1.
Whitestone, Queens
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Whitestone is an upper middle-class residential neighborhood in the northernmost part of the New York City borough of Queens. The neighborhood proper is located between the East River to the north and 25th Avenue to the south, Whitestone is surrounded by College Point, Flushing, Bayside, Auburndale, Linden Hill, and Murray Hill. Whitestone contains the subsection of Malba, which is bounded to the north by the East River, to the east by the Whitestone Expressway, to the south by 14th Avenue, Malba was cited in a New York Times article as one of the few elite enclaves of Queens. Dutch settlers derived the name of the town from limestone that used to lie on the shore of the according to a popular tradition. Whitestone got its name because the settlers discovered that Whitestone was built on white limestone, the neighborhood is patrolled by the NYPDs 109th Precinct, and is part of Queens Community Board 7. It is traditionally bounded by the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge on the west, the zip code of Whitestone is 11357. The area was, in part, the estate of Francis Lewis, a delegate to the Continental Congress. The estate was the site of an English raid during the Revolutionary War, Lewis was not present but his wife was taken prisoner and his house was burned to the ground. In the late 19th century, many wealthy New Yorkers began building mansions in the area, rapid development of the area ensued in the 1920s, however, as trolley and Long Island Rail Road train service on the Whitestone Branch was expanded into the neighborhood. Flushing Airport has been abandoned since 1985, further development came with the building of the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge in 1939. The bridge measures 2,300 feet and was the fourth longest bridge in the world at the time of its construction. The name of the subsection of Malba in northern Whitestone is derived from the first letters of the surnames of its five founders of the Malba Land Company, Maycock, Alling, Lewis, Bishop, and Avis. Malba is considered part of Whitestone, one of the affluent communities in Queens. Demographically, the population is white and of European descent. Most of the properties in Malba are large homes. The first known resident of the known as present-day Malba was David Roe. According to Clarence Almon Torreys book, David Roe Of Flushing And Some Of His Descendants, in 1683, Roe was taxed upon owning 35 acres and thereafter increased his holdings substantially, ultimately acquiring the upland around what was to become Malba. Roes farm was on the east side of the bay, which was known as Roes Cove
Whitestone, Queens
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The Bronx-Whitestone Bridge as seen from Whitestone
Whitestone, Queens
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Malba Drive
Whitestone, Queens
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Powell's Cove
Whitestone, Queens
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Roadway on the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge
2.
Ronco sopra Ascona
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Ronco sopra Ascona is a municipality near Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Ronco sopra Ascona is first mentioned in 1264 as Roncha, in 1498 it was mentioned as Ronca de Scona. Ronco sopra Ascona and Ascona a Vicinanza by 1321, the vicinanza had its own statutes by 1369, and broke up in 1641. In the early period it was part of the Bailiwick of Locarno. The Church of S. Martino is first mentioned in 1498, in 1626 it broke away from the parish of Ascona to form an independent parish. However, the local priest elected was chosen by the priest in Ascona from 1632 until 1813, viticulture and animal husbandry were the main sources of income in the village. Many inhabitants emigrated to Tuscany, where they had a monopoly on customs duties for goods coming from Florence, starting in the 19th Century these emigrants also began going overseas. Since the mid-20th Century Ronco sopra Ascona is a popular resort, in 2000, about three-fifths of the workforce commutes. Ronco sopra Ascona has an area, as of 1997, of 5.02 square kilometers, of this area,0.44 km2 or 8. 8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 3.87 km2 or 77. 1% is forested. Of the rest of the land,0.61 km2 or 12. 2% is settled,0.01 km2 or 0. 2% is either rivers or lakes and 0.37 km2 or 7. 4% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 8. 6%, out of the forested land,72. 5% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3. 6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land,0. 0% is used for growing crops and 8. 6% is used for alpine pastures, all the water in the municipality is flowing water. Of the unproductive areas,7. 2% is unproductive vegetation, the municipality is located in the Locarno district. It consists of the village of Ronco sopra Ascona and the hamlets Fontana Martina, painter Antonio Ciseri was born there in 1821. German writer Erich Maria Remarque died there in 1970, and Remarques widow, American actress Paulette Goddard, the couple is buried alongside each other in Roncos graveyard in Ticino. Ronco sopra Ascona has a population of 624, as of 2008,24. 8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has changed at a rate of -9. 8%, most of the population speaks Italian, with German being second most common and Portuguese being third. Of the Swiss national languages,222 speak German,8 people speak French,405 people speak Italian, as of 2008, the gender distribution of the population was 50. 6% male and 49. 4% female
Ronco sopra Ascona
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Ronco sopra Ascona village
Ronco sopra Ascona
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Self portrait of Antonio Ciseri
Ronco sopra Ascona
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Church of Ronco sopra Ascona
3.
Ticino
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Ticino /tᵻˈtʃiːnoʊ/, formally the Republic and Canton of Ticino is the southernmost canton of Switzerland. The land now occupied by the canton was annexed from Italian cities in the 15th century by various Swiss forces in the last transalpine campaigns of the Old Swiss Confederacy, in the Helvetic Republic, established 1798, it was divided between the two new cantons of Bellinzona and Lugano. The creation of the Swiss Confederation in 1803 saw these two cantons combine to form the canton of Ticino. The name Ticino was chosen for the newly established canton in 1803, known as Ticinus in Roman times, the river appears on the Tabula Peutingeriana as Ticenum. Johann Kaspar Zeuss attributed Celtic origins to the name, tracing it to the Celtic tek, itself from an Indo-European root tak, in ancient times, the area of what is today Ticino was settled by the Lepontii, a Celtic tribe. Later, probably around the rule of Augustus, it part of the Roman Empire. After the fall of the Western Empire, was ruled by the Ostrogoths, the Lombards, around 1100 it was the centre of struggle between the free communes of Milan and Como, in the 14th century it was acquired by the Visconti, Dukes of Milan. In the fifteenth century the Swiss Confederates conquered the south of the Alps in three separate conquests. Between 1403 and 1422 some of these lands were annexed by forces from the Canton of Uri. Uri conquered the Leventina Valley in 1440, in a second conquest Uri, Schwyz and Nidwalden gained the town of Bellinzona and the Riviera in 1500. Some of the land and Bellinzona itself were previously annexed by Uri in 1419, the third conquest was fought by troops from the entire Confederation. In 1512 Locarno, the Maggia Valley, Lugano and Mendrisio were annexed, subsequently, the upper valley of the Ticino River, from the St. Gotthard to the town of Biasca was part of Uri. The remaining territory was administered by the Twelve Cantons and these districts were governed by bailiffs holding office for two years and purchasing it from the members of the League. The lands of the canton of Ticino are the last lands to be conquered by the Swiss Confederation, the Confederation gave up any further conquests after their defeat at the battle of Marignano in 1515 by Francis I of France. The Val Leventina revolted unsuccessfully against Uri in 1755, in February 1798 an attempt of annexation by the Cisalpine Republic was repelled by a volunteer militia in Lugano. During the Napoleonic Wars, many Ticinesi served in Swiss military units allied with the French, the canton minted its own currency, the Ticinese franco, between 1813 and 1850, when it began use of the Swiss franc. In the early 19th century, the contemporary Franco-Danish scholar Conrad Malte-Brun stated that, “The canton of Tesino is the poorest, until 1878 the three largest cities, Bellinzona, Lugano and Locarno, alternated as capital of the canton. In 1878, however, Bellinzona became the only and permanent capital, the current cantonal constitution dates from 1997
Ticino
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Ticinese franco, currency of Ticino until the introduction of the
Swiss franc in 1850.
Ticino
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Map of Ticino
Ticino
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Stone house in
Valle Verzasca
Ticino
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Hamlet of Brunescio on the left flank of
Vallemaggia
4.
Charlie Chaplin
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Sir Charles Spencer Charlie Chaplin, KBE was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame during the era of silent film. Chaplin became an icon through his screen persona the Tramp and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, Chaplins childhood in London was one of poverty and hardship. As his father was absent and his mother struggled financially, he was sent to a workhouse twice before the age of nine, when he was 14, his mother was committed to a mental asylum. Chaplin began performing at an age, touring music halls and later working as a stage actor. At 19, he was signed to the prestigious Fred Karno company, Chaplin was scouted for the film industry and began appearing in 1914 for Keystone Studios. He soon developed the Tramp persona and formed a fan base. Chaplin directed his own films from a stage and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay, Mutual. By 1918, he was one of the figures in the world. In 1919, Chaplin co-founded the distribution company United Artists, which gave him control over his films. His first feature-length was The Kid, followed by A Woman of Paris, The Gold Rush and he refused to move to sound films in the 1930s, instead producing City Lights and Modern Times without dialogue. Chaplin became increasingly political, and his film, The Great Dictator. The 1940s were a decade marked with controversy for Chaplin, and he was accused of communist sympathies, while his involvement in a paternity suit and marriages to much younger women caused scandal. An FBI investigation was opened, and Chaplin was forced to leave the United States and he abandoned the Tramp in his later films, which include Monsieur Verdoux, Limelight, A King in New York, and A Countess from Hong Kong. Chaplin wrote, directed, produced, edited, starred in and he was a perfectionist, and his financial independence enabled him to spend years on the development and production of a picture. His films are characterised by slapstick combined with pathos, typified in the Tramps struggles against adversity, many contain social and political themes, as well as autobiographical elements. In 1972, as part of an appreciation for his work. He continues to be held in regard, with The Gold Rush, City Lights, Modern Times
Charlie Chaplin
–
Publicity portrait,
circa 1920
Charlie Chaplin
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Seven-year-old Chaplin (centre) at the
Central London District School for
paupers, 1897.
Charlie Chaplin
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A teenage Chaplin in the play
Sherlock Holmes, which he appeared in between 1903 and 1906
Charlie Chaplin
–
Advertisement from Chaplin's American tour with the
Fred Karno comedy company, 1913
5.
Burgess Meredith
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Oliver Burgess Meredith was an American actor, director, producer, and writer in theater, film, and television. Active for more than six decades, Meredith has been called a virtuosic actor and one of the most accomplished actors of the century. A life member of the Actors Studio by invitation, he won several Emmys, was the first male actor to win the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor twice, and was nominated for two Academy Awards. He established himself as a man in Hollywood with critically acclaimed performances as George Milton in Of Mice and Men. Joe, and the narrator of A Walk in the Sun, Meredith was born in 1907 in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Ida Beth and Dr. William George Meredith, a Canadian-born physician, of English descent. Meredith graduated from Hoosac School in 1926 and then attended Amherst College and he later served in the United States Army Air Forces in World War II, reaching the rank of captain. He was discharged in 1944 to work on the movie The Story of G. I, Joe, in which he played the war correspondent Ernie Pyle. In 1929, he became a member of Eva Le Galliennes Civic Repertory Theatre company in New York City, although best known to the larger world audience for his film and television work, Meredith was an influential actor and director for the stage. He made his Broadway debut as Peter in Le Galliennes production of Romeo and Juliet and became a star in Maxwell Andersons Winterset and his early life and theatre work were the subject of a New Yorker profile. He garnered critical acclaim in the 1935 Broadway revival of The Barretts of Wimpole Street starring Katharine Cornell and she subsequently cast him in several of her later productions. Other Broadway roles included Van van Dorn in High Tor, Liliom in Liliom, Christy Mahon in The Playboy of the Western World and he created the role of Erie Smith in the English-language premiere of Eugene ONeills Hughie at the Theater Royal in Bath, England in 1963. He played Hamlet in avant garde theatrical and radio productions of the play, a distinguished theatre director, he won a Tony Award nomination for his 1974 Broadway staging of Ulysses in Nighttown, a theatrical adaptation of the Nighttown section of James Joyces Ulysses. Meredith also shared a Special Tony Award with James Thurber for their collaboration on A Thurber Carnival. I and he was featured in many 1940s films, including three — Second Chorus, Diary of a Chambermaid, and On Our Merry Way — co-starring then-wife Paulette Goddard. He was in Stay Away Joe, appearing as the father of Elvis Presleys character. In 1975, he received acclaim for his performance as Harry Greene in The Day of the Locust and received nominations for the BAFTA, Golden Globe. Meredith then played Rocky Balboas trainer, Mickey Goldmill, in the first three Rocky films, though his character died in the third Rocky film, he returned briefly in a flashback in the fifth film, Rocky V. His portrayal in the first film earned him his second nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Meredith played an old Korean War veteran Captain J. G, williams in The Last Chase with Lee Majors
Burgess Meredith
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in February 1938
Burgess Meredith
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In The Remarkable Mr. Pennypacker (1951)
Burgess Meredith
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Meredith in Second Chorus
Burgess Meredith
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Meredith as Henry Bemis in
The Twilight Zone episode, "
Time Enough at Last "
6.
Erich Maria Remarque
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Erich Maria Remarque, born Erich Paul Remark, was a German novelist who created many works about the terror of war. His best known novel All Quiet on the Western Front, about German soldiers in the First World War, was made into an Oscar-winning film and his book made him an enemy of the Nazis, who burned many of his works. Erich Maria Remarque was born on 22 June 1898 into a working family in the German city of Osnabrück to Peter Franz Remark. During World War I, Remarque volunteered to join the German Army at the age of 18, on 12 June 1917, he was transferred to the Western Front, 2nd Company, Reserves, Field Depot of the 2nd Guards Reserve Division at Hem-Lenglet. On 26 June, he was posted to the 15th Reserve Infantry Regiment, 2nd Company, Engineer Platoon Bethe, and was stationed between Torhout and Houthulst. On 31 July, he was wounded by shrapnel in the leg, right arm and neck. After the war he continued his training and worked from 1 August 1919 as a primary school teacher in Lohne, at that time in the county of Lingen. From May 1920 he worked in Klein Berßen in the former County of Hümmling, now Emsland, and from August 1920 in Nahne, on 20 November 1920 he applied for leave of absence from teaching. Remarque worked at a number of different jobs, including librarian, businessman, journalist and his first paid writing job was as a technical writer for the Continental Rubber Company, a German tire manufacturer. At the age of 16, Remarque had made his first attempts at writing, this included essays, poems, the original family name, Remarque, had been changed to Remark by his grandfather in the 19th century. In 1927, Remarque made a second start with the novel Station at the Horizon. It was published in form only in 1998. All Quiet on the Western Front was written in 1927, the novel, published in 1929, described the experiences of German soldiers during World War I. A number of similar works followed, in simple, emotive language they described wartime, in 1931, after finishing The Road Back, Remarque bought a villa in Porto Ronco, Switzerland, planning to live both there and in France. His next novel, Three Comrades, spans the years of the Weimar Republic and his last novel was Shadows in Paradise, he wrote it while living at 320 East 57th Street in New York City. The apartment building played a prominent role in his novel, on 10 May 1933, the German government, on the initiative of the Nazi propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels, banned and publicly burned Remarques works. Remarque finally left Germany to live at his villa in Switzerland, according to the data received from the Remarque museum in Osnabrück, Remarques German background as well as his Catholic faith were never questioned by the Nazis. The Nazis continued to decry his writings, claiming anyone who would change the spelling of his name from the German Remark to the French Remarque could not be a true German, the Nazis further made the false claim that Remarque had not seen active service during World War I
Erich Maria Remarque
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Erich Maria Remark (1928)
Erich Maria Remarque
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Remarque in
Davos, 1929.
