Perineural invasion
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In pathology, perineural invasion, abbreviated PNI, is the invasion of cancer to the space surrounding a nerve. It is common in head and neck cancer, prostate cancer and colorectal cancer.
Micrograph showing a prostate cancer (conventional adenocarcinoma) with perineural invasion. H&E stain.
Micrograph demonstrating perineural invasion. HPS stain.
Lymphovascular invasion
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Lymphovascular invasion is the invasion of a cancer to the blood vessels and/or lymphatics.
Perineural invasion
…nerves primarily because of their extensive innervation area, although virtually any cranial nerve and its branches can provide a route for the PNS. Lymphovascular invasion Malignancy…
Micrograph showing lymphovascular invasion (top of image) in a case of laryngeal cancer. H&E stain.
Lymphatic invasion by invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast.