Peranakan Chinese
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The Peranakan Chinese are an ethnic group defined by their genealogical descent from the first waves of Southern Chinese settlers to maritime Southeast Asia, known as Nanyang, namely the British Colonial ruled ports in the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian Archipelago, as well as Singapore. Peranakan culture, especially in the dominant Peranakan centres of Malacca, Singapore, Penang, Phuket and Tangerang, is characterized by its unique hybridization of ancient Chinese culture with the local cultures of the Nusantara region, the result of a centuries-long history of transculturation and interracial marriage.
Two Peranakan women at a tin factory in Pulau Singkep, Riau Islands.
Tjhit Liap Seng (1886) by Lie Kim Hok was considered the first Chinese Malay novel.
Hok An Kiong Chinese Temple, Jalan Coklat, Surabaya c. 1900 – 1920. Large Chinese communities were already present in Java when the Dutch arrived just before the 1600s. Many Chinese had native concubines until a large group of mestizos arose, who spoke Malay or Javanese.
Chinese Indonesians
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Chinese Indonesians, colloquially Cindo, Chindo or simply Orang Tionghoa or Tionghoa, are Indonesians whose ancestors arrived from China at some stage in the last eight centuries. Chinese Indonesians are the fourth largest community of Overseas Chinese in the world after Thailand, Malaysia, and the United States.
Performing rituals for the 2020 Chinese New Year's eve in Indonesia
Chinese junks Sin Tong Heng and Tek Hwa Seng in the Sambu Island, Singapore Strait, c. 1936
Cap Go Meh festival painting in Java Island by Dutch painter, circa 1883 and 1889
Chinese workers from Swatow, Canton province, China, await the preparation of their contracts by immigration officials at Medan's labor inspectorate, Belawan, North Sumatra c. 1920–1940