Erich Maria Remarque
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Im Westen nichts Neues, 1929 original version.
7.
Ziegfeld Follies
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The Ziegfeld Follies was a series of elaborate theatrical revue productions on Broadway in New York City from 1907 through 1931, with renewals in 1934 and 1936. They became a program in 1932 and 1936 as The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air. Inspired by the Folies Bergère of Paris, the Ziegfeld Follies were conceived and mounted by Florenz Ziegfeld, reportedly at the suggestion of his then-wife, the shows producers were turn-of-the-twentieth-century producing titans Klaw & Erlanger. The Follies were a series of revues, something between later Broadway shows and the more elaborate high class Vaudeville variety show. The first Follies was produced in 1907 at the roof theatre Jardin de Paris, during the Follies era, many of the top entertainers, including W. C. They usually wore elaborate costumes by designers such as Erté, Lady Duff Gordon, the Tableau vivants were designed by Ben Ali Haggin from 1917 to 1925. Joseph Urban was the designer for the Follies shows starting in 1915. After Ziegfelds death his widow, Billie Burke, authorized use of his name for Ziegfeld Follies in 1934 and 1936 to Jake Shubert, who then produced the Follies. The name was used by other promoters in New York City, Philadelphia. Featuring numbers by Ray Bolger, Dennis Morgan, Virginia Bruce, and Harriet Hoctor, the MGM blockbusters show-stopper was the Irving Berlin-composed, A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody, which, by itself, cost more to produce than one of Ziegfelds entire stage shows. In 1941 MGM released Ziegfeld Girl, starring Lana Turner, Judy Garland, Hedy Lamarr, James Stewart, celebrated numbers from Ziegfeld Revues were recreated, including the famed Wedding Cake set which had been used for Metros earlier film, The Great Ziegfeld. According to modern sources, Turners character was modeled after Ziegfeld Girl Lillian Lorraine, Brice appeared in the Follies for more than ten years. The 1964 musical, Funny Girl, starring Barbra Streisand as Fanny Brice, the 1968 Columbia film of the musical also starred Barbra Streisand as Brice and Walter Pidgeon as Florenz Ziegfeld. Esthers Follies The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies Alfred Cheney Johnston The Passing Show Joseph Urban Ziegfeld Theatre Ziegfeld on Musicals101. com Ziegfeld Follies at Internet Broadway Database
Ziegfeld Follies
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Promotional artwork for 1912 Ziegfeld Follies
Ziegfeld Follies
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Mlle. Dazie 1908
Ziegfeld Follies
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New Amsterdam Theatre, New York
Ziegfeld Follies
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This article is about the Ziegfeld Follies Broadway shows. For the film, see
Ziegfeld Follies (film).
8.
Paramount Pictures
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Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film studio based in Hollywood, California, that has been a subsidiary of the American media conglomerate Viacom since 1994. In 1916, film producer Adolph Zukor contracted 22 actors and actresses and these fortunate few would become the first movie stars. Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2014, Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only. Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving studio in the world after the French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé, followed by the Nordisk Film company. It is the last major film studio headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles. Paramount Pictures dates its existence from the 1912 founding date of the Famous Players Film Company, hungarian-born founder, Adolph Zukor, who had been an early investor in nickelodeons, saw that movies appealed mainly to working-class immigrants. With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman he planned to offer feature-length films that would appeal to the class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time. By mid-1913, Famous Players had completed five films, and Zukor was on his way to success and its first film was Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth, which starred Sarah Bernhardt. That same year, another aspiring producer, Jesse L. Lasky, opened his Lasky Feature Play Company with money borrowed from his brother-in-law, Samuel Goldfish, the Lasky company hired as their first employee a stage director with virtually no film experience, Cecil B. DeMille, who would find a site in Hollywood, near Los Angeles, for his first feature film. Hodkinson and actor, director, producer Hobart Bosworth had started production of a series of Jack London movies, Paramount was the first successful nationwide distributor, until this time, films were sold on a statewide or regional basis which had proved costly to film producers. Also, Famous Players and Lasky were privately owned while Paramount was a corporation, in 1916, Zukor maneuvered a three-way merger of his Famous Players, the Lasky Company, and Paramount. Zukor and Lasky bought Hodkinson out of Paramount, and merged the three companies into one, with only the exhibitor-owned First National as a rival, Famous Players-Lasky and its Paramount Pictures soon dominated the business. It was this system that gave Paramount a leading position in the 1920s and 1930s, the driving force behind Paramounts rise was Zukor. In 1926, Zukor hired independent producer B. P. Schulberg and they purchased the Robert Brunton Studios, a 26-acre facility at 5451 Marathon Street for US$1 million. In 1927, Famous Players-Lasky took the name Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation, three years later, because of the importance of the Publix Theatres, it became Paramount Publix Corporation. In 1928, Paramount began releasing Inkwell Imps, animated cartoons produced by Max, the Fleischers, veterans in the animation industry, were among the few animation producers capable of challenging the prominence of Walt Disney. The Paramount newsreel series Paramount News ran from 1927 to 1957, Paramount was also one of the first Hollywood studios to release what were known at that time as talkies, and in 1929, released their first musical, Innocents of Paris
Paramount Pictures
–
Logo used as of 2012
Paramount Pictures
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Paramount Pictures logo, based on a design by founder
William Wadsworth Hodkinson, from 1917 to 1967.
Paramount Pictures
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Lasky's original studio, a.k.a.: "The Barn"; as it appeared in the mid-1920s. The Taft building, built in 1923, is visible in the background.
Paramount Pictures
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The original Paramount logo seen on its 1930s films and
Popeye shorts.
9.
Charles Chaplin
–
Sir Charles Spencer Charlie Chaplin, KBE was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame during the era of silent film. Chaplin became an icon through his screen persona the Tramp and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, Chaplins childhood in London was one of poverty and hardship. As his father was absent and his mother struggled financially, he was sent to a workhouse twice before the age of nine, when he was 14, his mother was committed to a mental asylum. Chaplin began performing at an age, touring music halls and later working as a stage actor. At 19 he was signed to the prestigious Fred Karno company, Chaplin was scouted for the film industry, and began appearing in 1914 for Keystone Studios. He soon developed the Tramp persona and formed a fan base. Chaplin directed his own films from a stage, and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay, Mutual. By 1918, he was one of the best known figures in the world, in 1919, Chaplin co-founded the distribution company United Artists, which gave him complete control over his films. His first feature-length was The Kid, followed by A Woman of Paris, The Gold Rush and he refused to move to sound films in the 1930s, instead producing City Lights and Modern Times without dialogue. Chaplin became increasingly political, and his film, The Great Dictator. The 1940s were a decade marked with controversy for Chaplin, and he was accused of communist sympathies, while his involvement in a paternity suit and marriages to much younger women caused scandal. An FBI investigation was opened, and Chaplin was forced to leave the United States and he abandoned the Tramp in his later films, which include Monsieur Verdoux, Limelight, A King in New York, and A Countess from Hong Kong. Chaplin wrote, directed, produced, edited, starred in and he was a perfectionist, and his financial independence enabled him to spend years on the development and production of a picture. His films are characterised by slapstick combined with pathos, typified in the Tramps struggles against adversity, many contain social and political themes, as well as autobiographical elements. In 1972, as part of an appreciation for his work. He continues to be held in regard, with The Gold Rush, City Lights, Modern Times. Charles Spencer Chaplin was born on 16 April 1889 to Hannah Chaplin, there is no official record of his birth, although Chaplin believed he was born at East Street, Walworth, in South London
Charles Chaplin
–
Publicity portrait,
circa 1920
Charles Chaplin
–
Seven-year-old Chaplin (centre) at the
Central London District School for
paupers, 1897.
Charles Chaplin
–
A teenage Chaplin in the play
Sherlock Holmes, which he appeared in between 1903 and 1906
Charles Chaplin
–
Advertisement from Chaplin's American tour with the
Fred Karno comedy company, 1913
10.
Modern Times (film)
–
Modern Times is a 1936 epic comedy film written and directed by Charlie Chaplin in which his iconic Little Tramp character struggles to survive in the modern, industrialized world. The movie stars Chaplin, Paulette Goddard, Henry Bergman, Tiny Sandford, Modern Times was deemed culturally significant by the Library of Congress in 1989, and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Fourteen years later, it was screened out of competition at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival, Modern Times portrays Chaplin as a factory worker employed on an assembly line. He finally suffers a breakdown and runs amok, throwing the factory into chaos. He is sent to a hospital, following his recovery, the now unemployed factory worker is mistakenly arrested as an instigator in a Communist demonstration. In jail, he accidentally ingests smuggled cocaine, mistaking it for salt, in his subsequent delirium, he avoids being put back in his cell. When he returns, he stumbles upon a jailbreak and knocks the convicts unconscious and he is hailed as a hero and given special treatment. When he is informed that he will soon be released due to his heroic actions, outside of jail, he applies for a new job but leaves after causing an accident. He runs into a recently orphaned girl, Ellen, who is fleeing the police after stealing a loaf of bread, determined to go back to jail and to save the girl, he tells police that he is the thief and ought to be arrested. A witness reveals his deception and he is freed, to get arrested again, he eats an enormous amount of food at a cafeteria without paying. He meets up with Ellen in a wagon, which crashes. After sharing drinks with them, he wakes up the morning during opening hours and is arrested once more. Ten days later, Ellen takes him to a new home – a run-down shack that she admits isnt Buckingham Palace, the next morning, the factory worker reads about an old factory re-opening and lands a job there as a mechanics assistant. His boss accidentally falls into the machinery, but the worker manages to extricate him, the other workers suddenly decide to go on strike. Outside, the worker accidentally launches a brick at a policeman and is arrested again, two weeks later, he is released and learns that Ellen is a café dancer. She gets him a job as a singer and waiter, where he goes about his duties rather clumsily. During his floor show, he loses a cuff that bears the lyrics to his song, when police arrive to arrest Ellen for her earlier escape, the two flee again. Ellen despairs that no point to their struggling, but the factory worker assures her that theyll make it somehow
Modern Times (film)
–
Modern Times
Modern Times (film)
–
The Tramp working on the giant machine in the film's most famous scene
Modern Times (film)
–
Charlie Chaplin
Modern Times (film)
–
Paulette Goddard, the heroine of Modern Times
11.
The Great Dictator
–
The Great Dictator is a 1940 American political satire comedy-drama film written, directed, produced, scored by and starring Charlie Chaplin, following the tradition of many of his other films. Having been the only Hollywood film-maker to continue to make silent films well into the period of sound films, Chaplins film advanced a stirring, controversial condemnation of Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, fascism, antisemitism, and the Nazis. At the time of its first release, the United States was still formally at peace with Nazi Germany, Chaplin plays both leading roles, a ruthless fascist dictator, and a persecuted Jewish barber. The Great Dictator was popular with audiences, becoming Chaplins most commercially successful film, modern critics have also praised it as a historically significant film and an important work of satire. The Great Dictator was nominated for five Academy Awards - Outstanding Production, Best Actor, Best Writing, Best Supporting Actor for Jack Oakie, and Best Music. In his 1964 autobiography, Chaplin stated that he could not have made the film if he had known about the extent of the horrors of the Nazi concentration camps at the time. The action starts in 1918, with the defeat of the Tomainian army, a Jewish barber saves the life of a wounded pilot, Schultz, but loses his own memory through concussion. Twenty years later, still suffering from amnesia, the barber escapes from his care-home to return to the ghetto. The ghetto is now governed by Schultz, who has promoted in the Tomainian regime under the ruthless dictator Adenoid Hynkel. The barber falls in love with a neighbors daughter Hannah, the storm troopers capture the barber and are about to hang him, but Schultz remembers that the barber had saved his life during the war, and restrains them. Hynkel tries to finance his military forces by borrowing money from a Jewish banker, furious, Hynkel orders a purge of the Jews. Schultz protests this inhumane policy, and is removed from office and he escapes and hides in the ghetto with the barber. Schultz tries to persuade the Jewish family to mount an attempt against Hynkel. Stormtroopers search the ghetto, arresting Schultz and the barber and they are sent to a concentration camp. Hannah and her family flee to freedom in the country of Osterlich. Hynkel has a dispute with the dictator of the nation of Bacteria, after signing a treaty with Napaloni, Hynkel invades Osterlich. The Jewish family is trapped by the invading force, escaping from the camp in stolen uniforms, Schultz and the barber, dressed as Hynkel, arrive at the Osterlich frontier, where a huge victory-parade is waiting to be addressed by Hynkel. The real Hynkel is mistaken for the barber while out duck-shooting in civilian clothes, Schultz tells the barber to go up to the platform and impersonate Hynkel, as the only way to save their lives once they reach Osterlichs capital
The Great Dictator
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Theatrical release poster
The Great Dictator
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Chaplin as Adenoid Hynkel
The Great Dictator
–
Chaplin (as the barber) absentmindedly tries to shave Goddard (as Hannah) in this image from the film trailer.
12.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
–
The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Gale Sondergaard was the first winner of award for her role in Anthony Adverse. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 78 actresses. Dianne Wiest and Shelley Winters have received the most awards in this category with two awards each, despite winning no awards, Thelma Ritter was nominated on six occasions, more than any other actress. As of the 2017 ceremony, Viola Davis is the most recent winner in category for her role as Rose Maxson in Fences. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, inside Oscar, The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards. New York, United States, Ballantine Books, oscars. org Oscar. com The Academy Awards Database
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
–
Alice Brady won for her performance in 1937's
In Old Chicago.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
–
Hattie McDaniel won in 1939 for her role as Mammy in
Gone with the Wind, thus becoming the first black performer to win an Oscar.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
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Jane Darwell won for her performance as Ma Joad in
The Grapes of Wrath (1940).
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
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Teresa Wright won for her role in 1942's
Mrs Miniver.
13.
So Proudly We Hail!
