1.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
2.
Bea Benaderet
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Beatrice “Bea” Benaderet was an American actress born in New York City and reared in San Francisco, California. Her major breaks in radio came on The Jack Benny Program and she did a great deal of voice work in Warner Bros. animated cartoons of the 1940s and early 1950s, most famously as Granny. Benaderet was born in 1906 in Manhattan, although occasionally her year of birth was given as 1907 or 1909 in census records and her father Samuel was a Turkish Jewish emigrant. Her family moved to San Francisco, California, around 1910, where she attended St. Rose Academy and her debut on radio came when she was 12. She had performed in a production of The Beggars Opera on KGO. Her first job in radio was at KFRC in San Francisco and her responsibilities there included acting, singing, writing, and producing. She first received notice for her work in the 1940s on Fibber McGee & Molly, The Jack Benny Program, My Favorite Husband, The Mel Blanc Show, The Great Gildersleeve. She played Blanche Morton, the neighbor to George Burns and Gracie Allen. In 1949, she guest-starred as Fanny Philipot Burns on the Young Love episode The Dean Gets Married, vivian Vance, a relatively unknown character actress and singer, was eventually cast in the Ethel Mertz part. Benaderet did eventually appear in a guest role on I Love Lucy on January 21,1952, as Miss Lewis, Benaderet was a cast member of the NBC sitcom series Peter Loves Mary starring Peter Lind Hayes and Mary Healy. Peter Loves Mary ran during the 1960-1961 season and she was twice nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her work on The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show. In addition to her more familiar comedic roles, Benaderet had a role in The Restless Gun in 1959. Benaderet voiced numerous characters in the Warner Bros. animated shorts of the 1940s, including Granny. She performed the voice of Granny until 1955, when she was succeeded by June Foray and she also portrayed Little Red Riding Hood as a loud, obnoxious teenager in the 1944 Bugs Bunny cartoon Little Red Riding Rabbit. Benaderet also voiced Betty Rubble in The Flintstones from seasons one to four before resigning in 1964 due to the workload on Petticoat Junction, Benaderet and her first husband, actor Jim Bannon had two children, Jack, an actor, and Maggie. Benaderet was busy during the last decade of her life, starting with a role as Betty Rubble in the animated series The Flintstones. The Flintstones reunited Benaderet with her 1940s co-workers Alan Reed and Mel Blanc, Henning cast Benaderet as middle-aged, widowed Cousin Pearl Bodine, and she appeared in the pilot, as well as a majority of episodes throughout the series first season. Cousin Pearl and her daughter Jethrine moved into the Clampett mansion in the first season, however, the female Bodines disappeared after Henning cast Benaderet in his next series Petticoat Junction, which premiered in September 1963
3.
Edgar Buchanan
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As Uncle Joe, he took over as proprietor of the Shady Rest Hotel following the 1968 real-life death of Bea Benaderet, who had played Kate Bradley. In 1969, in the episode Kathy Jos First Birthday Party, he appeared with his real-life son, william Edgar Buchanan, born in Humansville, Missouri, moved with his family to Oregon when he was seven. Buchanan earned a DDS degree from North Pacific College School of Dentistry, like his father before him, he was a successful dentist. He and his wife Mildred, classmates in school, were married in 1928. They had one child, a son named Buck, in 1939, they moved from Eugene, Oregon, to Altadena, California, where they moved their dental practice. He joined the Pasadena Playhouse as an actor and he appeared in his first film in 1939, at the age of 36, after which he turned his dentistry practice over to his wife. He was a member of Theta Chi Fraternity and a Freemason, with John Wayne, Move Over, Darling with Doris Day and James Garner, and Benji. In 1956, Buchanan portrayed the lead in the 39-episode syndicated Western television series, Judge Roy Bean, set in Langtry, Texas, and filmed in color in California. The series popularized Beans claim to having been The Only Law West of the Pecos, from 1960 to 1962, he appeared four times on the NBC Western series Laramie, with John Smith and Robert Fuller. Buchanan made two guest appearances on Perry Mason, in 1958 as a coroner in The Case of the Perjured Parrot. Buchanan and another star from Petticoat Junction appeared together in the movie Benji, the star was Higgins, the unnamed dog from the sitcom. Higgins had been found in a shelter and trained by Frank Inn, who also trained Arnold Ziffel and the other animals used on The Beverly Hillbillies, Petticoat Junction. Buchanan died from a stroke complicated by pneumonia in Palm Desert, California, Edgar Buchanan at the Internet Movie Database Edgar Buchanan at the TCM Movie Database Edgar Buchanan at AllMovie Edgar Buchanan at Find a Grave
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Pat Woodell
