1.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
2.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
3.
Paradise Valley (Montana)
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Paradise Valley is a major river valley of the Yellowstone River in southwestern Montana just north of Yellowstone National Park in Park County, Montana. The valley is flanked by the Absaroka Range on the east, the Paradise Valley is separated from the Gallatin Valley and Bozeman, MT by the Bozeman Pass. Interstate 90 passes through both communities, US Highway 89 passes through the valley and into Yellowstone National Park. The Paradise Valley was the entrance to Yellowstone. Today, the entrances to the park are at West Yellowstone. Route 287 or US Highway 20, from the northeast at Cooke City-Silver Gate, Montana via U. S. Route 212, from the east at Cody, WY via US Highway 14/U. S. Route 16/US Highway 20, and from the south at Grand Teton National Park and Jackson, the Yellowstone River flows through the valley and is noted for world-class fly fishing in the river and nearby spring creeks such as DePuy Spring Creek. Mount Cowen is the largest peak near the valley, at 11,212 feet in elevation and it is located in the southern portion of the valley on the eastern side of the river within the Absaroka mountain range
4.
University of Nebraska Omaha
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The University of Nebraska Omaha, often referred to as Omaha or UNO, is a public research university located in Omaha, Nebraska, United States. Founded in 1908 by faculty from the Omaha Presbyterian Theological Seminary as a private non-sectarian college, meant to provide a Christian-based education free from ecclesiastical control, the university served as a strong alternative to the citys many successful religiously affiliated institutions. Serving as Nebraskas premier metropolitan university, UNO continues to expand to meet the growing demands of the city of Omaha. Since the year 2000, the university has more than tripled its student housing and is building a 450 bed student dormitory. It has also recently constructed modern facilities for its engineering, information technology, UNO currently offers more than 200 programs of study across 6 different colleges and has over 60 classroom, student, athletic, and research facilities spread across 3 campuses. The university expects to enroll 20,000 students by the year 2020, the Omaha Mavericks compete in 15 NCAA Division I sports in both the NCHC and Summit League conferences. The ice hockey, basketball, and volleyball teams compete in the new Baxter Arena located on the universitys Center street campus, UNO recently enjoyed national attention when its mens hockey team reached the national semifinal of the NCAA tournament. The original Omaha University was founded in 1908 in the Kountze Place neighborhood of North Omaha, the first classes were located in the Redick Mansion, once at North 24th and Pratt Streets, from 1909 through 1917. There were 26 students in the first year, most of whom had graduated from Omaha Central High School, three of the Universitys first four presidents were ordained Presbyterian ministers. Two other buildings on the campus included Jacobs Hall, a gymnasium erected in 1910, and Joslyn Hall. Jacobs Hall was a gymnasium facing North 24th Street, built with $14,000 from the sale of donated by Lillian Maul. The land, the first donation to the university, was near the present West Dodge campus of the university and it was the first new building constructed on the university campus. Joslyn Hall was built with funds donated by a well-known resident, donating $25,000 toward the building, he stipulated the school match that with another $25,000 in a year. The building was located just north of Redick Hall and was finished in January 1917, Joslyn Hall had three stories and a basement, with a total of thirty classrooms that accommodated 750 students. The building included chemistry and physics laboratories, an auditorium and music department, Redick Hall was sold and moved in February 1917 to Minnesota, where it was adapted for use in a resort. In the early 1920s a proposed magnificent campus was slated for development between 21st and 25th Avenues, bounded by Kountze Park and the Carter Lake Park. In 1927, businessmen formed the North Omaha Activities Association in order to redevelop Saratoga Schools playing field into a field for the Universitys football team. With new bleachers built to accommodate a crowd of one thousand, the school also served as OUs science call from 1917 to 1926
5.
Bridget Fonda
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Bridget Jane Fonda is a retired American actress. She is known for her roles in films as The Godfather Part III, Single White Female, Point of No Return, It Could Happen to You. She is the daughter of Peter Fonda, niece of Jane Fonda and she received an Emmy Award nomination for the 1997 TV film In the Gloaming, and a second Golden Globe Award nomination for the 2001 TV film No Ordinary Baby. Fonda was born in Los Angeles, California, to a family of actors, including her grandfather Henry Fonda, father Peter Fonda and her mother, Susan Jane Brewer, is an artist. She is named after actress Margaret Sullavans daughter Bridget Hayward and her maternal grandmother, Mary Sweet, married businessman Noah Dietrich. Bridgets parents divorced and Peter remarried Portia Rebecca Crockett, Peter and Portia raised Bridget, her brother Justin, and older stepbrother Thomas McGuane Jr. in the Coldwater Canyon section of Los Angeles and south of Livingston, Montana. Fonda attended Westlake School for Girls in Los Angeles, in 1986, Bridget met Eric Stoltz and, in 1990, they began dating. The relationship ended after eight years, on February 27,2003, she suffered a serious car crash in Los Angeles which caused a fracture in her vertebra. In March of the year, she became engaged to film/TV composer and former Oingo Boingo frontman Danny Elfman. They have a son named Oliver, Fonda became involved with the theatre when she was cast in a school production of Harvey. She studied method acting at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute as part of New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts acting program and graduated from NYU in 1986. She made her debut at the age of five in the 1969 movie Easy Rider as a child in the hippie commune that Peter Fonda. Her second part was in the 1982 comedy Partners, in 1988, she got her first substantial film role in Scandal. That same year she appeared in You Cant Hurry Love and Shag and her breakthrough role was as a journalist in The Godfather Part III. After gaining additional work experience in a few theater productions she was cast in the lead in Barbet Schroeders Single White Female and she starred in 1993s Point of No Return, an American remake of the 1990 French film Nikita. A review in the New Yorker cited her provocative, taunting assertiveness, in 1997, she was on the same flight as Quentin Tarantino when he offered her the part of Melanie in Jackie Brown. She was also offered the lead, eponymous role in the television series Ally McBeal. She starred with Jet Li in the thriller film Kiss of the Dragon in 2001
6.
Henry Fonda
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Henry Jaynes Fonda was an American film and stage actor with a career spanning more than five decades. Fonda made his mark early as a Broadway actor and he also appeared in 1938 in plays performed in White Plains, New York, with Joan Tompkins. Throughout six decades in Hollywood, Fonda cultivated a strong, appealing screen image in such classics as The Ox-Bow Incident, Fonda was the patriarch of a family of famous actors, including daughter Jane Fonda, son Peter Fonda, granddaughter Bridget Fonda, and grandson Troy Garity. His family and close friends called him Hank, in 1999, he was named the sixth-Greatest Male Star of All Time by the American Film Institute. Fondas ancestors from Genoa, Italy, migrated to the Netherlands in the 15th century, in 1642, a branch of the Fonda family immigrated to the Dutch colony of New Netherland on the East Coast of North America. They were among the first Dutch population to settle in what is now upstate New York, establishing the town of Fonda, by 1888, many of their descendants had relocated to Nebraska. Henry Fonda was born in Grand Island, Nebraska, to advertising-printing jobber William Brace Fonda, Fonda was brought up as a Christian Scientist, though he was baptized an Episcopalian at St. Stephens Episcopal Church in Grand Island. He said, My whole damn family was nice and they were a close family and highly supportive, especially in health matters, as they avoided doctors due to their religion. Despite having a background, he later became an agnostic. Fonda was a bashful, short boy who tended to avoid girls, except his sisters, and was a skater, swimmer. He worked part-time in his fathers print plant and imagined a career as a journalist. Later, he worked after school for the phone company, Fonda was active in the Boy Scouts of America, Teichmann reports that he reached the rank of Eagle Scout. When he was about 14, his father took him to observe the lynching of a black man accused of rape. This enraged the young Fonda and he kept a keen awareness of prejudice for the rest of his life, by his senior year in high school, Fonda had grown to more than six feet tall, but remained shy. He attended the University of Minnesota, where he majored in journalism and he took a job with the Retail Credit Company. He was fascinated by the stage, learning everything from set construction to stage production, Fonda decided to quit his job and go East in 1928 to seek his fortune. He arrived on Cape Cod and played a role at the Cape Playhouse in Dennis. A friend took him to Falmouth, MA where he joined and quickly became a member of the University Players
7.
