, manning the ships weapons and providing shipboard security. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II, during World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships
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United States Naval Academy
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The United States Naval Academy is a four-year coeducational federal service academy in Annapolis, Maryland, United States. The entire campus is a National Historic Landmark and home to historic sites, buildings. It replaced Philadelphia Naval Asylum, in Philadelphia, that served as the first United States Naval Academy from 1838 to 1845 when the Naval Academy formed in Annapolis. Candidates for admission generally must both apply directly to the academy and receive a nomination, usually from a Member of Congress, students are officers-in-training and are referred to as midshipmen. Tuition for midshipmen is fully funded by the Navy in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation, approximately 1,200 plebes enter the Academy each summer for the rigorous Plebe Summer, but only about 1,000 midshipmen graduate. The United States Naval Academy has some of the highest paid graduates in the according to starting salary. Midshipmen are required to adhere to the academys Honor Concept, the United States Naval Academys campus is located in Annapolis, Maryland, at the confluence of the Severn River and the Chesapeake Bay. In its 2016 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked the U. S. Naval Academy as the No.1 public liberal arts college and tied for the 9th best overall liberal arts college in the U. S. In the category of High School Counselor Rankings of National Liberal Arts Colleges, Military Academy and the U. S. Air Force Academy, and is tied for the No.5 spot for Best Undergraduate Engineering program at schools where doctorates not offered. In 2016, Forbes ranked the U. S. Naval Academy as No.24 overall in its report Americas Top Colleges, nominations may be made by members of and delegates to Congress, the President or Vice-President, the Secretary of the Navy or certain other sources. Candidates must also pass a fitness test and a thorough medical exam as part of the application process. In the 21st century, there have been about 1,200 students in each new class of plebes, the U. S. government pays for tuition, room, and board. Midshipmen receive monthly pay of $1,017.00, as of 2015, from this amount, pay is automatically deducted for the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, services, and other miscellaneous expenses. Midshipmen only receive a portion of their pay in cash while the rest is released during firstie year. Midshipmen fourth-class to midshipmen second-class receive monthly stipends of $100, $200, $300, Midshipmen first-class receive the difference between pay and outstanding expenses. Students at the academy are addressed as Midshipman, an official military rank. The same term comprises both males and females, upon graduation, most naval academy midshipmen are commissioned as ensigns in the Navy or second lieutenants in the Marine Corps and serve a minimum of five years after their commissioning. If they are selected to serve as a pilot, they will serve 8–11 years minimum from their date of winging, Foreign midshipmen are commissioned into the armed forces of their native countries
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Hostage Rescue Team
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The FBI Hostage Rescue Team is the counter-terrorism and hostage rescue unit of the US Federal Bureau of Investigation. The HRT is trained to rescue American citizens and allies who are held hostage by hostile forces, the Hostage Rescue Team was founded in 1982 by Danny Coulson, former Deputy Assistant Director of the FBI, and completed its final certification exercise in October 1983. It was originally composed of 50 operators, later increased to over 90, the HRT commonly functions as a high-level national SWAT team in extremely sensitive or dangerous situations. Today, it is part of the Tactical Support Branch of the FBIs Critical Incident Response Group and is based at the FBI Academy at the Quantico Marine Corps Base, in Stafford County, Virginia. The HRT was originally conceived during the late 1970s, and was set up after FBI director William H. Webster witnessed a demonstration by the U. S. Armys Delta Force. When Webster reviewed the equipment used by the Delta Force and noticed there were no handcuffs, an operator grimly replied, We put two rounds in their forehead. Final approval for the HRT was given in early 1982, the initial HRT selection course was held in June 1982 and consisted of three groups of 30 candidates each. Most candidates were experienced SWAT team members, of this group,50 candidates were selected to continue to more advanced training. Upon completing its initial selection, the newly formed HRT began acquiring the equipment it considered necessary, One of its first projects was the construction of a shoot house, built entirely out of old tires, to allow the team to conduct live-fire training exercises. The final touches were added to the facilities just before Thanksgiving 1982 and, after a holiday break. After receiving tactical SWAT instruction, each individual was given an expertise to research, such as explosives, each operator also served as a liaison to one of the existing elite counter-terrorism teams from around the world. In addition, nearly everyone was involved