–
Also featuring George Reeves, it was produced and released by Paramount Pictures. The film follows a group of nurses sent to the Philippines during the early days of World War II. Those prisoners of war were subjected to the infamous Bataan Death March, the film was based, in part, on Lieutenant Colonel Hipps memoir I Served On Bataan. The story covers many day-to-day events and contrasts the brutality of war against the futile efforts of the nurses to provide medical aid. Each of the nurses has a past or present love story with a soldier, flashback narration and a sequence where the nurses and injured soldiers are stranded in Malinta Tunnel pinned down by aircraft fire are two notable aspects of the film. Moviegoers of the time found great timeliness in the movie, since MacArthur and the battles for Bataan, although the love-story plot line is the primary thrust of the film, the difficulties and emotional toll of war are also shown
So Proudly We Hail!
–
Theatrical release poster
So Proudly We Hail!
–
Claudette Colbert as Lt. Janet "Davy" Davidson
So Proudly We Hail!
–
Paulette Goddard as Lt. Joan O'Doul
So Proudly We Hail!
–
Veronica Lake as Lt. Olivia D'Arcy
14.
Salt Lake City
–
Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858
Salt Lake City
–
Clockwise from top: The skyline in July 2011,
Utah State Capitol,
TRAX,
Union Pacific Depot, the
Block U, the
City and County Building, and the
Salt Lake Temple.
Salt Lake City
–
Map showing Salt Lake as
Mexican territory in 1838. Source:
Britannica 7th Ed.
Salt Lake City
–
Part of Main Street 1890
Salt Lake City
–
Men lounging outside saloon & Chinese laundry, 1910
15.
Episcopal Church in the United States of America
–
The Episcopal Church is the United States-based member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The current presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry, in 2014, the Episcopal Church had 1,956,042 baptized members. In 2011, it was the nations 14th largest denomination, in 2015, Pew Research estimated that 1.2 percent of the adult population in the United States, or 3 million people, self-identify as mainline Episcopalians/Anglicans. The Episcopal Church describes itself as Protestant, yet Catholic, the Episcopal Church is an apostolic church, tracing its bishops back to the apostles via holy orders. The Book of Common Prayer, a collection of traditional rites, blessings, liturgies, the Episcopal Church was active in the Social Gospel movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Since the 1960s and 1970s, the church has pursued a more liberal course. It has opposed the death penalty and supported the civil rights movement, some of its leaders and priests are known for marching with influential civil rights demonstrators such as Martin Luther King Jr. The Church calls for the legal equality of gay and lesbian people. Due to the process of editing or making additions to the Prayer Book, the BCP still describes marriage as being the union of a man. The Episcopal Church ordains women and LGBT people to the priesthood, the diaconate, in 2003, Gene Robinson was the first non-celibate openly gay person ordained as a bishop in documented Christian history. There are two names of the Episcopal Church specified in its constitution, The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. The latter is the commonly used name. In other languages, an equivalent is used, until 1964, the only official name in use was The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. In the 19th century, High Church members advocated changing the name and they were opposed by the churchs evangelical wing, which felt that the Protestant Episcopal label accurately reflected the Reformed character of Anglicanism. After 1877, alternative names were proposed and rejected by the General Convention. A commonly proposed alternative was the American Catholic Church, by the 1960s, opposition to dropping the word Protestant had largely subsided. The 66th General Convention voted in 1979 to use the name The Episcopal Church in the Oath of Conformity of the Declaration for Ordination, the evolution of the name can be seen in the churchs Book of Common Prayer. The alternate name The Episcopal Church in the United States of America has never been a name of the church but is commonly seen in English
Episcopal Church in the United States of America
–
St. Luke's Church, built during the 17th century near
Smithfield, Virginia. It is the oldest Anglican church building to have survived largely intact in North America.
Episcopal Church in the United States of America
–
The
arms of the Episcopal Church includes both a
St. George's cross and a
St. Andrew's cross composed of nine
cross crosslets
Episcopal Church in the United States of America
–
Bruton Parish Church in
Colonial Williamsburg, established in 1674. The current building was completed in 1715.
Episcopal Church in the United States of America
–
Old North Church in
Boston. Inspired by the work of
Christopher Wren, it was completed in 1723.
16.
Saks Fifth Avenue
–
Saks Fifth Avenue is an American luxury department store owned by the oldest commercial corporation in North America, the Hudsons Bay Company. Its main flagship store is located on Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, Saks Fifth Avenue is the successor of a business founded by Andrew Saks in 1867 and incorporated in New York in 1902 as Saks & Company. Saks died in 1912, and in 1923 Saks & Co. merged with Gimbel Brothers, Inc. which was owned by a cousin of Horace Saks, Bernard Gimbel, operating as a separate autonomous subsidiary. On September 15,1924, Horace Saks and Bernard Gimbel opened Saks Fifth Avenue in New York City, with a full-block avenue frontage south of St Patricks Cathedral, facing Rockefeller Center. The architects were Starrett & van Vleck, who developed a reticent, the first full-line year-round Saks store opened in Chicago, in 1929, followed by another resort store in Miami Beach, Florida. In 1938, Saks expanded to the West Coast, opening in Beverly Hills, by the end of the 1930s, Saks Fifth Avenue had a total of 10 stores, including resort locations such as Sun Valley, Idaho, Mount Stowe, and Newport, Rhode Island. More full-line stores followed with Detroit, Michigan, in 1940 and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in Downtown Pittsburgh, the company moved to its own freestanding location approximately one block from its former home on the fourth floor in the downtown Gimbels flagship. The San Francisco location opened in 1952, competing locally with I, BATUS Inc. acquired Gimbel Bros. Inc. and its Saks Fifth Avenue subsidiary in 1973 as part of its diversification strategy. More expansion followed from the 1960s through the 1990s including the Midwest, in 1990, BATUS sold Saks to Investcorp S. A. which took Saks public in 1996 as Saks Holdings, Inc. In 1990, Saks Off 5th was launched, an outlet store offshoot of the main brand, in 1998, Proffitts, Inc. the parent company of Proffitts and other department stores, acquired Saks Holdings Inc. Upon completing the acquisition, Proffitts, Inc. changed its name to Saks, since 2000 Saks has opened international locations in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kazakhstan, and Mexico City. In August 2007, the United States Postal Service began an experimental program selling the plus zip code extension to businesses, the first company to do so was Saks Fifth Avenue, which received the zip code of 10022-SHOE for the eighth-floor shoe department in its flagship Fifth Avenue store. During the 2007-2009 recession, Saks Fifth Avenue had to some stores and to cut prices and profit margins. It took three years before it could start selling at closer to full price, on July 29,2013, the Hudsons Bay Company, owner of the competing chain Lord & Taylor, announced it would acquire Saks Fifth Avenues parent company for US$2.9 billion. Plans called for up to seven Saks Fifth Avenues to open in major Canadian markets, the store opened in February 2016 with a second Toronto area location in the Sherway Gardens shopping center opening in spring 2016. On January 6,2014, Marigay McKee, previously Chief Merchant at Harrods and she stepped down 15 months later on April 2,2015, and was replaced by Marc Metrick, a former executive at Saks’s parent company, Hudson’s Bay. Starting in 2015 Saks began a million, three-year restoration of its Fifth Avenue flagship store. In the summer of 2015, it was announced that Saks will debut a new location in Greenwich, in the fall of 2015, Saks was planning to replace its existing store at the Houston Galleria with a new store
Saks Fifth Avenue
–
Saks Fifth Avenue
Saks Fifth Avenue
–
Flagship store in
Manhattan, New York
Saks Fifth Avenue
–
Former his and hers Saks Fifth Avenue stores face each other on the
Magnificent Mile in
Chicago. The men's department relocated to the main building in 2014.
Saks Fifth Avenue
–
Saks Fifth Avenue in Santa Fe Mall in
Mexico City.
17.
Hattie Carnegie
–
Hattie Carnegie was a fashion entrepreneur based in New York City from the 1920s to the 1960s. She was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary as Henrietta Kanengeiser, by her early 20s, Hattie had taken the surname Carnegie as an homage to Andrew Carnegie, the richest man in the United States at the time. Born into poverty, Carnegie was the second of seven born to Hannah. When Hattie was a girl, the family emigrated to the United States. She attended public school until her died in 1902. In order to support her family, Carnegie took a job as a messenger at Macys at age thirteen. At age fifteen, she modeled and trimmed hats at a millinery manufacturer, in 1909, Carnegie launched a hat making business with Rose Roth. Roth was a dressmaker and Carnegie designed hats, by 1919, Roth had left the business and Carnegie was the sole proprietor of Hattie Carnegie, Inc. At this point, Carnegie had a capital of $100,000. She began travelling to Paris to buy dresses to both sell in her shop and use as inspiration for her own designs. In 1925, Carnegie was successful enough to buy a building just off Park Avenue at 42 East 49th Street, by 1929, the business has sales of $3.5 million a year. When spending decreased during the Great Depression, Carnegie created a less expensive line called Spectator Sports, in 1928, a then-unknown Lucille Ball began working for Hattie Carnegie as an in-house model. Carnegie ordered Lucille to dye her brown hair blonde and Lucille complied. Of this time in her life Lucille said, Hattie taught me how to slouch properly in a $1,000 hand-sewn sequin dress, Carnegie could not sew or cut a pattern herself, but she had an eye for talent. Her company discovered some of the most prominent American fashion designers of the century, such as Norman Norell, Pauline Trigère, James Galanos. For nearly a decade, the department was headed by Pauline Fairfax Potter. In response to the austerity measures of World War II, Carnegie designed a dress for home sewers that was published in the April 12,1943 issue of Life magazine. Made to order by Carnegie, the dress was said to cost $175, hatties specialty was the little Carnegie suit
Hattie Carnegie
–
Carnegie in 1955.
18.
Florenz Ziegfeld
–
He also produced the musical Show Boat. He was known as the glorifier of the American girl, Ziegfeld is a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame. Florenz Edward Ziegfeld Jr. was born on March 21,1867, in Chicago and his mother, Rosalie, who was born in Belgium, was the grandniece of General Count Étienne Maurice Gérard. His father, Florenz Ziegfeld, Sr. was a German immigrant whose father was the mayor of Jever in Friesland, Ziegfeld was baptized in his mothers Roman Catholic church. As a child Ziegfeld witnessed first-hand the Chicago fire of 1871 and his father ran the Chicago Musical College and later opened a nightclub, the Trocadero, to obtain business from the 1893 Worlds Fair. To help his fathers nightclub succeed, Ziegfeld hired and managed the strongman, during a trip to Europe, Ziegfeld came across a young Polish-French singer by the name of Anna Held. His promotion of Anna Held in America brought about her rise to national fame. It was Held who first suggested an American imitation of the Parisian Follies to Ziegfeld and her success in a series of his Broadway shows, especially The Parisian Model, was a major reason for his starting a series of lavish revues in 1907. Much of Helds popularity was due to Ziegfelds creation of publicity stunts, Ziegfelds stage spectaculars, known as the Ziegfeld Follies, began with Follies of 1907, which opened on July 7,1907, and were produced annually until 1931. The Ziegfeld Follies featured the famous Ziegfeld Girls, female dancers who wore elaborate costumes. The Follies featured many performers who, though known from previous work in other theatrical genres, achieved unique financial success. Included among these are Nora Bayes, Fanny Brice, Ruth Etting, fields, Eddie Cantor, Marilyn Miller, Will Rogers, Bert Williams and Ann Pennington. Ziegfeld married Held in 1897, but she divorced him in 1913, Held and Ziegfeld were never formally married, in 1897 they had announced to friends that they were husband and wife, eliminating any questions about their marital status. But by 1912 they had lived long enough to establish a common-law marriage. Held served Ziegfeld with divorce papers on April 14,1912, Held had submitted testimony about Ziegfelds relationship with another woman. He remained in love with Lorraine for the rest of his life, however, Ziegfeld and actress Billie Burke were married April 11,1914, after meeting at a party on New Years Eve. They had one child, Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson, the family lived on his estate in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, and in Palm Beach, Florida. At a cost of $2.5 million, Ziegfeld built the 1600-seat Ziegfeld Theatre on the west side of Sixth Avenue between 54th and 55th Streets, designed by Joseph Urban and Thomas W. Lamb, the auditorium was egg-shaped with the stage at the narrow end
Florenz Ziegfeld
–
Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr.
Florenz Ziegfeld
–
1894 poster advertising The Sandow Trocadero Vaudevilles, produced by Ziegfeld.
Florenz Ziegfeld
–
Fanny Brice, a comedienne, was one of Ziegfeld's stars
Florenz Ziegfeld
–
William Powell as Ziegfeld in
The Great Ziegfeld (1936)
19.
Archie Selwyn
–
Archibald Selwyn was an American play broker, theater owner and stage producer who had many Broadway successes. He and his brother Edgar Selwyn were partners and they were among the founders of Goldwyn Pictures, later to be merged into MGM. Archibald Selwyn was born in Canada on 3 November 1877, the family name was Simon, later changed to Selwyn. Archibald and his family lived in Toronto, Ontario, then moved to Selma, Alabama, archibalds brother Edgar Selwyn, an actor, moved to New York City. His brother found a job for Archibald in the box office of the Herald Square Theatre, the brothers moved into the business of brokering tickets and then created the American Play Company in partnership with Elisabeth Marbury and John Ramsay. This was a play brokerage enterprise, Upton Sinclair worked with Margaret Mayo in the summer of 1906 on a dramatization of The Jungle, which flopped after a six-week run. The Selwyn brothers, then acting as brokers, met him at that time. Sinclair had lunch with Arch Selwyn and described The Metropolis, a novel that he was writing, Selwyn was enthusiastic about the project, and jokingly suggested that Sinclair find work with a rich family so he could learn about how these people lived. The next day a story appeared in the New York Morning Telegraph saying Sinclair was obtaining the material for his book by spying on the rich, Sinclair wrote the paper an indignant letter of denial, but the legend was established. Edgar Selwyn, a playwright as well as an actor. The two were co-authors of The Wall Street Girl, in which Will Rogers had a role, the brother started to collaborate on producing plays. Where Edgar had a grounding in acting and writing plays, and understood what would appeal to the public, the Selwyns partnered with producer Crosby Gaige, with whom they produced the hits Within the Law and Why Marry. They co-produced Lilac Time with Gaige, which also starred Jane Cowl, Gaige later broke with them and had a successful career on his own. Other pre-war plays and musicals produced by the Selwyn brothers included Under Cover and Fair, the All-Star Feature Company was formed around 1913 to make feature films from famous plays. The playwright Augustus Thomas directed the worlds greatest plays enacted by distinguished stage celebrities, Archibald Selwyn and Philip Klein joined the company. Between 1913 and 1915 All-Star created Arizona, In Mizzoura, Colorado, Alabama and The Witching Hour, all written by Thomas, as well as Paid in Full, the company also made The Arab, The Country Boy and Pierre of the Plains by Edgar Selwyn. In these films Edgar Selwyn repeated his stage performances, in 1914 Archibald Selwyn was one of the producers of the film The Jungle, based on the Upton Sinclair novel. His sister-in-law Margaret Mayo wrote the script, Sam Goldfish joined Edgar and Archibald Selwyn in 1916 to form Goldwyn Pictures
Archie Selwyn
–
Selwyn and his wife, 1920s
Archie Selwyn
–
Poster for '
Polly of the Circus (1917)
20.