Jane Fonda
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Jane Fonda is an American actress, writer, political activist, former fashion model and fitness guru. She is a two-time Academy Award winner and two time BAFTA Award winner, in 2014, she was the recipient of the American Film Institute AFI Life Achievement Award. Fonda made her Broadway debut in the 1960 play There Was a Little Girl and she rose to fame in 1960s films such as Period of Adjustment, Sunday in New York, Cat Ballou, Barefoot in the Park and Barbarella. Her first husband was Barbarella director Roger Vadim, a seven-time Academy Award nominee, she received her first nomination for They Shoot Horses, Dont They and went on to win two Best Actress Oscars in the 1970s for Klute and Coming Home. Her other nominations were for Julia, The China Syndrome, On Golden Pond and her other major competitive awards include an Emmy Award for the 1984 TV film The Dollmaker, two BAFTA Awards for Julia and The China Syndrome and four Golden Globe Awards. In 1982, she released her first exercise video, Jane Fondas Workout and it would be the first of 22 workout videos released by her over the next 13 years which would collectively sell over 17 million copies. Divorced from second husband Tom Hayden, she married billionaire media mogul Ted Turner in 1991, Fonda was divorced from Turner in 2001. She returned to acting with her first film in 15 years, subsequent films have included Georgia Rule, The Butler, This Is Where I Leave You and Youth. She also released another five exercise videos between 2010 and 2012 and she stars with Lily Tomlin, Sam Waterston and Martin Sheen in the Netflix original series Grace and Frankie, which premiered in 2015. Fonda was a political activist in the counterculture era during the Vietnam War. She was famously and controversially photographed sitting on a gun on a 1972 visit to Hanoi. She has also protested the Iraq War and violence against women, Fonda serves on the board of the organization. Jayne Seymour Fonda was born in New York City, the daughter of actor Henry Fonda, according to her father, their surname came from an Italian ancestor who immigrated to the Netherlands in the 1500s. There, they intermarried and began to use Dutch given names and she also has English, Scottish, and French ancestry. She was named after the wife of Henry VIII, Jane Seymour. She has a brother, Peter, who is also an actor, and a maternal half-sister, Frances de Villers Brokaw, whose daughter is Pilar Corrias, the owner of the Pilar Corrias Gallery in London. In 1950, when Fonda was twelve, her mother committed suicide while undergoing treatment at Craig House psychiatric hospital in Beacon, later that year, Fondas father married socialite Susan Blanchard, just nine years his daughters senior, this marriage ended in divorce. At 15 Fonda taught dance at Fire Island Pines, New York and she attended Greenwich Academy in Greenwich, Connecticut
8.
Counterculture of the 1960s
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Many key movements related to these issues were born or advanced within the counterculture of the 1960s. This embracing of creativity is particularly notable in the works of British Invasion bands such as the Beatles, in addition to the trendsetting Beatles, many other creative artists, authors, and thinkers, within and across many disciplines, helped define the counterculture movement. Several factors distinguished the counterculture of the 1960s from the movements of previous eras. Post-war affluence allowed many of the generation to move beyond a focus on the provision of the material necessities of life that had preoccupied their Depression-era parents. The counterculture era essentially commenced in earnest with the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963, poor outcomes from some of these activities set the stage for disillusionment with, and distrust of, post-war governments. In the US, President Dwight D, the Partial Test Ban Treaty divided the establishment within the US along political and military lines. In the UK, the Profumo Affair also involved establishment leaders being caught in deception, leading to disillusionment and serving as a catalyst for liberal activism. The Cuban Missile Crisis, which brought the world to the brink of war in October 1962, was largely fomented by duplicitous speech. The assassination of US President John F. Kennedy in November 1963, many social issues fueled the growth of the larger counterculture movement. On college and university campuses, student activists fought for the right to exercise their constitutional rights, especially freedom of speech. The availability of new and more effective forms of control was a key underpinning of the sexual revolution. With this change in attitude, by the 1990s the ratio of children out of wedlock rose from 5% to 25% for Whites. The end of censorship resulted in a reformation of the western film industry. Communes, collectives, and intentional communities regained popularity during this era, Some of these self-sustaining communities have been credited with the birth and propagation of the international Green Movement. The emergence of an interest in expanded spiritual consciousness, yoga, occult practices, in 1957, 69% of US residents polled by Gallup said religion was increasing in influence. By the late 1960s, polls indicated less than 20% still held that belief, the Generation Gap, or the inevitable perceived divide in worldview between the old and young, was perhaps never greater than during the counterculture era. Ultimately, practical and comfortable casual apparel, namely updated forms of T-shirts, many began to live largely clandestine lives because of their choice to use such drugs and substances, fearing retribution from their governments. The confrontations between college students and law enforcement officials became one of the hallmarks of the era, many younger people began to show deep distrust of police, and terms such as fuzz and pig as derogatory epithets for police reappeared, and became key words within the counterculture lexicon
9.
Easy Rider
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Easy Rider is a 1969 American road movie written by Peter Fonda, Dennis Hopper, and Terry Southern, produced by Fonda and directed by Hopper. It tells the story of two bikers who travel through the American Southwest and South after selling a large score of cocaine, the success of Easy Rider helped spark the New Hollywood era of filmmaking during the early 1970s. The film was added to the Library of Congress National Film Registry in 1998, in Easy Rider, real drugs were used in scenes showing the use of marijuana and other substances. The protagonists are two freewheeling bikers, Wyatt, nicknamed Captain America, and Billy, Wyatt dresses in American flag-adorned leather, while Billy dresses in Native American-style buckskin pants and shirts and a bushman hat. The former is open to people they meet on their journey and accepting of help while the latter is more hostile. After smuggling cocaine from Mexico to Los Angeles, Wyatt and Billy sell their haul to Connection, a man in a Rolls-Royce, during their trip Wyatt and Billy stop to repair one of the bikes at a farmstead, and have a meal with the farmer and his family. Wyatt seems to appreciate the simple, traditional lifestyle presented here, later Wyatt stops to pick up a hippyish hitch-hiker and he invites them to visit his commune, where they stay for the rest of the day. Life in the commune appears to be hard, with young hippies from the city struggling to grow their own crops in a dry climate with poor soil and little rainfall. At one point, the witness a prayer for blessing of the new crop, as put by a commune-member, A chance to make a stand. The commune is also hosting a traveling theater group that sings for its supper, the hitch-hiker asks the two bikers to stay at the commune, saying, the time is now, to which Wyatt replies Im hip about time. but I just gotta go. As the bikers leave, the hitch-hiker gives Wyatt some LSD for him to share with the right people, later, while naughtily riding along with a parade in a small town, the pair are arrested by the local authorities for parading without a permit and thrown in jail. There, they befriend American Civil Liberties Union lawyer and local drunk George Hanson, George helps them get out of jail and decides to travel with Wyatt and Billy to New Orleans. As they camp that night, Wyatt and Billy introduce George to marijuana, as an alcoholic and a square, George is reluctant to try the marijuana, but he quickly relents. Stopping to eat at a smalltown Louisiana diner, the trios appearance attracts the attention of the locals, the girls in the restaurant think theyre exciting but the local men and a police officer begin making loud and denigrating comments and taunts. One of the men menacingly states, I dont believe theyll make the parish line, the waitress does not take their order and Wyatt, Billy and George, feeling the hostility, decide to leave without any fuss. The events of the day cause George to comment, This used to be a hell of a good country, I cant understand whats gone wrong with it. He observes that Americans talk a lot about the value of freedom but are afraid of anyone who truly exhibits it. In the middle of the night a group of attack the sleeping trio
10.
Academy Award for Best Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Emil Jannings receiving the award for his roles in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actors were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actor is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, since its inception, the award has been given to 79 actors. Daniel Day-Lewis has received the most awards in this category with three Oscars, spencer Tracy and Laurence Olivier were nominated on nine occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Casey Affleck is the most recent winner in category for his role as Lee Chandler in Manchester by the Sea. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
11.
