1.
Dance
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Dance is a performance art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movement. This movement has aesthetic and symbolic value, and is acknowledged as dance by performers and observers within a particular culture, Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoire of movements, or by its historical period or place of origin. Other forms of movement are sometimes said to have a dance-like quality, including martial arts, gymnastics, figure skating, synchronized swimming. Theatrical dance, also called performance or concert dance, is intended primarily as a spectacle and it often tells a story, perhaps using mime, costume and scenery, or else it may simply interpret the musical accompaniment, which is often specially composed. Examples are western ballet and modern dance, Classical Indian dance and Chinese and Japanese song, most classical forms are centred upon dance alone, but performance dance may also appear in opera and other forms of musical theatre. Such dance seldom has any narrative, a group dance and a corps de ballet, a social partner dance and a pas de deux, differ profoundly. Even a solo dance may be solely for the satisfaction of the dancer. On the other hand, some cultures lay down strict rules as to the dances in which, for example. Archeological evidence for early dance includes 9, 000-year-old paintings in India at the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka and it has been proposed that before the invention of written languages, dance was an important part of the oral and performance methods of passing stories down from generation to generation. The use of dance in trance states and healing rituals is thought to have been another early factor in the social development of dance. References to dance can be found in very early recorded history, Greek dance is referred to by Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch, the Bible and Talmud refer to many events related to dance, and contain over 30 different dance terms. In Chinese pottery as early as the Neolithic period, groups of people are depicted dancing in a line holding hands, Dance is further described in the Lüshi Chunqiu. Primitive dance in ancient China was associated with sorcery and shamanic rituals, during the first millennium BCE in India, many texts were composed which attempted to codify aspects of daily life. Bharata Munis Natyashastra is one of the earlier texts and it mainly deals with drama, in which dance plays an important part in Indian culture. It categorizes dance into four types - secular, ritual, abstract, the text elaborates various hand-gestures and classifies movements of the various limbs, steps and so on. A strong continuous tradition of dance has since continued in India, through to modern times, where it continues to play a role in culture, ritual, and, notably, the Bollywood entertainment industry. Many other contemporary dance forms can likewise be traced back to historical, traditional, ceremonial, Dance is generally, though not exclusively, performed with the accompaniment of music and may or may not be performed in time to such music. Some dance may provide its own audible accompaniment in place of music, many early forms of music and dance were created for each other and are frequently performed together
2.
Renaissance
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The Renaissance was a period in European history, from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe. This new thinking became manifest in art, architecture, politics, science, Early examples were the development of perspective in oil painting and the recycled knowledge of how to make concrete. Although the invention of movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century. In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy, the Renaissance began in Florence, in the 14th century. Other major centres were northern Italian city-states such as Venice, Genoa, Milan, Bologna, the word Renaissance, literally meaning Rebirth in French, first appeared in English in the 1830s. The word also occurs in Jules Michelets 1855 work, Histoire de France, the word Renaissance has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century. The Renaissance was a movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism, however, a subtle shift took place in the way that intellectuals approached religion that was reflected in many other areas of cultural life. In addition, many Greek Christian works, including the Greek New Testament, were back from Byzantium to Western Europe. Political philosophers, most famously Niccolò Machiavelli, sought to describe life as it really was. Others see more competition between artists and polymaths such as Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, Donatello, and Masaccio for artistic commissions as sparking the creativity of the Renaissance. Yet it remains much debated why the Renaissance began in Italy, accordingly, several theories have been put forward to explain its origins. During the Renaissance, money and art went hand in hand, Artists depended entirely on patrons while the patrons needed money to foster artistic talent. Wealth was brought to Italy in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries by expanding trade into Asia, silver mining in Tyrol increased the flow of money. Luxuries from the Eastern world, brought home during the Crusades, increased the prosperity of Genoa, unlike with Latin texts, which had been preserved and studied in Western Europe since late antiquity, the study of ancient Greek texts was very limited in medieval Western Europe. One of the greatest achievements of Renaissance scholars was to bring this entire class of Greek cultural works back into Western Europe for the first time since late antiquity, Arab logicians had inherited Greek ideas after they had invaded and conquered Egypt and the Levant. Their translations and commentaries on these ideas worked their way through the Arab West into Spain and Sicily and this work of translation from Islamic culture, though largely unplanned and disorganized, constituted one of the greatest transmissions of ideas in history
3.
Partner dance
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In 1023, the German poet Ruodlieb referred to a couple dance with a basic motif of a boy wooing a girl, and the girl repulsing his advances. Men and women dancing as couples, both holding one hand of their partner, and embracing each other, can be seen in illustrations from 15th-century Germany. At the end of the 13th century and during the 14th century, nobles, farmers and lower classes of society danced turning in a lively, springing fashion. The relatively new burgher middle class combined the dances with the processional as a dance. Danse de Paysans by Théodore de Bry shows a couple with a man lifting his partner off the ground, and his Danse de Seigneurs et Dames features one Lord with his arms around the waist of his Lady. Syncopated and dotted rhythms gained widespread popularity for dancing in the last two centuries, although usually less complex and more regular than previous music, an old couple dance which can be found all over Northern Europe is known as Manchester or Lott is Dead. Dance partners stay together for the duration of the dance and, most often, dance independently of other couples dancing at the same time, if any. Although this kind of dancing can be seen, for instance, in ballet, this term is applied to various forms of social dance, ballroom dance, folk dance. Partner dance may be a basis of a dance, a round dance. In square dance one will often change partners during the course of a dance, in most partner dances, one, typically a man, is the leader, the other, typically a woman, is the follower. As a rule, they maintain connection with each other, in some dances the connection is loose and called dance handhold. In other dances the connection involves body contact, in the latter case the connection imposes significant restrictions on relative body positions during the dance and hence it is often called dance frame. It is also said that each partner has his own dance frame, in promenade-style partner dancing there is no leader or follower, and the couple dance side-by-side maintaining a connection with each other through a promenade handhold. The man dances traditionally to the left of the woman, some peoples have folk partner dances, where partners do not have any body contact at all, but there is still a kind of call-response interaction. A popular form of dancing is slow dance. Generally, partner dance has taken place between a man and a woman, from the 1800s-1950s, however, if there was not a sufficient number partners of the opposite sex available, couples formed into pairs of the same-sex. At the time, same-sex partnering had nothing to do with sexual orientation and it was acceptable ballroom etiquette for a woman to dance with her sisters and/or friends if there were no available men. Sometimes this is also done as part of a dance tradition, partnerships of the same-sex may not necessarily describe sexual orientation as many straight individuals still partner up with members of the same-sex
4.
