1.
Jamestown, North Dakota
–
Jamestown is a city in Stutsman County, North Dakota, United States. It is the county seat of Stutsman County, the population was 15,427 at the 2010 census, making it the ninth largest city in North Dakota. In 1871, a Northern Pacific Railroad work crew set up camp where the railroad would cross the James River, the fort guarded the crossing of the James by the Northern Pacific Railroad. The fort only lasted five years, being decommissioned in 1877 - but the railroad remained, Jamestown was founded in 1872 and General Thomas Rosser of Northern Pacific named it after Jamestown, Virginia. In 1873, Stutsman County became the first official county within Dakota Territory with Jamestown as the county seat, on November 10,1889, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Jamestown was established. April 6,1897 saw a change of name to Diocese of Fargo, since 1995, the Diocese of Jamestown is listed as a titular see of the Catholic Church. Jamestown is located at 46°54′20″N 98°42′11″W at the confluence of the James River and Pipestem Creek. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 12.87 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 15,427 people,6,567 households, the population density was 1,202.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 6,983 housing units at a density of 544.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 6% White,0. 8% African American,1. 8% Native American,0. 6% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 7% from other races, and 1. 4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 1% of the population,39. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the family size was 2.78. The median age in the city was 39.9 years. 19. 7% of residents were under the age of 18,12. 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24,23. 8% were from 25 to 44,27. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 17. 3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50. 2% male and 49. 8% female, in October,2016 the North Dakota Housing Finance Agency projected that Jamestown would lose 2. 1% of its population by the next census. It also reported that it projected a 4% population drop in the nine counties surrounding Jamestown and is considered Jamestowns primary trade area. As of the census of 2000, there were 15,527 people,6,505 households, the population density was 1,246.7 per square mile
2.
Bel Air, Los Angeles
–
Bel Air, Bel-Air or Bel Air Estates is a neighborhood in the Westside area of Los Angeles, California, in the foothills of the Santa Monica Mountains. The lightly populated district, with an older, well-educated population, has a high income level. The 2000 U. S. census counted 7,691 residents in the 6. 37-square-mile Bel Air neighborhood, with 1,207 per square mile it has among the lowest population densities for the city and the county. In 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 8,253, in 2000 the median age for residents was 46, which was high for city and county neighborhoods. The percentages of residents aged 50 and older was among the countys highest, the median yearly household income in 2008 dollars was $207,938, the highest figure for any neighborhood or city in Los Angeles County. Renters occupied 14. 5% of the stock, and house- or apartment-owners held 85. 5%. The average household size of 2.4 people was considered typical for Los Angeles, the 4. 1% of families headed by single parents was considered low for city and county neighborhoods. The percentages of married people in Bel Air were among the countys highest—66. 0% for men and 65. 7% for women, there were 808 veterans, or 12. 9% of the population. The neighborhood was considered not especially diverse ethnically within Los Angeles, the breakdown was whites,83. 0%, Asians,8. 2%, Latinos,4. 6%, blacks,0. 9%, and others,3. 2%. Iran and South Africa were the most common places of birth for the 24. 1% of the residents who were born abroad—which was a percentage for Los Angeles as a whole. The community was founded in 1923 by Alphonzo Bell, Bell owned farm property in Santa Fe Springs, California, where oil was discovered. He bought a ranch with a home on what is now Bel Air Road. He subdivided and developed the property with large residential lots and he also built the Bel-Air Beach Club in Santa Monica and the Bel-Air Country Club. His wife chose Italian names for the streets and she also founded the Bel-Air Garden Club in 1931. Together with Beverly Hills and Holmby Hills, Bel Air forms the Platinum Triangle of Los Angeles neighborhoods, Bel Air is situated about 12 miles west of Downtown Los Angeles and includes some of the foothills of the Santa Monica Mountains. It lies across Sunset Boulevard from the edge of the main campus of the University of California. At the heart of the community sits the Bel-Air Country Club, along with Beverly Hills and the Los Angeles community of Brentwood, it is one of the Three Bs, a wealthy area in the Los Angeles Westside. This region experiences warm and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Bel Air has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated Csb on climate maps
3.
Lady and the Tramp
–
Lady and the Tramp is a 1955 American animated romantic musical comedy film produced by Walt Disney and released to theaters on 22 June 1955, by Buena Vista Distribution. The 15th Disney animated feature film, it was the first animated feature filmed in the CinemaScope widescreen film process, when the two dogs meet, they embark on many romantic adventures. A direct-to-video sequel, Lady and the Tramp II, Scamps Adventure, was released in 2001, on Christmas morning,1909, in a quaint Midwestern town, Jim Dear gives his wife Darling an American cocker spaniel puppy which she names Lady. Lady enjoys a life with the couple and two local neighborhood dogs, Jock, a Scottish terrier, and Trusty, a bloodhound. Meanwhile, across town, a mutt named Tramp lives on his own, dining on scraps from Tonys restaurant. One day, Lady is saddened after her owners begin treating her rather coldly, Jock and Trusty visit her and determine that their change in behavior is due to Darling expecting a baby. As Tramp leaves, he reminds Lady that when the baby moves in, eventually, the baby arrives and the couple introduces Lady to the infant, whom Lady grows fond of. Soon after, Jim Dear and Darling leave for a trip, with their Aunt Sarah looking after the baby, Aunt Sarahs two trouble-making Siamese cats, Si and Am, trick her into thinking that Lady attacked them with the house a mess. Aunt Sarah takes Lady to a pet shop to get a muzzle, Lady flees in horror, only to be pursued by a pack of stray dogs. Tramp rescues her and finds a beaver at the zoo who can remove the muzzle. Later, Tramp shows Lady how he lives footloose and collar-free, Lady begins to fall in love with Tramp, but she chooses to return home in order to watch over the baby. Tramp offers to escort Lady back home, but when Tramp decides to chase hens around a farmyard for fun, Lady is captured by the dog catcher and brought to the local dog pound. While at the pound, the other dogs reveal to Lady that Tramp previously had multiple girlfriends and she is eventually claimed by Aunt Sarah, who chains her in the backyard as punishment for running away. Jock and Trusty visit to comfort Lady, but when Tramp arrives to apologize, just as Tramp leaves, Lady sees a rat trying to sneak into the house. She barks frantically, but Aunt Sarah tells her to be quiet, Tramp hears her barking and rushes back, entering the house and corners the rat in the nursery. Lady breaks free and rushes to the nursery, where Tramp inadvertently knocks over the babys crib before ultimately killing the rat, the commotion alerts Aunt Sarah, who sees both dogs and thinks they are responsible. She pushes Tramp in a closet and locks Lady in the basement, Jim Dear and Darling return home as the dog catcher departs, and when they release Lady, she leads them to the dead rat. Realizing Tramps true intentions, Jock and Trusty chase after the dog catchers wagon, the dogs are able to track down the wagon and scare the horses, causing the wagon to crash
4.
Brad Dexter
–
Brad Dexter was an American actor. Dexter was born Boris Michel Soso Milanovich in Goldfield, Nevada and he spoke Serbian as his first language. The family soon decamped for Los Angeles, California, where he attended Belmont High School. Burly, dark and handsome, in Yugoslavia he was known as Veljko Šošo. Early in his career, he went by the name of Barry Mitchell. After a stint as a boxer, Dexter attended the Pasadena Playhouse. During World War II he enlisted for service with the U. S. Army Air Corps and appeared in the Corps play. His career in Hollywood spanned over four decades, other films Dexter appeared in include The Asphalt Jungle, Run Silent, Run Deep, Last Train from Gun Hill, Kings of the Sun, Johnny Cool, Shampoo, Vigilante Force and House Calls. Easy to start with, Yul Brynner, Steve McQueen, James Coburn, Charles Bronson, Robert Vaughn, and Horst Buchholz. But if Brad Dexter, who has died aged 85, is usually the last to be mentioned, it is mainly because of the fame of the others, actually, the cool and taciturn Harry Luck. From January to November 1953, he was married to singer Peggy Lee. His friendship with Frank Sinatra began when Dexter saved Sinatra from drowning on May 10,1964, during production of the World War II film, None but the Brave, on the island of Kauai, Hawaii. Sinatra and Ruth Koch, the wife of producer Howard Koch, were swimming at a beach when they were out to sea by the outgoing tide. Sinatras co-star Dexter and two surfers swam out and rescued them, Dexter was later awarded a Red Cross medal for his bravery. Sinatra and Dexter co-starred in a film together Von Ryans Express, and Dexter subsequently produced The Naked Runner. The two men clashed over Sinatras unwillingness to finish the film, and, after it was completed, I was the only guy who dropped Sinatra. I couldnt put up with his nonsense, Dexter said at the time, Dexter co-produced Skag with fellow Serbian American actor Karl Malden. He appeared in television series, including Richard Diamond, Private Detective, Colt.45, Bourbon Street Beat. He was married to Star-Kist tuna heiress Mary Bogdanovich from January 27,1971 until her death on June 12,1994, later in 1994 he married June Deyer and remained with her until his death
5.
Dewey Martin (actor)
–
Dewey Martin is a retired American film and television actor. Martin was born in Katemcy, Texas, for a time as a teenager, he lived in Florence, Alabama. Martin joined the U. S. Navy in 1940 and served as a Grumman F6F Hellcat pilot in the Pacific Theater of the war and he was shot down in 1945 and was held as a prisoner of war until Japans surrender. His film debut was a part in Knock on Any Door. Martin worked extensively in television as well, including The Twilight Zone episode I Shot an Arrow Into the Air and The Outer Limits episode The Premonition, starting in 1960, he played Daniel Boone on four episodes of Walt Disney Presents. Martin was married to singer Peggy Lee for two years, the marriage ended in divorce and his first cousin was Ross Bass, a former Democratic Party United States Senator from Tennessee. Knock on Any Door - Butch Battleground - G. I
6.