Ulee's Gold
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Ulees Gold is a 1997 American independent drama film written and directed by Victor Nuñez and starring Peter Fonda in the title role. Co-stars include Patricia Richardson, Christine Dunford, Tom Wood, Jessica Biel, J. Kenneth Campbell and it was released by Orion Pictures, with Jonathan Demme receiving presenter credits for his role in the films financing. The film was the Centerpiece Premiere at the 1997 Sundance Film Festival, Fonda won a Golden Globe for his performance and was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor and a Screen Actors Guild Award. The films title refers most concretely to the honey Ulee produces as a beekeeper, van Morrison sings Tupelo Honey over the end credits. Ulee Jackson is a Vietnam veteran, widower and grandfather and he is a beekeeper by profession, who raises two granddaughters because his son is in prison and his daughter-in-law Helen, a drug addict, has run away. The son implores him to look for his wife and bring her home, upon returning home with Helen, Ulees granddaughters see their mother going through withdrawal, and the youngest pleads with their neighbor Connie to help her. Connie is a nurse who assists Ulee in getting his daughter-in-law through detox. The film shows Ulee holding the family together and attempting to protect them from two criminals, former associates of his son, who come looking for a hidden stash of cash. Other filming locations were Orlando, Apalachicola and Port St. Joe, during a 1997 interview held in Melbourne, Fonda commented on the character he portrayed, Ulees Gold was well received by critics. It currently holds a rating of 77 on Metacritic, and has an rating of 94% on Rotten Tomatoes from 48 reviews counted. Andrew Johnston wrote in Time Out New York, The plot poses ample opportunities for cliches, Ulees Gold at the Internet Movie Database Ulees Gold at AllMovie Ulees Gold at Rotten Tomatoes
12.
The Passion of Ayn Rand (film)
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The Passion of Ayn Rand is a 1999 television film directed by Christopher Menaul. It is based on the book of the name by Barbara Branden. The screenplay is written by Howard Korder and Mary Gallagher, the film stars Helen Mirren as philosopher and novelist Ayn Rand, who engages in an affair with Nathaniel Branden, played by Eric Stoltz, a psychologist who is 25 years younger than her. Branden built up an institute to spread Rands ideas, but the two eventually had a falling out, the film also stars Julie Delpy as Brandens wife, Barbara, and Peter Fonda as Rands husband Frank OConnor. The Passion of Ayn Rand received moderately positive reviews from critics, based on reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an overall approval rating from critics of 80%, with an average score of 6. 8/10. Writing in Variety, David Kronke called the film an ambitious, the Passion of Ayn Rand at AllMovie The Passion of Ayn Rand at the Internet Movie Database The Passion of Ayn Rand at Rotten Tomatoes The Passion of Ayn Rand at the TCM Movie Database
13.
Nainital
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Nainital pronunciation is a popular hill station in the Indian state of Uttarakhand and headquarters of Nainital district in the Kumaon foothills of the outer Himalayas. Nainital is located at 29. 38°N79. 45°E /29.38,79.45, the slopes of the nearby mountains are most populated, with an elevation ranging from 1, 940–2,100 m. The highest point nearby is Naina Peak or China Peak, with an elevation of 2,619 m, Nainital experiences subtropical highland climate according to Köppen–Geiger climate classification system as the citys climate is influenced by the elevation. The city is a bit dry during winter and very wet during summer due to South Asian monsoon system, the lowest precipitation total occurs in November with total 7.9 millimetres, while the highest precipitation total occurs in July with total 725 millimetres. Like most places in region, Nainital has relative cool summer. The hottest month is July with temperature ranging from 16.4 °C to 23.5 °C, while the coldest month is January with temperature ranging from 1.7 °C to 10.7 °C
14.
John Lennon
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John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE was an English singer and songwriter who co-founded the Beatles, the most commercially successful and musically influential band in the history of popular music. He and fellow member Paul McCartney formed a songwriting partnership. Born and raised in Liverpool, Lennon became involved in the craze as a teenager, his first band, the Quarrymen, first became the Silver Beatles. After his marriage to Yoko Ono in 1969, he added Ono as one of his middle names, Lennon disengaged himself from the music business in 1975 to raise his infant son Sean, but re-emerged with Ono in 1980 with the new album Double Fantasy. He was murdered three weeks after its release, Lennon revealed a rebellious nature and acerbic wit in his music, writing, drawings, on film and in interviews. By 2012, Lennons solo album sales in the United States exceeded 14 million and, as writer, co-writer, or performer, he is responsible for 25 number-one singles on the US Hot 100 chart. In 2002, a BBC poll on the 100 Greatest Britons voted him eighth and, in 2008, Rolling Stone ranked him the fifth-greatest singer of all time. He was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1987, and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, in 1988 as a member of the Beatles and in 1994 as a solo artist. Lennon was born in war-time England, on 9 October 1940 at Liverpool Maternity Hospital, to Julia and Alfred Lennon, a merchant seaman of Irish descent and his parents named him John Winston Lennon after his paternal grandfather, John Jack Lennon, and then-Prime Minister Winston Churchill. When he eventually came home six months later, he offered to look after the family, after her sister, Mimi Smith, twice complained to Liverpools Social Services, Julia handed the care of Lennon over to her. In July 1946 Lennons father visited Smith and took his son to Blackpool, Julia followed them—with her partner at the time, Bobby Dykins—and after a heated argument his father forced the five-year-old to choose between them. Lennon twice chose his father, but as his mother walked away, he began to cry and followed her, according to author Mark Lewisohn, Lennons parents agreed that Julia should take him and give him a home as Alf left again. A witness who was there that day, Billy Hall, has said the scene often portrayed with a young John Lennon having to make a decision between his parents never happened. It would be 20 years before he had contact with his father again, Throughout the rest of his childhood and adolescence he lived at Mendips,251 Menlove Avenue, Woolton with his aunt and uncle, Mimi and George Smith, who had no children of their own. His aunt purchased volumes of stories for him, and his uncle. In September 1980, Lennon commented about his family and his rebellious nature, Part of me would like to be accepted by all facets of society, but I cannot be what I am not. I was the one who all the other boys parents—including Pauls father—would say, the parents instinctively recognised I was a troublemaker, meaning I did not conform and I would influence their children, which I did. I did my best to disrupt every friends home, partly out of envy that I didnt have this so-called home
15.
George Harrison
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George Harrison, MBE was an English guitarist, singer, songwriter, and music and film producer who achieved international fame as the lead guitarist of the Beatles. Although most of the Beatles songs were written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney and his songs for the group included Taxman, Within You Without You, While My Guitar Gently Weeps, Here Comes the Sun and Something, the last of which became the Beatles second-most covered song. Harrisons earliest musical influences included George Formby and Django Reinhardt, Carl Perkins, Chet Atkins and Chuck Berry were subsequent influences. By 1965 he had begun to lead the Beatles into folk rock through his interest in the Byrds and Bob Dylan, having initiated the bands embracing of Transcendental Meditation in 1967, he subsequently developed an association with the Hare Krishna movement. He also organised the 1971 Concert for Bangladesh with Indian musician Ravi Shankar, in his role as a music and film producer, Harrison produced acts signed to the Beatles Apple record label before founding Dark Horse Records in 1974 and co-founding HandMade Films in 1978. Harrison released several best-selling singles and albums as a solo performer, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 11 in their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. He is a two-time Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee – as a member of the Beatles in 1988, Harrisons first marriage, to model Pattie Boyd in 1966, ended in divorce in 1977. The following year he married Olivia Harrison, with whom he had one son, Harrison died in 2001, aged 58, from lung cancer. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered in the Ganges and Yamuna rivers in India and he left an estate of almost £100 million. Born in Liverpool, United Kingdom, on 25 February 1943, Harrison was the youngest of four children of Harold Hargreaves Harrison and he had one sister, Louise, and two brothers, Harry and Peter. His mother was an assistant from a Catholic family with Irish roots. His future wife, the model Pattie Boyd, described Harrisons parents as quite short, an enthusiastic music fan, she was known among friends for her loud singing voice, which at times startled visitors by rattling the Harrisons windows. While pregnant with George, she listened to the weekly broadcast Radio India. Harrisons biographer Joshua Greene wrote, Every Sunday she tuned in to mystical sounds evoked by sitars and tablas, hoping that the music would bring peace. Harrison was born and lived the first six years of his life at 12 Arnold Grove, Wavertree, Liverpool, the home had an outdoor toilet and its only heat came from a single coal fire. In 1949 the family were offered a house and moved to 25 Upton Green. In 1948, at the age of five, Harrison enrolled at Dovedale Primary School and he passed the eleven-plus exam and attended Liverpool Institute High School for Boys from 1954 to 1959. Though the institute did offer a course, Harrison was disappointed with the absence of guitars
16.