Atlantic City
–
Atlantic City is a resort city in New Jersey, United States, known for its casinos, boardwalk and beach. In 2010, it had a population of 39,558, incorporated on May 1,1854, from portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township, the city borders Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City, West Atlantic City and the Atlantic Ocean. Atlantic City inspired the American version of the board game Monopoly, especially the street names, since 1921, Atlantic City has been the home of the Miss America pageant. Because of its location in South Jersey, hugging the Atlantic Ocean between marshlands and islands, Atlantic City was viewed by developers as prime real estate and a resort town. In 1853, the first commercial hotel, the Belloe House, was built at the intersection of Massachusetts, the city was incorporated in 1854, the same year in which the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service began. Built on the edge of the bay, this served as the link of this remote parcel of land with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. That same year, construction of the Absecon Lighthouse, designed by George Meade of the Corps of Topographical Engineers, was approved, by 1874, almost 500,000 passengers a year were coming to Atlantic City by rail. In Boardwalk Empire, The Birth, High Times, and Corruption of Atlantic City, the hotel was owned by the railroad. It was a sprawling, four-story structure built to house 2,000 guests and it opened while it was still under construction, with only one wing standing, and even that wasnt completed. By years end, when it was constructed, the United States Hotel was not only the first hotel in Atlantic City. Its rooms totaled more than 600, and its grounds covered some 14 acres, the first boardwalk was built in 1870 along a portion of the beach in an effort to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies. Businesses were restricted and the boardwalk was removed each year at the end of the peak season, because of its effectiveness and popularity, the boardwalk was expanded in length and width, and modified several times in subsequent years. The historic length of the boardwalk, before the destructive 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane, was about 7 miles and it extended from Atlantic City to Longport, through Ventnor, the first road connecting the city to the mainland at Pleasantville was completed in 1870 and charged a 30-cent toll. Albany Avenue was the first road to the mainland available without a toll, by 1878, because of the growing popularity of the city, one railroad line could no longer keep up with demand. Soon, the Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway was also constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City, at this point massive hotels like The United States and Surf House, as well as smaller rooming houses, had sprung up all over town. The United States Hotel took up a city block between Atlantic, Pacific, Delaware, and Maryland Avenues. These hotels were not only impressive in size, but featured the most updated amenities, in the early part of the 20th century, Atlantic City went through a radical building boom. Many of the modest boarding houses dotted the boardwalk were replaced with large hotels
Atlantic City
–
Atlantic City skyline from 47th floor of Revel
Atlantic City
–
Seascape with Distant Lighthouse, Atlantic City, New Jersey, 1873,
William Trost Richards.
Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum
Atlantic City
–
Brooklyn Museum - A High Tide at Atlantic City - William Trost Richards - overall
Atlantic City
–
Atlantic City, 1877
21.
Asheville, North Carolina
–
Asheville is a city in and the county seat of Buncombe County, North Carolina, United States. It is the largest city in Western North Carolina, and the 11th largest city in North Carolina, the citys population was 87,236 according to the 2013 estimates. It is the city in the four-county Asheville metropolitan area. Asheville is home to the United States National Climatic Data Center, before the arrival of the Europeans, the land where Asheville now exists lay within the boundaries of the Cherokee Nation. In 1540, Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto came to the area, bringing the first European visitors along with European diseases, the area was used as an open hunting ground until the middle of the 19th century. The history of Asheville, as a town, began in 1784, in that year, Colonel Samuel Davidson and his family settled in the Swannanoa Valley, redeeming a soldiers land grant from the state of North Carolina. Soon after building a log cabin at the bank of Christian Creek, Davidson was lured into the woods by a band of Cherokee hunters, Davidsons wife, child and female slave fled on foot overnight to Davidsons Fort 16 miles away. In response to the killing, Davidsons twin brother Major William Davidson and brother-in-law Colonel Daniel Smith formed an expedition to retrieve Samuel Davidsons body and avenge his murder. Months after the expedition, Major Davidson and other members of his family returned to the area. The United States Census of 1790 counted 1,000 residents of the area, Buncombe County was officially formed in 1792. The county seat, named Morristown in 1793, was established on a plateau where two old Indian trails crossed, in 1797, Morristown was incorporated and renamed Asheville after North Carolina Governor Samuel Ashe. For a time, an Enfield rifle manufacturing facility was located in the town, in late April 1865 troops under the overall command of Union Gen. Stoneman captured Asheville. Hartley, Stonemans Raid, p.362 After a negotiated departure, the years following the war were a time of economic and social hardship in Buncombe County, as throughout most of the defeated South. On October 2,1880, the Western North Carolina Railroad completed its line from Salisbury to Asheville, almost immediately it was sold and resold to the Richmond and Danville Railroad Company, becoming part of the Southern Railway in 1894. With the completion of the first railway, Asheville experienced a slow but steady growth as industrial plants increased in number and size, textile mills were established and plants were set up for the manufacture of wood and mica products, foodstuffs, and other commodities. The 21-mile distance between Hendersonville and Asheville of the former Asheville and Spartanburg Railroad was completed in 1886, by that point, the line was operated as part of the Richmond and Danville Railroad until 1894 and controlled by the Southern Railway afterward. Asheville had the first electric railway lines in the state of North Carolina. These would be replaced by buses in 1934, Asheville prospered in the decades of the 1910s and 1920s and at one point was the third largest city in the state, behind Charlotte and Wilmington
Asheville, North Carolina
–
Downtown Asheville and surrounding area
Asheville, North Carolina
–
Asheville City Hall; Designed by
Douglas Ellington, this building epitomizes the
Art Deco style of the 1920s
Asheville, North Carolina
–
Asheville, as it appeared in 1854
Asheville, North Carolina
–
View of downtown Asheville, 1888
22.
Rye, New York
–
Rye is a city in Westchester County, New York, United States. It is separate from the town of Rye, which has more area than the city. Rye city, formerly the village of Rye, was part of the town until it received its charter as a city in 1942, the population was 15,720 at the 2010 census. Rye is the youngest city in New York State, no other city has been chartered anywhere in New York State since 1942. Playland, an amusement park designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987, is also located in Rye. Playland features one of the oldest wooden coasters in the Northeast. Of note are two 200+ year old milestones labeled 24 and 25 on the Boston Post Road, Americas oldest thoroughfare, the concept of mile markers to measure the distance from New York City was originated in 1763 by Benjamin Franklin during his term as Postmaster General. These sandstone markers likely date from 1802 when the Westchester Turnpike was configured, Rye is also home to a rare 1938 WPA mural by realist Guy Pene du Bois which is located within the citys Post Office lobby and titled John Jay at His Home. Rye was at one time a part of Fairfield County, Conn. which was a belonging of the Sachem Ponus, of the Ponus Wekuwuhm, Canaan Parish, and which was probably named for that chieftain, Peningoe Neck. The oldest house in the city, the Timothy Knapp House, is owned by the Rye Historical Society and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The Historical Society also owns a former inn/tavern built in 1730, known today as the Square House, george Washington stayed at the inn on two separate occasions, remarking favorably on his experience in his diaries. Rye is also where American Founding Father John Jay grew up, the Jay Estate at 210 Boston Post Road is now the home of the not-for-profit organization the Jay Heritage Center. Restoration of the Jay mansion overlooking Long Island Sound is a project of the Save Americas Treasures Program. The Jay Heritage Center was recently designated a site of the Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area. It is also listed on Westchester Countys African American Heritage Trail, John Jay was well known for advocating emancipation, serving as President of the New York Manumission Society and establishing the first African Free School. Rye is known for its amusement attraction, Rye Playland and this 279 acre theme park is owned and operated by Westchester County and includes rides, games, an indoor skating rink or Ice Casino, beach, a boardwalk and concession stands. It is one of two amusement parks in the country with National Historic Landmark status, the other one being Kennywood in Pennsylvania. It has been a destination since it first opened in 1928
Rye, New York
–
Jay Estate is the childhood home of American Founding Father, John Jay.
Rye, New York
–
Seal
Rye, New York
–
Rye Beach, early 20th Century
Rye, New York
–
The wooden Dragon Coaster, is a signature component of Playland Amusement Park, a National Historic Landmark that dates back to 1927.
23.
Reno, Nevada
–
Reno is a city in the U. S. state of Nevada. It is in Northern Nevada, approximately 22 miles from Lake Tahoe, known as The Biggest Little City in the World, Reno is famous for its casinos and as the birthplace of Caesars Entertainment Corporation. It is the county seat of Washoe County, in the part of the state. The city sits in a desert at the foot of the Sierra Nevada. Archaeological finds place the border for the prehistoric Martis people in the Reno area. As early as the mid 1850s a few settled in the Truckee Meadows. Gold was discovered in the vicinity of Virginia City in 1850, and a modest mining community developed, to provide the necessary connection between Virginia City and the California Trail, Charles W. Fuller built a log toll bridge across the Truckee River in 1859. A small community that would service travelers soon grew up near the bridge, after two years, Fuller sold the bridge to Myron C. Lake, who continued to develop the community with the addition of a grist mill, kiln, in 1864, Washoe County was consolidated with Roop County, and Lakes Crossing became the largest town in the county. Lake had earned himself the founder of Reno. Lake deeded land to the CPRR in exchange for its promise to build a depot at Lakes Crossing, once the railroad station was established, the town of Reno officially came into being on May 9,1868. CPRR construction superintendent Charles Crocker named the community after Major General Jesse Lee Reno, in 1871, Reno became the county seat of the newly expanded Washoe County, replacing the previous county seat, located in Washoe City. However, political power in Nevada remained with the communities, first Virginia City and later Tonopah. The extension of the Virginia and Truckee Railroad to Reno in 1872 provided a boost to the new citys economy. Despite this, Nevada is still the third-largest gold producer in the world, after South Africa and Australia, the Reno Arch was erected on Virginia Street in 1926 to promote the upcoming Transcontinental Highways Exposition of 1927. The arch included the words Nevadas Transcontinental Highways Exposition and the dates of the exposition. After the exposition, the Reno City Council decided to keep the arch as a permanent downtown gateway, no acceptable slogan was received until a $100 prize was offered, and G. A. Burns of Sacramento was declared the winner on March 14,1929, with Reno, The Biggest Little City in the World
Reno, Nevada
–
Reno aerial September 12, 2014
Reno, Nevada
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The
Overland Limited at Reno in 1913
Reno, Nevada
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Downtown Reno
Reno, Nevada
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Dog Valley, west of Reno, an area of active faulting
24.
Laurel and Hardy
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Laurel and Hardy were a comedy double act during the early Classical Hollywood era of American cinema. The team was composed of thin Englishman Stan Laurel and heavyset American Oliver Hardy and they became well known during the late 1920s through the mid-1940s for their slapstick comedy, with Laurel playing the clumsy and childlike friend of the pompous Hardy. The duos signature tune is known variously as The Cuckoo Song, Ku-Ku and it was played over the opening credits of their films and has become as emblematic of the duo as their bowler hats. Prior to their being teamed up, both actors had well-established film careers, Laurel had appeared in over 50 films while Hardy had been in more than 250 productions. The two comedians had previously worked together as cast members on the film The Lucky Dog in 1921. However, they were not a team at that time and it was not until 1926 that they appeared in a movie short together. Laurel and Hardy officially became a team in 1927 when they appeared together in the silent short film Putting Pants on Philip and they remained with the Roach studio until 1940 and then appeared in eight B movie comedies for 20th Century Fox and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer from 1941 to 1945. After finishing their movie commitments at the end of 1944, they concentrated on performing in shows and embarked on a music hall tour of England, Ireland. In 1950, before retiring from the screen, they made their last film and they appeared as a team in 107 films, starring in 32 short silent films,40 short sound films, and 23 full-length feature films. They also made 12 guest or cameo appearances included the Galaxy of Stars promotional film of 1936. On December 1,1954, the pair made one American television appearance when they were surprised and interviewed by Ralph Edwards on his live NBC-TV program This Is Your Life. Since the 1930s, the works of Laurel and Hardy have been released in numerous theatrical reissues, television revivals, 8-mm and 16-mm home movies, feature-film compilations, in 2005, they were voted the seventh-greatest comedy act of all time by a UK poll of fellow comedians. The official Laurel and Hardy appreciation society is known as The Sons of the Desert which was named after a fictitious fraternal society featured in the Laurel, Stan Laurel was born Arthur Stanley Jefferson in Ulverston, Lancashire, England into a theatrical family. His father Arthur Joseph Jefferson was an entrepreneur and theatre owner in northern England and Scotland who. Arthur Jefferson secured Laurel his first acting job with the theatrical company of Levy and Cardwell. In 1909, Laurel was employed by Britains leading comedy impresario Fred Karno as a supporting actor, Laurel said of Karno, There was no one like him. In 1912, Laurel left England with the Fred Karno Troupe to tour the United States, Laurel had expected the tour to be merely a pleasant interval before returning to London, however, he migrated to the U. S. during the trip. In 1917, Laurel was teamed with Mae Dahlberg as an act for stage and film, they were living as common law husband
Laurel and Hardy
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Laurel and Hardy in
The Lucky Dog (1921)
Laurel and Hardy
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Stan Laurel (left) and
Oliver Hardy (right) in their 1939 feature
The Flying Deuces
Laurel and Hardy
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Laurel and Hardy with
Lupe Vélez in
Hollywood Party (1934)
Laurel and Hardy
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Laurel and Hardy in the 1939 film
The Flying Deuces
25.
Berth Marks
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Berth Marks is the second sound film starring Laurel and Hardy, released on June 1,1929. The scene opens where the train, hauled by No. 1373, a 4-6-2 engine, being an American Pacific type steam engine, with a coal tender, Stan and Ollie are musicians, who are travelling by train to their next gig in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, a very popular vaudeville performance location at the time. They manage to hop on board, but Ollie is annoyed that Stan left the music behind and they antagonize a very short man when sat on him. The man, seeing another innocent man, proceeds to tear up his coat and this leads to a tit for tat of clothes tearing with one done off-screen. Stan and Ollie spend most of the trip trying to change into pajamas, by the time Laurel & Hardy manage to sort themselves out, the train has reached their stop, and in their hurry to get off, they leave their musical instrument behind. The clothes tearing battle has, by now, involved the whole train, Hardy closes the film by furiously chasing Laurel and throwing a rock at him. Such locomotives were given the name American in 1872, because a total of 25,000 were built and these types of engines have twelve wheels, four leading wheels, six drive wheels, and two trailing wheels. Berth Marks was the sound film released by Laurel & Hardy. A silent version was made for cinemas that were not yet wired to show talking pictures. Action and dialogue scripts were written mid-April 1929, with filming commencing on April 20–27,1929, several train sequences were utilized for foreign language releases versions of The Laurel-Hardy Murder Case in 1930. This is currently the only surviving version and was included on the 10-disc Laurel & Hardy, The Essential Collection DVD set. Berth Marks at the Internet Movie Database Berth Marks at the TCM Movie Database Berth Marks at AllMovie Berth Marks at Rotten Tomatoes
Berth Marks
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Lobby card
26.