Valley City, North Dakota
–
Valley City is a city in Barnes County, North Dakota, United States. It is the county seat of Barnes County, the population was 6,585 during the 2010 census, making it the thirteenth largest city in North Dakota. Valley City was founded in 1874, the city is known for its many bridges over the Sheyenne River including the Hi-Line Railroad Bridge. These bridges have earned it the distinction of being called the City of Bridges, the city is also the home of Valley City State University and the home for the North Dakota High School Activities Association. Valley City was originally called Worthington, and under the name was laid out in 1874 when the railroad was extended to that point. The present name is for the location in the valley of the Sheyenne River. A post office was established under the name Worthington in 1874, a Carnegie Library opened in 1903, through the efforts of the Tuesday Club, a local womens organization. Valley City is located at 46°55′29″N 98°0′20″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.46 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 6,585 people,2,986 households, the population density was 1,903.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 3,307 housing units at a density of 955.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 2% White,1. 2% African American,0. 7% Native American,0. 8% Asian,0. 2% from other races, and 1. 7% from two or more races. 39. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.04 and the average family size was 2.74. The median age in the city was 42.1 years. 18. 7% of residents were under the age of 18,13. 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24,21. 1% were from 25 to 44,24. 9% were from 45 to 64, and 22% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 1% male and 51. 9% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 6,826 people,2,996 households, and 1,668 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,062.5 per square mile, there were 3,250 housing units at an average density of 982.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 39% White,0. 73% African American,0. 75% Native American,0. 28% Asian,0. 19% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 82% of the population. The top 6 ancestry groups in the city are German, Norwegian, Irish, Swedish, French,38. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 19. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
7.
Jazz music
–
Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
8.
Popular music
–
Popular music is music with wide appeal that is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry. These forms and styles can be enjoyed and performed by people with little or no musical training and it stands in contrast to both art music and traditional or folk music. Art music was historically disseminated through the performances of music, although since the beginning of the recording industry. Traditional music forms such as blues songs or hymns were passed along orally, or to smaller. The original application of the term is to music of the 1880s Tin Pan Alley period in the United States, although popular music sometimes is known as pop music, the two terms are not interchangeable. Popular music songs and pieces typically have easily singable melodies, in the 2000s, with songs and pieces available as digital sound files, it has become easier for music to spread from one country or region to another. Some popular music forms have become global, while others have an appeal within the culture of their origin. Through the mixture of genres, new popular music forms are created to reflect the ideals of a global culture. The examples of Africa, Indonesia and the Middle East show how Western pop music styles can blend with local traditions to create new hybrid styles. Sales of recordings or sheet music are one measure, middleton and Manuel note that this definition has problems because multiple listens or plays of the same song or piece are not counted. Manuel states that one criticism of music is that it is produced by large media conglomerates and passively consumed by the public. He claims that the listeners in the scenario would not have been able to make the choice of their favorite music, moreover, understandings of popular music have changed with time. A societys popular music reflects the ideals that are prevalent at the time it is performed or published, david Riesman states that the youth audiences of popular music fit into either a majority group or a subculture. The majority group listens to the commercially produced styles while the subcultures find a minority style to transmit their own values and this allows youth to choose what music they identify with, which gives them power as consumers to control the market of popular music. Form in popular music is most often sectional, the most common sections being verse, chorus or refrain, other common forms include thirty-two-bar form, chorus form *, and twelve-bar blues. Popular music songs are rarely composed using different music for each stanza of the lyrics, the verse and chorus are considered the primary elements. Each verse usually has the melody, but the lyrics change for most verses. The chorus usually has a phrase and a key lyrical line which is repeated
9.
Capitol Records
–
Capitol Records, LLC is an American record label which operates as a division of the Capitol Music Group. The label was founded as the first West Coast-based record label in the United States in 1942 by three industry insiders named Johnny Mercer, Buddy DeSylva and Glenn Wallichs, in 1955, the label was acquired by the British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary. EMI was later acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012 and was merged with the company in 2013, making Capitol Records, Capitol Records circular headquarter building located in Los Angeles is a recognized landmark of California. Mercer first raised the idea of starting a company while golfing with Harold Arlen. By 1941, Mercer was a songwriter and a singer with multiple successful releases. Mercer next suggested the idea to Wallichs while visiting his record store, Wallichs expressed interest in the idea and the pair negotiated an agreement whereby Mercer would run the company and identify their artists, while Wallichs managed the business side. On February 2,1942, Mercer and Wallichs met with DeSylva at a Hollywood restaurant to inquire about the possibility of investment of the company from Paramount Pictures, while DeSylva declined the proposal, he handed the pair a check worth $15,000. On March 27,1942, the three men incorporated as Liberty Records, in May 1942, the application was amended to change the companys name to Capitol Records. On April 6,1942, Mercer supervised Capitols first recording session where Martha Tilton recorded the song Moon Dreams, on May 5, Bobby Sherwood and his orchestra recorded two tracks in the studio. On May 21, Freddie Slack and his orchestra recorded three tracks in the studio, one with the orchestra, one with Ella Mae Morse called Cow-Cow Boogie, on June 4,1942, Capitol opened its first office in a second-floor room south of Sunset Boulevard. On that same day, Wallichs presented the companys first free record to Los Angeles disc jockey Peter Potter, on June 5,1942, Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra recorded four songs at the studio. On June 12, the recorded five more songs in the studio. On June 11, Tex Ritter recorded Jingle Jangle Jingle and Goodbye My Little Cherokee for his first Capitol recording session, and the songs formed Capitols 110th produced record. 133 - Get On Board Little Chillun - July 31,1942 - is a Freddie Slack/Ella Mae Morse/Mellowaires recording that might be the first rock n roll record and she has sometimes been called the first rock n roll singer. A good example is her 1942 recording of song which, with strong gospel, blues, boogie. Bone Walker recorded Mean Old World a pioneering example of the use of electric guitar. The earliest recording artists included co-owner Mercer, Whiteman, Tilton, Morse, Margaret Whiting, Jo Stafford, the Pied Pipers, Johnnie Johnston, Tex Ritter, Capitols first gold single was Morses Cow Cow Boogie in 1942. Capitols first album was Capitol Presents Songs By Johnny Mercer, a three 78-rpm disc set with recordings by Mercer, Stafford and the Pied Pipers, all with Westons Orchestra
10.
Decca Records
–
Decca Records began as a British record label established in 1929 by Edward Lewis. Its U. S. label was established in late 1934 by Lewis along with American Deccas first president Jack Kapp and later American Decca president Milton Rackmil. In 1937, as a result of anticipating Nazi aggression leading to World War II, Lewis sold American Decca, the British label was renowned for its development of recording methods, while the American company developed the concept of cast albums in the musical genre. Both wings are now part of the Universal Music Group, which is owned by Vivendi, the US Decca label was the foundation company that evolved into UMG. The name Decca was coined by Wilfred S. Samuel by merging the word Mecca with the initial D of their logo Dulcet or their trademark Dulcephone, Samuel, a linguist, chose Decca as a brand name as it was easy to pronounce in most languages. The name dates back to a gramophone called the Decca Dulcephone patented in 1914 by musical instrument makers Barnett Samuel. That company was renamed the Decca Gramophone Co. Ltd. Within years, Decca Records Ltd. was the second largest record label in the world, Decca bought the UK branch of Brunswick Records and continued to run it under that name. In the 1950s the American Decca studios were located in the Pythian Temple in New York City, in classical music, Decca had a long way to go from its modest beginnings to catch up with the established HMV and Columbia labels. The pre-war classical repertoire on Decca was not extensive, but was select, heinrich Schlusnus made important pre-war lieder recordings for Decca. John Culshaw, who joined Decca in 1946 in a junior post and he revolutionised recording – of opera, in particular. Hitherto, the practice had been to put microphones in front of the performers, Culshaw was determined to make recordings that would be a theatre of the mind, making the listeners experience at home not second best to being in the opera house, but a wholly different experience. To that end he got the singers to move about in the studio as they would onstage, used sound effects and different acoustics. His skill, coupled with Decca engineering, took Decca into the first flight of recording companies and his pioneering recording of Wagners Der Ring des Nibelungen conducted by Georg Solti was a huge artistic and commercial success. In the wake of Deccas lead, artists such as Herbert von Karajan, Joan Sutherland, however, Culshaw was, strictly speaking, not the first to do this. Far from being a mere rendering of the score, the 3-LP album set used sound effects to recreate the production as if the listener were watching a stage performance of the work. Until 1947, American Decca issued British Decca classical music recordings, afterwards, British Decca took over distribution through its new American subsidiary London Records. American Decca actively re-entered the classical music field in 1950 with distribution deals from Deutsche Grammophon, American Decca began issuing its own classical music recordings in 1956 when Israel Horowitz joined Decca to head its classical music operations
11.