LSD
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Lysergic acid diethylamide, also known as acid, is a psychedelic drug known for its psychological effects. This may include altered awareness of the surroundings, perceptions, and feelings as well as sensations and it is used mainly as a recreational drug and for spiritual reasons. LSD is typically either swallowed or held under the tongue and it is often sold on blotter paper, a sugar cube, or gelatin. However, adverse reactions such as anxiety, paranoia. LSD is in the ergoline family, LSD is sensitive to oxygen, ultraviolet light, and chlorine, though it may last for years if it is stored away from light and moisture at low temperature. In pure form it is odorless and clear or white in color, as little as 20–30 micrograms can produce an effect. LSD was first made by Albert Hofmann in Switzerland in 1938 from ergotamine, the laboratory name for the compound was the acronym for the German Lyserg-säure-diäthylamid, followed by a sequential number, LSD-25. Hofmann discovered its properties in 1943. LSD was introduced as a medication under the trade-name Delysid for various psychiatric uses in 1947. In the 1950s, officials at the U. S, Central Intelligence Agency thought the drug might be useful for mind control and chemical warfare and tested the drug on young servicemen and students, and others without their knowledge. The subsequent recreational use by youth culture in the Western world as part of 1960s counterculture resulted in its prohibition, LSD currently has no approved uses in medicine. LSD is commonly used as a recreational drug, LSD is considered an entheogen because it can catalyze intense spiritual experiences, during which users may feel they have come into contact with a greater spiritual or cosmic order. Users sometimes report out of body experiences, in 1966, Timothy Leary established the League for Spiritual Discovery with LSD as its sacrament. LSD can cause pupil dilation, reduced appetite, and wakefulness, other physical reactions to LSD are highly variable and nonspecific, some of which may be secondary to the psychological effects of LSD. The most common immediate psychological effects of LSD are visual hallucinations and illusions, trips usually start within 20–30 minutes of taking LSD by mouth, peak three to four hours after ingestion, and last up to 12 hours. It is impossible to predict when a bad trip will occur, some users, including Albert Hofmann, report a strong metallic taste for the duration of the effects. LSD causes an animated experience of senses, emotions, memories, time. Generally beginning within 30 to 90 minutes after ingestion, the user may experience anything from subtle changes in perception to overwhelming cognitive shifts, changes in auditory and visual perception are typical
17.
The Beatles
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The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
18.
Omaha, Nebraska
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Omaha is the largest city in the state of Nebraska and the county seat of Douglas County. Omaha is located in the Midwestern United States on the Missouri River, Omaha is the anchor of the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area, which includes Council Bluffs, Iowa, across the Missouri River from Omaha. According to the 2010 census, Omahas population was 408,958, according to the 2014 Population Estimates, Omahas population was 446,599. Including its suburbs, Omaha formed the 60th-largest metropolitan area in the United States in 2013, the Omaha-Council Bluffs-Fremont, Nebraska-IA Combined Statistical Area is 931,667, according to the U. S. Census Bureaus 2013 estimate. There are nearly 1.3 million residents within the Greater Omaha area, comprising a 50-mile radius of Downtown Omaha, Omahas pioneer period began in 1854, when the city was founded by speculators from neighboring Council Bluffs, Iowa. The city was founded along the Missouri River, and a crossing called Lone Tree Ferry earned the city its nickname, Omaha introduced this new West to the world in 1898, when it played host to the Worlds Fair, dubbed the Trans-Mississippi Exposition. During the 19th century, Omahas central location in the United States spurred the city to become an important national transportation hub, throughout the rest of the 19th century, the transportation and jobbing sectors were important in the city, along with its railroads and breweries. In the 20th century, the Omaha Stockyards, once the worlds largest, Omaha is also the home to five Fortune 1000 headquarters, Green Plains Renewable Energy, TD Ameritrade, Valmont Industries, Werner Enterprises, and West Corporation. And Leo A Daly, the Gallup Organization, of Gallup Poll fame, Enron began in Omaha as Northern Natural Gas in 1930, before taking over a smaller Houston company in 1985 to form InterNorth, which Kenneth Lay moved permanently to Houston, in 1987. The modern economy of Omaha is diverse and built on skilled knowledge jobs, in 2009, Forbes identified Omaha as the nations number one Best Bang-For-The Buck City and ranked it number one on Americas Fastest-Recovering Cities list. Also, Omaha hosted the U. S. Olympic swim trials in 2008,2012 and 2016, the word Omaha means Dwellers on the bluff. In 1804 the Lewis and Clark Expedition passed by the riverbanks where the city of Omaha would be built, there was fierce competition among fur traders until John Jacob Astor created the monopoly of the American Fur Company. The Mormons built a town called Cutlers Park in the area in 1846, while it was temporary, the settlement provided the basis for further development in the future. Through 26 separate treaties with the United States federal government, Native American tribes in Nebraska gradually ceded the lands comprising the state. The treaty and cession involving the Omaha area occurred in 1854 when the Omaha Tribe ceded most of east-central Nebraska, Logan Fontenelle, an interpreter for the Omaha and signatory to the 1854 treaty, played an essential role in those proceedings. Before it was legal to claim land in Indian Country, William D. Brown was operating the Lone Tree Ferry to bring settlers from Council Bluffs, Brown is generally credited as having the first vision for a city where Omaha now sits. The passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in 1854 was presaged by the out of claims around the area to become Omaha by residents from neighboring Council Bluffs. On July 4,1854, the city was established at a picnic on Capital Hill
19.
Marlon Brando
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Marlon Brando, Jr. was an American actor, film director and activist. He is credited with bringing realism to film acting and he helped to popularize the Stanislavski system of acting, studying with Stella Adler in the 1940s. Julius Caesar, The Wild One, Reflections in a Golden Eye, Last Tango in Paris, Brando was also an activist for many causes, notably the Civil Rights Movement and various Native American movements. Brando received Academy Award nominations for playing Emiliano Zapata in Viva Zapata, Mark Antony in Joseph L. Mankiewiczs 1953 film adaptation of Shakespeares Julius Caesar, and Air Force Major Lloyd Gruver in Sayonara, an adaption of James Micheners 1954 novel. Brando was included in a list of Top Ten Money Making Stars three times in the 1950s, coming in at number 10 in 1954, number 6 in 1955, the 1960s proved to be a fallow decade for Brando. The Godfather was then one of the most commercially successful films of all time, Brando took a four-year hiatus before appearing in The Missouri Breaks. After this, he was content with being a highly paid actor in cameo roles, such as in Superman and The Formula. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Brando was paid a record $3.7 million and 11. 75% of the profits for 13 days work on Superman. Brando was ranked by the American Film Institute as the fourth-greatest movie star among male movie stars whose screen debuts occurred in or before 1950. He was one of three professional actors, along with Charlie Chaplin and Marilyn Monroe, named in 1999 by Time magazine as one of its 100 Most Important People of the Century. He died of respiratory failure on July 1,2004, at age 80, Brando was born on April 3,1924, in Omaha, Nebraska, to Marlon Brando, Sr. a pesticide and chemical feed manufacturer, and Dorothy Julia. Brando had two sisters, Jocelyn Brando and Frances. His ancestry included German, Dutch, English, and Irish and his patrilineal immigrant ancestor, Johann Wilhelm Brandau, arrived in New York in the early 1700s from the Palatinate in Germany. Brando was raised a Christian Scientist, however, she was an alcoholic and often had to be brought home from Chicago bars by her husband. In his autobiography, Songs My Mother Taught Me, Brando expressed sadness when writing about his mother, dodie and Brandos father eventually joined Alcoholics Anonymous. Brando harbored far more enmity for his father, stating, I was his namesake and he enjoyed telling me I couldnt do anything right. He had a habit of telling me I would never amount to anything, Brandos parents moved to Evanston, Illinois, when his fathers work took him to Chicago, but separated when Brando was 11 years old. His mother took the three children to Santa Ana, California, where they lived with her mother, in 1937, Brandos parents reconciled and moved together to Libertyville, Illinois, a small town north of Chicago
20.