with the Delta Force, as part of their liaison duties, the men attended training exercises held by their assigned counter-terrorism unit and their shared experiences with the team. The team returned to Quantico for further training and it became operational in August 1983. The teams final certification exercise, code named Operation Equus Red, was held in October 1983 at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. During the exercise, the HRT, a local SWAT team, the terrorist group was also believed to be in possession of a simulated nuclear device, which was at a separate location and had to be recovered or neutralized. The FBIs senior leadership viewed the exercise as a complete success, upon completion of the certification exercise, the HRT began to expand its capabilities by sending small teams of operators out for more specialized training courses. Approximately a dozen operators visited Naval Amphibious Base Coronado to receive combat diver, maritime operations, other team members conducted helicopter operations and aerial insertion training with the US Armys Task Force 160. Every operator also received 80 hours of medical training, the HRT traveled to Camp Peary, near Williamsburg, Virginia, for counter-terrorism training courses to develop skills in breaching barricades, running roadblocks, and defensive driving
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Quick reaction force
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Quick Reaction Force or is a military unit, generally platoon-sized in the United States military combat arms, capable of rapid response to developing situations. They are to have equipment ready to respond to any type of emergency, typically within ten minutes or less, cavalry Army units are frequently postured as quick reaction forces, with a main mission of security and reconnaissance. The QRF is a military reserve and belongs directly to the commander of the unit it is created from. Depending on the size and protocols, the commander may be the only person authorized to control the QRF. QRFs are commonly found in maneuver battalion-level task forces and above, the readiness level of the QRF is based on unit SOPs. Since maintaining a level of readiness is draining on equipment, fuel and personnel. During high-intensity conflict, the QRF may be forced to maintain that level of readiness. The speed at which a QRF is expected to react is defined by its readiness condition, or REDCON, the mission of a QRF can vary widely, as they are used to respond to any threat the commander chooses to employ them for. A US Army QRF consists of a number of trucks, generally a mix of M1151 Up-Armored HMMWVs and, since their introduction. Depending on the requirement, additional units can be attached to an organic platoon to expand their capabilities. Examples include attaching explosive ordnance disposal teams to a QRF responding to bombs or similar threats, base defense operations center Force protection Rapid reaction force Ready Reaction Force
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Gas chamber
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A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing humans or other animals with gas, consisting of a sealed chamber into which a poisonous or asphyxiant gas is introduced. The most commonly used poisonous agent is hydrogen cyanide, carbon dioxide, gas chambers were used as a method of execution for condemned prisoners in the United States beginning in the 1920s and continue to be a legal execution method in three states. During the Holocaust, large-scale gas chambers designed for killing were used by Nazi Germany as part of their genocide program. The use of gas chambers in North Korea has also been reported, in June 1942 many hundreds of prisoners of the Neuengamme concentration camp, including 45 Dutch communists, were gassed in Bernburg Euthanasia Centre. The Nazi concentration and extermination camps, including Auschwitz and Majdanek, the gas chosen by the command of Operation Reinhard was exhaust gas from internal combustion engines. In the eastern territories, the executions by exhaust gas were performed by the Einsatzgruppen in modified vans. Some stationary gas chambers could kill 2,000 people at once, the use of gas chambers during the Holocaust was attested to by camp survivors as well as staff members, drawn almost exclusively from the ranks of the SS. Most gas chambers were dismantled or destroyed as the Soviet troops approached, except for those at Dachau, Sachsenhausen, the gas chamber at Auschwitz I was amongst those blown up. It was reconstructed after the war to stand as a memorial, albeit with the entry door, the door that had been added when the gas chamber was converted into an air raid shelter was left intact. In 1937–1940, Lithuania operated a gas chamber in Aleksotas within the First Fort of the Kaunas Fortress, before, the executions were carried out by hanging or by shooting. However, these methods were viewed as brutal and in January 1937, Lithuania considered and rejected execution by poison. The first execution was carried on July 27,1937, Bronius Pogužinskas, age 37, historian Sigita Černevičiūtė counted at least nine executions in the gas chamber, though records are incomplete and fragmentary. Of the nine, eight were convicted of murder, one, Aleksandras Maurušaitis, was in addition convicted of anti-government actions during the 1935 Suvalkija strike. The last known execution took place on May 19,1940 for robbery, the fate of the gas chamber after the occupation by the Soviet Union in June 1940 is unclear. After undergoing medical checks, the chambers are sealed and poison is injected through a tube, kwons testimony was supported by documents from Camp 22 describing the transfer of prisoners designated for the experiments. The documents were identified as genuine by Kim Sang Hun, a London-based expert on Korea, a press conference in Pyongyang, organized by North Korean authorities, denounced this. The original invention of gas chambers based on adapted vans with the storage compartment sealed. These vans were used by NKVD from 1936 under disguise of bread vans, gas chambers have been used for capital punishment in the United States to execute death row inmates