George Fitzmaurice
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George Fitzmaurice was a French-born film director and producer. Fitzmaurices career first started as a set designer on stage, beginning in 1914 until his death in 1940, he directed over 80 films, including several successful movies such as The Son of the Sheik, Raffles, Mata Hari, and Suzy. Son of the Sheik is his most famous extant silent film, no doubt aided by the death of its star. Lilac Time is a classic war/romance film, Fitzmaurice however directed scores of silent films of which the majority of them are lost to the ravages of decompostion. Recent discoveries in Gosfilmofond in Russia include 1919s Witness for the Defense with Elsie Ferguson, a restoration of his 1928 part talkie hybrid The Barker is winning praise from many film buffs. Rumors of other Fitzmaurice films in Gosfilmofond include 1920s Idols of Clay and Three Live Ghosts with Norman Kerry, nilsson, Cyril Chadwick, and Edmund Goulding. He was married at one time to Ouida Bergere, later the wife of Basil Rathbone and his second wife was Diana Kane, a sister of actress Lois Wilson. With Kane he had two daughters Sheila Fitzmaurice born in 1929, and Patricia Fitzmaurice Baxter born in 1931, George Fitzmaurice at the Internet Movie Database George Fitzmaurice at Find a Grave George Fitzmaurice at Virtual History Some production stills with George Fitzmaurice, cast and crews
George Fitzmaurice
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On the set of To Have and to Hold 1922. left to right, Arthur Rankin,
Anne Cornwall,
John Drew and George Fitzmaurice. Drew never appeared in motion pictures. He was visiting the production.
George Fitzmaurice
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The Profiteers, 1919
George Fitzmaurice
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The Emperor's Candesticks, 1937
27.
The Locked Door
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The Locked Door is a 1929 American pre-Code drama film directed by George Fitzmaurice and starring Rod LaRocque, Barbara Stanwyck, William Stage Boyd, and Betty Bronson. The film is based on the play The Sign on the Door by Channing Pollock, the play was first adapted for the screen in 1921 as The Sign on the Door, starring Norma Talmadge. The Locked Door was Barbara Stanwycks second film appearance, first starring role, Ann Carter, an inexperienced young woman, accepts an invitation to dinner from Frank Devereaux, the son of her employer. The date turns out to be far from what she expects and it is aboard a rum boat, a ship that sails beyond the 12 mile limit to get around the restrictions of Prohibition. Worse, Frank turns out to be a cad, when she tries to leave, he locks the door and tries to force himself on her, tearing her dress. Fortunately, the ship back into U. S. waters. When a photographer takes a picture of the two under arrest, Frank buys it from him, eighteen months later, Ann is happily married to wealthy Lawrence Reagan. They are about to celebrate their first wedding anniversary when Frank resurfaces in Anns life, though both Ann and her husband tell Helen that Frank is no good, it is clear to Ann that Helen does not believe them. Ann goes to Franks apartment to stop him from taking advantage of Helen and she hides when Lawrence shows up unexpectedly. He warns Frank to leave town before Lawrences friend catches up with him, Frank had already planned to go, but when Lawrence declares that he intends to administer a beating first, Frank draws a gun. He is shot in the ensuing struggle, Lawrence leaves without being seen, unaware that his wife has heard the whole thing. To protect her husband, Ann phones the switchboard operator and reenacts her earlier assault, when the police arrive, the district attorney soon pokes holes in her story. Also, the photograph is found, providing a motive for murder, however, Frank is not yet dead, in his last few minutes of life, he explains what really happened, exonerating both Ann and Lawrence
The Locked Door
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Theatrical release poster
28.
Samuel Goldwyn
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Samuel Goldwyn, also known as Samuel Goldfish, was a Jewish Polish American film producer. He was most well known for being the founding contributor and executive of several motion picture studios in Hollywood and his awards include the 1973 Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award, the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in 1947, Goldwyn was born Szmuel Gelbfisz in Warsaw, Kingdom of Poland, Russian Empire, to a Hasidic, Polish Jewish family. His parents were Aaron Dawid Gelbfisz, a peddler, and his wife, at an early age, he left Warsaw on foot and penniless. He made his way to Birmingham, United Kingdom, where he remained with relatives for a few years using the name Samuel Goldfish and he was 16 when his father died. In 1898, he emigrated to the United States, but fearing refusal of entry, he got off the boat in Nova Scotia, Canada and he found work in upstate Gloversville, New York, in the bustling garment business. Soon his innate marketing skills made him a successful salesman at the Elite Glove Company. After four years, as vice-president of sales, he moved back to New York City, in 1913, Goldfish along with his brother-in-law Jesse L. Lasky, Cecil B. DeMille, and Arthur Friend formed a partnership, The Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company, film rights for the stage play, The Squaw Man were purchased for $4,000 and Dustin Farnum was hired for the leading role. Shooting for the first feature made in Hollywood began on December 29,1913. In 1914, Paramount was an exchange and exhibition corporation headed by W. W. Hodkinson. Looking for more movies to distribute, Paramount signed a contract with the Lasky Company on June 1,1914 to supply 36 films per year, one of Paramounts other suppliers was Adolph Zukors Famous Players Company. The two companies merged on June 28,1916 forming The Famous Players-Lasky Corporation, Zukor had been quietly buying Paramount stock, and two weeks prior to the merger, became president of Paramount Pictures Corporation and had Hodkinson replaced with Hiram Abrams, a Zukor associate. With the merger, Zukor became president of both Paramount and Famous Players-Lasky, with Goldfish being named chairman of the board of Famous Players-Lasky, and Jesse Lasky first vice-president. After a series of conflicts with Zukor, Goldfish resigned as chairman of the board, Goldfish was out as an active member of management, although he still owned stock and was a member of the board of directors. Famous Players-Lasky would later part of Paramount Pictures Corporation. In 1916, Goldfish partnered with Broadway producers Edgar and Archibald Selwyn, seeing an opportunity, he then had his name legally changed to Samuel Goldwyn, which he used for the rest of his life. Goldwyn Pictures proved successful but it is their Leo the Lion trademark for which the organization is most famous, on April 10,1924, Goldwyn Pictures was acquired by Marcus Loew and merged into his Metro Pictures Corporation
Samuel Goldwyn
–
Samuel Goldwyn
Samuel Goldwyn
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From the trailer for
The Hurricane (1937)
29.
Hal Roach Studios
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Hal Roach was born in Elmira, New York, the grandson of Irish immigrants. A presentation by the great American humorist Mark Twain impressed Roach as a grade school student. After an adventurous youth that took him to Alaska, Hal Roach arrived in Hollywood, California in 1912, upon coming into an inheritance, he began producing short film comedies in 1915 with his friend Harold Lloyd, who portrayed a character known as Lonesome Luke. In September 1916, Roach married actress Marguerite Nichols and they had two children, Hal Jr. and Margaret M. Roach. After 26 years of marriage, Marguerite died in 1940, Roach married a second time on September 1,1942, to Lucille Prin, a Los Angeles secretary. Roach and Lucille had four children, Elizabeth Carson Roach, Maria May Roach, Jeanne Alice Roach, unable to expand his studios in downtown Los Angeles because of zoning, Roach purchased what became the Hal Roach Studios from Harry Culver in Culver City, California. During the 1920s Roachs biggest rival was producer Mack Sennett, in 1925, Roach hired away Sennetts supervising director, F. Richard Jones. Roach released his films through Pathé Exchange until 1927, when he went to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and he converted his silent movie studio to sound in late 1928 and began releasing talking shorts in early 1929. In the days before dubbing, foreign versions of the Roach comedies were created by reshooting each film in the Spanish, French. Laurel & Hardy, Charley Chase, and the Our Gang kids were required to recite the foreign dialogue phonetically, in 1931, with the release of the Laurel & Hardy film Pardon Us, Roach began producing occasional full-length features alongside the short product. Short subjects became less profitable and were phased out by 1936, in 1937, Roach conceived a joint business venture partnering with Vittorio Mussolini, son of fascist Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, to form a production company called R. A. M. This proposed business alliance with Mussolini caused MGM to intervene and force Roach to pay his way out of the venture and this embarrassment, coupled with the underperformance of much of Roachs new feature product, led to the end of Roachs relationship with MGM. In May 1938, Roach ended his contract with MGM, selling them the production rights to, and actors contracts for Our Gang in the process. From 1937 to 1940, Roach concentrated on producing glossy features, most of his new films were either sophisticated farces or rugged action fare. Roachs one venture into heavy drama was the acclaimed Of Mice and Men, in which actors Burgess Meredith, the Laurel and Hardy comedies, once the Roach studios biggest drawing cards, were now the studios least important product and were phased out altogether in 1940. In 1940, Roach experimented with medium-length featurettes, running 40 to 50 minutes each and he contended that these streamliners, as he called them, would be useful in double-feature situations where the main attraction was a longer-length epic. Exhibitors agreed with him and used Roachs mini-features to balance top-heavy double bills, United Artists continued to release Roachs streamliners through 1943. By this time Roach no longer had a resident company of comedy stars, the studios were leased to the U. S. Army Air Forces, and the First Motion Picture Unit made 400 training, morale and propaganda films at Fort Roach
Hal Roach Studios
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Hal Roach, Sr.
Hal Roach Studios
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Hal Roach (1920)
30.
The Tramp
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The Tramp, also known as The Little Tramp, was British actor Charlie Chaplins most memorable on-screen character and an icon in world cinema during the era of silent film. However, while he is ready to take what paying work is available, he uses his cunning to get what he needs to survive. Chaplins films did not always portray the Tramp as a vagrant, the character was rarely referred to by any names onscreen, although he was sometimes identified as Charlie and rarely, as in the original silent version of The Gold Rush, The Little funny Tramp. That was actually the first film featuring the Tramp but a different film, shot later but with the same character, the Tramp debuted to the public in the Keystone comedy Kid Auto Races at Venice. Chaplin, with his Little Tramp character, quickly became the most popular star in Keystone director Mack Sennetts company of players, Chaplin continued to play the Tramp through dozens of short films and, later, feature-length productions. The 1931 production City Lights featured no dialogue, Chaplin officially retired the character in the film Modern Times, which appropriately ended with the Tramp walking down an endless highway toward the horizon. The film was only a partial talkie and is called the last silent film. The Tramp remains silent until near the end of the film when, for the first time, his voice is finally heard and this allowed the Tramp to finally be given a voice but not tarnish his association with the silent era. In The Great Dictator, Chaplins first film after Modern Times, Chaplin plays the role of a Hitler-esque dictator. Although Chaplin emphatically stated that the barber was not The Tramp, he retains the Tramps moustache, hat, two films Chaplin made in 1915, The Tramp and The Bank, created the characteristics of his screen persona. A vaudeville performer named Lew Bloom created a similar character which inspired Chaplin. According to Bloom, he was the first stage tramp in the business. The physical attributes of the Tramp include a pair of pants, a tight coat, a small bowler hat, a large pair of shoes, a springy and flexible cane. The Tramp walks strangely and uncomfortably because of the clothing, either he is wearing secondhand clothes, or they are originally his. The Tramp was usually the victim of circumstance and coincidence, because of this, the warden offers to let him go, but the Tramp would rather stay in jail because it is better than the outside world. Chaplins social commentary, while critical of the faults and excesses created by the capitalist system, also shows support and belief in the “American Dream”. In Modern Times, Chaplin creates a consistent with popular leftist stereotypes of wealthy capitalists and oppressed workers in the 1930s. ”While the Tramp and his fellow workers sweat on the assembly line. The obsession of working with efficiency and assembly line productivity ultimately drives the Tramp mad
The Tramp
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Charlie Chaplin as "The Tramp".
The Tramp
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The Tramp on the road.
The Tramp
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A Dog's Life (1918)
The Tramp
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Chaplin in 1916
31.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
The New York Times
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Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on
Operation Pillar of Defense.
The New York Times
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First published issue of New-York Daily Times, on September 18, 1851.
The New York Times
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The Times Square Building, The New York Times ' publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
The New York Times
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The New York Times newsroom, 1942
32.
David O. Selznick
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David O. Selznick was an American film producer, screenwriter and film studio executive. He is best known for producing Gone with the Wind and Rebecca, David Selznick was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Florence Anna and silent movie producer and distributor Lewis J. Selznick. His parents were Ukrainian Jewish immigrants and he had four siblings and his dad was born in Kyiv in 1870. Selznick added the O to distinguish himself from an uncle with the same name and he studied at Columbia University in New York City and worked as an apprentice for his father until the elders bankruptcy in 1923. In 1926, Selznick moved to Hollywood, and with the help of his fathers connections and he left MGM for Paramount Pictures in 1928, where he worked until 1931, when he joined RKO as Head of Production. David Selznicks years at RKO were fruitful, and he worked on films, including A Bill of Divorcement. Rockabye, Bird of Paradise, Our Betters, and King Kong, while at RKO, he also gave George Cukor his directing break. In 1933 he returned to MGM where his father-in-law, Louis B, mayer established a second prestige production unit for David, parallel to that of powerful Irving Thalberg, who was in poor health. Selznicks unit output included the all star cast movie Dinner at Eight, David Copperfield, Anna Karenina, despite his output of successful movies at MGM, Paramount Pictures, and RKO Pictures, Selznick longed to be an independent producer with his own studio. In 1935 he realized that goal by leasing RKO Culver City Studios & back lot, formed Selznick International Pictures, Gone with the Wind won eight Oscars and two special awards. Selznick also won the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award that same year, in 1940 he produced his second Best Picture Oscar winner in a row, Rebecca, the first Hollywood production for British director Alfred Hitchcock. Selznick had brought Hitchcock over from England, launching the directors American career, Rebecca was Hitchcocks only film to win Best Picture. After Rebecca, Selznick closed Selznick International Pictures and took time off. His business activities included the loan of his artists to other studios, including Alfred Hitchcock, Ingrid Bergman, Vivien Leigh. In 1944, he formed The Selznick Studio and returned to producing pictures with the huge success Since You Went Away and he followed that with the Hitchcock films Spellbound and The Paradine Case, as well as Portrait of Jennie, a vehicle for Jennifer Jones. He also developed projects and sold the packages to other producers. Among the movies that he developed but then sold was Hitchcocks Notorious, in 1949 he co-produced the Carol Reed picture The Third Man with Alexander Korda. Gone with the Wind overshadowed the rest of Selznicks career, later, he was convinced that he had wasted his life trying to out do it
David O. Selznick
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David O. Selznick
David O. Selznick
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Jennifer Jones and Selznick in Los Angeles, 1957.