Patty McCormack
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Patricia Patty McCormack is an American actress with a career in theater, films, and television. McCormack began her career as a child actress and she is perhaps best known for her performance as the title character in Maxwell Andersons 1954 psychological drama The Bad Seed. McCormack was born Patricia Ellen Russo in Brooklyn, New York, to Elizabeth, a roller skater, and Frank Russo. She attended New Utrecht High School in Brooklyn She is an aunt of fellow actor and she was a child model at the age of four, and began appearing on television at the age of seven. She made her debut in Two Gals and a Guy. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the film version and she originated the role of Helen Keller in the original 1957 Playhouse 90 production of William Gibsons The Miracle Worker opposite Teresa Wright. In 1957, she was cast by Orson Welles in his film of Don Quixote, but filming had to be abandoned for budgetary reasons, and was never fully completed. When a version was edited together in 1992, some years after Welless death, it did not include any of McCormacks scenes and she had the role of a pampered child star in the 1958 comedy Kathy O and recorded the title song for Dot Records. McCormack briefly starred in her own series, Pecks Bad Girl with Marsha Hunt and Wendell Corey in 1959, in the early 1960s, she starred in a series of popular teenaged-delinquent films, including The Explosive Generation with William Shatner and The Young Runaways. In 1962, she portrayed Julie Cannon in the episode Incident of the Wolvers on CBSs Rawhide and she married restaurateur Bob Catania in 1967, and they had two children before their marriage was dissolved. After a half-dozen teen roles during the 1960s, her career declined. In 1970, she played Linda Warren on the soap opera The Best of Everything and she guest-starred on The Streets of San Francisco, season two, episode Blockade. She also portrayed a San Francisco paramedic on the season-seven Emergency, series episodes Whats a Nice Girl Like You Doing. and The Convention. She resumed her career with Bug in 1975. She had recurring roles in television series, including The Ropers, Dallas, Murder, She Wrote. When Kathryn Hays left the CBS soap opera As the World Turns for an extended period and she starred as a psychotic mother in the cult thriller Mommy and its 1997 sequel Mommy 2, Mommys Day. In 2008, McCormack played First Lady Pat Nixon in the feature film Frost/Nixon, McCormack continues to work regularly and she costarred in the 2012 series Have You Met Miss Jones. A recent film appearance is in the 2014 release Chicanery and she guest-starred in a 2013 episode of the series Hart of Dixie and her most notable recent work was in the Paul Thomas Anderson film The Master
21.
The New Breed (TV series)
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The New Breed is an American crime drama series that aired on ABC from October 3,1961 to June 5,1962, with thirty-six episodes. The series was a QM Production in association with Selmur Productions, the script for the first episode, No Fat Cops, was written by Hank Searls, credited as the creator of the series. Searls also wrote a novel based on the series under the pseudonym Lee Costigan. The New Breed was the first independent production of Quinn Martin under his newly established company, the New Breed faced tough competition from The Red Skelton Show and Ichabod and Me on CBS and The Dick Powell Show on NBC, and was canceled after one season. Patrolman Joe Huddleston,27 episodes Byron Morrow, captain Keith Gregory,2 episodes Greg Roman. Patrolman Pete Garcia,2 episodes Art Gilmore, narrator The New Breed at the Internet Movie Database The New Breed at TV. com The New Breed on TVIV
22.
Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
23.
Sandra Dee
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Sandra Dee was an American actress. Dee began her career as a model, working in commercials before transitioning to film in her teenage years. Best known for her portrayal of ingénues, Dee earned a Golden Globe Award as one of the years most promising newcomers for her performance in Robert Wises Until They Sail. She became a star for her subsequent performances in Imitation of Life and Gidget. By the late 1960s her career had started to decline, and she rarely acted after this time, and her final years were marred by illness. She died in 2005 at the age of 62 of complications from kidney disease and she was of Carpatho-Rusyn ancestry, and raised in the Russian Orthodox faith. Dee recalled, we belonged to a Russian Orthodox Church, alexandra would soon take the name Sandra Dee. She became a model by the age of 4 and subsequently progressed to television commercials. There has been dispute as to Dees actual birth year. Legal records, including her California divorce record from Bobby Darin, as well as the Social Security Death Index, in a 1967 interview with the Oxnard Press-Courier, she acknowledged being 18 in 1960 when she first met Bobby Darin, and the couple wed three months later. According to her sons book, Dee was born in 1944, according to this version, this explains why 1942 was listed as her birth year in official studio press releases. It does not however explain why her gravestone, which had to have been commissioned by her son, her child and sole immediate survivor. Dees parents divorced in 1950, and her then married a man who reportedly sexually abused Dee. Producer Ross Hunter claimed to have discovered Dee on Park Avenue in New York City with her mother when she was years old. In a 1959 interview, Dee recalled that she grew up fast, surrounded mostly by older people, during her modeling career, Dee attempted to lose weight to be as skinny as the high-fashion models, although an improper diet ruined skin, hair, nails—everything. Having slimmed down, her body was unable to digest any food she ate, according to the actress, she could have killed and had to learn to eat all over again. According to sources, Dees large modeling salary was more than she would come to earn as an actress. Ending her modeling career, Dee moved from New York to Hollywood in 1957, after studying at the Hollywood Professional School, she graduated from University High School in Los Angeles in June 1958
24.
The Victors (film)
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One of the posters carries the tagline, The six most exciting women in the world… in the most explosive entertainment ever made. The film follows a group of American soldiers through Europe during the Second World War, from Britain in 1942, through the fighting in Italy and France. Production of the action meant filming scenes that took place in Sweden, France, Italy. It is adapted from a collection of stories called The Human Kind by English author Alexander Baron. In the film the British characters of the book were changed into Americans in order to attract American audiences. Carl Foreman wrote, produced and directed the epic and he called it a personal statement about the futility of war. Both victor and vanquished are losers, the film slips between Pathé-style newsreel footage showing the conquering heroes abroad for the audience at home, and the grim reality of battlefield brutality and post-conflict ennui. No battle scenes are depicted in the film, the story is told in a series of short vignettes, each having a beginning and an ending in itself, though all are connected to the others, as a series of short stories adding up to a longer one. In one vignette a group of white American soldiers attack and brutally beat two black American soldiers, the hostility of German civilians towards their American and Soviet occupiers is also depicted. One of the high points is the detour of one truckload of GIs out of a convoy. The Herald Angels Sing, after the shots are fired. This scene is remarkable for its stark, visually extreme imagery, the New York Times film review stated it stands out in stark and sobering contrast to the other gaudier incidents in the film. The whole film is shot in black and white, and so the black regimented figures of the firing squad, the addition of surreal accompanying Christmas music and absence of dialogue make this scene an often cited one. The juxtaposition of saccharine music with a scene was emulated the following year by Stanley Kubrick in Dr. Strangelove. An anti-war message also unusual for the time period - and particularly regarding Americas involvement in the Second World War - is found in the final vignette. An American soldier stationed in post-war Berlin picks a fight with a drunken Soviet soldier, saul Bass created the opening montage and title sequence that covers European history from the First World War to the Battle of Britain in the Second World War. The film was nominated for a Golden Globe, March of the Victors • Sweet Talk • No Other Man by Sol Kaplan • Freddy Douglass My Special Dream by Sol Kaplan • Freddy Douglass • Howard Greenfield Does Goodnight Mean Goodbye. By Howard Greenfield • Jack Keller • Gerry Goffin My subject is War, the Poetry is in the pity
25.
Carl Foreman
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Carl Foreman, CBE was an American screenwriter and film producer who wrote the award-winning films The Bridge on the River Kwai and High Noon among others. He was one of the screenwriters that were blacklisted in Hollywood in the 1950s because of their suspected Communist sympathy or membership in the Communist Party, Born in Chicago, Illinois, to a working-class Jewish family, he was the son of Fanny and Isidore Foreman. He studied at the University of Illinois, as a student in the 1930s, he became an advocate of revolutionary socialism and joined the American Communist Party. After graduating from university, Carl Foreman moved to Hollywood where he used his writing talents, from 1941 to 1942, he was involved with writing three films but his career was interrupted by service in the United States military during World War II. In 1951, during production of the film High Noon, Carl Foreman was summoned to appear before the House Committee on Un-American Activities. He testified that he had been a member of the American Communist Party more than ten years earlier while still a man but had become disillusioned with the Party. As a result of his refusal to give the names of fellow Party members, Foreman was labeled as an uncooperative witness, Carl Foreman was the screenwriter of High Noon, a film released in 1952 that is seen by some as an allegory for McCarthyism. The Western film is considered an American classic and was No.27 on American Film Institutes 100 Years,100 Movies and this would be the last film he would be allowed to work on by a Hollywood studio for the next six years. Unemployed, Foreman and some others who had also been blacklisted such as Ring Lardner, in 1956 he co-wrote the screenplay for the equally acclaimed The Bridge on the River Kwai with fellow blacklisted writer Michael Wilson. Based on the novel by Pierre Boulle, the two were not given screen credit and the Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay went to Pierre Boulle and this was only rectified posthumously in 1984 and his name was added to the award. In addition to his writing of screenplays, Carl Foreman produced ten films and he also produced and scripted the 1961 smash hit World War II blockbuster The Guns of Navarone, starring Gregory Peck, David Niven, and Anthony Quinn, it remains one of his most popular pictures. He is credited as presenter on the smash hit 1966 film Born Free, in 1965, he was made a governor of the British Film Institute, serving until 1971. In 1970, Foreman was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. Such is his influence on the British film industry, that from 1998 to 2009 there was a British Academy Film Award named in his honor, the Carl Foreman Award for the Most Promising Newcomer. Nearing the end of his life, Carl Foreman returned to the United States and his first marriage resulted in the birth of a daughter, Katie, to Estelle, his second marriage brought him two children, Amanda and Jonathan, born in London to Evelyn. Foremans daughter, Amanda Foreman, graduated from Columbia University and Oxford University, in 2008, he became one of the founders of the monthly British centre-right current affairs magazine Standpoint. High Noons production and release intersected with the second Red Scare. Foreman was called before HUAC while he was writing the film, Foreman had not been in the Communist Party for almost ten years, but declined to name names and was considered an un-cooperative witness by HUAC
26.