Benny Goodman
–
Benjamin David Benny Goodman was an American jazz and swing musician, clarinetist and bandleader, known as the King of Swing. In the mid-1930s, Goodman led one of the most popular groups in America. Goodmans bands launched the careers of many jazz artists. During an era of segregation, he led one of the first well-known integrated jazz groups. Goodman performed nearly to the end of his life while exploring an interest in classical music, Goodman was born in Chicago, the ninth of twelve children of poor Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire. His father, David Goodman, came to America in 1892 from Warsaw in partitioned Poland and his mother, Dora, came from Kaunas, Lithuania. His parents met in Baltimore, Maryland, and moved to Chicago before Benny was born, hundreds of houses are unconnected with the street sewer. Money was a constant problem in the family, Bennys father earned at most $20 per week. On Sundays, his father took the children to free concerts in Douglas Park. The following year Benny joined the club band at Jane Addamss Hull House. By joining the band, he was entitled to two weeks at a summer camp about fifty miles from Chicago. It was the time he was able to get away from the bleak environment of his urban neighborhood. He also received two years of instruction from the classically trained clarinetist Franz Schoepp and his early influences were New Orleans jazz clarinetists working in Chicago, notably Johnny Dodds, Leon Roppolo and Jimmie Noone. Goodman learned quickly, becoming a player at an early age. Goodman made his debut in 1921 at the Central Park Theater on Chicagos West Side. He entered Harrison High School in Chicago in 1922 and he joined the musicians’ union in 1923 and by the age of 14 was in a band featuring Bix Beiderbecke. Goodman attended Lewis Institute in 1924 as a sophomore, while also playing the clarinet in a dance hall band. When Goodman was 16, he joined one of Chicagos top bands, when he was 17, his father was killed by a passing car after stepping off a streetcar
12.
Laurindo Almeida
–
Laurindo Almeida was a Brazilian virtuoso guitarist and composer who made many recordings of enduring impact in classical, jazz and Latin genres. He is widely credited, with fellow artist Bud Shank, for creating the fusion of Latin, Almeida was the first artist to receive Grammy Awards for both classical and jazz performances. His discography encompasses more than a hundred recordings over five decades, Laurindo Jose de Araujo Almeida Nobrega Neto was born in the village of Prainha, Brazil near Santos in the state of São Paulo. Born into a family, Almeida was a self-taught guitarist. During his teenage years, Almeida moved to São Paulo, where he worked as a radio artist, staff arranger, at the age of 19, he worked his way to Europe playing guitar in a cruise ship orchestra. In Paris, he attended a performance at the Hot Club by Stephane Grappelli and famed guitarist Django Reinhardt, returning to Brazil, Almeida continued composing and performing. He became known for playing both classical Spanish and popular guitar and he moved to the United States in 1947, a trip financed when one of his compositions, a song known as Johnny Peddler became a hit recorded by the Andrews Sisters. In Los Angeles, Almeida immediately went to work in film studio orchestras, Almeida was first introduced to the jazz public as a featured guitarist with the Stan Kenton band in the late 1940s during the height of its success. Famed Kenton arranger Pete Rugolo composed Lament specifically for Almeidas cool, quiet sound, Almeida stayed with Kenton until 1952. Almeidas classical solo recording career on Capitol Records began in 1954 with The Guitar Music of Spain, Almeida made a series of highly successful classical recordings produced by Robert E. Myers. In this recording, Almeida arranges standard classical and folk repertoire through the prism of several Latin musical forms, including the modenha, charo, maracatu, the result, according to Hi-Fi and Music Review was. a prize winner in my collection. Laurindo Almeidas guitar playing captures the poignancy and rhythmic élan of Brazilian music with superb assurance. The recording was nominated for two Grammy Awards and won for Best Classical Engineering for Sherwood Hall III at the first Grammy Awards ceremony and it became one of my most cherished recordings. Of Almeidas five career Grammys, four were awarded in classical categories and his classical recording discography also includes the debut recordings of two major guitar works, Heitor Villa-Lobos Guitar Concerto and Radamés Gnattalis Concerto de Copacabana. In 1964, Almeida again expanded his repertoire by joining forces with the Modern Jazz Quartet on Collaboration. Almeida also toured with the MJQ, both in the 1960s and again in the 1990s, Almeida made cameo appearances in the 1954 movie A Star is Born and on a 1959 episode of Peter Gunn titled Skin Deep. His performing credits included major motions pictures such as Good-bye, My Lady, Funny Girl and he composed the complete film scores for ten motion pictures and portions for hundreds of others, including Charles and Ray Eamess 1957 film Day of the Dead. He also underscored and performed for Clint Eastwoods Unforgiven and his final film work was in The Cat in the Hat in which his whistling cover of The Girl From Ipanema is briefly heard
13.
Harold Arlen
–
Harold Arlen was an American composer of popular music, having written over 500 songs, a number of which have become known worldwide. In addition to composing the songs for the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, including the classic Over the Rainbow, over the Rainbow was voted the twentieth centurys No.1 song by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts. Arlen was born in Buffalo, New York, United States and his twin brother died the next day. He learned the piano as a youth and formed a band as a young man and he achieved some local success as a pianist and singer and moved to New York City in his early 20s. He worked as an accompanist in vaudeville, at this point, he changed his name to Harold Arlen. In 1929, Arlen composed his first well-known song, Get Happy, throughout the early and mid-1930s, Arlen and Koehler wrote shows for the Cotton Club, a popular Harlem night club, as well as for Broadway musicals and Hollywood films. Arlen and Koehlers partnership resulted in a number of hit songs, including the familiar standards Lets Fall in Love, Arlen continued to perform as a pianist and vocalist with some success, most notably on records with Leo Reismans society dance orchestra. Arlens compositions have always been popular with jazz musicians because of his facility at incorporating a blues feeling into the idiom of the conventional American popular song, in the mid-1930s, Arlen married, and spent increasing time in California, writing for movie musicals. It was at time that he began working with lyricist E. Y. In 1938, the team was hired by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to compose songs for The Wizard of Oz, the most famous of these is the song Over the Rainbow for which they won the Academy Award for Best Music, Original Song. They also wrote Down with Love, Lydia the Tattooed Lady for Groucho Marx in At the Circus in 1939, Arlen was a longtime friend and former roommate of actor Ray Bolger, who starred in The Wizard of Oz. Arlen died of cancer at his Manhattan apartment, at the age of 81,1905 Arlen born in Buffalo, New York 1920 He formed his first professional band, Hyman Arlucks Snappy Trio. 1921 Against his parents wishes he left home,1923 With his new band – The Southbound Shufflers, performed on the Crystal Beach lake boat Canadiana during the summer of 1923. 1924 Performed at Lake Shore Manor during the summer of 1924,1924 Wrote his first song, collaborating with friend Hyman Cheiffetz to write My Gal, My Pal. Copyrighting the song as My Gal, Wont You Please Come Back to Me. and listed lyrics by Cheiffetz,1925 Makes his way to New York City with the group, The Buffalodians, with Arlen playing piano. 1926 Had first published song, collaborating with Dick George to compose Minor Gaff under the name Harold Arluck,1928 Chaim Arluck renames himself Harold Arlen, a name that combined his parents surnames. 1929 Landed a singing and acting role as Cokey Joe in the musical The Great Day,1929 Composed his first well known song – Get Happy – under the name Harold Arlen. 1929 Signed a yearlong song writing contract with the George and Arthur Piantadosi firm, 1930–1934 Wrote music for the Cotton Club
14.
Cy Coleman
–
Cy Coleman was an American composer, songwriter, and jazz pianist. Coleman was born Seymour Kaufman on June 14,1929, in New York City to Eastern European Jewish parents and his mother, Ida was an apartment landlady and his father was a brickmason. He was a prodigy who gave piano recitals at Steinway Hall, Town Hall. Before beginning his fabled Broadway career, he led the Cy Coleman Trio, despite the early classical and jazz success, Coleman decided to build a career in popular music. His first collaborator was Joseph Allen McCarthy, but his most successful early partnership, the pair wrote many pop hits, including Witchcraft and The Best Is Yet to Come. One of his instrumentals, Playboys Theme, became the music of the regular TV shows and specials presented by Playboy. Colemans career as a Broadway composer began when he and Leigh collaborated on Wildcat, the score included the hit tune Hey, Look Me Over. When Ball became ill, she left the show, and it closed, next for the two was Little Me, with a book by Neil Simon based on the novel of the same name by Patrick Dennis. The show introduced Real Live Girl and Ive Got Your Number, in 1964, Coleman met Dorothy Fields at a party, and when he asked if she would like to collaborate with him, she is reported to have answered, Thank God somebody asked. The show was a success and Coleman found working with Fields much easier than with Leigh. The partnership was to work on two more shows – an aborted project about Eleanor Roosevelt, and Seesaw which reached Broadway in 1973 after a troubled out-of-town tour, despite mixed reviews, the show enjoyed a healthy run. The partnership was cut short by Fields death in 1974, Coleman remained prolific in the late 1970s. Also in 1970 he produced the single Lying Here, later in the decade, he collaborated on Welcome to the Club with A. E. Hotchner, and City of Angels with David Zippel. In the latter, inspired by the detective film noir of the 1930s and 1940s, he returned to his jazz roots. Colemans film scores include Father Goose, The Art of Love, Garbo Talks, Power, Coleman was on the ASCAP Board of Directors for many years and also served as their Vice Chairman Writer. One final musical with a Coleman score played in Los Angeles at the Mark Taper Forum Dec. 2003-Jan,2004 under the title Like Jazz, as a Broadway tryout. Investor Transamerica Capital went forward with plans to mount a Broadway production renamed In the Pocket, dirk Decloedt and Maurice Hines were announced as director and choreographer with an anticipated opening in Spring 2006 but it never opened. Coleman studied at the The High School of Music & Art, Coleman died of cardiac arrest on November 18,2004 at New York Hospital,11,59 pm at the age of 75
15.