Basse danse
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The basse danse, or low dance, was a popular court dance in the 15th and early 16th centuries, especially at the Burgundian court. The basse danse was a precursor of the pavane as a processional dance. The term may apply to the dance or the music alone, the earliest record of a basse danse is found in an Occitan poem of the 1320s by Raimon de Cornet, who notes that the joglars performed them. In Germany it became the Hofdantz, thoinot Arbeau used the basse danse to explain his method of dance notation in his Orchésographie. The basic measure is counted in sixes but, like the later courante, often combines 64 and 32 time and this rhythm matches the basic steps of the dance. Most basse danse music is in form with each section repeated. The basse danse was often followed by a tourdion, due to their contrasting tempi, and these were danced and composed in pairs en suite like the pavane and galliard and the allemande and courante. Early music consisted of songs based on a cantus firmus. In performance 3 or 4 instrumentalists would improvise the polyphony based on this tenor, in others multiple parts were written, though choice of instrumentation was left to the performers. A treatise in the Royal Library of Belgium in Brussels gives us information about the elements of basse danse, the basse danse is based upon four steps, pas simple, pas double, démarche and branle. Pas simples are done in pairs, dancers take two steps in one measure counting 2–2–2, in pas double, dancers take instead three steps, counting 3-3. These steps take advantage of the feel of the basse danse. In the démarche, dancers take a backwards and shift their weight forward. In the branle, dancers step to the left, shifting their weight left, the révérence, occurring typically before or after the choreography, is a bow or curtsey that takes place over the course of one measure. Western Music – Britannica Online Encyclopedia, a Dictionary of Music and Musicians. W. W. Norton and Company Incorporated, Dance – A Short History of Classical Theatrical Dancing. Archived from the original on 13 April 2007, the Derivation of Some Fifteenth-Century Basse-Danse Tunes. Materials for the Study of the Fifteenth Century Basse Danse, in Compositione di Meser Vincenzo Capirola, Lute-Book, edited by Otto Gombosi, xxxvi–lxiii
5.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
6.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
7.
Baroque
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The style began around 1600 in Rome and Italy, and spread to most of Europe. The aristocracy viewed the dramatic style of Baroque art and architecture as a means of impressing visitors by projecting triumph, power, Baroque palaces are built around an entrance of courts, grand staircases, and reception rooms of sequentially increasing opulence. However, baroque has a resonance and application that extend beyond a reduction to either a style or period. It is also yields the Italian barocco and modern Spanish barroco, German Barock, Dutch Barok, others derive it from the mnemonic term Baroco, a supposedly laboured form of syllogism in logical Scholastica. The Latin root can be found in bis-roca, in informal usage, the word baroque can simply mean that something is elaborate, with many details, without reference to the Baroque styles of the 17th and 18th centuries. The word Baroque, like most periodic or stylistic designations, was invented by later critics rather than practitioners of the arts in the 17th, the term Baroque was initially used in a derogatory sense, to underline the excesses of its emphasis. In particular, the term was used to describe its eccentric redundancy and noisy abundance of details, although it was long thought that the word as a critical term was first applied to architecture, in fact it appears earlier in reference to music. Another hypothesis says that the word comes from precursors of the style, Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola and he did not make the distinctions between Mannerism and Baroque that modern writers do, and he ignored the later phase, the academic Baroque that lasted into the 18th century. Long despised, Baroque art and architecture became fashionable between the two World Wars, and has remained in critical favour. In painting the gradual rise in popular esteem of Caravaggio has been the best barometer of modern taste, William Watson describes a late phase of Shang-dynasty Chinese ritual bronzes of the 11th century BC as baroque. The term Baroque may still be used, usually pejoratively, describing works of art, craft, the appeal of Baroque style turned consciously from the witty, intellectual qualities of 16th-century Mannerist art to a visceral appeal aimed at the senses. It employed an iconography that was direct, simple, obvious, germinal ideas of the Baroque can also be found in the work of Michelangelo. Even more generalised parallels perceived by some experts in philosophy, prose style, see the Neapolitan palace of Caserta, a Baroque palace whose construction began in 1752. In paintings Baroque gestures are broader than Mannerist gestures, less ambiguous, less arcane and mysterious, more like the stage gestures of opera, Baroque poses depend on contrapposto, the tension within the figures that move the planes of shoulders and hips in counterdirections. Baroque is a style of unity imposed upon rich, heavy detail, Baroque style featured exaggerated lighting, intense emotions, release from restraint, and even a kind of artistic sensationalism. There were highly diverse strands of Italian baroque painting, from Caravaggio to Cortona, the most prominent Spanish painter of the Baroque was Diego Velázquez. The later Baroque style gradually gave way to a more decorative Rococo, while the Baroque nature of Rembrandts art is clear, the label is less often used for Vermeer and many other Dutch artists. Flemish Baroque painting shared a part in this trend, while continuing to produce the traditional categories
8.
Allemande
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An allemande is a renaissance and baroque dance, and one of the most popular instrumental dance styles in baroque music, with notable examples by Couperin, Purcell, Bach and Handel. It is often the first movement of a suite of dances, paired with a subsequent courante. It appears to have derived from a German dance but no identifiable dance, a livelier version, the allemande courante, used three springing steps and a hop. Elizabethan British composers wrote many Almans as separate pieces, French composers of the 17th century experimented with the allemande, shifting to quadruple meter and ranging more widely in tempo. This slower allemande, like the pavane, was adapted to the tombeau or memorial composition, the German composers Froberger and Bach followed suit in their allemandes for keyboard instruments, although ensemble allemandes kept a more traditional style. Italian and English composers were more free with the allemande, writing in counterpoint, in his Musikalisches Lexicon, Johann Gottfried Walther wrote that the allemande must be composed and likewise danced in a grave and ceremonious manner. Its music is characterised by absence of syncopation, combination of short motifs into larger units and contrasts of tone and motif. Late in the 18th century, allemande came to be used for type of dance in triple meter. Mozart and Beethoven both produced sets of German Dances in this style, some of the close embraces and turns of the allemande were carried over to squaredance and contra dance. In an allemande, couples hold one forearm and turn each other to the left or right. Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, Video - Renaissance allemande danced in costume Video - Baroque allemande, one pair Video - Allemand - The Elegance of Baroque Social Dance Music Video - J. S. Bach - Allemande from the fourth French Suite
9.