Robert Rossen
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Robert Rossen was an American screenwriter, film director, and producer whose film career spanned almost three decades. His 1949 film All the Kings Men won Oscars for Best Picture, Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress and he won the Golden Globe for Best Director and the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Picture. In 1961 he directed The Hustler, which was nominated for nine Oscars, after directing and writing for the stage in New York, Rossen moved to Hollywood in 1937. In 1945 he joined a line against Warner Bros. Rossen was a member of the American Communist Party from 1937 to about 1947 and he ended all relations with the Party in 1949. Rossen was twice called before the House Un-American Activities Committee, in 1951 and he exercised his Fifth Amendment rights at his first appearance, refusing to state whether he had ever been a Communist. As a result, he found himself blacklisted by Hollywood studios as well as unable to renew his passport, at his second appearance he named 57 people as current or former Communists and his blacklisting ended. In order to repair finances he produced his film, Mambo. While The Hustler in 1961 was a success, conflicts on the set of Lilith so disillusioned him that it was his last film. Robert Rosen was born on March 16,1908, and raised on the Lower East Side of New York City and his parents were Russian-Jewish immigrants and his father was a rabbi. As a youth Rossen attended New York University, hustled pool, - the latter two providing crucial background for his two greatest films, Body and Soul and The Hustler, respectively. In 1932 Rossen directed John Wexleys Steel, about labor agitation, a year later Rossen directed Birthright, in which Maibaum attacked Nazism, which had just triumphed in Germany with the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler in 1933. In 1935 Rossen wrote and directed his first play, The Body Beautiful, although the play closed after four performances, Warner Bros. director Mervyn LeRoy was so impressed that in 1936 he signed Rossen to a personal screenwriting contract. In 1936 Rossen married Susan Siegal, the couple had three children, for his first credit in Hollywood, in 1937 Rossen co-wrote with Abem Finkel a script based on the prosecution of crime lord Lucky Luciano and eventually titled Marked Woman. Although some of Warner Bros. management saw Rossen as an unknown quantity, Rossens first solo script was for They Wont Forget, a fictionalized account of the lynching of Leo Frank, featuring Lana Turner in her debut performance. Warner Bros. then ordered producer Lou Edelman to cut the script and it is an individual problem – not a national one. Rossen was one of three writers on the gangster melodrama The Roaring Twenties, released in 1939, a remake of the 1932 play and film Life Begins was written in 1939 by Rossen and released in 1940 as A Child Is Born. The plot recounted the experiences of six expectant mothers, and there was scope to modify the original
27.
All the King's Men (1949 film)
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All the Kings Men is a 1949 American film noir drama film set in a political setting directed by Robert Rossen and based on the Robert Penn Warren novel of the same name. The triple Oscar-winning production features Broderick Crawford in the role of the ambitious and sometimes ruthless politician, the story of the rise of politician Willie Stark from a rural county seat to the governors mansion is depicted in the film. He goes into politics, railing against the corruptly run county government, Stark teaches himself law, and as a lawyer, continues to fight the local establishment, championing the local people and gaining popularity. He eventually rises to become a candidate for governor, narrowly losing his first race, along the way he loses his innocence and becomes as corrupt as the politicians he once fought against. When his son becomes paralyzed following a driving accident that kills a female passenger, Starks world starts to unravel. The story has a series of relationships. All is seen through the eyes of the journalist, Jack Burden, Starks campaign assistant, Sadie is clearly in love with Stark and wants him to leave his wife, Lucy. Meanwhile, Stark philanders and gets involved with women, taking Jacks own girlfriend, Anne Stanton. When Starks reputation is brought into disrepute by Judge Stanton, he seeks to blacken the judges name, when Jack finds evidence of the judges possible wrongdoing, a quarter century earlier, he hides it from Stark. Anne gives the evidence to Stark, who uses it against her uncle, Anne seems to forgive Stark, but her brother, the surgeon who helped save Starks sons life after the car crash, cannot. The doctor eventually assassinates Stark after Stark wins an impeachment investigation, the doctor in turn is shot down by Sugar Boy, Starks fawning assistant. Lucy Stark Katharine Warren as Mrs. Crawford, who took the role, won the 1949 Academy Award for Best Actor, beating out Wayne. The film was shot at locations in California using local residents. The old San Joaquin County courthouse in Stockton, built in 1898, paul Tatara, a film reviewer for CNN, describes the film as one of those pictures that was saved in the editing. Al Clark did the original cut but had trouble putting all the footage that Robert Rossen had shot into a coherent narrative, Robert Parrish was brought onboard by Rossen and Columbia Studios head, Harry Cohn, to see what he could do. Since Rossen had a time cutting anything he shot, after several weeks of tinkering and cutting. Cohn was prepared to release it in this version after one more preview, then, when youre finished, well run the picture and see what weve got. When Parrish was done with what Rossen had suggested, they were left with a 109-minute movie that was more compelling to watch
28.
Lilith (film)
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Lilith is a 1964 film written and directed by Robert Rossen. It is based on a novel by J. R. Salamanca and stars Warren Beatty, Jean Seberg, Peter Fonda, Kim Hunter and Gene Hackman. Bruce makes progress helping Lilith emerge from seclusion and leave the grounds for a day in the country. She attempts to him, and eventually Bruce tells Lilith he is in love with her. Lilith also seduces an older female patient and enchants a couple of boys on one of her outings. Bruce triggers the suicide of another patient out of jealousy over the patients crush on Lilith, Bruce presents himself to his superiors for psychiatric help. Chestnut Lodge would not permit filming on location so those scenes were done in a vacant mansion rented by the company, Centur Productions. The Academy Film Archive preserved Lilith in 2000, the other films will look increasingly dated and self-contained, but Lilith may grow. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists,2002, AFIs 100 Years.100 Passions – Nominated List of American films of 1964 Lilith at the Internet Movie Database
29.
Warren Beatty
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Henry Warren Beatty, better known as Warren Beatty, is an American actor and filmmaker. In 1999, he was awarded the Academys highest honor, the Irving G. Thalberg Award, Beatty has been nominated for eighteen Golden Globe Awards, winning six, including the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award, which he was honored with in 2007, among his Golden Globe-nominated films are Splendor in the Grass, his screen debut, and Bonnie and Clyde, Shampoo, Dick Tracy, Bugsy, Bulworth and Rules Dont Apply, all of which he also produced. Arthur Penn, who directed Bonnie and Clyde, described Beatty as the producer, adding. Warren stays with a picture editing, mixing and scoring. He plain works harder than anyone else I have ever seen, Henry Warren Beaty was born in Richmond, Virginia. His mother, Kathlyn Corinne, was Canadian and a teacher from Nova Scotia and his father, Ira Owens Beaty, had a PhD in educational psychology and worked as a public school administrator, in addition to dealing in real estate. In 1945, the family moved from Richmond to Arlington, Virginia, during the 1950s, the family resided in the Dominion Hills section of Arlington. Beattys elder sister is the actress, dancer and writer Shirley MacLaine and his uncle, by marriage, was Canadian politician A. A. MacLeod. Beatty became interested in movies before his teens, when he accompanied his sister to theaters. One film that had an important early influence on him was The Philadelphia Story and he noticed a strong resemblance between its star, Katharine Hepburn, and his mother, in both appearance and personality, saying that they symbolized perpetual integrity. Another film that had an impact on him was Love Affair and he found it deeply moving, and recalls that This is a movie I always wanted to make. He did remake Love Affair in 1994, in which he starred alongside Annette Bening, among his favorite TV shows in the 1950s was the Texaco Star Theatre, and he began to mimic one if its regular host comedians, Milton Berle. Beatty learned to do an imitation of Berle and his routine, said a friend. His sister saw Beatty close off emotionally from his father, among her lasting memories of her brother during this period was seeing him withdrawn and spending time alone reading books by Eugene ONeill or singing along to Al Jolson records. In Rules Dont Apply, Beatty plays Howard Hughes, who is talking about. He has to have control over everything, and I used to say that I supposed I did. Beatty was a football player at Washington-Lee High School in Arlington
30.