Duke Ellington
–
Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington was an American composer, pianist, and bandleader of a jazz orchestra, which he led from 1923 until his death in a career spanning over fifty years. Ellington was based in New York City from the mid-1920s onward, in the 1930s, his orchestra toured in Europe. Some of the musicians who were members of Ellingtons orchestra, such as saxophonist Johnny Hodges, are considered to be among the best players in jazz, Ellington melded them into the best-known orchestral unit in the history of jazz. Some members stayed with the orchestra for several decades, a master at writing miniatures for the three-minute 78 rpm recording format, Ellington often composed specifically to feature the style and skills of his individual musicians. Ellington also recorded songs written by his bandsmen, for example Juan Tizols Caravan, and Perdido, after 1941, Ellington collaborated with composer-arranger-pianist Billy Strayhorn, whom he called his writing and arranging companion. With Strayhorn, he composed many extended compositions, or suites, following an appearance at the Newport Jazz Festival, in July 1956, Ellington and his orchestra enjoyed a major career revival and embarked on world tours. Ellington recorded for most American record companies of his era, performed in films, scoring several. His reputation continued to rise after he died, and he was awarded a special posthumous Pulitzer Prize for music in 1999, Ellington was born on April 29,1899, to James Edward Ellington and Daisy Ellington in Washington, D. C. Daisy primarily played parlor songs and James preferred operatic arias and they lived with his maternal grandparents at 2129 Ida Place, NW, in the West End neighborhood of Washington, D. C. Dukes father was born in Lincolnton, North Carolina, on April 15,1879, Daisy Kennedy was born in Washington, D. C. on January 4,1879, the daughter of a former American slave. James Ellington made blueprints for the United States Navy, when Ellington was a child, his family showed racial pride and support in their home, as did many other families. African Americans in D. C. worked to protect their children from the eras Jim Crow laws, at the age of seven, Ellington began taking piano lessons from Marietta Clinkscales. Daisy surrounded her son with dignified women to reinforce his manners, Ellingtons childhood friends noticed that his casual, offhand manner, his easy grace, and his dapper dress gave him the bearing of a young nobleman, and began calling him Duke. Ellington credited his chum Edgar McEntree for the nickname, I think he felt that in order for me to be eligible for his constant companionship, I should have a title. Though Ellington took piano lessons, he was interested in baseball. President Roosevelt would come by on his horse sometimes, and stop and watch us play, Ellington went to Armstrong Technical High School in Washington, D. C. He gained his first job selling peanuts at Washington Senators baseball games, in the summer of 1914, while working as a soda jerk at the Poodle Dog Café, Ellington wrote his first composition, Soda Fountain Rag. He created the piece by ear, as he had not yet learned to read, I would play the Soda Fountain Rag as a one-step, two-step, waltz, tango, and fox trot, Ellington recalled
16.
Dave Grusin
–
Robert David Dave Grusin is an American composer, arranger, producer, and pianist. He has composed scores for feature films and television, and has won numerous awards for his soundtrack and record work, including an Academy Award. He has had a recording career as an artist, arranger, producer. He is the co-founder of GRP Records, born in Littleton, Colorado, he studied music at the University of Colorado at Boulder and was awarded his degree in 1956. He produced his first single, Subways Are for Sleeping, in 1962, other scores followed, including Winning, The Friends of Eddie Coyle, The Midnight Man, and Three Days of the Condor. In the late 1970s, he started GRP Records with his business partner, Larry Rosen and he was the composer for The Graduate, On Golden Pond, Tootsie and The Goonies. In 1988, he won the Oscar for best original score for The Milagro Beanfield War, from 2000 through 2011, Grusin concentrated on composing classical and jazz compositions, touring and recording with collaborators, including guitarist Lee Ritenour. Their album Harlequin won a Grammy Award in 1985 and their classical crossover albums, Two Worlds and Amparo, were nominated for Grammys. Grusin was born in Littleton, Colorado, the son of Rosabelle, a pianist, and Henri Grusin, an alumnus of the University of Colorado at Boulder, College of Music, he was awarded his bachelors degree in 1956. Among his teachers there were Cecil Effinger and Wayne Scott, longtime pianist, arranger, Grusin has a filmography of about 100 titles. He also received a Best Original Song nomination for It Might Be You from the film Tootsie, six of the fourteen cuts on the soundtrack from The Graduate are his. Other film scores he has composed include Where Were You When the Lights Went Out, Three Days of the Condor, The Goonies, Tequila Sunrise, Hope Floats, Random Hearts, The Heart is a Lonely Hunter and The Firm. In addition, he composed the original opening fanfare for film studio TriStar Pictures. Elsewhere, and, for Televisa in Mexico, Tres Generaciones and he also composed music for individual episodes of each of those shows. His other TV credits include The Wild Wild West, The Girl from U. N. C. L. E. and Columbo, Prescription and he also did the theme song for One Life to Live from 1984–1992. Since its beginning in 1984, the Minneapolis-St. Paul regional weekly news, Grusin assisted in 1966 as musical director and arranger also for two years the Catarina Valente TV show and lived longer times in Amsterdam. About 35 Grusin CD titles are available including soundtracks, originals, collections, and homages to jazz greats George Gershwin, Duke Ellington. Recently he has turned his attention to his own compositions, as in much of his career, these defy easy classification
17.
Quincy Jones
–
His career spans six decades in the entertainment industry and a record 79 Grammy Award nominations, and 28 Grammys, including a Grammy Legend Award in 1991. He is best known for the role of himself in Yakety Yak, Take it Back, Trash Talk, Jones came to prominence in the 1950s as a jazz arranger and conductor, before moving on to work prolifically in pop music and film scores. In 1971, Jones was the first African American to be named as the director and conductor of the Academy Awards ceremony. In 1995, he was the first African American to receive the Academys Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and he is tied with sound designer Willie D. Burton as the African American who has been nominated for the most Oscars, each has received seven nominations. In 2013, Jones was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame as the winner, alongside Lou Adler, among his awards, Jones was named by Time Magazine as one of the most influential jazz musicians of the 20th century. Jones was born in 1933, on the South Side of Chicago, to Sarah Frances and Quincy Delight Jones and his father was a semi-professional baseball player and carpenter from Kentucky, his paternal grandmother was an ex-slave in Louisville. They had gone to Chicago as part of the Great Migration out of the South, Sarah was a bank officer and apartment complex manager. Jones later discovered that his paternal grandfather Caesar Jones was the son of a white American man of Welsh descent, Quincy had a younger brother, Lloyd, later an engineer for the Seattle station, KOMO-TV, Lloyd died in 1998. Quincy was introduced to music by his mother, who sang religious songs. When Jones was five or six, Jackson played stride piano next door, Lucy Jackson recalled that after he heard her that one day, she could not get him off her piano if she tried. When the boys were young, their mother suffered from a breakdown and was committed to a mental institution. His father obtained a divorce and remarried, Joness stepmother, Elvera, had three children of her own, Waymond, who became a friend of the young Quincy, Theresa, and Katherine. In 1943, when Jones was ten, his family moved to Bremerton, Washington, after the war, the Jones family moved to Seattle, the major regional city, where Jones attended Garfield High School near his home. He had discovered music when he was 12 and became deeply involved in high school. Classmates included Charles Taylor, who played saxophone and whose mother, the youths began playing with a band. At the age of 14, they were playing with a National Reserve band, Jones has said he got much more experience with music growing up in a smaller city, otherwise, he would have faced too much competition. At the age of 14, Jones introduced himself to a 16-year-old musician from Florida, Ray Charles, Jones cites Ray Charles as an early inspiration for his own music career. He noted that Charles overcame a disability to achieve his musical goals and he has credited his fathers sturdy work ethic with giving him the means to proceed, and his loving strength with holding the family together
18.
Marian McPartland
–
Margaret Marian McPartland, OBE, was an English-American jazz pianist, composer and writer. She was the host of Marian McPartlands Piano Jazz on National Public Radio from 1978 to 2011, after her marriage to trumpeter Jimmy McPartland in February 1945, she resided in the United States when not travelling throughout the world to perform. In 1969 she founded Halcyon Records, a company that produced albums for ten years. In 2000 she was named a National Endowment for the Arts Jazz Master, in 2004 she was given a Grammy Award for lifetime achievement. In 2007 she was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame, in 2010 she was named a member of the Order of the British Empire. Margaret Marian Turner was born on 20 March 1918 to Frank and she had one younger sibling, a sister, Joyce. She demonstrated early aptitude at the piano, and would realize that she had perfect pitch. Margaret studied violin from the age of nine, but never took to the instrument and she also trained as a vocalist and received a number of favorable reviews in the local paper. Janet refused to find her daughter a piano teacher until the age of 16 and this lack of early education meant that Marian was never a strong reader of notated music, and would always prefer to learn through listening. There, she met Doris Mackie, a teacher who would be influential on her. Mackie suggested to the Turners that Margaret should apply to the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London, since Margaret clearly had an aptitude and she studied with Orlando Morgan, who also taught Myra Hess. Much to her familys dismay, she developed a love for American jazz and musicians such as Duke Ellington, Fats Waller, Teddy Wilson, Mary Lou Williams, and many others. In 1938, Turner sought out Billy Mayerl at his School of Modern Syncopation to seek lessons, despite her familys efforts to keep her at Guildhall, Turner left to join Billy Mayerls Claviers, a four-piano vaudeville act. There, she elected to perform under the name of Marian Page. She promised her family that she would one day return to finish her degree at Guildhall, after the Claviers tour, Marian returned to London in the fall of 1938 and played sporadically for shows and on the Carroll Lewis Show. To avoid the draft during World War II, she volunteered for the Entertainment National Service Association, in 1944, her friend Zonie Dale recommended that Marian join the United Service Organizations because they paid more and played with American men. With the USO, Marian went through training and was issued a set of combat gear – GI boots, helmet. Marian was assigned to a called the Band Wagon, which followed the Allied forces after the D-Day invasion
19.