Courante
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The courante, corrente, coranto and corant are some of the names given to a family of triple metre dances from the late Renaissance and the Baroque era. In a Baroque dance suite an Italian or French courante is typically paired with a preceding allemande, courante literally means running, and in the later Renaissance the courante was danced with fast running and jumping steps, as described by Thoinot Arbeau. But the courante commonly used in the period was described by Johann Mattheson in Der vollkommene Capellmeister as chiefly characterized by the passion or mood of sweet expectation. For there is something heartfelt, something longing and also gratifying, in this melody, Johann Gottfried Walther in the Musicalisches Lexicon, wrote that the rhythm of the courante is absolutely the most serious one can find. During the baroque era there were two types of courante, the French and the Italian, sometimes French and Italian spellings are used to distinguish types of courante, but original spellings were inconsistent. In Bachs unaccompanied Partita for Violin No.2 the first movement begins as if in 34 time in a one might initially perform. The second movement is titled corrente and is rather lively, an indication of faster tempo that appears to exist in Baroque composer Georg Muffats instructions on Lullian bowing is a confusion in translation. Renaissance dance Baroque dance Lenneberg, Hans, Johann Mattheson on Affect and Rhetoric in Music, A Translation of Selected Portions of Der vollkommene Capellmeister. Journal of Music Theory 2, no.1 and no, Der vollkommene Capellmeister, Das ist, Gründliche Anzeige aller derjenigen Sachen, die einer wissen, können, und vollkommen inne haben muß, der einer Capelle mit Ehren und Nutzen vorstehen will. Facsimile reprint, fifth edition, edited by Margarete Reimann, Johann Matthesons Der vollkommene Capellmeister, a revised translation with critical commentary by Ernest Charles Harriss. Facsimile reprint, edited by Richard Schaal, modern edition of the text and musical illustrations, edited by Friederike Ramm. Kassel, Bärenreiter-Verlag & Karl Vötterle GmbH & Co
10.
Counterpoint
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In music, counterpoint is the relationship between voices that are harmonically interdependent yet independent in rhythm and contour. It has been most commonly identified in the European classical tradition, strongly developing during the Renaissance and in much of the common practice period, the term originates from the Latin punctus contra punctum meaning point against point. Counterpoint generally involves musical lines with strongly independent identities, Counterpoint has been used to designate a voice or even an entire composition. In each era, contrapuntally organized music writing has been subject to rules—sometimes strict ones, chords are the simultaneous soundings of notes, whereas harmonic, vertical features are considered secondary and almost incidental when counterpoint is the predominant textural element. Counterpoint focuses on melodic interaction—only secondarily on the produced by that interaction. In the words of John Rahn, It is hard to write a beautiful song and it is harder to write several individually beautiful songs that, when sung simultaneously, sound as a more beautiful polyphonic whole. The way that is accomplished in detail is, some examples of related compositional techniques include, the round, the canon, and perhaps the most complex contrapuntal convention, the fugue. All of these are examples of imitative counterpoint, Species counterpoint generally offers less freedom to the composer than other types of counterpoint and therefore is called a strict counterpoint. The student gradually attains the ability to free counterpoint according to the given rules at the time. The idea is at least as old as 1532, when Giovanni Maria Lanfranco described a concept in his Scintille di musica. Zacconi, unlike later theorists, included a few extra contrapuntal techniques, a succession of later theorists quite closely imitated Fuxs seminal work, often with some small and idiosyncratic modifications in the rules. The following rules apply to melodic writing in each species, for each part, if the final is approached from below, then the leading tone must be raised in a minor key, but not in Phrygian or Hypophrygian mode. Thus, in the Dorian mode on D, a C♯ is necessary at the cadence, permitted melodic intervals are the perfect fourth, fifth, and octave, as well as the major and minor second, major and minor third, and ascending minor sixth. The ascending minor sixth must be followed by motion downwards. The three notes should be from the triad, if this is impossible, they should not outline more than one octave. In general, do not write more than two skips in the same direction, if writing a skip in one direction, it is best to proceed after the skip with motion in the other direction. The interval of a tritone in three notes should be avoided as is the interval of a seventh in three notes, there must be a climax or high point in the line countering the cantus firmus. This usually occurs somewhere in the middle of exercise and must occur on a strong beat, an outlining of a seventh is avoided within a single line moving in the same direction
11.
Homophony
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In music, homophony is a texture in which a primary part is supported by one or more additional strands that flesh out the harmony and often provide rhythmic contrast. This differentiation of roles contrasts with equal-voice polyphony and monophony, historically, homophony and its differentiated roles for parts emerged in tandem with tonality, which gave distinct harmonic functions to the soprano, bass and inner voices. A homophonic texture may be homorhythmic, which means all parts have the same rhythm. Chorale texture is another variant of homophony, initially, in Ancient Greece, homophony indicated music in which a single melody is performed by two or more voices in unison or octaves, i. e. monophony with multiple voices. Homophony as a term first appeared in English with Charles Burney in 1776, the choral arrangement of four voices has since become common in Western music. Homophony began by appearing in sacred music, replacing polyphony and monophony as the dominant form, however, some traditional devices, such as repeated chords, are still used. Jazz and other forms of popular music generally feature homophonic influences. Homophony has appeared in several cultures, perhaps particularly in regions where communal vocal music has been cultivated. When explorer Vasco da Gama landed in West Africa in 1497, singers normally harmonize voices in homophonic parallelism moving in parallel thirds or fourths. This type of model is also, implemented in instrumental music where voices are stacked in thirds or fourths. Homophonic Parallelism is not restricted to thirds and fourths, however all harmonic material adheres to the system the particular tune or song is based on. The use of harmony in sixths is common in areas where a scale system is used. For instance, the Fang people of Gabon use homophony in their music, in eastern Indonesia, two-part harmonies are common, usually in intervals of thirds, fourths or fifths. In melody-dominated homophony, accompanying voices provide chordal support for the lead voice, some popular music today might be considered melody-dominated homophony, voice typically taking on the lead role, while instruments like piano, guitar and bass guitar normally accompany the voice. Monody is similar to melody-dominated homophony in that one becomes the melody
12.
Tabor (instrument)
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Tabor or tabret refers to a portable snare drum played with one hand. The word tabor is simply an English variant of a Latin-derived word meaning drum—cf, french, tambour, Italian, tamburo It has been used in the military as a marching instrument, and has been used as accompaniment in parades and processions. A tabor has a cylindrical shell, two skin heads tightened by rope tension, a leather strap, and an adjustable gut snare. Each tabor has a range of about an octave, the larger the tabor. It is played by just one stick, which strikes the snare head. The tabor is suspended by a strap from the forearm, somewhere between the elbow and wrist, when played, the shell is virtually parallel with the ground. The tabor is most widely known as accompaniment for the pipe and other small flutes, the tabor is beaten on the snare side. Georges Bizet scored for the drum in his LArlesienne Suite No. 2, and Aaron Copland calls for it in his Appalachian Spring and El Salón México
13.