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Patriot Games (film)
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Patriot Games is a 1992 American spy thriller film directed by Phillip Noyce and based on Tom Clancys novel of the same name. It is a sequel to the 1990 film The Hunt for Red October, James Earl Jones is the lone holdover, reprising his role as Admiral James Greer. The cast also includes Sean Bean, Patrick Bergin, Thora Birch, Samuel L. Jackson, James Fox, and Richard Harris. The film premiered in theaters in the United States on June 5,1992, the next installment in the film series, Clear and Present Danger, also starred Ford and Archer. Retired CIA analyst Jack Ryan is on vacation with his family in London and they witness a terrorist attack on Lord William Holmes, British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. Ryan intervenes and is injured, but he kills one of the assailants, Patrick Miller, the remaining attackers flee, as Sean is apprehended by the police. While recovering, Ryan is called to testify in court against Miller, Miller is later convicted for his crimes. While being transferred to Albany Prison on the Isle of Wight, Millers escort convoy is ambushed by his comrades, including Kevin ODonnell, who execute the police officers, Miller and his companions flee to North Africa to plan another kidnapping attempt on Lord Holmes. Miller also persuades several members of the group to him to the U. S. to kill Ryan. Ryan survives an assassination orchestrated by Annette and an accomplice outside the U. S. Naval Academy. Later, Miller and a henchman attack Ryans wife and daughter on a busy highway, enraged over the attack on his family, Ryan decides to go back to work for the C. I. A. Having earlier rejected the appeal of his superior, Vice Admiral James Greer. Ryans work leads him to conclude that Miller has taken refuge in a camp in Libya. A Special Air Service team attacks and kills everyone in the camp while Ryan looks on through a satellite feed. Unbeknownst to Ryan, Miller and his companions had fled the camp and were on their way to the U. S. to stage their next attack. Lord Holmes decides to visit Ryan at his home to present his KCVO. With the aid of Lord Holmes traitorous assistant, Millers group tracks Holmes to Ryans house in Maryland, diplomatic Security Service agents and state troopers guarding the residence, and make an attempt to kidnap Lord Holmes. Ryan leads Holmes and his family to safety while he attempts to lure Miller, the FBIs Hostage Rescue Team scrambles to pick up Holmes
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Harrison Ford
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Harrison Ford is an American actor and film producer. He gained worldwide fame for his roles as Han Solo in the Star Wars film series. Six of his films have been inducted into the National Film Registry, American Graffiti, The Conversation, Star Wars, The Empire Strikes Back, Raiders of the Lost Ark and Blade Runner. In 1997, Ford was ranked No.1 in Empires The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time list. As of 2016, the U. S. domestic box-office grosses of Fords films total over US$4.7 billion, with worldwide grosses surpassing $6 billion, Ford is married to actress Calista Flockhart. Ford was born at the Swedish Covenant Hospital in Chicago, Illinois to Christopher Ford, an executive and former actor, and Dorothy. A younger brother, Terence, was born in 1945, Fords paternal grandparents, John Fitzgerald Ford and Florence Veronica Niehaus, were of Irish Catholic and German descent, respectively. Fords maternal grandparents, Harry Nidelman and Anna Lifschutz, were Jewish immigrants from Minsk, when asked in which religion he and his brother were raised, Ford jokingly responded, Democrat, to be liberals of every stripe. Ford was active in the Boy Scouts of America, and achieved its second-highest rank and he worked at Napowan Adventure Base Scout camp as a counselor for the Reptile Study merit badge. Because of this, he and director Steven Spielberg later decided to depict the young Indiana Jones as a Life Scout in the film Indiana Jones, in 1960, Ford graduated from Maine East High School in Park Ridge, Illinois. His was the first student voice broadcast on his high schools new radio station, WMTH and he attended Ripon College in Wisconsin, where he was a philosophy major and a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity. He took a class in the final quarter of his senior year to get over his shyness. Ford, a late bloomer, became fascinated with acting. In 1964, after a season of stock with the Belfry Players in Wisconsin. He did not get it, but stayed in California and eventually signed a contract with Columbia Pictures New Talent program. His first known role was a role as a bellhop in Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round. There is little record of his roles in film. Ford was at the bottom of the hiring list, having offended producer Jerry Tokovsky after he played a bellboy in the feature