Lalo Schifrin
–
Lalo Schifrin is an Argentine pianist, composer, arranger and conductor. He is best known for his body of film and TV scores since the 1950s, including the Theme from Mission. He has received four Grammy Awards and six Oscar nominations, associated with the jazz music genre, Schifrin is also noted for work with Clint Eastwood in the late 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, particularly the Dirty Harry films. Schifrin was born in Buenos Aires and his father, Luis Schifrin, led the second violin section of the orchestra at the Teatro Colón for three decades. At the age of six, Schifrin began a course of study on piano with Enrique Barenboim. At age 16, Schifrin began studying piano with the Greek-Russian expatriate Andreas Karalis, former head of the Kiev Conservatory, during this time, Schifrin also became interested in jazz. Although Schifrin studied sociology and law at the University of Buenos Aires, at age 20, he successfully applied for a scholarship to the Paris Conservatoire. At night, he played jazz in the Paris clubs, in 1955, Schifrin played piano with Argentinian bandoneon giant Ástor Piazzolla, and represented his country at the International Jazz Festival in Paris. After returning home to Argentina in his twenties, Schifrin formed a jazz orchestra, Schifrin also began accepting other film, television and radio assignments. In 1956, Schifrin met Dizzy Gillespie and offered to write a work for Gillespies big band. Schifrin completed the work, Gillespiana, in 1958, later that year, Schifrin began working as an arranger for Xavier Cugats popular Latin dance orchestra. While in New York in 1960, Schifrin again met Gillespie, Gillespie invited Schifrin to fill the vacant piano chair in his quintet. Schifrin immediately accepted and moved to New York City, Schifrin wrote a second extended composition for Gillespie, The New Continent, which was recorded in 1962. In 1963, MGM, which had Schifrin under contract, offered the composer his first Hollywood film assignment with the African adventure Rhino, Schifrin moved to Hollywood late that year. One of Schifrins most recognizable and enduring compositions is the music for the long-running TV series Mission. It is a tune written in the uncommon 5/4 time signature. CBS Television used part of the theme of his St. Ives soundtrack for its broadcasts in the 1970s. Schifrins score for the 1968 film Coogans Bluff was the beginning of an association with Clint Eastwood
20.
Victor Young
–
Not to be confused with the actor Victor Sen Yung who was sometimes billed as Victor Young Victor Young was an American composer, arranger, violinist and conductor. Young was born in Chicago on August 8,1900, into a very musical Jewish family, his father being a member of one Joseph Sheehan’s touring Opera company. The young Victor began playing violin at the age of six and he studied the piano with Isidor Philipp of the Paris Conservatory. While still a teenager he embarked on a career as a concert violinist with the Warsaw Philharmonic under Juliusz Wertheim, assistant conductor in 1915–16. His future wife, Rita Kinel, who met him in late 1918, used to food to him. He returned to Chicago in 1920 to join the orchestra at Central Park Casino, after turning to popular music, he worked for a while as violinist-arranger for Ted Fio Rito. In 1930 Chicago bandleader and radio-star Isham Jones commissioned Young to write an instrumental of Hoagy Carmichaels Stardust. Young slowed it down and played the melody as a gorgeous romantic violin solo which inspired Mitchell Parish to write lyrics for what became a much performed love song. In the mid-1930s he moved to Hollywood where he concentrated on films, recordings of music and providing backing for popular singers. Young was signed to Brunswick in 1931 where his studio groups recorded scores of dance music, waltzes. His studio groups often contained some of the best jazz musicians in New York, including Bunny Berigan, Tommy Dorsey, Jimmy Dorsey, Joe Venuti, Arthur Schutt, Eddie Lang, and others. He used first-rate vocalists, including Paul Small, Dick Robertson, Harlan Lattimore, Smith Ballew, Helen Rowland, Frank Munn, The Boswell Sisters, Lee Wiley and others. One of his most interesting recordings was the January 22,1932 session containing songs written by Herman Hupfeld, Goopy Geer and Down The Old Back Road, which Hupfeld sang and played piano on. In late 1934, Young signed with Decca and continued recording in New York until mid-1936, on radio, he was the musical director of The Old Gold Don Ameche Show and Harvest of Stars. He was musical director for many of Bing Crosbys recordings for the American branch of Decca Records, for Decca, he also conducted the first album of songs from the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, a sort of pre-soundtrack cover version rather than a true soundtrack album. The album featured Judy Garland and the Ken Darby Singers singing songs from the film in Youngs own arrangements and he also composed the music for several Decca spoken word albums. He received 22 Academy Award nominations for his work in film, twice being nominated four times in a single year and he received his only Oscar posthumously for his score of Around the World in Eighty Days. Thus, Victor Young holds the record for most Oscar nominations before winning the first award and his last scores were for the 1957 films Omar Khayyam, Run of the Arrow, and China Gate, which were released after his death
21.
Jazz
–
Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
22.
Lutheranism
–
Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity which identifies with the theology of Martin Luther, a German friar, ecclesiastical reformer and theologian. Luthers efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Catholic Church launched the Protestant Reformation in the German-speaking territories of the Holy Roman Empire. Lutheranism advocates a doctrine of justification by grace alone through faith alone on the basis of Scripture alone and this is in contrast to the belief of the Catholic Church, defined at the Council of Trent, concerning authority coming from both the Scriptures and Tradition. In addition, Lutheranism accepts the teachings of the first seven ecumenical councils of the undivided Christian Church, unlike Calvinism, Lutherans retain many of the liturgical practices and sacramental teachings of the pre-Reformation Church, with a particular emphasis on the Eucharist, or Lords Supper. Lutheran theology differs from Reformed theology in Christology, the purpose of Gods Law, the grace, the concept of perseverance of the saints. Today, Lutheranism is one of the largest denominations of Protestantism, with approximately 80 million adherents, it constitutes the third most common Protestant denomination after historically Pentecostal denominations and Anglicanism. The Lutheran World Federation, the largest communion of Lutheran churches, Other Lutheran organizations include the International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference, as well as independent churches. The name Lutheran originated as a term used against Luther by German Scholastic theologian Dr. Johann Maier von Eck during the Leipzig Debate in July 1519. Eck and other Catholics followed the practice of naming a heresy after its leader. Martin Luther always disliked the term Lutheran, preferring the term Evangelical, which was derived from euangelion, the followers of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other theologians linked to the Reformed tradition also began to use that term. To distinguish the two groups, others began to refer to the two groups as Evangelical Lutheran and Evangelical Reformed. As time passed by, the word Evangelical was dropped, Lutherans themselves began to use the term Lutheran in the middle of the 16th century, in order to distinguish themselves from other groups such as the Philippists and Calvinists. In 1597, theologians in Wittenberg defined the title Lutheran as referring to the true church, Lutheranism has its roots in the work of Martin Luther, who sought to reform the Western Church to what he considered a more biblical foundation. Lutheranism spread through all of Scandinavia during the 16th century, as the monarch of Denmark–Norway, through Baltic-German and Swedish rule, Lutheranism also spread into Estonia and Latvia. Since 1520, regular Lutheran services have been held in Copenhagen, under the reign of Frederick I, Denmark-Norway remained officially Catholic. Although Frederick initially pledged to persecute Lutherans, he adopted a policy of protecting Lutheran preachers and reformers. During Fredericks reign, Lutheranism made significant inroads in Denmark, at an open meeting in Copenhagen attended by the king in 1536, the people shouted, We will stand by the holy Gospel, and do not want such bishops anymore. Fredericks son Christian was openly Lutheran, which prevented his election to the throne upon his fathers death, however, following his victory in the civil war that followed, in 1537 he became Christian III and advanced the Reformation in Denmark-Norway
23.
WDAY (AM)
–
WDAY is North Dakotas oldest radio station, having first signed on in 1922. WDAY is licensed to Fargo, North Dakota and is owned Forum Communications, Forum also owns ABC network affiliate WDAY-TV6 and The Forum newspaper in Fargo. Forum Communications also owns ABC affiliate WDAZ-TV8 in Grand Forks and several newspapers and TV stations in North Dakota, Minnesota, South Dakota. The Forum bought 49 percent of the station in 1935 to become the largest shareholder, WDAYs power is 10,000 watts and it uses a three tower directional antenna to protect other stations on 970 kHz. On January 8,1935, the U. S. Federal Communications Commission approved increasing WDAYs power to 5000 watts, in March 2013, the power was increased to 10,000 watts. WDAYs signal covers the eastern half of North Dakota, west central Minnesota, northeastern South Dakota, the transmitter is near 210th Street South in Barnesville, Minnesota and the studios are on 8th Street South in Fargo. Most stations west of the Mississippi have call letters begin with K. However. In 1923, the line was shifted to the Mississippi River. 970 WDAY features local news and talk shows during the day on weekdays, evenings feature nationally syndicated programming, mostly from the Westwood One Network. They include Dave Ramsey, Jim Bohannon and Red Eye Radio, on weekends, the station airs programs on money, health, religion, computers and home repair, including syndicated shows from Kim Komando, Gary Sullivan and Leo Laporte. Some hours begin with news from ABC News Radio. The station also airs sports programming from the University of North Dakota. On May 30,2011, a severe thunderstorm damaged WDAYs AM Radio tower system, of its three towers, one completely collapsed, the second snapped approximately two-thirds of the way up, and the third remained standing but severely mangled, knocking WDAY off the air. The FCC granted WDAY a construction permit to make it a 10,000 watt full-time signal from its new transmitter, which began broadcasting at full power in March 2013
24.