Half note
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In music, a half note or minim is a note played for half the duration of a whole note and twice the duration of a quarter note. It was given its Latin name because it was the shortest of the five note values used in medieval music notation. In time signatures with 4 as the number, such as 44 or 34 time. However, when 2 is the number, the half note is one beat long. Half notes are notated with a hollow oval note head and a note stem with no flags. The half rest denotes a silence for the same duration, half rests are drawn as filled-in rectangles sitting on top of the middle line of the musical staff. As with all notes with stems, half notes are drawn with stems to the right of the head, facing up. When they are on or above the line, they are drawn with stems on the left of the note head. The American term half note is a 19th-century loan translation of German halbe Note, the form in the earlier black notation resembles the modern quarter note. The Greek, Chinese, Japanese and Korean names mean half and in Greek, musical notation Morehen, John, and Richard Rastall. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell
14.
Quarter note
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A quarter note or crotchet is a note played for one quarter of the duration of a whole note. Often, musicians say that a crotchet is one beat, but this is not always correct, as the beat is indicated by the time signature of the music. Quarter notes are notated with a filled-in oval note head and a straight, the stem usually points upwards if it is below the middle line of the stave or downwards if it is on or above the middle line. However, the direction may differentiate more than one part. The head of the note also reverses its orientation in relation to the stem, in Unicode, the symbol is U+2669. A related value is the quarter rest and it denotes a silence of the same duration as a quarter note. It typically appears as the symbol, or occasionally, as the older symbol, the note derives from the semiminima of mensural notation. The word crotchet comes from Old French crochet, meaning hook, diminutive of croc, hook. However, because the hook appeared on the note in the later white notation. The quarter note is played for half the length of a half note and it is one beat in a bar of 44. The term quarter note is a calque of the German term Viertelnote, the Bulgarian, Chinese, Croatian, Czech, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Russian, Serbian and Slovak names mean quarter and quarters pause
15.
Galliard
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The galliard was a form of Renaissance dance and music popular all over Europe in the 16th century. It is mentioned in dance manuals from England, France, Spain, Germany, as a dance, the galliard was definitely not one to be improvised. It had dancers combining patterns of steps which occupy one or more measures of music, in one measure, a galliard typically has five steps, in French such a basic step is called a cinq pas and in Italy, cinque passi. This is sometimes written in English sources as sinkapace and these steps are, right, left, right, left, cadence. The galliard is a dance, characterised by leaps, jumps, hops. The main feature that defines a galliard step is the last two beats consist of a jump, landing with one leg ahead of the other. This jump is called a cadence, and the landing is called the posture. The sources generally describe movement patterns starting on the left foot, a galliard pattern may also last twice as long, or more, which would involve 11 steps, or 17 steps. While most commonly being a dance, the galliards steps are used within many other forms of dance. For example, 16th-century Italian dances in Fabritio Carosos and Cesare Negris dance manuals often have a galliard section, lavolta was considered by some dancing masters as an inappropriate dance. Another special step used during a galliard is the tassel kick and these steps are found in Negris manual and involve a galliard step usually ending with a spin. The easier steps involve single spins of 180 or 360 degrees, later, during the spin, the dancer kicks out to touch a tassel suspended between knee and waist height. Musical compositions in the form appear to have been written. In musical compositions, the galliard often filled the role of an after dance written in 6, the distinctive 6 beats to the phrase can still be heard today in songs such as God Save the Queen. Facsimile reprint in one volume, Monuments of Music and Music Literature in Facsimile, second series, Music Literature,46, New York, Broude Brothers,1967. Facsimile reprints, Bibliotheca musica Bononiensis, Sez,104, Bologna, Forni Editore,1969, Monuments of Music and Music Literature in Facsimile. 141, New York, Broude Bros.1969, Renaissance Dance article and video clips Reconstruction of Tassel Kicks
16.
Oboe
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Oboes /ˈoʊboʊ/ OH-boh are a family of double reed woodwind musical instruments. The most common oboe plays in the treble or soprano range, oboes are usually made of wood, but there are also oboes made of synthetic materials. A soprano oboe measures roughly 65 cm long, with keys, a conical bore. Sound is produced by blowing into the reed and vibrating a column of air, the distinctive oboe tone is versatile, and has been described as bright. When the term oboe is used alone, it is taken to mean the standard treble instrument rather than other instruments of the family. In English, prior to 1770, the instrument was called a hautbois, hoboy. The spelling of oboe was adopted into English c.1770 from the Italian oboè, a musician who plays the oboe is called an oboist or simply an oboe player. In comparison to other woodwind instruments, the treble oboe is sometimes referred to as having a clear. The Sprightly Companion, a book published by Henry Playford in 1695, describes the oboe as Majestical and Stately. Humorously, the sound of the oboe is described in the play Angels in America as like that of a if the duck were a songbird. The rich timbre of the oboe is derived from its conical bore, as a result, oboes are readily audible over other instruments in large ensembles. The highest note of the oboe is a lower than the nominally highest note of the B♭ clarinet. Since the clarinet has a range of notes, the lowest note of the B♭ clarinet is significantly deeper than the lowest note of the oboe. Music for the oboe is written in concert pitch. Orchestras normally tune to a concert A played by the oboe, according to the League of American Orchestras, this is done because the pitch of the oboe is secure and its penetrating sound makes it ideal for tuning purposes. The pitch of the oboe is affected by the way in which the reed is made. The reed has a significant effect on the sound of the instrument, Variations in cane and other construction materials, the age of the reed, and differences in scrape and length all affect the pitch of the instrument. German and French reeds, for instance, differ in many ways, weather conditions such as temperature and humidity also affect the pitch
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Classical music
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Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical and secular music. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common-practice period, Western staff notation is used by composers to indicate to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This can leave less room for such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation. The term classical music did not appear until the early 19th century, the earliest reference to classical music recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, the written quality of the music has enabled a high level of complexity within them, J. S. The use of written notation also preserves a record of the works, Musical notation enables 2000s-era performers to sing a choral work from the 1300s Renaissance era or a 1700s Baroque concerto with many of the features of the music being reproduced. That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work, even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction, we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. Bach was particularly noted for his complex improvisations, during the Classical era, the composer-performer Mozart was noted for his ability to improvise melodies in different styles. During the Classical era, some virtuoso soloists would improvise the cadenza sections of a concerto, during the Romantic era, Beethoven would improvise at the piano. The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century and they consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments. The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for music and includes members of the string, woodwind, brass. The concert band consists of members of the woodwind, brass and it generally has a larger variety and number of woodwind and brass instruments than the orchestra but does not have a string section. However, many bands use a double bass. Many of the used to perform medieval music still exist. Medieval instruments included the flute, the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle, Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a drone note, or occasionally in parts. From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into haut, during the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the medieval era, becoming prevalent by the later 13th
18.