Jean Seberg
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Jean Dorothy Seberg was an American actress, who lived half her life in France. Seberg is also one of the targets of the FBI COINTELPRO project. Her victimization was rendered as a retaliation for her support of the Black Panther Party in the 1960s. Jean Seberg died at the age of 40 in Paris, with police ruling her death a probable suicide, Jean Seberg was born in Marshalltown, Iowa, the daughter of Dorothy Arline, a substitute teacher, and Edward Waldemar Seberg, a pharmacist. Her family was Lutheran and of Swedish, English, and German ancestry and her paternal grandfather, Edward Carlson, arrived in the U. S. in 1882 and observed, there are too many Carlsons in the New World. He decided to change the familys last name to Seberg in memory of the water, Jean had a sister Mary-Ann, a brother Kurt, and a brother David, who was killed in a car accident at the age of eighteen. After high school, Seberg enrolled at the University of Iowa to study dramatic arts, but took up movie making instead. Seberg made her debut in 1957 in the title role of Saint Joan, from the George Bernard Shaw play. Her name was entered by a neighbor, when she was cast, on October 21,1956, her only acting experience had been a single season of summer stock performances. The film was associated with a deal of publicity about which Seberg commented that she was embarrassed by all the attention. Despite a big build-up, called in the press a Pygmalion experiment, on the failure, she later told the press, I have two memories of Saint Joan. The first was being burned at the stake in the picture, the second was being burned at the stake by the critics. I was scared like a rabbit and it showed on the screen and it was not a good experience at all. I started where most actresses end up, Preminger, though, had promised her a second chance, and he cast Seberg in his next film Bonjour Tristesse the following year, which was filmed in France. Regarding his decision, Preminger told the press, Its quite true that, if I had chosen Audrey Hepburn instead of Jean Seberg, it would have less of a risk. Sure, she still has things to learn about acting, Seberg again received atrocious reviews and the film nearly ended her career. But her next role was in the successful 1959 comedy, The Mouse That Roared, most notably, she appeared in 1960 as Patricia in Jean-Luc Godards Breathless, in which she co-starred with Jean-Paul Belmondo. The film became a success and critics praised Sebergs performance
31.
Gene Hackman
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Eugene Allen Gene Hackman is a retired American actor and novelist. In a career spanning five decades, Hackman was nominated for five Academy Awards, winning Best Actor in The French Connection and he won three Golden Globes and two BAFTAs. He first came to fame in 1967 with his performance as Buck Barrow in Bonnie and Clyde, in which he gained his first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. His film roles during the 1990s featured, Unforgiven, The Firm, Crimson Tide, Get Shorty, The Birdcage, and Enemy of the State Later roles included, Behind Enemy Lines, and The Royal Tenenbaums. Hackmans final film appearance to date was the romantic comedy Welcome to Mooseport in 2004, Hackman was born in San Bernardino, California, the son of Eugene Ezra Hackman and Anna Lyda Elizabeth. He has Pennsylvania Dutch, English, and Scottish ancestry, his mother was born in Lambton, according to a plaque in a city park, he worked for a time as a dog catcher for the local animal shelter. His family moved frequently, finally settling in Danville, Illinois, hackmans father operated the printing press for the Commercial-News, a local paper. As a teenager, Hackman knew Dick Van Dyke, who was friends with his older brother Richard and his parents divorced in 1943 and his father subsequently left the family. Hackman lived briefly in Storm Lake, Iowa and spent his year at Storm Lake High School. However, he left home at age 16 and lied about his age to enlist in the United States Marine Corps and he served four and a half years as a field radio operator. When the Communist Revolution conquered the mainland in 1949, Hackman was assigned to Hawaii, following his discharge, he moved to New York and worked in several jobs. His mother died in 1962 as a result of a fire she accidentally set while smoking, in 1956, he began pursuing an acting career, he joined the Pasadena Playhouse in California. It was there that he forged a friendship with another aspiring actor, already seen as outsiders by their classmates, they were later voted The Least Likely To Succeed. Determined to prove them wrong, Hackman moved to New York City, reinforcing The Least Likely To Succeed vote, the man said to him, See, Hackman, I told you you wouldnt amount to anything. From then on, Hackman was determined to become the finest actor he possibly could, the three former roommates have since earned 19 Academy Award nominations for acting, with five wins. Hackman got various bit roles, for example on the TV series Route 66 in 1963, in 1964, he had an offer to co-star in the play Any Wednesday with actress Sandy Dennis. This opened the door to film work and his first role was in Lilith, with Warren Beatty in the leading role. In 1967, he appeared in an episode of the television series The Invaders entitled The Spores, another supporting role, Buck Barrow in 1967s Bonnie and Clyde, earned him an Academy Award nomination as Best Supporting Actor
32.
American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
33.
Drama
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Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term comes from a Greek word meaning action, which is derived from I do, the two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy. They are symbols of the ancient Greek Muses, Thalia, Thalia was the Muse of comedy, while Melpomene was the Muse of tragedy. Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the mode has been contrasted with the epic. The use of drama in a narrow sense to designate a specific type of play dates from the modern era. Drama in this sense refers to a play that is neither a comedy nor a tragedy—for example and it is this narrower sense that the film and television industries, along with film studies, adopted to describe drama as a genre within their respective media. Radio drama has been used in both senses—originally transmitted in a performance, it has also been used to describe the more high-brow. The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes collaborative modes of production, the structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception. The early modern tragedy Hamlet by Shakespeare and the classical Athenian tragedy Oedipus Rex by Sophocles are among the masterpieces of the art of drama, a modern example is Long Days Journey into Night by Eugene O’Neill. Closet drama describes a form that is intended to be read, in improvisation, the drama does not pre-exist the moment of performance, performers devise a dramatic script spontaneously before an audience. Western drama originates in classical Greece, the theatrical culture of the city-state of Athens produced three genres of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Their origins remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE they were institutionalised in competitions held as part of celebrating the god Dionysus. The competition for tragedies may have begun as early as 534 BCE, tragic dramatists were required to present a tetralogy of plays, which usually consisted of three tragedies and one satyr play. Comedy was officially recognized with a prize in the competition from 487 to 486 BCE, five comic dramatists competed at the City Dionysia, each offering a single comedy. Ancient Greek comedy is traditionally divided between old comedy, middle comedy and new comedy, following the expansion of the Roman Republic into several Greek territories between 270–240 BCE, Rome encountered Greek drama. While Greek drama continued to be performed throughout the Roman period, from the beginning of the empire, however, interest in full-length drama declined in favour of a broader variety of theatrical entertainments. The first important works of Roman literature were the tragedies and comedies that Livius Andronicus wrote from 240 BCE, five years later, Gnaeus Naevius also began to write drama. No plays from either writer have survived, by the beginning of the 2nd century BCE, drama was firmly established in Rome and a guild of writers had been formed
34.