Fargo, North Dakota
–
Fargo is the most populous city in the state of North Dakota, accounting for over 15% of the state population. Fargo is also the county seat of Cass County, according to the 2015 United States Census estimates, its population was 118,523. In 2014, Forbes magazine ranked Fargo as the fourth fastest-growing small city in the United States. Founded in 1871 and located on the Red River of the North floodplain, Fargo is a cultural, retail, health care, educational, in addition, Fargo is home to North Dakota State University. Historically part of Sioux territory, the area that is present-day Fargo was a stopping point for steamboats traversing the Red River during the 1870s and 1880s. The city was originally named Centralia, but was later renamed Fargo after Northern Pacific Railway director, the area started to flourish after the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railroad and the city became known as the Gateway to the West. During the 1880s, Fargo became the capital of the Midwest because of lenient divorce laws. A major fire struck the city on June 7,1893, but the city was immediately rebuilt with new buildings made of brick, new streets, and a water system. More than 246 new buildings were built within 1 year, there were several rumors concerning the cause of the fire. The North Dakota Agricultural College was founded in 1890 as North Dakotas land-grant university, in 1960, NDAC became known as North Dakota State University. Early in the century, the industry flourished, and in 1905. Fargo-Moorhead boomed after World War II and the city grew rapidly despite being hit by a violent tornado in 1957, the tornado destroyed a large portion of the north end of the city. Ted Fujita, famous for his Fujita tornado scale, analyzed pictures of the Fargo tornado and these were the first major scientific descriptive terms associated with tornadoes. The coming of two interstates revolutionized travel in the region and pushed growth of Fargo to the south and west of the city limits. In 1972, the West Acres Shopping Center, currently the largest shopping mall in North Dakota, was constructed near the intersection of the two Interstates and this mall would become the catalyst for retail growth in the area. Fargo has continued to expand rapidly but steadily, since the mid-1980s, the bulk of new residential growth has occurred in the south and southwest areas of the city due to geographic constraints on the north side. The citys major retail districts on the southwest side have likewise seen rapid development, downtown Fargo has been gentrified due in part to investments by the city and private developers in the Renaissance Zone. Most older neighborhoods, such as Horace Mann, have either avoided decline or been revitalized through housing rehabilitation promoted by planning agencies to strengthen the citys core, NDSU has grown rapidly into a major research university, and forms a major component of the citys identity and economy
25.
Palm Springs, California
–
Palm Springs is a desert resort city in Riverside County, California, United States, within the Coachella Valley. It is located approximately 55 mi east of San Bernardino,107 mi east of Los Angeles,123 mi northeast of San Diego, the population was 44,552 as of the 2010 census. Palm Springs covers approximately 94 square miles, making it the largest city in the county by land area, biking, golf, hiking, horseback riding, swimming, and tennis in the nearby desert and mountain areas are major forms of recreation in Palm Springs. The city is famous for its mid-century modern architecture and design elements. Archaeological research has shown that the Cahuilla people have lived in the area for the past 350–500 years, the Cahuilla name for the area was Se-Khi. The alternating non-reservation sections were granted to the Southern Pacific Railroad as an incentive to bring rail lines through the open desert, presently the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians is composed of several smaller bands who live in the modern day Coachella Valley and San Gorgonio Pass areas. The Agua Caliente Reservation occupies 32,000 acres, of which 6,700 acres lie within the city limits, as of 1821 Mexico was independent of Spain and in March 1823 the Mexican Monarchy ended. With the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the region was ceded to the United States in 1848, one possible origin of palm in the place name comes from early Spanish explorers who referred to the area as La Palma de la Mano de Dios or The Palm of Gods hand. The earliest use of the name Palm Springs is from United States Topographical Engineers who used the term in 1853 maps, other early names were Palmetto Spring and Big Palm Springs. The first European resident in Palm Springs itself was Jack Summers, fourteen years later, the Southern Pacific railroad was laid 6 miles to the north, isolating the station. By 1885, when San Francisco attorney John Guthrie McCallum began buying property in Palm Springs, the area was named Palm Valley when McCallum incorporated the Palm Valley Land and Water Company with partners O. C. He also asked Dr. Welwood Murray to establish a hotel across the street from his residence, the crops and irrigation systems suffered flooding in 1893 from record rainfall, and then an 11-year drought caused further damage. The city became a resort in the 1900s when health tourists arrived with conditions that required dry heat. Because of the heat, however, the population dropped markedly in the summer months, Early illustrious visitors included John Muir and his daughters, U. S. Vice President Charles Fairbanks, and Fanny Stevenson, widow of Robert Louis Stevenson, still, Murrays hotel was closed in 1909, nellie N. Coffman and her physician husband Harry established The Desert Inn as a hotel and sanitarium in 1909. It was expanded as a hotel in 1927 and continued on until 1967. Coffman herself was a force in the citys tourism industry until her death in 1950. James Wonders of the Colorado Desert was followed in 1920 by J. Smeaton Chases Our Araby, Palm Springs and the Garden of the Sun, which also served to promote the area
26.
Helen Forrest
–
Helen was born Helen Fogel in Atlantic City, New Jersey on April 12,1917. Her parents, Louis and Rebecca Fogel, were Russian-born Jews, while she was still an infant, Helens father died from influenza. Helen was raised by her mother, who blamed her husbands death on the birth of Helen. She believed that God had taken her husband because she had wished so much for a baby girl, Helen had three older brothers, Harry, Ed, and Sam. The family relocated to Brooklyn when Helen was in her teenage years. Her mother married a painter, a man that Helen disliked. Soon, Helens mother and stepfather turned the home into a brothel. At age 14, Helen was nearly raped by her stepfather, Helen defended herself with a kitchen knife, injuring him. Following this, she was permitted by her mother to live with her teacher, Honey Silverman. While teaching her piano, Honey noticed Helens singing ability and encouraged her to focus on singing instead, anxious to find a career in singing, Helen dropped out of high school to pursue her dream. Helen returned to Atlantic City and began singing with her brother Eds band and she soon returned to New York City, where she visited song publishers and performed an audition for a 15-minute slot for a local radio show. Around this time, Helen was encouraged to change her name from Fogel to Forrest because her name sounded too Jewish, in 1934, 17-year-old Helen began singing for WNEW in New York. She also performed for WCBS where she was known as “Bonnie Blue” and “The Blue Lady of Song. ”Eventually she found a job at the Madrillon Club, in Washington. After seeing Forrest at the Madrillon, bandleader Artie Shaw asked her to go on tour with him, for a time she and Holiday were both working with Shaws band. In some venues, African-American performers were required to remain off stage until they performed, when Forrest became aware of this, she stated that like Holiday, she would also not take the stage until she was to sing. She recorded 38 singles with Shaws band, Two of her biggest hits with Shaw were the songs They Say and All the Things You Are. During her time with Shaw, Helen Forrest became a national favorite, in November 1939, Shaw broke up his band. Helen joined Benny Goodman in December 1939, with whom she recorded a number of celebrated songs, Helen recorded 55 studio recordings with Goodman
27.
Why Don't You Do Right?
–
Why Dont You Do Right. is an American blues- and jazz-influenced pop song written by Joseph Kansas Joe McCoy in 1936. A twelve-bar minor key blues with a few chord substitutions, it is considered a classic blues song and has become a standard. In 1936, the Harlem Hamfats recorded The Weed Smokers Dream, band member McCoy later rewrote the song, refining the composition and lyrics. The new tune, titled Why Dont You Do Right. was recorded by Lil Green in 1941, the recording was an early jazz and blues hit. The song has its roots in music and originally dealt with a marijuana smoker reminiscing about lost financial opportunities. As it was rewritten, it takes on the perspective of the female partner, get out of here and get me some money too. One of the versions of the song was recorded by Peggy Lee and Benny Goodman on July 27,1942. Featured in the 1943 film, Stage Door Canteen, it sold over 1 million copies, Lee often stated that Greens recording was influential to her music. In a 1984 interview she said, I was and am a fan of Lil Green, an old blues singer. I used to play that record over and over in my dressing room, finally he said, You obviously like that song. He said, Would you like me to have an arrangement made of it, I said, Id love that, and he did. Why Dont You Do Right. was not Goodman and Lees biggest hit, however, it reached number four on the Billboard charts and defined Lees sultry and rich vocal style early on in her career. Lee married guitarist Dave Barbour and left Goodman in 1943 and she intended to retire from the music industry and focus on homemaking, but she continued receiving offers to return to the music world, largely due in part to the success of Why Dont You Do Right. Ultimately she returned to singing, and collaborated off and on with Goodman throughout her career and they recorded an alternate version of Why Dont You Do Right. Many musicians have recorded Why Dont You Do Right, in 1960, the American jazz singer Della Reese recorded an uptempo version of the song for her album Della Della Cha-Cha-Cha. The song was recorded in Italy in the early 1960s by Helen Merrill, while she was living there, for the album Parole e Musica, Words. The song was performed in the 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit by the animated character Jessica Rabbit, although Kathleen Turner provided the talking voice for the character, the vocal performance of the song is by actress Amy Irving, then the wife of executive producer Steven Spielberg. Hugh Laurie included the song, under the title and with original lyrics
28.
The Powers Girl
–
The Powers Girl, sometimes retitled Hello, Beautiful, is a 1943 musical comedy film about women employed by John Robert Powers modeling agency. Starring George Murphy, Anne Shirley, and Carole Landis, the film was directed by Norman Z. McLeod and it was filmed during the height of the Big Band era and features Benny Goodman and His Orchestra. Vocalist Peggy Lee sings with the band in an appearance during one sequence. Model in Waiting Room Lillian Eggers, model The Powers Girl at the American Film Institute Catalog The Powers Girl at the Internet Movie Database
29.