Maurice Ravel
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Joseph Maurice Ravel was a French composer, pianist and conductor. He is often associated with impressionism along with his elder contemporary Claude Debussy, in the 1920s and 1930s Ravel was internationally regarded as Frances greatest living composer. After leaving the conservatoire Ravel found his own way as a composer, developing a style of great clarity, incorporating elements of baroque, neoclassicism and, in his later works, jazz. He liked to experiment with form, as in his best-known work, Boléro. He made some arrangements of other composers music, of which his 1922 version of Mussorgskys Pictures at an Exhibition is the best known. As a slow and painstaking worker, Ravel composed fewer pieces than many of his contemporaries. Among his works to enter the repertoire are pieces for piano, chamber music, many of his works exist in two versions, a first, piano score and a later orchestration. Some of his music, such as Gaspard de la nuit, is exceptionally difficult to play. Ravel was among the first composers to recognise the potential of recording to bring their music to a wider public, from the 1920s, despite limited technique as a pianist or conductor, he took part in recordings of several of his works, others were made under his supervision. Ravel was born in the Basque town of Ciboure, France and his father, Pierre-Joseph Ravel, was an educated and successful engineer, inventor and manufacturer, born in Versoix near the Franco-Swiss border. His mother, Marie, née Delouart, was Basque but had grown up in Madrid, in 19th-century terms, Joseph had married beneath his status – Marie was illegitimate and barely literate – but the marriage was a happy one. Both Ravels parents were Roman Catholics, Marie was also something of a free-thinker, a trait inherited by her elder son and he was baptised in the Ciboure parish church six days after he was born. The family moved to Paris three months later, and there a younger son, Édouard, was born and he was close to his father, whom he eventually followed into the engineering profession. Maurice was particularly devoted to their mother, her Basque-Spanish heritage was an influence on his life. Among his earliest memories were folk songs she sang to him, the household was not rich, but the family was comfortable, and the two boys had happy childhoods. Ravel senior delighted in taking his sons to factories to see the latest mechanical devices, in later life, Ravel recalled, Throughout my childhood I was sensitive to music. My father, much better educated in art than most amateurs are, knew how to develop my taste. There is no record that Ravel received any formal schooling in his early years
19.
George Enescu
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George Enescu, known in France as Georges Enesco, was a Romanian composer, violinist, pianist, conductor, and teacher. He is regarded by many as Romanias most important musician, Enescu was born in Romania, in the village of Liveni, in Dorohoi County at the time, today Botoşani County. He showed musical talent from early in his childhood, a child prodigy, Enescu began experimenting with composing at an early age. Several, mostly very short pieces survive, all of them for violin, the earliest work of significant length bears the title Pămînt românesc, and is inscribed opus for piano and violin by George Enescu, Romanian composer, aged five years and a quarter. Shortly thereafter, his father presented him to the professor and composer Eduard Caudella. On 5 October 1888, at the age of seven, he became the youngest student ever admitted to the Vienna Conservatory, where he studied with Joseph Hellmesberger, Jr. Robert Fuchs, and Sigismund Bachrich. He was the person ever admitted to this university by a dispensation of age, after only Fritz Kreisler. In 1891, the ten-year-old Enescu gave a concert at the Court of Vienna. Joseph Hellmesberger, Sr. one of his teachers and the director of the Vienna Conservatory, hosted Enescu at his home and he graduated before his 13th birthday, earning the silver medal. In his Viennese concerts young Enescu played works by Brahms, Sarasate, in 1895 he went to Paris to continue his studies. He studied violin with Martin Pierre Marsick, harmony with André Gedalge, Enescu then studied from 1895 to 1899 at the Conservatoire de Paris. André Gedalge said that he was the one who truly had ideas. On 6 February 1898, at the age of only 16, George Enescu presented in Paris his first mature work, Poema Română, played by the Colonne Orchestra and conducted by Édouard Colonne. Many of Enescus works were influenced by Romanian folk music, his most popular compositions being the two Romanian Rhapsodies, the opera Œdipe, and the suites for orchestra and he also wrote five symphonies, a symphonic poem Vox maris, and much chamber music. A young Ravi Shankar recalled in the 1960s how Enescu, who had developed a deep interest in Oriental music, rehearsed with Shankars brother Uday Shankar and his musicians. Around the same time, Enescu took the young Yehudi Menuhin to the Colonial Exhibition in Paris and it was in America, in the 1920s, that Enescu was first persuaded to make recordings as a violinist. He also appeared as a conductor with many American orchestras, in 1932, Enescu was elected a titular member of the Romanian Academy. In 1935, he conducted the Orchestre Symphonique de Paris and Yehudi Menuhin in Mozarts Violin Concerto No.3 in G major and he also conducted the New York Philharmonic between 1937 and 1938
20.
Joe Walsh
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Joseph Fidler Joe Walsh is an American singer-songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist and record producer. In a career spanning more than 40 years, Walsh has been a member of five rock bands, James Gang, Barnstorm, the Eagles, The Party Boys. In the 1990s, he was also a member of the short-lived supergroup The Best and he has also experienced success both as a solo artist and prolific session musician, being featured on a wide array of other artists recordings. In 2011, Rolling Stone placed Walsh at the number 54 spot on its list of 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time, while the band would stay together for three albums over three years, their works were marketed as Walsh solo projects. The last Barnstorm album, 1974s So What contained significant guest contributions from members of the Eagles. In 1998 a readers poll conducted by Guitarist magazine selected the guitar solos on the track Hotel California by Walsh, Guitar World magazine listed it at eighth of the Top 100 Guitar Solos. Besides his work with his bands, he has released twelve solo studio albums, six compilation albums. His solo hits include Rocky Mountain Way, Lifes Been Good, All Night Long, A Life of Illusion and Ordinary Average Guy. As a member of the Eagles, Walsh was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998, the Eagles are considered to be one of the most influential bands of the 1970s, and they remain the best-selling American band in the history of popular music. Ive loved his style since the early James Gang, Eric Clapton said that Hes one of the best guitarists to surface in some time. I dont listen to records, but I listen to his. The Whos guitarist Pete Townshend, a friend of Walshs, commented that Joe Walsh is a fluid, therere not many like that around. Joseph Fidler Walsh was born on November 20,1947, in Wichita, Kansas, Walshs mother was a classically trained pianist of Scottish and German ancestry, and Walsh was adopted by his stepfather at the age of five after his biological father was killed in a plane crash. Walsh and his family lived in Columbus, Ohio, for a number of years during his youth, when Walsh was twelve years old, his family moved to New York City. Later, Walsh moved to Montclair, New Jersey, and he attended Montclair High School, inspired by the success of the Beatles, he replaced Bruce Hoffman as the bass player in the locally popular group the Nomads in Montclair, beginning his career as a rock musician. After high school, Walsh attended Kent State University, where he spent time in bands playing around the Cleveland area. The Measles recorded for Super K Productions Ohio Express, I Find I Think of You, And Its True, after one term, he dropped out of university to pursue his musical career. The Measles, an Ohio garage bar band, were formed in 1965 by four Kent State University students, one of whom was Joe Walsh
21.