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Patricia Joy Pat Woodell was an American actress and singer, best known for her television role as Bobbie Jo Bradley from 1963 to 1965 on Petticoat Junction. Woodell was born July 12,1944, in Winthrop, Massachusetts, initially hoping to be a singer, she made some appearances as a teenager in Catskill Mountains hotels before making her acting debut in a 1962 episode of Cheyenne, entitled The Vanishing Breed. She went on to appear on the shows Hawaiian Eye, The Gallant Men, GE True and she also appeared in the anticommunist film Red Nightmare. Woodell is best remembered for being the first Bobbie Jo Bradley and she played the book-smart character for the sitcoms first two seasons before leaving the series in the spring of 1965. In several episodes, she performed musical numbers, including one called The Ladybugs, the Ladybugs was a singing group composed of Bobbie Jo and her TV sisters Linda Kaye and Jeannine Riley, together with Sheila James. The Ladybugs also appeared on an episode of The Ed Sullivan Show during Woodells run on Petticoat Junction. After leaving Petticoat Junction, Woodell went on to have guest roles on a episode of The Hollywood Palace in 1965. She then toured as a singer, with Jack Benny, and recorded an album, in 1968, she voiced Bunny to Mel Blancs Claude in two Looney Tunes cartoons. Woodell retired from acting in 1973, after appearing on an episode of The New Perry Mason and she soon went to work for Werner Erhard, in his est seminar organization, and subsequently cofounded a consulting firm, retiring in 2013. Woodell never returned to acting, but appeared in a few documentaries about her days on Petticoat Junction, Woodell was married to actor Gary Clarke. Following their divorce, she married Vern McDade in 1978, they remained married until her death, Woodell died on September 29,2015, at her home in Fallbrook, California. She was 71 and battled cancer for more than 20 years, Pat Woodell at the Internet Movie Database Woodell singing on Petticoat Junction http, //www. glamourgirlsofthesilverscreen. com/show/594/Pat+Woodell/index. html
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Meredith MacRae
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Meredith Lynn MacRae was an American actress and singer known for her roles as Sally Morrison on My Three Sons and as Billie Jo Bradley on Petticoat Junction. MacRae was born in Houston, Texas, to parents Gordon and her father was stationed with the Army Air Corps in Houston at the time of her birth, but both her parents went on to be actors. She is the sister of William Gordon MacRae, Robert Bruce MacRae and she credited her parents with instilling a proper work ethic in her and for keeping her feet on the ground. She said, “We lived in a modest home in the San Fernando Valley instead of the fashionable Beverly Hills, mom and Dad didn’t want us to feel superior to the other kids. I had to earn the things I wanted, all the way from dolls to party gowns, by doing chores around the house and taking care of my younger sister, lots of kids in my circle automatically got a car when they were 16. Dad said he would get me a car when I got straight As two years in a row in school, I slaved away and finally made it. I got the car with the warning that if I didn’t continue with straight As, it would be taken away. ”MacRae made her appearance as Sally Ann Morrison Douglas on the ABC Fred MacMurray/William Demarest sitcom. She played the role for three seasons, before being out of the show to further explore her career. In 1966, MacRae signed a contract with CBS to play Billie Jo Bradley on the sitcom Petticoat Junction, starring Bea Benaderet as her television mother and her television sisters were Betty Jo, played by Linda Kaye, and Bobbie Jo, played by Lori Saunders. MacRae was the third actress to portray Billie Jo. Jeannine Riley played the part in the shows first two years and Gunilla Hutton in the third year, both of these actresses played the role as a typical boy-crazy dumb blonde. By MacRaes debut on the series, however, Billie Jos persona was that of a independent woman who focused more on a singing career. She remained with the sitcom until its cancellation in 1970 and her other film roles included appearances in Norwood, My Friends Need Killing, Grand Jury, Sketches of a Strangler, Earthbound, and The Census Taker. She made guest appearances on shows as The Donald OConnor Show, The Dean Martin Show. The Mike Douglas Show, The Rockford Files, Fantasy Island, Webster, CHiPS, Love American Style, MacRae was also popular in the game-show genre, appearing in numerous shows including, Funny You Should Ask, Match Game, Whats My Line. Beat the Clock, Card Sharks, and Family Feud, prior to this, she had even hosted an unsold game show pilot called $50,000 a Minute alongside Geoff Edwards in 1985. In the 1980s, she hosted Mid-Morning Los Angeles and was awarded a local Emmy for her interviewing skills, later, she created and hosted Born Famous, a PBS series on which she interviewed other children of celebrities. In 1994, she narrated the book version of columnist Deboarah Laakes book Secret Ceremonies, A Mormon Womans Intimate Diary of Marriage
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Smiley Burnette