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Sean Bean
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Shaun Mark Bean, known professionally as Sean Bean, is an English actor. After graduating from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, he made his debut in a theatre production of Romeo. Retaining his distinctive Yorkshire accent, he first found success for his portrayal of Richard Sharpe in the ITV series Sharpe. His most prominent film role was Boromir in The Lord of the Rings trilogy, as a voice actor, Bean has been featured in the video games The Elder Scrolls IV, Oblivion, Sid Meiers Civilization VI, and the drama The Canterbury Tales, among several others. He has received awards during his career and won an International Emmy for Best Actor. He has also nominated for a BAFTA and Saturn Award. Bean was born in Handsworth, a suburb of Sheffield, which was part of West Riding of Yorkshire. He is the son of Rita and Brian Bean and he has a younger sister named Lorraine. His father owned a shop that employed 50 people, including Beans mother. Despite becoming relatively wealthy, the family never moved away from the estate as they preferred to remain close to friends. As a child, Bean smashed a door during an argument. This prevented him pursuing his dream of playing football professionally. In 1975, Bean left Brook Comprehensive School with O Levels in Art, after a job at a supermarket and another for the local council, he started working for his fathers firm with a day release at Rotherham College of Arts and Technology to take a welding course. While there, he stumbled into an art class and decided to pursue his interest in art. After attending courses at two colleges, one for half a day and the other for less than a week, he returned to Rotherham College. After some college plays and one at Rotherham Civic Theatre, he won a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, Bean graduated from RADA in 1983, making his professional acting debut later that year as Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet at the Watermill Theatre in Newbury. His early career involved a mixture of stage and screen work, as an actor, he adopted the Irish spelling of his first name. His first national exposure came in an advert for non-alcoholic lager, between 1986 and 1988, he was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, appearing in productions of Romeo and Juliet, The Fair Maid of the West, and A Midsummer Nights Dream
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Accident
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Most scientists who study unintentional injury avoid using the term accident and focus on factors that increase risk of severe injury and that reduce injury incidence and severity. Physical examples of accidents include unintended motor vehicle collisions or falls, being injured by touching something sharp, hot, non-physical examples are unintentionally revealing a secret or otherwise saying something incorrectly, forgetting an appointment etc. Accidents during the execution of work or arising out of it are called work accidents, in contrast, leisure-related accidents are mainly sports injuries. Aviation Bicycles Sailing ships Traffic collisions Train wrecks Trams Poisons, vehicle collisions, the United States also collects statistically valid injury data through the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System administered by the Consumer Product Safety Commission. This program was revised in 2000 to include all injuries rather than just injuries involving products, data on emergency room visits is also collected through the National Health Interview Survey. In The U. S. the Bureau of Labor Statistics has available on their website statistics on workplace accidents. Many models to characterize and analyze accidents have been proposed, which can by classified by type
39.
Boat hook
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A boat hook is part of boating equipment. Its most common use is as a docking and undocking aid and it may be similar to a pike pole, however it must have a blunt tip, for pushing during undocking, with a hook for docking. In addition, it may have an attached to the other end. It may be used for pulling things out of water, such as debris or people. In Royal Navy, during ceremonial occasions the Ceremonial Boat Hook Drill must be performed during berthing and unberthing
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Jack Ryan (character)