College
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College is an educational institution or a constituent part of one. A college may be a tertiary educational institution, a part of a collegiate or federal university. In ancient Rome a collegium was a club or society, a group of living together under a common set of rules. Aside from the educational context - nowadays the most common use of college - there are various other meanings also derived from the original Latin term. In the United States, college can be a synonym for university, in Singapore and India, this is known as a junior college. The municipal government of the city of Paris uses the sixth form college as the English name for a lycée. In some national education systems, secondary schools may be called colleges or have college as part of their title, in Australia the term college is applied to any private or independent primary and, especially, secondary school as distinct from a state school. Melbourne Grammar School, Cranbrook School, Sydney and The Kings School, there has also been a recent trend to rename or create government secondary schools as colleges. In the state of Victoria, some high schools are referred to as secondary colleges. Interestingly, the pre-eminent government secondary school for boys in Melbourne is still named Melbourne High School, in Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory, college is used in the name of all state high schools built since the late 1990s, and also some older ones. In New South Wales, some schools, especially multi-campus schools resulting from mergers, are known as secondary colleges. In Queensland some newer schools which accept primary and high school students are styled state college, in Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory, college refers to the final two years of high school, and the institutions which provide this. In this context, college is an independent of the other years of high school. Here, the expression is a version of matriculation college. This is because these schools have traditionally focused on academic, rather than vocational, subjects. Some private secondary schools choose to use the college in their names nevertheless. Some secondary schools elsewhere in the country, particularly ones within the school system. In New Zealand the word normally refers to a secondary school for ages 13 to 17
35.
Playboy
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Playboy is an American mens lifestyle and entertainment magazine. It was founded in Chicago in 1953, by Hugh Hefner and his associates, with a presence in nearly every medium. In addition to the magazine in the United States, special nation-specific versions of Playboy are published worldwide. The magazine has a history of publishing short stories by notable novelists such as Arthur C. Clarke, Ian Fleming, Vladimir Nabokov, Saul Bellow, Chuck Palahniuk, P. G. Wodehouse, Haruki Murakami, the magazine generally reflects a liberal editorial stance, although it often interviews conservative celebrities. After a year-long removal of most nude photos in Playboy magazine and he formed HMH Publishing Corporation, and recruited his friend Eldon Sellers to find investors. Hefner eventually raised just over $8,000, including from his brother and mother. However, the publisher of a mens adventure magazine, Stag, contacted Hefner. Hefner, his wife Millie, and Sellers met to seek a new name, considering Top Hat, Gentleman, Sir, Satyr, Pan, the first issue, in December 1953, was undated, as Hefner was unsure there would be a second. He produced it in his Hyde Park kitchen, the first centerfold was Marilyn Monroe, although the picture used originally was taken for a calendar rather than for Playboy. Hefner chose what he deemed the sexiest image, a previously unused nude study of Marilyn stretched with an arm on a red velvet background with closed eyes. The heavy promotion centered around Marilyns nudity on the calendar, together with the teasers in marketing. The first issue sold out in weeks, copies of the first issue in mint to near mint condition sold for over $5,000 in 2002. The novel Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, was serialized in the March, April, an urban legend started about Hefner and the Playmate of the Month because of markings on the front covers of the magazine. From 1955 to 1979, the P in Playboy had stars printed in or around the letter. The legend stated that this was either a rating that Hefner gave to the Playmate according to how attractive she was, the stars, between zero and 12, actually indicated the domestic or international advertising region for that printing. From 1966 to 1976, Robie Macauley was the Fiction Editor at Playboy, P. Donleavy, as well as poetry by Yevgeny Yevtushenko. Macauley also contributed all of the popular Ribald Classics series published between January 1978 and March 1984, christie Hefner, daughter of the founder Hugh Hefner, joined Playboy in 1975 and became head of the company in 1988
36.
Byrds
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The Byrds /ˈbɜːrdz/ were an American rock band, formed in Los Angeles, California in 1964. The band underwent multiple changes throughout its existence, with frontman Roger McGuinn remaining the sole consistent member. Initially, they pioneered the genre of folk rock, melding the influence of the Beatles and other British Invasion bands with contemporary. As the 1960s progressed, the band was influential in originating psychedelic rock, raga rock. The bands signature blend of clear harmony singing and McGuinns jangly twelve-string Rickenbacker guitar has continued to be influential on popular music up to the present day, among the bands most enduring songs are their cover versions of Bob Dylans Mr. Tambourine Man and Pete Seegers Turn. Turn. along with the originals, Ill Feel a Whole Lot Better, Eight Miles High, So You Want to Be a Rock n Roll Star, Ballad of Easy Rider. The original five-piece lineup of the Byrds consisted of Jim McGuinn, Gene Clark, David Crosby, Chris Hillman, and Michael Clarke. However, this version of the band was relatively short-lived and by early 1966, Clark had left due to associated with anxiety. The Byrds continued as a quartet until late 1967, when Crosby, McGuinn and Hillman decided to recruit new members, including country rock pioneer Gram Parsons, but by late 1968, Hillman and Parsons had also exited the band. McGuinn disbanded the current lineup in early 1973, to make way for a reunion of the original quintet. The Byrds final album was released in March 1973, with the group disbanding soon afterwards. In the late 1980s, Gene Clark and Michael Clarke both began touring as the Byrds, prompting a legal challenge from McGuinn, Crosby, and Hillman over the rights to the bands name. As a result of this, McGuinn, Crosby, and Hillman performed a series of concerts as the Byrds in 1989 and 1990. In January 1991, the Byrds were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, McGuinn, Crosby, and Hillman still remain active but Gene Clark died of a heart attack in May 1991, and Michael Clarke died of liver failure in December 1993. The nucleus of the Byrds formed in early 1964, when Jim McGuinn, Gene Clark, All three musicians had a background rooted in folk music, with each one having worked as a folk singer on the acoustic coffeehouse circuit during the early 1960s. McGuinn had also spent time as a songwriter at the Brill Building in New York City. By early 1964, McGuinn had become enamored with the music of the Beatles, soon after, David Crosby introduced himself to the duo at The Troubadour and began harmonizing with them on some of their songs. Impressed by the blend of their voices, the three formed a trio and named themselves the Jet Set, a moniker inspired by McGuinns love of aeronautics
37.
Benedict Canyon, Los Angeles
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Benedict Canyon is an area in the Westside of the city of Los Angeles, California near Sherman Oaks northwest of Beverly Hills. Rainwater percolating over the ancient strata of all three canyons emerges at their lowest altitude as the springs feeding Franklins Lake and Creek, a cross-section of the land reveals granite, of volcanic origin, layered between worn river rocks and ocean bottom mud. Benedict Canyon was a part of Rancho de las Aguas, which also included present-day Beverly Hills and it was named by Edson A. Benedict, a storekeeper and native of Boonville, Missouri, who took a homestead in the Canyon in 1868. One of Mr. Benedicts sons, Pierce E. Benedict, in August 1969, the Tate murder took place in Cielo Drive. Sharon Tate, Roman Polanskis pregnant wife, and four others were killed by followers of Charles Manson at the couples 10050 Cielo Drive home, the place was later renamed 10060 Cielo Drive, and ultimately the house was razed, and another erected in its place. Author and LSD enthusiast Timothy Leary spent the last years of his life in a house in Benedict Canyon, homes range from smaller one story family residences to large properties. Homes are predominantly single-family and owner-occupied, and have two or more bedrooms, the median year in which the homes were built is 1960, and sales prices range from middle-class affordable, to high-end luxury. Benedict Canyon has a mix of vegetation and growth that is endemic to Southern California - oaks and grasses on the lower slopes, along nearby Franklins Creek can be found sycamores, ferns and vines. Evergreens, such as pines, cypresses, deodars and eucalyptus, were planted as settlers moved in, vegetation types within the Santa Monica Mountains range from moist coastal canyon bottoms in the Santa Monica Mountains, to desert transitional areas at the headwaters of the Santa Clara River. With the exception of the areas border the Mojave Desert. The resulting cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers create a Mediterranean-type ecosystem, by far, the dominant vegetation sub-type is chaparral. Chaparral is composed of drought- and fire-tolerant evergreen shrubs that range in height from four to ten feet, unless recently subjected to fire, or some other type of disturbance, this plant community is generally too dense to penetrate. Another unique shrub community to Southern California is sage scrub, which varies between coastal and inland types, sage scrub vegetation contains fewer stout, woody shrubs, and more openings with fine, delicate plants. The expansive valley floors between the ranges were plowed and farmed long ago. The precise former native plant cover of the San Fernando, Simi and it is suspected that native perennial bunch grasses were dominant elements. Throughout the zone, over ninety-five percent of the grasslands have been displaced by foreign invasive plants. The most common woodland species are various willows, coast live oak, California sycamore. Less common species that are relics of the last Ice Age include white alder, bigleaf maple, on slopes, and in valleys where rainfall concentrates, groves of evergreen coast live oaks are common throughout Benedict Canyon