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He was also a prolific singer-songwriter who could play as many as 100 musical instruments, some simultaneously. His career, beginning in 1934, spanned four decades, including a role on CBS-TVs Petticoat Junction in the 1960s. Lester A. Burnett was born in Summum, Illinois, on March 18,1911 and he began singing as a child and learned to play a wide variety of instruments by ear, yet never learned to read or write music. In his teens he worked in vaudeville and, starting in 1929, at the states first commercial station, WDZ-AM in Tuscola. Burnette came by his nickname while creating a character for a WDZ childrens program and he was reading Mark Twains The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County at the time, which included a character named Jim Smiley. He named the radio character Mr. Smiley and soon adopted the moniker as his own and his break came in December 1933, when he was hired by Gene Autry to play accordion on National Barn Dance on Chicagos WLS-AM, on which Autry was the major star. Burnette sang and played accordion, and the included two of his compositions. He had other parts until a secondary but more prominent role in the 1935 serial The Adventures of Rex. That same year, Levine gave Autry his first starring role in the 12-part serial The Phantom Empire, with Burnette playing Oscar, mascot was soon absorbed by Republic Pictures Corp. and Republic enjoyed enormous success with its musical western features starring Autry. In each of the films Burnette played Autrys comic sidekick, Frog Millhouse, with his trademark black hat. Their association produced 62 feature-length musical westerns, burnettes movie horse, white with a black-ringed left eye, also became famous, first as Black-eyed Nellie, then as Ring-eyed Nellie, and finally as just Ring Eye. After leaving Republic in June 1944, he became the sidekick to Charles Starrett at Columbia Pictures in the new Durango Kid series, Starrett and Burnette were paired in 56 films, from 1945 to 1952. When Starrett retired, Burnette was still under contract so Columbia teamed him with Jock Mahoney for a new series of westerns. A pilot film with Mahoney and Burnette was completed but never released, Columbia then reassigned Burnette to its Gene Autry series, Smiley Burnette wrote more than 400 songs and sang a significant number of them on screen. His Western classic, Ridin Down the Canyon, was recorded by Willie Nelson, Riders in the Sky. He also composed scores for such films as The Painted Stallion. His songs were recorded by a range of singers, including Bing Crosby, Ferlin Husky. His performance of Steamboat Bill appeared on The Billboards country chart in 1939, Burnette devised and built some of his unusual musical instruments in his home workshop
7.
Charles Lane (actor)
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Charles Lane was an American character actor whose career spanned 77 years. Lane gave his last performance at the age of 101 as a narrator in 2006, Lane appeared in many Frank Capra films, including You Cant Take It With You, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, Arsenic and Old Lace and Its a Wonderful Life. His first film of more than 250 was as a clerk in Smart Money starring Edward G. Robinson. Lane spent a time as an insurance salesman before taking to the stage at the Pasadena Playhouse. Actor/director Irving Pichel first suggested that Lane go into acting in 1929 and he became a favorite of director Frank Capra, who used him in several films. Among his many roles as a actor, Lane landed the recurring role as newspaper editor Mr. Fosdick in the Peter Lawford sitcom Dear Phoebe. In that same season, Lane played the boss of the character in June Havocs NBC sitcom Willy. He portrayed Emil Quincy in two episodes of the romantic comedy series How to Marry a Millionaire with Barbara Eden. However, he is most widely remembered for his portrayal of J. Homer Bedloe on the situation comedy Petticoat Junction. He guest starred on series as ABCs Guestward, Ho. starring Joanne Dru. He played several guest roles on I Love Lucy, including an appearance in the episode Lucy Goes To the Hospital, where he is seated in the waiting room with Ricky while Lucy gives birth to their son. He also played the role in the episode The Business Manager, the casting director in Lucy Tells The Truth. Lane appeared twice in The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour and he later had recurring roles as shopkeeper Mr. Finch on Dennis the Menace and during the first season of Balls The Lucy Show, playing banker Mr. Barnsdahl. According to The Lucy Book by Geoffrey Fidelman, Lane was let go because he had trouble reciting his lines correctly. However, Lane was in reality a placeholder for Balls original choice, Gale Gordon, in 1963, Lane appeared in the mega-comedy Its a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, playing the airport manager. His final acting role was at the age of 101 in 2006s The Night Before Christmas and his last television appearance was at the age of 90, when he appeared in the 1995 Disney TV remake of its 1970 teen comedy The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes, with Kirk Cameron. In 2005, the TV Land Awards paid tribute to Lane by celebrating his 100th birthday. Seated in a wheelchair in the audience, which had sung Happy Birthday to him, Lane was presented with his award by Haley Joel Osment and then announced If youre interested, the audience gave him a standing ovation