Perry Como
–
Pierino Ronald Perry Como was an American singer and television personality. During a career spanning more than half a century, he recorded exclusively for RCA Victor for 44 years after signing with the label in 1943, Mr. C. as he was nicknamed, sold millions of records for RCA and pioneered a musical variety television show. Como was seen weekly on television from 1949 to 1963, then continued hosting the Kraft Music Hall variety program monthly until 1967 and his television shows and seasonal specials were broadcast throughout the world. Also a popular recording artist, Perry Como released numerous hit records from the 1940s through the 1970s, Comos appeal spanned generations and he was universally respected for both his professional standards and the conduct in his personal life. Como was born in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania and he was the seventh of ten children and the first American-born child of Pietro Como and Lucia Travaglini, who both emigrated to the US in 1910 from the Abruzzese town of Palena, Italy. He did not begin speaking English until he entered school, since the Comos spoke Italian at home. The family had a second-hand organ his father had bought for $3, as soon as Como was able to toddle, he would head to the instrument, pump the bellows, and play music he had heard by ear. Pietro, a hand and an amateur baritone, had all his children attend music lessons even if he could barely afford them. He showed more talent in his teenage years as a trombone player in the towns brass band, playing guitar, singing at weddings. Como was a member of the Canonsburg Italian Band along with the father of singer Bobby Vinton, bandleader Stan Vinton, young Como started helping his family at age 10, working before and after school in Steve Fragapanes barber shop for 50¢ a week. By age 13, he had graduated to having his own chair in the Fragapane barber shop and it was also around this time that young Como lost his weeks wages in a dice game. Filled with shame, he locked himself in his room and did not come out until hunger got the better of him and he managed to tell his father what had happened to the money his family depended on. His father told him he was entitled to make a mistake, when Perry was 14, his father became unable to work because of a severe heart condition. Como and his brothers became the support of the household, despite his musical ability, Comos primary ambition was to become the best barber in Canonsburg. Practicing on his father, young Como mastered the skills well enough to have his own shop at age 14. One of Comos regular customers at the shop owned a Greek coffee house that included a barber shop area. Como had so much work after moving to the coffee house and his customers worked mainly at the nearby steel mills. They were well-paid, did not mind spending money on themselves, Perry did especially well when one of his customers would marry
30.
Jo Stafford
–
Jo Elizabeth Stafford was an American traditional pop music singer and occasional actress, whose career spanned five decades from the late 1930s to the early 1980s. Her 1952 song You Belong to Me topped the charts in the United States and United Kingdom, born in Coalinga, California, Stafford made her first musical appearance at age twelve. While still at school she joined her two older sisters to form a vocal trio named The Stafford Sisters, who found moderate success on radio. In 1938, while the sisters were part of the cast of Twentieth Century Foxs production of Alexanders Ragtime Band, Stafford met the members of The Pied Pipers. Bandleader Tommy Dorsey hired them in 1939 to perform vocals for his orchestra. In addition to her recordings with the Pied Pipers, Stafford featured in performances for Dorsey. After leaving the group in 1944, she recorded a series of pop standards for Capitol Records, many of her recordings were backed by the orchestra of Paul Weston. She also performed duets with Gordon MacRae and Frankie Laine and her work with the United Service Organizations giving concerts for soldiers during World War II earned her the nickname G. I. Jo. S. and in 1961 in the U. K. Stafford married twice, first in 1937 to musician John Huddleston, then in 1952 to Paul Weston, with whom she had two children. She and Weston developed a routine in which they assumed the identity of an incompetent lounge act named Jonathan and Darlene Edwards. The act proved popular at parties and among the public when the couple released an album as the Edwardses in 1957. In 1961, the album Jonathan and Darlene Edwards in Paris won Stafford her only Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album, Stafford largely retired as a performer in the mid-1960s, but continued in the music business. She had a resurgence in popularity in the late 1970s when she recorded a cover of the Bee Gees hit. In the 1990s, she began re-releasing some of her material through Corinthian Records and she died in 2008 in Century City, Los Angeles, and is interred with Weston at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City. Her work in radio, television and music is recognized by three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, Jo Elizabeth Stafford was born in Coalinga, California, in 1917, to Grover Cleveland Stafford and Anna Stafford —a second cousin of World War I hero Sergeant Alvin York. She was the third of four children, both her parents enjoyed singing and sharing music with their family. Staffords father hoped for success in the California oil fields when he moved his family from Gainesboro, Tennessee and her mother was an accomplished banjo player, playing and singing many of the folk songs which influenced Staffords later career. Anna insisted that her children should take lessons, but Jo was the only one among her sisters who took a keen interest in it
31.
NBC Radio
–
The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
32.
The Chesterfield Supper Club
–
The Chesterfield Supper Club is an NBC Radio musical variety program, which was also telecast by NBC Television. The Chesterfield Supper Club began on December 11,1944, as a 15-minute radio program and this musical variety show was sponsored by Chesterfield cigarettes and featured live musical performances. Perry Como initially hosted The Chesterfield Supper Club five nights a week, initially, Comos female singer was Mary Ashworth. During World War II, the broadcasts were transcribed for re-broadcast on Armed Forces Radio Service, the idea for the radio show originated with Doug Storer, who was then an advertising executive with the Blackman Company. Storer had heard Perry Como on his non-sponsored CBS radio program, Storer recorded a demo of the radio show with Como as its host and Mitchell Ayres and his Orchestra providing the music. He took the recording to the agency that handled the Chesterfield cigarettes account. The agency was enthusiastic about the format, but did not want Como as its host. The singer the agency preferred was under contract and would need to be released from it before he could accept a job on the new radio program and they asked Storer to get the singer released from his contract. Storer, who was still of the belief that the new show needed Como as its host and he received a call from the agency some weeks later, asking about the singers contract and saying their new program would make its radio debut in about one weeks time. Storer told them the man for the radio show was the one who had made the demo recording-Perry Como. Chesterfields advertising agency did not have time to do anything but sign Como as the host of the show, during the first year, Como was backed by the Ted Steele Orchestra, followed by the Lloyd Shaffer Orchestra at the end of 1945 until 1948. With John Klenner, Shaffer and Steele composed the theme song. Roy Ringwalds A Cigarette, Sweet Music and You was also used on the show as a musical theme, the Satisfiers vocal group was also part of the program, they also made many records with Como. Beginning on the second anniversary, he hosted the show on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. Stafford returned to California shortly after becoming a co-host of the program and she began her twice-weekly broadcasts from Hollywood in November 1946, backed by her future husband, Paul Weston. Staffords Hollywood Club broadcasts featured the vocal group The Starlighters, in 1947 she recorded her version of the theme song, Smoke Dreams. The mystery star contest continued when the show appeared on television, the broadcasts of April 5,1946, made from a TWA plane at an altitude of 20,000 feet, are believed to be the first network radio broadcasts from an airplane. Jo Stafford, Perry Como, and the staff made the flight
33.
Jimmy Durante
–
James Francis Jimmy Durante was an American singer, pianist, comedian, and actor. He often referred to his nose as the Schnozzola, and the word became his nickname, Durante was born on the Lower East Side of New York City. He was the youngest of four born to Rosa and Bartolomeo Durante. Bartolomeo was a barber, and his wife Rosa was the sister of a woman who lived in the boarding house. Young Jimmy served as a boy at Saint Malachys Roman Catholic Church. Durante dropped out of school in grade to become a full-time ragtime pianist. He first played with his cousin, whose name was also Jimmy Durante and it was a family act, but he was too professional for his cousin. He continued working the citys piano bar circuit and earned the nickname Ragtime Jimmy, before he joined one of the first recognizable jazz bands in New York, Durante was the only member not from New Orleans. His routine of breaking into a song to deliver a joke, with band or orchestra chord punctuation after each line, in 1920 the group was renamed Jimmy Durantes Jazz Band. By the mid-1920s, Durante had become a star and radio personality in a trio called Clayton, Jackson. Lou Clayton and Eddie Jackson, Durantes closest friends, often reunited with Durante in subsequent years, Jackson and Durante appeared in the Cole Porter musical The New Yorkers, which opened on Broadway on December 8,1930. Earlier that same year, the team appeared in the movie Roadhouse Nights, by 1934, Durante had a major record hit with his own novelty composition, Inka Dinka Doo, with lyrics by Ben Ryan. It became his theme song for the rest of his life, a year later, Durante starred on Broadway in the Billy Rose stage musical Jumbo. A scene in which an officer stopped Durantes character—who was leading a live elephant across the stage—to ask. Followed by Durantes reply, What elephant and this comedy bit, also reprised in his role in Billy Roses Jumbo, likely contributed to the popularity of the idiom the elephant in the room. Durante also appeared on Broadway in Show Girl, Strike Me Pink and Red, Hot, during the early 1930s, Durante alternated between Hollywood and Broadway. His early motion pictures included an original Rodgers & Hart musical The Phantom President and he was initially paired with silent film legend Buster Keaton in a series of three popular comedies for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- Speak Easily, The Passionate Plumber, and What. No Beer. -- which were hits and a career springboard for the distinctive newcomer
34.