So What (Joe Walsh album)
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So What is the third solo studio album by the American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Joe Walsh. It was released in late 1974 on ABC-Dunhill Records and it contains hard rock songs such as Welcome To The Club and a remake of the Barnstorm track, Turn To Stone. It also contains more introspective material such as Help Me Through the Night and Song For Emma, on a few tracks, Don Henley, Glenn Frey, and Randy Meisner of the Eagles contributed backing vocals. Over a year and a later, Walsh would be drafted into the Eagles to replace founding member Bernie Leadon. The album was re-issued five years later by MCA Records in 1979, I dont want the next album to sound like a bunch of outtakes from Smoker. I want it to be the difference between Revolver and Sgt, ive held back until that development was there, even though the record companys been screaming for it. I want it to be a big, big step… in thoughts, vocals, playing, most of the nine tracks feature solos of unquestionable quality in his usual rock style. The classic rock genre that the man so well defined with his albums is present here throughout. On 29 December 2011 the original mix of the album was reissued in Japan in a replica of the original album artwork. The album was remastered using Direct Stream Digital to transfer the digital files, the release was a limited edition in the SHM-CD format. The reissue included a picture of the vinyl label. Audio Fidelity remastered the album too All songs written and composed by Joe Walsh, except where noted. D
22.
Ballet
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Ballet /ˈbæleɪ/ is a type of performance dance that originated in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th century and later developed into a concert dance form in France and Russia. It has since become a widespread, highly technical form of dance with its own based on French terminology. It has been influential and has defined the foundational techniques used in many other dance genres. Becoming a ballet dancer requires years of training, Ballet has been taught in various schools around the world, which have historically incorporated their own cultures to evolve the art. Ballet may also refer to a dance work, which consists of the choreography. A well-known example of this is The Nutcracker, a ballet that was originally choreographed by Marius Petipa. Ballets are choreographed and performed by trained artists, the word came into English usage from the French around 1630. Ballet originated in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th and 16th centuries before being spread from Italy to France by an Italian aristocrat, Catherine de Medici, in France, ballet developed even further under her aristocratic influence. The dancers in these early court ballets were mostly noble amateurs, Ballets in this period were lengthy and elaborate and often served a political purpose. Ornamented costumes were meant to impress viewers and restricted freedom of movement. The ballets were performed in large chambers with viewers on three sides, French court ballet reached its height under the reign of King Louis XIV. Known as the Sun King, Louis symbolized the brilliance of France, in 1661 Louis founded the Académie Royale de Danse to establish standards and certify dance instructors. In 1672, Louis XIV made Jean-Baptiste Lully the director of the Académie Royale de Musique from which the first professional ballet company, Lully is considered the most important composer of music for ballets de cour and instrumental to the development of the form. Ballet went into decline in France after 1830, though it continued to develop in Denmark, Italy, the arrival in Europe on the eve of First World War of the Ballets Russes of Sergei Diaghilev, revived interest in the ballet and started the modern era. The Russian choreographer Michel Fokine challenged tradition and called for reforms that reinvigorated ballet as an art form, in the 20th century, ballet had a wide influence on other dance genres, and subgenres of ballet have also evolved. In the United States, choreographer George Balanchine developed what is now known as neoclassical ballet, other developments include contemporary ballet and post-structural ballet. Also in the century, ballet took a turn dividing it from classical ballet to the introduction of modern dance. Stylistic variations have emerged and evolved since the Italian Renaissance, early, classical variations are primarily associated with geographic origin
23.
Ralph Vaughan Williams
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Ralph Vaughan Williams OM was an English composer. His works include operas, ballets, chamber music, secular and religious pieces and orchestral compositions including nine symphonies. Strongly influenced by Tudor music and English folk-song, his output marked a break in British music from its German-dominated style of the 19th century. Vaughan Williams was born to a family with strong moral views. Throughout his life he sought to be of service to his fellow citizens and he wrote many works for amateur and student performance. He was musically a late developer, not finding his voice until his late thirties. Vaughan Williams is among the best-known British symphonists, noted for his wide range of moods, from stormy and impassioned to tranquil. Among the most familiar of his concert works are Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis. His vocal works include hymns, folk-song arrangements and large-scale choral pieces and he wrote eight works for stage performance between 1919 and 1951. Although none of his operas became popular repertoire pieces, his ballet Job, Two episodes made notably deep impressions in Vaughan Williamss personal life. The First World War, in which he served in the army, had an emotional effect. Twenty years later, though in his sixties and devotedly married, he was reinvigorated by an affair with a much younger woman. He went on composing through his seventies and eighties, producing his last symphony months before his death at the age of eighty-five. His works have continued to be a staple of the British concert repertoire, Vaughan Williams was born at Down Ampney, Gloucestershire, the third child and younger son of the vicar, the Reverend Arthur Vaughan Williams and his wife, Margaret, née Wedgwood. His paternal forebears were of mixed English and Welsh descent, many of them went into the law or the Church, the judges Sir Edward and Sir Roland Vaughan Williams were respectively Arthurs father and brother. Margaret Vaughan Williams was a great-granddaughter of Josiah Wedgwood and niece of Charles Darwin, Arthur Vaughan Williams died suddenly in February 1875, and his widow took the children to live in her family home, Leith Hill Place, Wotton, Surrey. The children were under the care of a nurse, Sara Wager, such views were consistent with the progressive-minded tradition of both sides of the family. When the young Vaughan Williams asked his mother about Darwins controversial book On the Origin of Species, she answered, great Uncle Charles thinks it took longer, but we need not worry about it, for it is equally wonderful either way
24.