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Frank Cady
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Cady was born in Susanville, California, the youngest of three children of Leon and Clara Cady. In high school he worked at a newspaper, The Lassen County Advocate. Cadys family later moved to Wilsonville, Oregon and he studied journalism and drama at Stanford University, where he was involved with the campus humor magazine, the Stanford Chaparral. Following college graduation Cady served an apprenticeship at the Westminster Theater in London, England, in England he made an early television appearance on the BBC in late 1938. He returned to Stanford in 1939 for graduate studies and a position as teaching assistant, while at Stanford, Cady met and later married his wife, Shirley Katherine Jones, in 1940. Born in Oakland, California, Shirley Cady, a Stanford University graduate, had several vocations – professional singer, teacher, dissatisfied with academia, Frank began a series of jobs two years later, as an announcer and news broadcaster at various California radio stations. His career was put on hold in 1943 when he joined the United States Army Air Corps, serving in England, France and Germany during World War II. After being discharged from service in 1946, Cady appeared in a series of plays in the Los Angeles area which led to movie roles. In 1950, he had a speaking role in the classic film noir drama D. O. A. He had a part in the noir classic The Asphalt Jungle playing a witness who refused to identify a robbery suspect. He appeared in George Pals film When Worlds Collide, and worked with Pal again in 1964 in The 7 Faces of Dr. Lao, Cady had a prominent role in Billy Wilders Ace in the Hole and had a small non-speaking role in Rear Window in 1954. He played the husband of Eileen Heckart characters in two films, The Bad Seed and Zandys Bride and he appeared on the Make Room For Daddy episode that was the pilot for The Andy Griffith Show. He was cast on some programs, including Gunsmoke episode #140 on January 8,1955. In the 1950s, Cady played Doc Williams in Ozzie and Harriet, in 1961 Cady made a guest appearance on Perry Mason as twin brothers Joe and Hiram Widlock in The Case of the Pathetic Patient. As Sam Drucker, he appeared in 142 of 170 Green Acres episodes during its run from 1965–71. He played Sam in 10 episodes of The Beverly Hillbillies in 1968–70 and his final acting role was in the television movie Return to Green Acres. In a 1995 interview with the Portland Oregonian Cady spoke of his television career, im remembered for those shows and not for some pretty good acting jobs I did other times. I suppose I ought to be grateful for that, because otherwise I wouldnt be remembered at all, ive got to be one of the luckiest guys in the world
9.
June Lockhart
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June Lockhart is an American actress, primarily in 1950s and 1960s television, also with performances on stage and in film. She played the mother in two TV series, Lassie and Lost in Space and she also portrayed Dr. Janet Craig on the CBS television sitcom Petticoat Junction. She is a two-time Emmy Award nominee and a Tony Award winner and her grandfather was John Coates Lockhart, a concert-singer. She attended the Westlake School for Girls in Beverly Hills, California, Lockhart made her film debut opposite her parents in a film version of A Christmas Carol, in 1938. She also played supporting parts in films including Meet Me in St. Louis, Sergeant York, All This, Lockhart played the title role in She-Wolf of London. Lockhart debuted on stage at the age of eight, playing Mimsey in Peter Ibbetson, in 1947, her acting in For Love or Money brought her out of her parents shadow and gained her notice as a promising movie actress in her own right. One newspaper article began, June Lockhart has burst on Broadway with the suddenness of an unpredicted comet, in 1951, Lockhart starred in Lawrence Rileys biographical play Kin Hubbard opposite Tom Ewell. In 1955, Lockhart appeared in an episode of CBSs Appointment with Adventure, about this time, she also made several appearances on NBCs legal drama Justice, based on case files of the Legal Aid Society of New York. In the late 1950s, Lockhart guest-starred in several popular television Westerns including, Wagon Train and Cimarron City on NBC and Gunsmoke, Have Gun – Will Travel, and Rawhide on CBS. Lockhart is best known for her roles as TV mothers, first as Ruth Martin, the wife of Paul Martin, and she replaced actress Cloris Leachman, who, in turn, had replaced Jan Clayton - who had played a similar character earlier in the series. Following her five-year run on Lassie Lockhart made a guest appearance on Perry Mason as defendant Mona Stanton Harvey in The Case of the Scandalous Sculptor. Lockhart then starred as Dr. Maureen Robinson in Lost in Space, in 1965, Lockhart played librarian Ina Coolbrith, first poet laureate of California, in the episode Magic Locket of the syndicated western series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Ronald W. Reagan. In the storyline, Coolbrith develops a friendship with the teenaged Dorita Duncan. The two have identical portions of a broken locket, sean McClory played the poet Joaquin Miller, author of Songs of the Sierras. Lockhart would then appear as Dr, in 1986, she appeared in the fantasy film, Troll. The younger version of her character in film was played by her daughter. They had previously played the woman at two different ages in the Lest We Forget episode of the television series Magnum, P. I. In 1991, Lockhart appeared as Miss Wiltrout, Michelle Tanners kindergarten teacher on the TV sitcom Full House and she also had a cameo in the 1998 film Lost in Space, based on the television series she had starred in thirty years earlier