David O. Selznick
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Crypt of David O. Selznick, in the Great Mausoleum, Forest Lawn Glendale
33.
Janet Gaynor
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Janet Gaynor was an American film, stage and television actress and painter. Gaynor began her career as an extra in shorts and silent films, after signing with Fox Film Corporation in 1926, she rose to fame and became one of the biggest box office draws of the era. In 1929, she was the first winner of the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performances in three films, 7th Heaven, Sunrise, A Song of Two Humans, and Street Angel. This was the occasion on which an actress has won one Oscar for multiple film roles. After retiring from acting in 1939, Gaynor married film costume designer Adrian with whom she had a son and she briefly returned to acting in films and television in the 1950s and later became an accomplished oil painter. In 1980, Gaynor made her Broadway debut in the adaptation of the 1971 film Harold and Maude. In September 1982, she sustained injuries in a serious car accident which contributed to her death in September 1984. Gaynor was born Laura Augusta Gainor in Germantown, Philadelphia, nicknamed Lolly as a child, she was the youngest of two daughters born to Laura and Frank De Witt Gainor. Frank Gainor worked as a painter and paperhanger. When Gaynor was a toddler, her father teaching her how to sing, dance. As a child in Philadelphia, she began acting in school plays, after her parents divorced in 1914, Gaynor, her sister, and her mother moved to Chicago. Shortly thereafter, her mother married electrician Harry C. Jones, the family later moved west to San Francisco. After graduating from San Francisco Polytechnic High School in 1923, Gaynor spent the winter vacationing in Melbourne, Florida, upon returning to San Francisco, Gaynor, her mother, and stepfather moved to Los Angeles, where she could pursue an acting career. She was initially hesitant to do so, and enrolled at Hollywood Secretarial School and she supported herself by working in a shoe store and later as a theatre usher. Her mother and stepfather continued to encourage her to become an actress, Gaynor won her first professional acting job on December 26,1924, as an extra in a Hal Roach comedy short. This led to extra work in feature films and shorts for Film Booking Offices of America. Universal eventually hired her as a player for $50 a week. Six weeks after being hired by Universal, an executive at Fox Film Corporation offered her a screen test for a role in the film The Johnstown Flood
Janet Gaynor
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in
Servants' Entrance (1934)
Janet Gaynor
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Janet Gaynor around 1931
Janet Gaynor
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1927 studio portrait
Janet Gaynor
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Gaynor's gravestone at
Hollywood Forever Cemetery
34.
The Young in Heart
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The Young in Heart is a 1938 American comedy film produced by David O. Selznick, directed by Richard Wallace, and starring Janet Gaynor, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. and Paulette Goddard. The supporting cast features Roland Young and Billie Burke, a family of con artists led by Colonel Anthony Sahib Carleton and his wife Marmy are working the French Riviera in search of wealthy potential mates for their daughter George-Anne and son Richard. Sahib, an actor, passes himself off as an officer who served with the Bengal Lancers in India. George-Anne flirts with her Scottish suitor, Duncan Macrea, whom she dismisses when she learns that he is not rich, Richard has managed to get himself engaged to the wealthy, but rather plain Adela Jennings. Meanwhile, Sahib cheats her American senator father out of a sum of money at poker. The local police find out about the Carleton family, provide them with complimentary tickets to London, courtesy of Mr. Jennings. On the train, George-Anne meets an old spinster named Miss Ellen Fortune. The kindhearted Miss Fortune invites George-Anne and her family to her first-class compartment, while Miss Fortune treats them to dinner, the train derails, and they manage to extricate the old woman from the wreckage. Grateful for their actions, she invites them to stay with her at her London mansion, seeing an opportunity to make their way into Miss Fortunes will, they treat her with kindness and spend evenings with her. Sahib and Richard also go out looking for jobs in order to both her and her suspicious lawyer, Felix Anstruther, that they can be trusted. Meanwhile, Duncan looks up George-Anne, whom he loves, despite her repeated rejections. He finds Sahib a job as a Flying Wombat car salesman, the initially reluctant colonel is soon applying his con artist skills so successfully that he is promoted to manager of the London branch. Richard also takes a job, as a clerk at an engineering firm when he sees lovely Leslie Saunders working there. She is also attracted to him, despite his completely frank admissions about his flawed character, soon he is planning to take night courses in engineering. Gradually the two men begin to find the value of honest work and start to feel guilty about taking advantage of Miss Fortune, George-Anne and Marmy also honestly care about the old woman, but all four believe the others are still only after the inheritance. Miss Fortune eventually learns about the Carletons background from Anstruther, her lawyer and she informs George-Anne that she is going to have a new will written, leaving everything to the Carletons. At a dinner party, Miss Fortune collapses, leaving the family legitimately concerned for the health of the woman who has changed all of their lives, gathered in worried watch outside her sick room, they dismiss Anstruthers news that her fortune has diminished and they will inherit nothing. Marmy, in her grief, exclaims they do not want her money, Anstruther then informs them she will even lose her house
The Young in Heart
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Australian theatrical release poster
The Young in Heart
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Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Paulette Goddard, David O. Selznick (producer), and Richard Wallace (director)
35.
MGM
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Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs. Its headquarters are in Beverly Hills, California and it is one of the worlds oldest film studios. In 1971, it was announced that MGM would merge with 20th Century Fox, over the next thirty-nine years, the studio was bought and sold at various points in its history until, on November 3,2010, MGM filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. MGM Resorts International, a Las Vegas-based hotel and casino company listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol MGM, is not currently affiliated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 1966, MGM was sold to Canadian investor Edgar Bronfman Sr. whose son Edgar Jr. would later buy Universal Studios, the studio continued to produce five to six films a year that were released through other studios, mostly United Artists. Kerkorian did, however, commit to increased production and a film library when he bought United Artists in 1981. MGM ramped up production, as well as keeping production going at UA. It also incurred significant amounts of debt to increase production, the studio took on additional debt as a series of owners took charge in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1986, Ted Turner bought MGM, but a few later, sold the company back to Kerkorian to recoup massive debt. The series of deals left MGM even more heavily in debt, MGM was bought by Pathé Communications in 1990, but Parretti lost control of Pathé and defaulted on the loans used to purchase the studio. The French banking conglomerate Crédit Lyonnais, the major creditor. Even more deeply in debt, MGM was purchased by a joint venture between Kerkorian, producer Frank Mancuso, and Australias Seven Network in 1996, the debt load from these and subsequent business deals negatively affected MGMs ability to survive as an independent motion picture studio. In 1924, movie theater magnate Marcus Loew had a problem and he had bought Metro Pictures Corporation in 1919 for a steady supply of films for his large Loews Theatres chain. With Loews lackluster assortment of Metro films, Loew purchased Goldwyn Pictures in 1924 to improve the quality, however, these purchases created a need for someone to oversee his new Hollywood operations, since longtime assistant Nicholas Schenck was needed in New York headquarters to oversee the 150 theaters. Mayer, Loew addressed the situation by buying Louis B. Mayer Pictures on April 17,1924, Mayer became head of the renamed Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with Irving Thalberg as head of production. MGM produced more than 100 feature films in its first two years, in 1925, MGM released the extravagant and successful Ben-Hur, taking a $4.7 million profit that year, its first full year. Marcus Loew died in 1927, and control of Loews passed to Nicholas Schenck, in 1929, William Fox of Fox Film Corporation bought the Loew familys holdings with Schencks assent. Mayer and Thalberg disagreed with the decision, Mayer was active in the California Republican Party and used his political connections to persuade the Justice Department to delay final approval of the deal on antitrust grounds
MGM
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MGM Tower, former company headquarters highlighted by the famous
Leo the Lion logo at the top
MGM
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Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc.
MGM
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Clark Gable
MGM
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Marie Dressler and
Wallace Beery in
Min and Bill (1930)
36.
Dramatic School (film)
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Dramatic School is a 1938 American romantic drama film directed by Robert B. Sinclair and starring Luise Rainer, Paulette Goddard, Alan Marshal, Lana Turner, based on the play School of Drama by Hans Székely and Zoltan Egyed, the screenplay was written by Ernest Vajda and Mary C. The film was produced and distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, aspiring actress Louise Mauban attends the Paris School of Drama while working at a dreary factory job. One of them, Nana, maliciously invites Louise to her birthday party, Andre is enchanted by Louise and the lie turns into the truth. He showers her with gifts and takes her out every night, Andre eventually becomes enamored of another woman and breaks up with Louise by letter. When Louises friends show up, she tells them to take their pick of the fabulous clothes Andre has given her, however, to a late-arriving Nana, she shows the letter, as her gift. Nanas heart is softened to her rival and they become friends, in her bitterness, she lashes out when Louise is late to class once again, she informs Louise that she will demand her expulsion. Louise follows her and, to Charlots surprise, thanks her, Louise explains that she believes that to be a great star, she must suffer, as Madame Charlot herself had suffered early in her own career. The next day, Louise defiantly returns to class, Madame Charlot announces that she has accepted another, more mature role in the play and recommended Louise for the lead. Louise gets the part and is a success on opening night. Arthur Gardner as Student Ralph Faulkner as Fencing Teacher According to MGM records the film earned $433,000 in the US and Canada, notes Citations Dramatic School at the Internet Movie Database Dramatic School at AllMovie
Dramatic School (film)
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Theatrical release poster
37.
Luise Rainer
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Luise Rainer was a German and American film actress. She was the first actor to win more than one Academy Award, and at the time of her death, Rainer began acting in Germany at age 16, being trained by Austrias leading stage director, Max Reinhardt. Within a few years, she had become a distinguished Berlin stage actress with Reinhardts Vienna theater ensemble, Critics raved about her acting quality. After years of acting on stage and in films in Austria and Germany, she was discovered by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer talent scouts, a number of filmmakers envisioned she might become another Greta Garbo, MGMs leading female star at the time. Her first American film role was in Escapade in 1935 and she was later dubbed the Viennese teardrop, for her dramatic telephone scene in the film. The subdued character role was such a dramatic contrast to her previous, vivacious character that she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. However, she stated nothing worse could have happened to her than winning two consecutive Oscars, as audience expectations from then on would be too high to fulfill. After a string of unimportant movie parts, MGM and Rainer became disappointed, leading her to end her brief three-year film career, some film historians consider her the most extreme case of an Oscar victim in Hollywood mythology. The daughter of Heinrich and Emilie Rainer, known familiarly as Heinz and Emmy, Rainer was born on 12 January 1910, in Düsseldorf, Germany and raised in Hamburg and later in Vienna, some references list her birthplace as Vienna. Describing her childhood, she stated, I was born into a world of destruction, the Vienna of my childhood was one of starvation, poverty and revolution. Her father was a businessman who settled in Europe after spending most of his childhood in Texas, Rainers family was upper-class and Jewish. Rainer had two brothers and was a baby, born two months early. She describes her father as being possessive and tempestuous, but whose affections, Luise seemed to him as eternally absent-minded and very different. She remembers his tyrannical possessiveness, and was saddened to see her mother, a beautiful pianist, although generally shy at home, she was immensely athletic in school, becoming a champion runner and a fearless mountain climber. Rainer said she became an actress to help expend her physical and it was her fathers wish, however, that she attend a good finishing school and marry the right man. Rainers rebellious nature made her appear to be more of a tomboy and she also feared she might develop what she saw as her mothers inferiority complex. I wanted to run away and marry him but I never had an opportunity, I am sure, though, that the experience first disclosed to me the entertainment world. For years I longed to be able to walk on a tight wire, at age 16, Rainer chose to follow her dream to become an actress, under the pretext of visiting her mother, she traveled to Düsseldorf for a prearranged audition at the Dumont Theater
Luise Rainer
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Rainer in a 1936 publicity photo
Luise Rainer
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as Anna Held in The Great Ziegfeld
Luise Rainer
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With Paul Muni in The Good Earth
Luise Rainer
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With
Paulette Goddard in Dramatic School (1938)
38.
The Women (1939 film)
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The Women is a 1939 American comedy-drama film directed by George Cukor. Ruth Hussey, Virginia Weidler, Butterfly McQueen, and Hedda Hopper also appeared in smaller roles, fontaine was the last surviving actress with a credited role in the film, she died in 2013. The film continued the plays all-female tradition—the entire cast of more than 130 speaking roles was female, throughout The Women, not a single male is seen — although the males are much talked about, and the central theme is the womens relationships with them. Lesbianism is intimated in the portrayal of one character, Nancy Blake. The attention to detail was such that even in such as portraits, only female figures are represented. The only exceptions are a poster-drawing clearly of a bull in the show segment. On DVD, the black and white fashion show, which is a different take, is available for the first time. The Women follows the lives of Manhattan women, focusing in particular on Mary Haines, after a bit of gossip flies around the salon these wealthy women visit, Marys cousin Sylvia Fowler goes to a salon to get the newest, exclusive nail color, Jungle Red. She learns from a manicurist that Marys husband has been having an affair with a perfume counter girl named Crystal Allen. A notorious gossip, Sylvia delights in sharing the news with Marys friends, while Marys mother urges her to ignore the gossip, Mary begins to have her own suspicions about her husbands increasingly frequent claims that he needs to work late. She decides to travel to Bermuda with her mother to think about the situation, upon her return, Mary heads to a fashion show and learns that Crystal is in attendance, trying on clothes in a dressing room. Mary, at Sylvias insistence, confronts her about the affair, heartbroken and humiliated, Mary leaves quickly. The gossip continues, exacerbated by Sylvia and her friend Edith, Mary chooses to divorce her husband despite his efforts to convince her to stay. As she is packing to leave for Reno, Mary explains the divorce to Little Mary, Mary and her new friends settle in at a Reno ranch, where they get plenty of unsolicited advice from Lucy, the gruffly warm-hearted woman who runs the ranch. The Countess tells tales of her husbands and seems to have found another prospect in Reno. Miriam reveals she has been having an affair with Sylvia Fowlers husband, Peggy, who has discovered that she is pregnant, is urged to call her husband, resolve their misunderstanding, and end the divorce proceedings. Sylvia arrives at the ranch, now that her husband has requested a divorce, when she discovers that Miriam is to become the new Mrs. Fowler, a catfight ensues. Mary succeeds in breaking up the fight, Miriam convinces her that she, too, should forget her pride, get her husband on the phone, and try to patch things up before their divorce becomes legal in a few hours
The Women (1939 film)
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Theatrical release poster
39.