Wyllis Cooper
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Wyllis Oswald Cooper was an American writer and producer. He soon joined the U. S. Cavalry where, achieving the rank of Sergeant, in 1917, he became a part of the Signal Corps and was sent to France during World War I. While in France he was gassed at the Meuse-Argonne Offensive and he remained on active duty until 1919 when he left to become an advertising writer, though he maintained his reserve status. By the late 1920s he was writing advertising copy in Chicago and entered radio and he later worked as continuity editor of CBS Chicago and, in 1933, left to take the same position at NBC Chicago. In 1934 he created his best known series, a late night horror radio program called Lights Out. Airing at midnight, the program earned a reputation for its gory deaths. He wrote the screenplay for the 1939 film Son of Frankenstein, at the same time, he continued to provide radio scripts for various series including Hollywood Hotel. The pappy was a writer by the name of Willys Cooper. By 1940, Cooper moved to New York City where he changed his name from “Willis” to “Wyllis” in order to please his wifes numerological inclinations. He continued to make his living writing radio scripts for various programs including The Campbell Playhouse. During World War II, he was made a consultant to the Secretary of War and produced, directed and wrote The Army Hour, in 1944, Cooper joined the radio department of New Yorks Compton Advertising, Inc. In 1947, he created what was arguably his finest radio effort, Quiet, Please and he also wrote and directed a crime anthology for NBC called Whitehall 1212 that debuted on November 18,1951. Coopers show competed with a program, which ran on Mutual in 1952. As television became the dominant entertainment medium, Cooper experimented with various programs including a series he wrote, Cooper resided in Glen Gardner, New Jersey, and died in High Bridge, New Jersey on June 22,1955. Quiet Please site with discussion forum and MP3 downloads Discusses Welles and Coopers similar productions inspired by the Black Museum Wyllis Coopers Quiet, at the Wayback Machine, by Harriet Cannon (from Writers Digest, May 1949
25.
Quiet, Please
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Quiet, Please. was a radio fantasy and horror program created by Wyllis Cooper, also known for creating Lights Out. Ernest Chappell was the announcer and lead actor. Quiet, Please debuted June 8,1947 on the Mutual Broadcasting System, a total of 106 shows were broadcast, with only a very few of them repeats. Earning relatively little notice during its run, Quiet, Please has since been praised as one of the finest efforts of the golden age of American radio drama. Cooper was a writer for the Campbell Playhouse, and Chappell was the announcer and they became friends, though Chappell had little acting experience, Cooper imagined him as the star of a new radio program. Chappell had ample experience in radio, but mostly as an announcer, as Hand writes, With Quiet, Please, Cooper gave Ernest Chappell the chance to act, and the result was a revelation. Chappell proved himself to be versatile in accent and delivery, the differences could be broad or subtle, but in nearly every episode, Chappell created a distinctive character, rarely using the same traits in multiple episodes. Writer Harlan Ellison, a longtime Quiet, Please fan, writes that the programs were backed by sound effects and music…but it was essentially Chappell, Ellison also describes Chappell as having one of the great radio voices. A sound that combined urbanity with storytelling wisdom, Quiet, Please was produced at WOR in New York City, and began on the Mutual Network on June 8,1947. Each episode began with Chappell intoning the shows title, followed by a long pause, then, the shows theme music was played, a dirgey, funereal organ and piano version of a portion of the second movement of César Francks 1899 Symphony in D Minor. The introduction established the sparse, understated tone of the show, Hand also suggests that any attempt to categorize the series feels like diminishing its scope of achievement. Hand writes that Cooper was a master of the opening line, almost every episode of Quiet, Please begins with a sentence or two that hooks the listener, commanding their attention and their curiosity. Most episodes featured no more two or three actors, with Chappell taking the first person voice in all but a handful of episodes. Dunning writes that Coopers pet hate was of acting and he wanted related with a sense of heres how it happened. Most notably, radio star Claudia Morgan was a female lead, usually in tragic romances. In one lost show, Three Sides to a Story, Morgans father Ralph Morgan was also a guest. J. Pat OMalley, later a familiar TV character actor, was another frequent voice, heard in more than a dozen shows throughout the run and he played foreman Ted in The Thing on the Fourbleboard and was often used in parts requiring Irish or Scottish accents. Radio commentator and disc jockey Jack Lescoulie guest starred in the radio-themed Twelve to Five, at the end of each program, Cooper offered a teaser for the next show
26.
The Moor's Pavane
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The Moors Pavane is a 20-minute ballet based upon the tragedy Othello by William Shakespeare. The ballet was choreographed by José Limón to music from Henry Purcells Abdelazer, The Gordion Knot Untied, the ballets four dancers represent The Moor, Desdemona, Iago, and Emilia. The work premiered at the Connecticut College American Dance Festival in 1949, American Ballet Theatre was the first company outside Limons company to include the work in its repertory. Notable interpreters of the Moor include Rudolf Nureyev, telecast excerpt,1955 A selection from original footage telecast by the Canadian Broadcasting Company on 6 March 1955, featuring Betty Jones, José Limón, Lucas Hoving and Pauline Koner
27.
Pavane (novel)
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Pavane is an alternative history science fiction fix-up novel by British writer Keith Roberts, first published by Rupert Hart-Davis Ltd in 1968. Most of the stories were published in Science Fantasy. An additional story, The White Boat, was added in later editions, without Protestant England, Spain prevented the Protestant Netherlands from attaining independence, while the German mercantile city states that financed the Reformation were also suppressed. As a consequence, while Spanish power eventually wanes, the Roman Catholic Church has no rivals and the Pope becomes the effective secular, as well as spiritual, ruler over Europe. The Church thus also controls the restive New World, as well as Australasia, outlying areas are dangerous, with wild animals and occasional manifestations of the Old Ones or People of the Hills who leave crab-symbol graffiti. The stories take place at a period when the possibility of revolution is rumoured, the location and flavour, nostalgic yet tragic in outlook, resemble a science-fictional equivalent of the fictionalized Wessex of Thomas Hardy. Real geographical locations play a role, Golden Cap is the site of a semaphore station. Over all, the arm of the Popes reached out to punish and reward. But by the middle of the twentieth century widespread mutterings were making themselves heard, rebellion was once more in the air. The title alludes to the stately and melancholy dance, the pavane, the book being divided thematically into measures, the Coda is set some years after the events of the final stories, and centres on the son of the seneschal to the female aristocrat from Corfe Gate. Algis Budrys found the novel to be a tapestry of a book, a marvel of storytelling, times Without Number Ruled Britannia Pavane Del Rey Online excerpt, Prologue and part of The Lady Margaret. Pavane Uchronia, The Alternate History List detailed summary and international bibliography, Pavane title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
28.