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Roy Roberts
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Roy Roberts was an American character actor. Over his more than 40-year career, he appeared in more than nine hundred productions on stage, after appearing on Gale Storms My Little Margie in 1956, he became part of several television series for which he is best remembered. In a show that was the precursor to The Love Boat, Roberts played the captain for four years in Storms next hit. Susanna, which aired on CBS from 1956 to 1960, Roberts appeared on four episodes of the CBS legal drama, Perry Mason, including the role of murderer Arthur Janeel in the 1961 episode, The Case of the Malicious Mariner. Also well known performance was as publisher Jackson in The Andy Griffith Show who tried to get Andy removed from office, banker Harry Bodkin on CBSs Gunsmoke Dr. Capt. Walter A. In 1953 he appeared as Vincent Prices crooked business partner in House of Wax, in 1956 he was Colonel Sam Sherman in The First Texan. He also appeared in the neo-noirs The Outfit and Chinatown and he also had a small role in the hit 1963 Stanley Kramer comedy, Its a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World as a police officer. Unfortunately, his role was cut from later television and movie versions to reduce running time, however, because of an interest in restoring IAMMMMW to its original length, Roberts brief role has seen life again in versions made for laserdisc and extended-length DVDs. Roberts appeared in an episode of the situation comedy A Touch of Grace in 1973 and his last television appearance was on the 21 January 1974 CBS broadcast of Heres Lucy. In that installment, Lucy Is N. G, Roberts died in Los Angeles, California, of a heart attack on 28 May 1975 and was interred at Greenwood Memorial Park in Fort Worth, Texas
11.
Higgins (dog)
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Higgins was one of the best-known dog actors of the 1960s and 1970s. Most people remember him as the original Benji or as the dog from Petticoat Junction. Animal trainer Frank Inn found the famous canine at the Burbank Animal Shelter as a puppy, a fluffy black-and-tan mixed breed dog, he was marked like a Border Terrier, and Inn believed him to be a mix of Miniature Poodle, Cocker Spaniel, and Schnauzer. Higgins career was facilitated by Frank Inn, who also trained Arnold Ziffel and all of the animals used on The Beverly Hillbillies, Petticoat Junction, Green Acres. His on-set assistant trainers included Gerry Warshauer and Karl Miller and he guest-appeared on the television sitcom Green Acres with Eva Gabor in 1965 and also made a guest appearance on the television sitcom The Beverly Hillbillies. He won a Patsy Award in 1967, and he was cover-featured on an issue of TV Guide magazine, Higgins was able to convey a broad range of emotions through his facial expressions. Higginss tricks included yawning and sneezing on cue, in 1971, Higgins starred in the film Mooch Goes to Hollywood with Zsa Zsa Gabor and Vincent Price. He came out of retirement at an age of 14 to star in the 1974 feature film Benji. Higgins had a rapport with the actor Edgar Buchanan, who played Uncle Joe Carson on Petticoat Junction. In the official cast pictures taken each year during the run of Petticoat Junction, Buchanan guest-starred on 17 episodes of the sitcom Green Acres, and Higgins guest-starred in two of those appearances. Buchanan and Higgins crossed paths for the last time in Benji, Frank Inn and Higgins were very close in real life as well as on the job. Inn wrote a poem about the dog called My Little Brown Dog, Benjean, who was also trained by Frank Inn, starred in more Benji movies than Higgins did because she was younger when she first took on the role. In addition, Higgins’ bark was a deep, froggy sound, while Benjean had a higher-pitched and this is readily apparent when comparing Benji and For the Love of Benji. Confusion between the two dogs was increased when VHS and DVD videos of the original Benji movie were released with pictures of Benjean on the cover, also, the dog Tramp from the TV series My Three Sons was one of Higgins puppies, his real-life name was Mac. Higgins died at age 17, just four short of his 18th birthday. Inn had the body cremated and saved the ashes in an urn on his mantelpiece. He then wrote a Christian poem in memory of Higgins called My Gift to Jesus, Inn died in 2002, and according to his request, Higginss ashes were buried in his coffin with him
12.