Norma Shearer
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Edith Norma Shearer was a Canadian-American actress and Hollywood star from 1925 through 1942. Her early films cast her as an ingenue, but in the pre-Code film era. She excelled in drama, comedy, and period roles and she gave well-received performances in adaptations of Noël Coward, Eugene ONeill, and William Shakespeare. She was the first person to be nominated five times for an Academy Award for acting, winning Best Actress for her performance in the 1930 film The Divorcee, Shearers fame declined after her early retirement in 1942. She was rediscovered in the late 1950s, when her films were sold to television, and in the 1970s, by the time of her death in 1983, she was best known for her noble roles in Marie Antoinette and The Women. A Shearer revival began in 1988, when Turner Network Television began broadcasting the entire Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film library, in 1994, Turner Classic Movies began showcasing her films, most of which had not been seen since the reconstitution of the Production Code in 1934. Shearers work was seen anew, and the focus shifted from her noble roles to her pre-Code roles. Shearers work was formally reappraised in the 1990s through a number of high-profile books, the first was a major biography by Gavin Lambert. Next came the groundbreaking study Complicated Women, by Mick LaSalle, then came three books by photographer Mark A. Vieira, a revisionist biography of Shearers husband, producer Irving Thalberg, and two biographies of Hollywood glamour photographer George Hurrell. Reviewing Shearers work, historians called her the exemplar of sophisticated 1930s womanhood, exploring love and sex with an honesty that would be considered frank by modern standards. While there had been instances of performers who were given a belated celebrity by historians, as a result, Shearer is celebrated as a feminist pioneer, the first American film actress to make it chic and acceptable to be single and not a virgin on screen. Her films continue to be exhibited and studied, Shearer was of Scottish and Irish descent. Her childhood was spent in Montreal and was one of privilege due to the success of her fathers construction business, however, the marriage between her parents was unhappy. Andrew Shearer was prone to depression and moved like a shadow or a ghost around the house, while her mother Edith Fisher Shearer was attractive, flamboyant. Young Norma was interested in music, as well, but after seeing a show for her ninth birthday. Edith offered support, but as Shearer entered adolescence, became fearful that her daughters physical flaws would jeopardize her chances. Shearer herself had no illusions about the image I saw in the mirror. She acknowledged her dumpy figure, with shoulders too broad, legs too sturdy, hands too blunt, by her own admission, though, she was ferociously ambitious, even as a young girl and planned to overcome her deficiencies through careful camouflage, sheer determination, and charm
Norma Shearer
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Shearer in an early MGM publicity photo
Norma Shearer
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Publicity photo, circa 1930.
Norma Shearer
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Shearer in Slave to Fashion, 1925
Norma Shearer
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Fredric March and Shearer in The Barretts of Wimpole Street, 1934
40.
Joan Crawford
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Joan Crawford was an American film and television actress who began her career as a dancer and stage showgirl. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on its list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema. Beginning her career as a dancer in traveling theatrical companies, before debuting as a girl on Broadway. In the 1930s, Crawfords fame rivaled, and later outlasted, MGM colleagues Norma Shearer, Crawford often played hard-working young women who find romance and success. These stories were received by Depression-era audiences and were popular with women. But her career gradually improved in the early 1940s, and she made a comeback in 1945 by starring in Mildred Pierce. She would go on to receive Best Actress nominations for Possessed, in 1955, Crawford became involved with the Pepsi-Cola Company through her marriage to company Chairman Alfred Steele. After his death in 1959, Crawford was elected to fill his vacancy on the board of directors, following a public appearance in 1974, after which unflattering photographs were published, Crawford withdrew from public life and became increasingly reclusive until her death in 1977. Her first three ended in divorce, the last ended with the death of husband Alfred Steele. She adopted five children, one of whom was reclaimed by his birth mother, Crawfords relationships with her two older children, Christina and Christopher, were acrimonious. Crawford disinherited the two, and, after Crawfords death, Christina wrote a well-known tell-all memoir titled Mommie Dearest, Crawfords remains are interred at the Ferncliff Cemetery, in Hartsdale, New York. Born Lucille Fay LeSueur in San Antonio, Texas, on March 23, Crawfords birth year is disputed, with 1904,1905 and she was the youngest and third child of father Thomas E. LeSueur, a laundry laborer, and mother Anna Bell Johnson. Johnson was of English, French Huguenot, Swedish, and Irish ancestry, Crawfords elder siblings were sister Daisy LeSueur, who died before Lucilles birth, and brother Hal LeSueur. Crawfords father abandoned the family a few months before her birth, reappearing later in 1930 in Abilene, Texas, following LeSueurs departure from the family home, Crawfords mother married Henry J. Cassin. The marriage is listed in the census as Crawfords mothers first marriage, Crawford lived with her mother, stepfather, and siblings in Lawton, Oklahoma. There, Cassin, an impresario, ran the Ramsey Opera House and managed to book diverse. At that time, Crawford was reportedly unaware that Cassin, whom she called daddy, was not her father until her brother Hal told her the truth. Crawford preferred the nickname Billie as a child and enjoyed watching vaudeville acts perform on the stage of her stepfathers theatre, because the familys instability negatively affected Crawfords childhood, her schooling never formally progressed beyond elementary school
Joan Crawford
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in 1936 photo by
George Hurrell
Joan Crawford
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Joan Crawford in 1928
Joan Crawford
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With
John Gilbert in a 1928 film,
Four Walls
Joan Crawford
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Crawford in 1932
41.
Rosalind Russell
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A noted comedian, she won all five Golden Globes for which she was nominated. Russell won a Tony Award in 1953 for Best Performance by an Actress in a Musical for her portrayal of Ruth in the Broadway show Wonderful Town and she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress four times throughout her career. She had a career span from the 1930s to the 1970s. Catherine Rosalind Russell was one of seven children born in Waterbury, Connecticut, to James Edward, a lawyer, and Clara A. Russell and she was named after a ship on which her parents had traveled. Her parents thought Russell was studying to become a teacher, and were unaware that she was planning to become a comedic actress, Russell started her career as a fashion model and was in many Broadway shows. Against parental objections, she took a job at a company for seven months at Saranac Lake and then Hartford. Afterwards, she moved to Boston, where she acted for a year at a group for Edward E. Clive. Later, she appeared in a revue in New York, there, she took voice lessons and built a career in the opera, which was short-lived due to her difficulty in reaching high notes. In the early 1930s, Russell went west to Los Angeles, when she first arrived on the lot, she was ignored by most of the crew and later told the press she felt terrible and humiliated at Universal, which affected her self-confidence. Unhappy with Universals leadership, and second-class studio status at the time, when MGM first approached her for a screen test, Russell was wary, remembering her experience at Universal. When she met MGMs Benny Thau and Ben Piazza, she was surprised and her screen test was directed by Harold S. Bucquet, and she later recalled that she was hired because of a closeup he took of her. Under contract to MGM, Russell debuted in Evelyn Prentice, although the role was small, she received good notices, with one critic saying that she was convincing as the woman scorned. She starred in comedies such as Forsaking All Others and Fours a Crowd, as well as dramas, including Craigs Wife. Russell was first acclaimed when she co-starred with Robert Young in the MGM drama West Point of the Air, One critic wrote, Rosalind Russell as the other woman in the story gives an intelligent and deft handling to her scenes with Young. She quickly rose to fame, and by 1935, was seen as a replacement for actress Myrna Loy, in her first years in Hollywood, Russell was characterized, both in her personal life and film career, as a sophisticated lady. This dissatisfied Russell, who claimed in a 1936 interview, Being typed as a lady is the greatest misfortune possible to a motion picture actress and it limits your characterizations, confines you to play feminine sops and menaces and the public never highly approves of either. I earnestly want to get away from this, first, because I want to improve my career and professional life and, secondly because I am tired of being a clothes horse – a sort of hothouse orchid in a stand of wild flowers. Russell approached director Frank Lloyd for help changing her image, but instead of helping her, in 1939, she was cast as catty gossip Sylvia Fowler in the all-female comedy The Women, directed by George Cukor
Rosalind Russell
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Russell in publicity photo for
General Electric Theatre (1956)
Rosalind Russell
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Russell (c. 1930)
Rosalind Russell
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In
The Women (1939) with
Norma Shearer
Rosalind Russell
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With
Cary Grant and
Ralph Bellamy in
His Girl Friday (1940)
42.
Pauline Kael
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Pauline Kael was an American film critic who wrote for The New Yorker magazine from 1968 to 1991. Kael was known for her witty, biting, highly opinionated and sharply focused reviews and she is regarded as one of the most influential American film critics of her day. She left an impression on many other prominent film critics, including Armond White. You couldnt apply her approach to a film, with her it was all personal. Owen Gleiberman said she was more than a great critic and she re-invented the form, and pioneered an entire aesthetic of writing. Kael was born on a farm in Petaluma, California, to Isaac Paul Kael and Judith Kael. Her parents lost their farm when Kael was eight, and the moved to San Francisco. In 1936 she matriculated at the University of California, Berkeley, where she studied philosophy, literature, nevertheless, Kael intended to go on to law school but fell in with a group of artists and moved to New York City with the poet Robert Horan. Three years later, Kael returned to San Francisco and led a life, writing plays. In 1948, Kael and filmmaker James Broughton had a daughter, Gina, in 1953, the editor of City Lights magazine overheard Kael arguing about films in a coffeeshop with a friend and asked her to review Charlie Chaplins Limelight. Kael dubbed the film Slimelight and began publishing film criticism regularly in magazines, Kael later explained her writing style, I worked to loosen my style—to get away from the term-paper pomposity that we learn at college. I wanted the sentences to breathe, to have the sound of a human voice, Kael disparaged the supposed critics ideal of objectivity, referring to it as saphead objectivity, and incorporated aspects of autobiography into her criticism. I came out of the theater, tears streaming, and overheard the petulant voice of a college girl complaining to her boyfriend, for if people cannot feel Shoeshine, what can they feel. Later I learned that the man with whom I had quarreled had gone the same night and had emerged in tears. Yet our tears for each other, and for Shoeshine did not bring us together, Life, as Shoeshine demonstrates, is too complex for facile endings. Kael broadcast many of her early reviews on the public radio station KPFA, in Berkeley. As manager of a theater, Kael programmed the films that were shown. She also wrote pungent capsule reviews of the films, which her patrons began collecting, Kael continued to juggle writing with other work until she received an offer to publish a book of her criticism
Pauline Kael
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Pauline Kael
43.
George Cukor
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George Dewey Cukor was an American film director. He mainly concentrated on comedies and literary adaptations and his career flourished at RKO when David O. Selznick, the studios Head of Production, assigned Cukor to direct several of RKOs major films, including What Price Hollywood. A Bill of Divorcement, Our Betters, and Little Women, when Selznick moved to MGM in 1933, Cukor followed and directed Dinner at Eight and David Copperfield for Selznick and Romeo and Juliet and Camille for Irving Thalberg. He was replaced as the director of Gone with the Wind, but he went on to direct The Philadelphia Story, Gaslight, Adams Rib, Born Yesterday, A Star Is Born, Bhowani Junction and he continued to work into the 1980s. Cukor was born on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City, the child and only son of Hungarian Jewish immigrants Viktor, an assistant district attorney. His parents selected his middle name in honor of Spanish–American War hero George Dewey, as a result, he was ambivalent about his faith and dismissive of old world traditions from childhood, and as an adult he embraced Anglophilia to remove himself even further from his roots. As a teenager, Cukor frequently was taken to the New York Hippodrome by his uncle, infatuated with theatre, he often cut classes at DeWitt Clinton High School to attend afternoon matinees. During his senior year, he worked as a supernumerary with the Metropolitan Opera, earning 50¢ per appearance, following his graduation in 1917, Cukor was expected to follow in his fathers footsteps and pursue a career in law. He halfheartedly enrolled in the City College of New York, where he entered the Students Army Training Corps in October 1918 and his military experience was limited, Germany surrendered in early November, and Cukors duty ended after only two months. In 1925 he formed the C. F. and Z, Production Company with Walter Folmer and John Zwicki, which gave him his first opportunity to direct. Following their first season, he made his Broadway directorial debut with Antonia by Hungarian playwright Melchior Lengyel, then returned to Rochester, lasting only one season with the company was Bette Davis. Cukor later recalled, Her talent was apparent, but she did buck at direction and she had her own ideas, and though she only did bits and ingenue roles, she didnt hesitate to express them. For the next decades, Davis claimed she was fired. For the next few years, Cukor alternated between Rochester in the months and Broadway in the winter. His direction of a 1926 stage adaptation of The Great Gatsby by Owen Davis brought him to the attention of the New York critics. Writing in the Brooklyn Eagle, drama critic Arthur Pollock called it a piece of work by a director not nearly so well known as he should be. Cukor directed six more Broadway productions before departing for Hollywood in 1929, when Hollywood began to recruit New York theater talent for sound films, Cukor immediately answered the call. In December 1928, Paramount Pictures signed him to a contract that reimbursed him for his airfare and he arrived in Hollywood in February 1929, and his first assignment was to coach the cast of River of Romance to speak with an acceptable Southern accent
George Cukor
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Cukor in 1946
George Cukor
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Rehearsing with
Lee Remick in 1962
George Cukor
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Cukor at home in 1973
44.
Technicolor
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Technicolor is the name applied to a series of color motion picture processes, the first version dating from 1916, and followed by improved versions over several decades. It was the major color process, after Britains Kinemacolor. As the technology matured it was used for less spectacular dramas. Occasionally, even a film noir—such as Leave Her to Heaven or Niagara —was filmed in Technicolor, Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color motion picture processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation, now a division of the French company Technicolor SA. The Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation was founded in Boston in 1914 by Herbert Kalmus, Daniel Frost Comstock, the Tech in the companys name was inspired by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where both Kalmus and Comstock received their undergraduate degrees and were later instructors. Technicolor, Inc. was chartered in Delaware in 1921, most of Technicolors early patents were taken out by Comstock and Wescott, while Kalmus served primarily as the companys president and chief executive officer. The term Technicolor historically has been used to describe at least five concepts, Technicolor, Technicolor process or format, several custom image origination systems used in film production, culminating in the three-strip process in 1932. Technicolor IB printing, a process for making color motion picture prints that allows the use of dyes which are more stable, originally used for printing from color separation negatives photographed on black-and-white film in a special Technicolor camera. This meaning of the name applies to nearly all Wikipedia articles about films made from 1954 onward in which Technicolor is named in the credits, Technicolor originally existed in a two-color system. Because two frames were being exposed at the time, the film had to be photographed and projected at twice the normal speed. Exhibition required a special projector with two apertures, two lenses, and a prism that aligned the two images on the screen. The results were first demonstrated to members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers in New York on February 21,1917, the near-constant need for a technician to adjust the projection alignment doomed this additive color process. Only a few frames of The Gulf Between, showing star Grace Darmond, are known to exist today, convinced that there was no future in additive color processes, Comstock, Wescott, and Kalmus focused their attention on subtractive color processes. This culminated in what would eventually be known as Process 2, the difference was that the two-component negative was now used to produce a subtractive color print. Because the colors were present in the print, no special projection equipment was required. The frames exposed behind the filter were printed on one strip of black-and-white film. After development, each print was toned to a color nearly complementary to that of the filter, orange-red for the green-filtered images, the two prints, made on film stock half the thickness of regular film, were then cemented together back to back to create a projection print. The Toll of the Sea, which debuted on November 26,1922, the second all-color feature in Process 2 Technicolor, Wanderer of the Wasteland, was released in 1924
Technicolor
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A title card for a
Walt Disney Donald Duck cartoon with an "in Technicolor" credit. Many 1930s and '40s
American cartoon shorts were produced in Technicolor.