The Alan Parsons Project
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Behind the revolving line-up and the regular sidemen, the true core of the Project was the duo of Parsons and Woolfson. Parsons was an engineer by profession, but also a musician. A songwriter by profession, Woolfson was also a composer, a pianist, almost all songs on the bands albums are credited to Parsons/Woolfson. Alan Parsons met Eric Woolfson in the canteen of Abbey Road Studios in the summer of 1974, Woolfson, a songwriter and composer, was working as a session pianist, he had also composed material for a concept album idea based on the work of Edgar Allan Poe. Parsons commented at the time that he felt frustrated in having to accommodate the views of some of the musicians, If the film industry was becoming a directors medium, Woolfson felt the music business might well become a producers medium. Recalling his earlier Edgar Allan Poe material, Woolfson saw a way to combine his, Parsons would produce and engineer songs written by the two, and the Alan Parsons Project was born. It is a translation of the book, from the same author, Arista Records then signed the Alan Parsons Project for further albums. Through the late 1970s and early 1980s, the popularity continued to grow. The singles I Wouldnt Want to Be Like You, Games People Play, Damned If I Do, Time, dont Answer Me became their last successful single in the United States, it reached the top 15 on the American charts in 1984. After those successes, however, the group began to fade from view, there were fewer hit singles, and declining album sales. 1987s Gaudi would be the Projects final release, though planned to record an album called Freudiana next. Although the studio version of Freudiana was produced by Parsons, it was primarily Woolfsons idea to turn it into a musical and this eventually led to a rift between the two artists. Freudiana, Gaudi and Gambler were three musicals that included some Project songs like Eye in the Sky, Time, Inside Looking Out, the live music from Gambler was only distributed at the performance site in Mönchengladbach, Germany. Aristas refusal to release the album had two effects, the negotiations led to a renewed contract, and the album was not released at that time. The Sicilian Defence was our attempt at quickly fulfilling our contractual obligation after I Robot, Pyramid, the album was rejected by Arista, not surprisingly, and we then renegotiated our deal for the future and the next album, The Turn of a Friendly Card. The Sicilian Defence album was never released and never will be, I have not heard it since it was finished. I hope the tapes no longer exist, in interviews made before his 2009 death, Woolfson said he planned to release one track from the Sicilian album, which in 2008 appeared as a bonus track on a CD re-issue of the Eve album. Parsons released titles under his name, while Woolfson made concept albums named Freudiana and Poe, More Tales of Mystery, most of the Projects titles, especially the early work, share common traits
29.
John Adams (composer)
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John Coolidge Adams is an American composer of classical music and opera, with strong roots in minimalism. The opera has drawn controversy, including allegations by some that the opera is antisemitic, the works creators and others have disputed these criticisms. John Coolidge Adams was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1947 and he was raised in various New England states, where he was greatly influenced by New Englands musical culture. He graduated from Concord High School in Concord, New Hampshire, Adams began composing at the age of ten and first heard his music performed around the age of 13 or 14. After he matriculated at Harvard University in 1965 he studied composition under Leon Kirchner, Roger Sessions, Earl Kim and his piece American Standard was recorded and released on Obscure Records in 1975. He taught at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music from 1972 until 1984 and he served as musical producer for a number of series for the Public Broadcasting System including the award-winning series, The Adams Chronicles in 1976 and 1977. Shaker Loops, A modular composition for three violins, one viola, two cellos, and one bass, with a conductor and it is divided into four movements. Harmonium for large orchestra and chorus, The piece starts with quietly insistent repetitions of one note – D –, Harmonielehre, Inspired by a dream of an oil tanker taking flight out of San Francisco Bay and also by Arnold Schoenbergs book, Harmonielehre. This piece is also about harmony of the mind, the Chairman Dances, This is a by-product of Nixon in China, set in the three days of President Nixons visit to Beijing in February 1972. Short Ride in a Fast Machine, This piece is joyfully exuberant and it begins with a marking of half-notes and eighths, the woodblock is fortissimo and the other instruments play forte. Nixon in China, The opera, in three acts, is based on Richard Nixons visit to China on February 21–25,1972, main characters in the opera are, the Nixons, Mao Tse-tung, Chou En-lai, Chiang Ching and Henry Kissinger. It was directed by Peter Sellars and this piece is John Adamss second major composition on a text, after Harmonium for chorus and orchestra. In October 2008, Adams told BBC Radio 3 that he had been blacklisted by the U. S, homeland Security department and immigration services. The Wound-Dresser, John Adamss setting of Walt Whitmans 1865 poem of the same title, the piece is scored for baritone voice, two flutes, two oboes, clarinet, bass clarinet, two bassoons, two horns, trumpet, timpani, synthesizer, and strings. Chamber Symphony, This piece was commissioned by the Gerbode Foundation of San Francisco for the San Francisco Contemporary Chamber Players, I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky, A stage piece with libretto by June Jordan and staging by Peter Sellars. The main characters are seven young Americans from different social and ethnic backgrounds, the story takes place in the aftermath of the earthquake in Los Angeles in 1994. Hallelujah Junction, This piece for two pianos employs variations of a two note rhythm. The intervals between the notes remain the same through much of the piece, on the Transmigration of Souls, This piece commemorates those who lost their lives in the September 11,2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York
30.
In Extremo
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In Extremo is a German medieval metal band originating from Berlin. The bands musical style combines metal with traditional songs, blending the sound of the standard rock/metal instruments with historical instruments. Versions of well-known traditional/medieval ballads make up the part of their repertoire. In Extremo began as two projects, a nameless, purely medieval band, and a rock band and they became known at that time through frequent appearances at medieval market meetings, at which they performed their acoustic pieces and sold CDs of their renditions of traditional songs. During the recording for the 1995 season, Michael Rhein found the project name In Extremo, most of the band members perform under stage names. The initial members of the band were Das letzte Einhorn, Flex der Biegsame, Dr. Pymonte, Conny Fuchs. The rock band originally consisted of Thomas der Münzer, Der Morgenstern, Der Münzer subsequently left the band and, as of 2007, the bands guitarist is Van Lange. As noted below, almost all of the members play multiple instruments. In August 1996, they work on the first In Extremo album. Because the album had no name, it became known as In Extremo Gold because of the golden covers. In February 1997, like the single Der Galgen, it sold out in Medieval markets. In Extremo played separately as a medieval and a band, until on March 29,1997. Since that time, they have given this date as their date of establishment, the two projects were officially merged on January 11,1998. April 1998 saw the first high occupancy In Extremo concert in the Rabenstein castle in Brandenburg, over the years, their music became more heavy metal based, while at the same time becoming increasingly commercially successful. The classical instruments, however – bagpipes, shawms, and lutes – still play a large role, the band is likewise noted for their conspicuous stage costumes and known for using pyrotechnics in their concerts, including Der Morgenstern playing cymbals which have been set on fire. On 26 February 2010 In Extremo announced that Der Morgenstern left the band because of musical differences via their homepage, on June 11, Florian Specki T. D. Speckardt was announced as his replacement on drums. Besides the electric guitar, bass, and drum set, In Extremo defines itself by unconventional instruments mainly of medieval origin. They include hurdy-gurdy, bagpipes, Uilleann Pipes, shawm, nyckelharpa, harp, cittern, tromba marina, hammered dulcimer, Klangbaum, and various types of drums and percussion
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Evensong (album)
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Evensong was the second album released by the band Amazing Blondel. It featured the style of music which they described as pseudo-Elizabethan/Classical acoustic music sung with British accents, all songs credited to Gladwin except where specified