Single-camera setup
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The single-camera setup, or single-camera mode of production, also known as Portable Single Camera, is a method of filmmaking and video production. In this setup, each of the shots and camera angles is taken using the same camera. Choices can then be made during the editing process for when in the scene to use each shot. This also then allows parts of the scene to be removed if it is felt that the scene is too long, in practice, sometimes two cameras shooting from the same angle are used, one to capture a medium shot, the other a close-up during the same take. Unlike film producers, who almost always opt for single-camera shooting, single-camera is mostly reserved for prime-time dramas, made-for-TV movies, music videos and commercial advertisements. Soap operas, talk shows, game shows, most reality television series, Multiple-camera shooting is the only way that an ensemble of actors presenting a single performance before a live audience can be recorded from multiple perspectives. Also for standard, dialogue-driven domestic situation comedies, the multi-camera technique, situation comedies may potentially be shot in either multiple- or single-camera modes. Several comedy series of the era also use of feature film techniques. These effects were created using editing and optical printing techniques, in the case of Get Smart, the single-camera technique also allowed the series to present fast-paced and tightly-edited fight and action sequences reminiscent of the spy dramas that it parodied. Single-camera comedies were also prevalent into the early 1970s, with its large cast, varied locations, and seriocomic tone, the TV series M*A*S*H was shot using single-camera style. Happy Days began in 1974 as a series, before switching to the multi-camera setup in its second season. Unlike single-camera sitcoms of the past, nearly all contemporary comedies shot in this manner are produced without a laugh track, list of single-camera sitcoms Multiple-camera setup Tapeless camcorder
13.
Filmways
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Filmways, Inc. was a television and film production company founded by American film executive Martin Ransohoff, and Edwin Kasper in 1952. The police drama Cagney & Lacey, and The Addams Family, Filmways acquired famous companies throughout the years, such as Heatter-Quigley Productions, Ruby-Spears Productions and American International Pictures. It was also the owner of the film distributor Sigma III Corporation, Wally Heider Recording, Filmways was formed by Martin Ransohoff and Edwin Kasper in 1952, who would part with Filmways 5 years later. In 1966, The company acquired Heatter-Quigley Productions, the show producers known for their biggest hit. In 1969, it bought Sears Point Raceway in Sonoma County, California, and Wally Heider Recording with studios in Hollywood and San Francisco, Studio 3 Inc in Hollywood In 1972, Ransohoff left Filmways as president. In 1974, it acquired book publisher Grosset & Dunlap from American Financial Group, in May 1975, it bought television syndication firm Rhodes Productions from Taft Broadcasting. In 1978, it acquired Ruby-Spears Productions, which had launched a year earlier, in 1979, after Arkoffs retirement, Filmways purchased American International Pictures. Their TV subsidiary, AITV, became Filmways new syndication division in 1980, Filmways had lost nearly $20 million during the nine months ending in November 1981. However, it exited bankruptcy by selling few of its previously acquired assets. In 1981, Ruby-Spears Productions was sold to Taft Broadcasting and Sears Point Raceway was sold to Speedway Motorsports, in 1982, Grosset & Dunlap was sold to G. P. Putnams Sons. In 1982, Filmways was acquired by Orion Pictures, Filmways was then renamed as Orion TV Productions, Inc. on August 31,1982. Most productions ended with the announcement, “This has been a Filmways presentation”. ”The Beverly Hillbillies, following a few episodes, the voice of Jethro, Max Baer, Jr. can be heard saying, Aww, shuddup, Elly May, following her announcement. Seasons 1-3, however, feature Bill Baldwin, the announcer for the shows sponsors, later seasons feature Mister Ed saying it after Keatings death in 1963. The Addams Family, The logo was silent, but in some episodes the phrase was said in a baritone voice by Ted Cassidy. Other times, Carolyn Jones said the phrase and added darling at the end, CBS holds distribution rights to The Beverly Hillbillies and Petticoat Junction. Viacom syndicated these two programs since the 1970s, however, any new compilation of Hillbillies material will be copyrighted by either MPI Media Group or CBS, depending on the series content. Filmways co-produced Eye Guess, The Face Is Familiar, Personality and those four game shows are currently owned by Sony Pictures Television. SPT co-distributed the MGM library for a short time, were retained by Filmways and are now owned by MGM
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CBS Corporation