Technicolor
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Frame from a surviving fragment of The Gulf Between (1917), the first publicly shown Technicolor film
Technicolor
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Frame from the Technicolor picture
The Toll of the Sea (1922)
Technicolor
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Frame enlargement of a Technicolor segment from
The Phantom of the Opera (1925). The film was one of the earliest uses of the process on interior sets, and demonstrated its versatility.
45.
Vivien Leigh
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Vivien Leigh was a British stage and film actress. She also won a Tony Award for her work in the Broadway musical version of Tovarich, after her drama school education, Leigh appeared in small roles in four films in 1935 and progressed to the role of heroine in Fire Over England. Lauded for her beauty, Leigh felt that her physical attributes sometimes prevented her from being seriously as an actress. Despite her fame as an actress, Leigh was primarily a stage performer. Later in life, she performed as an actress in a few films. At the time, the public strongly identified Leigh with her second husband Laurence Olivier, Leigh and Olivier starred together in many stage productions, with Olivier often directing, and in three films. Although her career had periods of inactivity, in 1999 the American Film Institute ranked Leigh as the 16th greatest female star of classic Hollywood cinema. Leigh was born Vivian Mary Hartley on 5 November 1913 in British India on the campus of St. Pauls School and she was the only child of Ernest Richard Hartley, an English broker, and his wife, Gertrude Mary Frances. Her father was born in Scotland in 1882, while her mother, Ernest and Gertrude Hartley were married in 1912 in Kensington, London. In 1917, Ernest Hartley was transferred to Bangalore as an officer in the Indian Cavalry, while Gertrude, at the age of three, young Vivian made her first stage appearance for her mothers amateur theatre group, reciting Little Bo Peep. At the age of six, Vivian was sent by her mother to the Convent of the Sacred Heart then situated in Roehampton, southwest London, from Loreto Convent, Darjeeling. One of her friends there was future actress Maureen OSullivan, two years her senior, to whom Vivian expressed her desire to become a great actress, the family returned to Britain in 1931. She attended A Connecticut Yankee, one of OSullivans films playing in Londons West End, shortly after, her father enrolled Vivian at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London. Vivian met Herbert Leigh Holman, known as Leigh Holman, a barrister 13 years her senior, on 12 October 1933 in London, she gave birth to a daughter, Suzanne, later Mrs. Robin Farrington. Leighs friends suggested she take a role as a schoolgirl in the film Things Are Looking Up. She engaged an agent, John Gliddon, who believed that Vivian Holman was not a name for an actress. After rejecting his many suggestions, she took Vivian Leigh as her professional name, Gliddon recommended her to Alexander Korda as a possible film actress, but Korda rejected her as lacking potential. She was cast in the play The Mask of Virtue, directed by Sidney Carroll in 1935 and received excellent reviews, followed by interviews, John Betjeman, the future Poet Laureate, described her as the essence of English girlhood
Vivien Leigh
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Leigh as
Scarlett O'Hara in
Gone With the Wind, 1939
Vivien Leigh
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With
Clark Gable in Gone with the Wind (1939)
Vivien Leigh
–
Leigh as
Scarlett O'Hara
Vivien Leigh
–
Leigh and Olivier in Australia, June 1948
46.
Jean Arthur
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Jean Arthur was an American actress and a major film star of the 1930s and 1940s. Arthur had feature roles in three Frank Capra films, Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, You Cant Take It With You, Arthur was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress in 1944 for her performance in The More the Merrier. James Harvey wrote in his recounting of the era, No one was more closely identified with the screwball comedy than Jean Arthur. So much was she part of it, so much was her star personality defined by it and she has been called the quintessential comedic leading lady. Her last film performance was the memorable, and distinctly non-comedic, to the public, Arthur was known as a reclusive woman. News magazine Life observed in a 1940 article, Next to Garbo, as well as recoiling from interviews, she avoided photographers and refused to become a part of any kind of publicity. Arthur was born Gladys Georgianna Greene in Plattsburgh, New York to Protestant parents, Johanna Augusta Nelson and her maternal grandparents were immigrants from Norway who settled in the American West, she also had distant ancestors from England. She had three brothers, Donald Hubert, Robert B. and Albert Sidney. She lived on and off in Westbrook, Maine, from 1908 to 1915 while her father worked at Lamson Studios in Portland, Maine, as a photographer. The familys relocation to New York City occurred in 1915, where Arthur dropped out of school in her junior year due to a change in family circumstances. Presaging many of her film roles, she worked as a stenographer on Bond Street in lower Manhattan during World War I. Both her father and siblings registered for the draft and her brother Albert died as a result of injuries sustained in battle during World War I. She reputedly took her name from two of her greatest heroes, Joan of Arc and King Arthur. The studio was at the looking for new American sweethearts with sufficient sex appeal to interest the Jazz Age audiences. Arthur was remodeled as such a personality, a flapper, following the small role in Cameo Kirby, she received her first female lead role in The Temple of Venus, a plotless tale about a group of dancing nymphs. Dissatisfied with her lack of acting talent, the films director Henry Otto replaced Arthur with actress Mary Philbin during the day of shooting. Arthur agreed with the director, There wasnt a spark from within, I was acting like a mechanical doll personality. I thought I was disgraced for life and she was planning on leaving the California film industry for good, but reluctantly stayed due to her contract, and appeared in comedy shorts instead
Jean Arthur
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Publicity photo mid-1930s
Jean Arthur
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Publicity photo, c. 1930
Jean Arthur
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Publicity photo, c. 1939
Jean Arthur
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Only Angels Have Wings (1939)
47.
Joan Bennett
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Joan Geraldine Bennett was an American stage, film and television actress. Besides acting on the stage, Bennett appeared in more than 70 motion pictures from the era of silent movies and she is possibly best-remembered for her film noir femme fatale roles in director Fritz Langs movies such as The Woman in the Window and Scarlet Street. Bennett had three phases to her long and successful career, first as a winsome blonde ingenue, then as a sensuous brunette femme fatale. In 1951, Bennetts screen career was marred by scandal after her husband, film producer Walter Wanger, shot. Wanger suspected that Lang and Bennett were having an affair, a charge which she adamantly denied, in the 1960s, she achieved success for her portrayal of Elizabeth Collins Stoddard on TVs Dark Shadows, for which she received an Emmy nomination. For her final role, as Madame Blanc in Dario Argentos cult horror film Suspiria. In her New York Times obituary she was said to be, one of the most underrated actresses of her time. She was born in the Palisades section of Fort Lee, New Jersey and her older sisters were actress Constance Bennett and actress/dancer Barbara Bennett, who was the first wife of singer Morton Downey and the mother of Morton Downey, Jr. Part of a theatrical family, Bennetts maternal grandfather was Jamaica-born Shakespearean actor Lewis Morrison. He was of English, Spanish, Jewish, and African ancestry, on the side of her maternal grandmother, actress Rose Wood, the profession dated back to traveling minstrels in 18th century England. Bennett first appeared in a silent movie as a child with her parents and sisters in her fathers drama The Valley of Decision, which he adapted for the screen. She attended Miss Hopkins School for Girls in Manhattan, then St. Margarets, a school in Waterbury, Connecticut, and LHermitage. On September 15,1926,16 year old Bennett married John M. Fox in London and they were divorced on July 30,1928 in Los Angeles, on charges of his alcoholism. Bennetts stage debut was at age 18, acting with her father in Jarnegan and she moved quickly from movie to movie throughout the 1930s. Bennett appeared as a blonde for several years, under contract to Fox Film Corporation, she appeared in several movies. Receiving top billing, she played the role of Jane Miller opposite Spencer Tracy in She Wanted a Millionaire and she was billed second, after Tracy, for her role as Helen Riley, a personable waitress who trades wisecracks, in Me and My Gal. On March 16,1932, she married screenwriter/film producer Gene Markey in Los Angeles and they had one child, Melinda Markey. This movie brought Bennett to the attention of independent film producer Walter Wanger and she played the role of Sally MacGregor, a psychiatrists young wife slipping into insanity, in Private Worlds with Joel McCrea
Joan Bennett
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Bennett ca. 1938
Joan Bennett
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from the trailer for
Disraeli (1929)
Joan Bennett
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from the trailer for
Little Women (1933)
Joan Bennett
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from the trailer for
The Woman in the Window (1944)
48.
Laurence Olivier
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Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier, OM, was an English actor who, along with his contemporaries Ralph Richardson and John Gielgud, dominated the British stage of the mid-20th century. He also worked in films throughout his career, playing more than fifty cinema roles, late in his career, he had considerable success in television roles. His family had no connections, but Oliviers father, a clergyman. After attending a school in London, Olivier learned his craft in a succession of acting jobs during the late 1920s. In 1930 he had his first important West End success in Noël Cowards Private Lives, in 1935 he played in a celebrated production of Romeo and Juliet alongside Gielgud and Peggy Ashcroft, and by the end of the decade he was an established star. In the 1940s, together with Richardson and John Burrell, Olivier was the co-director of the Old Vic, there his most celebrated roles included Shakespeares Richard III and Sophocless Oedipus. From 1963 to 1973 he was the director of Britains National Theatre. His own parts there included the role in Othello and Shylock in The Merchant of Venice. Among Oliviers films are Wuthering Heights, Rebecca, and a trilogy of Shakespeare films as actor-director, Henry V, Hamlet and his later films included Sleuth, Marathon Man, and The Boys from Brazil. His television appearances included an adaptation of The Moon and Sixpence, Long Days Journey into Night, Love Among the Ruins, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Brideshead Revisited, Oliviers honours included a knighthood, a life peerage and the Order of Merit. For his on-screen work he received four Academy Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, five Emmy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards. The National Theatres largest auditorium is named in his honour, and he is commemorated in the Laurence Olivier Awards, given annually by the Society of London Theatre. He was married three times, to the actresses Jill Esmond from 1930 to 1940, Vivien Leigh from 1940 to 1960, Olivier was born in Dorking, Surrey, the youngest of the three children of the Revd Gerard Kerr Olivier and his wife Agnes Louise, née Crookenden. Their elder children were Sybille and Gerard Dacres Dickie and his great-great-grandfather was of French Huguenot descent, and Olivier came from a long line of Protestant clergymen. Gerard Olivier had begun a career as a schoolmaster, but in his thirties he discovered a strong religious vocation and was ordained as a priest of the Church of England and he practised extremely high church, ritualist Anglicanism and liked to be addressed as Father Olivier. This made him unacceptable to most Anglican congregations, and the church posts he was offered were temporary. This meant a nomadic existence, and for Laurences first few years, in 1912, when Olivier was five, his father secured a permanent appointment as assistant priest at St Saviours, Pimlico. He held the post for six years, and a family life was at last possible
Laurence Olivier
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Olivier in 1973
Laurence Olivier
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Interior of
All Saints, Margaret Street
Laurence Olivier
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Peggy Ashcroft, a contemporary and friend of Olivier's at the
Central School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art, photographed in 1936
Laurence Olivier
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Olivier, with his first wife
Jill Esmond (left), in 1932
49.
Rebecca (1940 film)
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Rebecca is a 1940 American psychological thriller-mystery film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. It was Hitchcocks first American project, and his first film produced under contract with David O. Selznick, the films screenplay was a version by Joan Harrison and Robert E. Sherwood based on Philip MacDonald and Michael Hogans adaptation of Daphne du Mauriers 1938 novel Rebecca. The film is shot in black-and-white, and is a gothic tale, Maxim de Winters first wife Rebecca, who died before the story starts, is never seen. Her reputation and others recollections about her, however, are a constant presence in the lives of Maxim, his new young wife. Rebecca won two Academy Awards, Outstanding Production and Cinematography, out of a total 11 nominations, Olivier, Fontaine and Anderson were all Oscar nominated for their respective roles. However, since 1936, Rebecca is the film that, despite winning Best Picture. Rebecca was the film at the 1st Berlin International Film Festival in 1951. A naïve young woman is in Monte Carlo working as a companion to Edythe Van Hopper when she meets the aristocratic. They fall in love, and within two weeks they are married, the young woman is now the second Mrs. de Winter. Maxim takes his new bride back to Manderley, his country house in Cornwall. As her closest confidant, Mrs. Danvers regularly comments on Rebeccas exceptional grace, when asked what Rebecca was like, Frank Crawley, Maxims best friend and manager of the estate, absent-mindedly tells the new Mrs. de Winter that Rebecca was an exceptional beauty. The new Mrs. de Winter is intimidated by her responsibilities, the continuous reminders of Rebecca overwhelm her, she believes that Maxim is still deeply in love with his first wife. She also discovers that her husband sometimes becomes very angry at her for apparently insignificant actions and she also meets Rebeccas so-called favorite cousin, Jack Favell, who visits the house while Maxim is away. Trying to be the wife, the young Mrs. de Winter convinces Maxim to hold a costume party. She wants to plan her own costume, but Mrs. Danvers suggests she copy the beautiful outfit in the portrait of Lady Caroline de Winter, an ancestor of Maxims. At the party, when the costume is revealed, Maxim is appalled, Rebecca wore the outfit at the ball a year ago. Mrs. de Winter confronts Danvers, who tells her she can never take Rebeccas place, an airborne flare reveals that a ship has hit the rocks. Mrs. de Winter rushes outside, where she hears that during the rescue a sunken boat has been found with Rebeccas body in it, Maxim admits to his new wife that he had earlier misidentified another body as Rebeccas, in order to conceal the truth
Rebecca (1940 film)
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Theatrical release poster
Rebecca (1940 film)
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Mrs. Danvers attempts to persuade Mrs. de Winter to leap to her death.
Rebecca (1940 film)
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Laurence Olivier and
Joan Fontaine, stars of the film.
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