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Dr John Patrick Jack Ryan, Sr. KCVO, Ph. D. is a fictional character created by Tom Clancy who appears in many of his novels and their respective film adaptations. Jack Ryan was born in Baltimore in 1950 and grew up there and he earned an NROTC commission in the Marines at Boston College. Medically discharged at the rank of 2ndLt following a helicopter crash and he met and married Caroline Cathy Mueller, a medical student and later an ophthalmic surgeon, with whom he had four children. He returned to academia, eventually accepting a position at the U. S. Naval Academy and he was later recommended to the CIA, eventually spending a short period there writing a position paper, as well as developing a counter-espionage mechanism. He returned to the academy and, while on a research trip to London. After his return to the States, he accepted a position with the CIA. He rose rapidly through the ranks in a variety of operations against the USSR. As DDI, he had political battles that led to him becoming President of the United States, Ryan had his background established in Patriot Games and Red Rabbit. He was born in 1950, the son of Emmet William Ryan, a Baltimore Police Department homicide lieutenant, the elder Ryan had served with the U. S. Armys 101st Airborne Division at the Battle of the Bulge. His mother, Catherine Burke Ryan, was a nurse, without Remorse mentioned that he had a sister, who lived in Seattle. S. While waiting for the Corps to assign him, he passed the Certified Public Accountant exam, after officer training at Marine Corps Base Quantico, he went on to serve as a platoon commander. The crash badly injured Ryans back, U. S. Navy surgeons, at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, inadequately repaired his back. This led to a recovery process after which, complete with a permanent disability and wearing a back brace. He passed his stockbrokers exam and took a position with Wall Street investment firm Merrill Lynchs Baltimore office and his parents died in a plane crash at Chicago Midway International Airport,19 months after his crash in Crete. He developed a fear of flying that persisted for years, the film version of The Hunt for Red October changed his education background to being a 1972 graduate of the US Naval Academy. Ryans story starts in Patriot Games and continues in Red Rabbit and he did so well that one of Merrill Lynchs senior vice presidents, Joe Muller, came to Baltimore to have dinner with him, with the objective of inviting him to the firms New York City headquarters. Also present is Mullers daughter Caroline, nicknamed Cathy, then a medical student at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. They immediately fall in love and get engaged, one night, while having dinner with his fiancée, Ryan throws out his back
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The Cardinal of the Kremlin
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The Cardinal of the Kremlin is a novel by Tom Clancy, featuring his character Jack Ryan. The SDI systems discussed in the book are based on real-world systems, in the book, satellite photos are shown of the Dushanbe Complex called Bright Star in the novel. These images are of an actual contemporary Soviet mountaintop site of then-disputed function called Okno, the site is referenced in the Federation of American Scientists Space Policy Project Special Weapons Monitor section. CIA analyst Jack Ryan attends a conference in Moscow as part of an American delegation to the Soviet Union. As a result, Filitov has been passing political, technical, the U. S. discovers through National Technical Means that the Soviets are working on an ABM defense system codenamed Bright Star, based at Dushanbe in Tajikistan. Emilio Ortiz, a CIA liaison, is sent to aid Mujaheddin rebels in the region, the Archer determines that the Soviet installation is a threat to him and his people, and tasks his group with attacking and pillaging the facility. In the end, the guerrillas destroy a large amount of Soviet equipment, however, the rebels suffer horrendous losses, including the death of the Archer. Ryan travels to New Mexico to meet with the countrys top SDI researcher, U. S. Army Major Alan Gregory, Gregory lives with another scientist, Candi Long, who is working on adaptive optics for use in the development of laser weaponry. A lesbian KGB agent, Bea Taussig—who has unluckily fallen in love with Long—describes Gregory and his work to her KGB handler, the KGB launches a plan to kidnap and debrief Gregory. Filitov is arrested after his work for the CIA is discovered, however, Ryan concocts a plan to both secure the return of Filitov and arrange the defection of the sitting KGB chairman, Nikolay Borissovich Gerasimov. Gerasimov is angling to take over as General Secretary in the wake of Filitovs arrest, Ryan schemes to go public with the prior capture of the Soviet submarine Red October, banking on the political instability of the Soviet Politburo. He plans for Filitov and Gerasimov to be exfiltrated on the American delegations aircraft and he reveals this in a private meeting with Gerasimov, forcing the KGB chairmans hand. S. received when the Red October crew defected. Their plans are foiled when the FBI sends in the Hostage Rescue Team to retrieve Gregory, Ryan informs Gerasimov of the failed operation, forcing the enraged chairman to accept Ryans defection offer. Taussig is arrested when she attempts to seduce Long after Gregory is reported kidnapped, the flipped Gerasimov fetches Filitov from his confinement. The three make their way to Sheremetyevo Airport, awaiting the departure of the American delegation, as Gerasimov and Filitov escape, Ryan allows himself to be captured by Golovko, banking on his diplomatic status to protect him from harm. Ryan returns to the United States, where he and several others attend the funeral of Filitov, Filitov is buried at Camp David, within twenty miles of the Antietam battlefield. A Soviet military attaché attending the funeral questions why Filitov would be buried so close to American soldiers, Ryan, always working to keep the peace, explains to him, One way or another, we all fight for what we believe in. Doesnt that give us some common ground and it was to involve Harrison Ford and William Shatner