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CBS Corporation is an American mass media corporation focused on commercial broadcasting, publishing, and television production, with most of its operations in the United States. The president, chief executive and executive chairman of the company is Leslie Moonves, sumner Redstone, owner of National Amusements, is CBSs majority shareholder and serves as chairman emeritus. The company began trading on the NYSE on January 3,2006, until then, the corporation was known as Viacom, and is the legal successor to said company. A new company, keeping the Viacom name, was spun off from CBS, CBS has its headquarters in the CBS Building, Midtown, Manhattan, New York City, United States. Viacom was created in 1971 as the television division of CBS. However, in 1999, Viacom acquired its parent, by this time also named CBS Corporation. In March 2005, Viacom announced plans of looking into splitting the company into two publicly traded companies, amid issues of the stock price stagnating, on June 14,2005, the Viacom board of directors approved the split of the company into two firms. The split was structured such that the new Viacom was spun off from the old Viacom, in a sense, this was a repeat of the 1971 spinoff. However, in case, CBS retained virtually all of the prior firms broadcast TV assets. With the split, the two new companies began trading on the NYSE on January 3,2006, investors anticipated Viacom benefiting from the split, but instead, it dropped approximately 20 percent, while CBS rose 9 percent. Announced in January 2006, CBS and DIC Entertainment signed a deal in which DIC bought the Saturday morning airtime as CBSs Saturday Morning Secret Slumber Party. In June 2006, DiC added a production partner AOLs KOL, thus block would be called KOLs Saturday Morning Secret Slumber Party on CBS. On January 24,2006, CBS Corporation, and Warner Bros. announced that they were to create a new broadcast network, the network officially debuted on September 18,2006. The network formally debuted on September 20 with the 2 hour premiere of Americas Next Top Model, the network is the result of a merger of The WB and UPN. CBS Corporation and Time Warner each own 50% of the network, tribune Broadcasting and CBS Corporation will contribute its stations as new network affiliates. Three days after the announcement of The CW, on January 27, on May 23,2006, CBS Corp. sold Paramount Parks to the Cedar Fair Entertainment Company. With this acquisition, Cedar Fair became the third-largest theme park operator, on June 30,2006, Cedar Fair announced that it has completed its acquisition of Paramount Parks from CBS Corporation in a cash transaction valued at US$1.24 billion. The transaction included a 10-year license that allowed Cedar Fair to use the Paramount name in the parks through the 2017 season
15.
Viacom (original)
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Viacom Inc. was an American media conglomerate. They also distributed syndicated shows which originated during the 1980s, with the biggest examples being The Cosby Show, on December 31,2005, the original incarnation of Viacom split into two new companies, resulting in the creation of CBS Corporation and the current incarnation of Viacom. The original Viacom began as CBS Films, Inc. the television division of CBS established in 1952. The division was spun off and renamed Viacom in 1970, amid new FCC rules forbidding television networks from owning syndication companies. Viacoms first non-programming acquisition came in 1978 when the company purchased the Sonderling Broadcasting chain, giving it radio stations in New York City, Washington, houston, and San Francisco, and one television station, WAST in Albany, New York. Later that year, Viacom added WHNB-TV in New Britain, Connecticut, in 1985, Viacom bought Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, which owned MTV and Nickelodeon, renaming the company MTV Networks. Viacom also received Warner-Amexs share of Viacom/WASEC joint venture Showtime Networks, Inc and this led to Viacom becoming a mass media company rather than simply a distribution company. In 1986, movie theater owner National Amusements bought controlling interest in Viacom, the acquisition of Paramount Communications in July 1994 made Viacom one of the worlds largest entertainment companies. In 1999, Viacom made its biggest acquisition to date by announcing plans to merge with its former parent CBS Corporation. The merger was approved in 2000, bringing cable channels TNN and Country Music Television under Viacoms wing, as well as CBSs production units and TV syndicaters Eyemark Entertainment and King World. CBSs production unit and King World operated under their own names, however, TNN, in 2001, Viacom completed its purchase of Black Entertainment Television. As with TNN/Spike TV and CMT, it was integrated into MTV Networks. As a result, BET was eventually de-integrated from MTV Networks, in 2002, Viacom bought independently run music channel TMF, which at the time was broadcasting in Belgium and the Netherlands. In June 2004, Viacom bought VIVA Media AG, the German equivalent to MTV, the same month, plans were announced to dispose of Viacoms interest in Blockbuster later that year by means of an exchange offer. Also in 2002, Viacom acquired the shares of Infinity Broadcasting radio chain. And in April 2003, Viacom acquired the ownership shares of Comedy Central from Time Warner. From the mid-1980s until 1995, Viacom operated several cable television systems generally located in the Dayton, San Francisco, several of these were in former CBS antenna television areas. The systems were known as Viacom Cablevision until the early 1990s, by 1995, Viacom Cable had about 1.1 million subscribers
16.