Bing Crosby
–
Harry Lillis Bing Crosby, Jr. was an American singer and actor. The first multimedia star, from 1931 to 1954 Crosby was a leader in sales, radio ratings. His early career coincided with technical recording innovations such as the microphone and this allowed him to develop a laid-back, intimate singing style that influenced many of the popular male singers who followed him, including Perry Como, Frank Sinatra, Dick Haymes, and Dean Martin. Also in 1948, the Music Digest estimated that Crosby recordings filled more than half of the 80,000 weekly hours allocated to recorded radio music, in 1963, Crosby received the first Grammy Global Achievement Award. He is one of only 33 people to have three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, in the categories of motion pictures, radio, Crosby influenced the development of the postwar recording industry. He became the first performer to pre-record his radio shows and master his commercial recordings onto magnetic tape. In addition to his work with early tape recording, he helped to finance the development of videotape, bought television stations, bred racehorses, Crosby died at the age of 74 on October 14,1977, from a sudden heart attack in Alcobendas, Spain. Crosby was born on May 2,1903 in Tacoma, Washington, in 1906, Crosbys family moved to Spokane, and in 1913, Crosbys father built a house at 508 E. Sharp Avenue. The house now sits on the campus of Crosbys alma mater Gonzaga University and he was the fourth of seven children, brothers Larry, Everett, Ted, and Bob, and two sisters, Catherine and Mary Rose. His parents were Harry Lowe Crosby, Sr. a bookkeeper, Crosbys mother was a second generation Irish-American. In 1910, seven-year-old Harry Crosby Jr. was forever renamed, the Sunday edition of the Spokesman-Review published a feature called The Bingville Bugle. Written by humorist Newton Newkirk, The Bingville Bugle was a parody of a hillbilly newsletter filled with gossipy tidbits, minstrel quips, creative spelling, and mock ads. A neighbor, 15-year-old Valentine Hobart, shared Crosbys enthusiasm for The Bugle, and noting Crosbys laugh, took a liking to him, eventually, the last vowel was dropped and the nickname stuck. Crosby later described Jolsons delivery as electric, Crosby graduated from Gonzaga High School in 1920 and enrolled at Gonzaga University. He attended Gonzaga for three years, but did not earn a bachelors degree, as a freshman, he played on the universitys baseball team. The university granted him a doctorate in 1937. In 1923, Crosby was invited to join a new band composed of school students a few years younger than himself. Al Rinker, Miles Rinker, James Heaton, Claire Pritchard and Robert Pritchard, along with drummer Crosby, formed the Musicaladers, the group performed on Spokane radio station KHQ, but disbanded after two years
35.
Little Willie John
–
William Edward Little Willie John was an American rock n roll and R&B singer who performed in the 1950s and early 1960s. He is best known for his successes on the charts, with songs such as All Around the World, Need Your Love So Bad. An important figure in R&B music of the 1950s, John was posthumously inducted into the Rock, John was born in Cullendale, Arkansas, one of ten children born to Lillie and Mertis John. Many sources erroneously give his name as Edgar. His family moved to Detroit, Michigan, when he was four, in the late 1940s, the eldest children, including Willie, formed a gospel singing group. Willie also performed in talent shows, which brought him to the notice of Johnny Otis and, later, after seeing him sing with the Paul Hucklebuck Williams orchestra, Glover signed him to a recording contract with King Records in 1955. He was nicknamed Little Willie for his short stature and his first recording, a version of Titus Turners All Around the World, was a hit, reaching number 5 on the Billboard R&B chart. He followed up with a string of R&B hits, including the version of Need Your Love So Bad. One of his biggest hits, Fever, was famous in a cover version recorded by Peggy Lee in 1958. Another song, Talk to Me, Talk to Me, recorded in 1958, reached number 5 on the R&B chart and number 20 on the Pop chart, a few years later it was a hit once again in a cover version by Sunny & the Sunglows. John also recorded Im Shakin, by Rudy Toombs, Suffering with the Blues, in all, John made the Billboard Hot 100 a total of fourteen times. A cover version of Need Your Love So Bad by Fleetwood Mac was also a hit in Europe. Another of his songs to be covered was Leave My Kitten Alone, recorded by the Beatles in 1964 and intended for their Beatles for Sale album, John was known for his short temper and propensity to abuse alcohol. He was dropped by his company in 1963. In 1964 or 1966, he was convicted of manslaughter in a fatal knifing following a show in Seattle and was sent to Washington State Penitentiary, in Walla Walla. He appealed the conviction and was released while the case was reconsidered, owing to contractual disputes and the decline of his appeal, it was not released until 2008. John died in 1968 at Washington State Penitentiary, despite counterclaims, the cause of death stated on his death certificate was a heart attack. His interment was in Detroit Memorial Park East, in Warren, John was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996
36.
Fever (Little Willie John song)
–
Fever is a song written by Eddie Cooley and Otis Blackwell, who used the pseudonym John Davenport. It was originally recorded by American R&B singer Little Willie John in 1956, the song managed to top the Billboard R&B Best Sellers in the US and peak at number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was received positively by critics and included on several lists of the best songs during the time it was released. It has been covered by artists from various musical genres, most notably by Peggy Lee whose rendition became the most widely known version of Fever. Lees version contained rewritten lyrics different from the original and an altered music arrangement and it became a top-five hit on the music charts in the UK and Australia in addition to entering the top ten in the US and the Netherlands. Fever was nominated in three categories at the 1st Annual Grammy Awards in 1959, including Record of the Year, other notable cover versions of Fever include those by Elvis Presley, The McCoys, La Lupe, Beyoncé and Madonna. The latter released it as a single from her studio album Erotica in March 1993 through Warner Bros. It topped the charts in Finland and the Hot Dance Club Songs in the US in addition to charting in the top 50 in many other countries. Madonna promoted Fever by filming and releasing a video directed by Stéphane Sednaoui. Various versions of Fever by different artists were used in films, theater plays. The idea for Fever was presented to Otis Blackwell by an old friend, Eddie Cooley, who in 1956 had a hit song called Priscilla. Blackwell said, Eddie Cooley was a friend of mine from New York and he called me up and said Man, I got an idea for a song called Fever, but I cant finish it. I had to write it under another name because, at that time, Little Willie John reportedly disliked the song, but was persuaded to record it, on March 1,1956, by King Records owner Syd Nathan and arranger and producer Henry Glover. Fever is a soul and rhythm and blues minor key opus with an arrangement consisting of low saxophones played by Ray Felder and Rufus Nose Gore, the vocal style of Willie John is similar to moaning and he is backed by finger snaps. Bill Dahl from the website AllMusic noted a contrast between the songs arrangement and the vocals along with the finger snapping which marginally lightened the mood. Fever was released as a single in April 1956 and became a hit along with the top-ten R&B song Letter from My Darling. Fever reached number one for three weeks on the Billboard R&B Best Sellers chart in the United States, peaking at the top on July 21,1956 and it also made the pop charts, peaking at number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song has one million copies in the US
37.
Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller
–
Lyricist Jerome Jerry Leiber and composer Mike Stoller were American songwriting and record producing partners. They found initial successes as the writers of such hit songs as Hound Dog. Leiber and Stoller wrote hits for Elvis Presley including Love Me, Jailhouse Rock, Loving You, Dont and they were sometimes credited under the pseudonym Elmo Glick. In 1964, they launched Red Bird Records with George Goldner and, focusing on the group sound. In all, Leiber and Stoller wrote or co-wrote over 70 chart hits and they were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1985 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987. After school, Stoller played piano, and Leiber worked in Nortys, a store on Fairfax Avenue. In 1950, Jimmy Witherspoon recorded and performed their first commercial song, Stollers name at birth was Michael Stoller, but he later changed it legally to Mike. Their first hit composition was Hard Times, recorded by Charles Brown, Kansas City, first recorded in 1952 by rhythm & blues singer Little Willie Littlefield, became a No.1 pop hit in 1959 for Wilbert Harrison. In 1952, the partners wrote Hound Dog for blues singer Big Mama Thornton, the 1956 Elvis Presley rock version, which was a takeoff of the adaptation that Presley picked up from Freddie Bells lounge act in Las Vegas, was a much bigger hit. Allen pronounced Presley a good sport, and the Leiber-Stoller song would be linked to Presley. Leiber and Stollers later songs often had more appropriate for pop music, and their combination of rhythm and blues with pop lyrics revolutionized pop, rock and roll. They formed Spark Records in 1953 with their mentor, Lester Sill and their songs from this period include Smokey Joes Cafe and Riot in Cell Block #9, both recorded by The Robins. The label was bought by Atlantic Records, which hired Leiber and Stoller in an innovative deal that allowed them to produce for other labels. This, in effect, made them the first independent record producers, at Atlantic, they revitalized the careers of The Drifters and wrote a number of hits for The Coasters, a spin-off of the Robins. Their songs from this period include Charlie Brown, Searchin, Yakety Yak, Stand By Me, for the Coasters alone, they wrote twenty-four songs that appeared in the US charts. In 1955, Leiber and Stoller produced a recording of their song Black Denim Trousers and Motorcycle Boots with a vocal group. Soon after, the song was recorded by Édith Piaf in a French translation titled, the European royalties from another Cheers record, Bazoom, funded a 1956 trip to Europe for Stoller and his first wife, Meryl, on which they met Piaf. Their return to New York was aboard the ill-fated SS Andrea Doria, the Stollers had to finish the journey to New York aboard another ship, the Cape Ann
38.
Black Coffee (Peggy Lee album)
–
Black Coffee is the first album by Peggy Lee, released in the ten-inch format in 1953 on Decca Records in the United States, catalogue DL5482. In 1956, at the request of the label, Lee recorded four more songs for a reissue of the album in the twelve-inch LP format. The 1956 cover is pictured at the right, by 1953, Lee had been recording professionally since joining the Benny Goodman Orchestra in 1941, but had only released songs on 78s or 45s. Neither the 10 nor the 12 release made the Popular Album Chart, joni Mitchell has declared the album among her favorites, leading off her torch song album of 2000, Both Sides Now, with a selection from Black Coffee, Youre My Thrill. In his book Jazz Singing, Will Friedwald names the album as one of his desert island discs. Three separate sessions in 1953 yielded the initial eight tracks for the ten-inch LP, all at Decca Studios,50 West 57th Street in New York City, on April 30, May 1, May 4. The 1956 sessions to record the four tracks needed for the twelve-inch LP were done with different personnel at the Decca studios in Hollywood on April 3. On October 26,2004, the album was reissued as part of the Verve Records Master Edition series, Verve, the track sequence followed that of the 1956 twelve-inch reissue