Paramount Domestic Television
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Paramount Domestic Television is the television distribution arm of American television production company Paramount Television, once the TV arm of Paramount Pictures. It was formed in 1982 originally as Paramount Domestic Television and Video Programming, the successor to Paramount Television Domestic Distribution, Paramount Television Sales, initially, it distributed the back library of Paramount Television and the post-1960 shows by Desilu, and several first-run syndicated shows. Originally, the company was owned by Gulf+Western, which was reincorporated as Paramount Communications in 1989, after that company was sold to Viacom in 1994, it absorbed the distribution functions of Viacom Enterprises the next year. Viacom had distributed the classic CBS library which included the pre-1960 Desilu library, alongside series from Viacom Productions, PDT also gained syndication rights to series from MTV Networks with the Viacom merger, though these have rarely been seen in syndication. MCA Television and Paramount Domestic Television had formed Premier Advertiser Sales, as a possible outgrowth of this sales joint venture, MCA and Paramount began plans for a new network, Premier Program Service. In 1999, Viacom acquired several other TV production firms such as Spelling Entertainment Group, as a result, the size of Paramounts TV library more than tripled, giving PDT a slew of new series to distribute. After Viacom split into two companies – one called Viacom and the other CBS Corporation – Paramounts TV operations became part of the latter company, as a result, Paramount Domestic Television became CBS Paramount Domestic Television. That was in turn merged with King World Productions in 2007 to become CBS Television Distribution, however, some former Paramount programs, such as Entertainment Tonight, then moved from being produced at the Paramount lot to CBS facilities. Currently, syndication rights to Paramounts theatrical film library lie with Trifecta Entertainment & Media, america The Party Machine The Montel Williams Show The Maury Povich Show Leeza The Jon Stewart Show The Howie Mandel Show Rendez-View The Arsenio Hall Show Dr
17.
CBS Television Distribution
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The current president is Paul Franklin. CBS also handles the TV rights to much of its own theatrical films, the company formerly distributed the film libraries from Paramount Pictures and Republic Pictures, among others. The company is responsible for international television distribution rights to series by Rysher Entertainment including certain HBO series through its CBS Studios International division. These distribution rights are now held by NBCUniversal Television Distribution and Trifecta Entertainment & Media, until May 2009, CTD distributed the Paramount Pictures library on television. By then, CBS also dropped the name Paramount from television for good, Paramount has also joined up with Trifecta. The current moniker for CTDs overseas distribution arm is CBS Studios International and its predecessors were CBS Broadcast International and CBS Paramount International Television. In 2012, CBS Television Distribution ceased to be an entity, becoming a division of CBS Studios
18.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
19.
Black and white
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Black and white, often abbreviated B/W or B&W, and hyphenated black-and-white when used as an adjective, is any of several monochrome forms in visual arts. Black-and-white images are not usually starkly contrasted black and white and they combine black and white in a continuum producing a range of shades of gray. Even when most studios had the capability to make color films they were not heavily utilized as using the Technicolor process was expensive, for the years 1940–1966, a separate Academy Award for Best Art Direction was given for black-and-white movies along with one for color. Television, Television program was first transmitted in black-and-white, scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the worlds first color television transmission on July 3,1928 using a mechanical process. Some color broadcasts in the US began in the 1950s, with color becoming common in industrialized nations during the late 1960s. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission settled on a color NTSC standard in 1953, color television became more widespread in the U. S. between 1963 and 1967, when the CBS and ABC networks joined NBC in broadcasting full color schedules. Canada began airing color television in 1966 while the United Kingdom began to use a different color system from July 1967 known as PAL. The Republic Of Ireland followed in 1970, in China, black and white television sets were the norm until as late as the 1990s, color TVs not outselling them until about 1989. While seldom used now, many consumer camcorders have the ability to record in black-and-white. Photography, Photographs were either black-and-white or shades of sepia, color photography was originally rare and expensive and again often containing inaccurate hues. Color photography became more common from the mid-20th century, Today, black-and-white is a niche market for photographers who use the medium for artistic purposes. This can take the form of film or digital conversion to grayscale. For amateur use certain companies such as Kodak manufactured black-and-white disposable cameras until 2009, also, certain films are produced today which give black-and-white images using the ubiquitous C41 color process. Printing press, Most American newspapers were black-and-white until the early 1980s, The New York Times, some claim that USA Today was the major impetus for the change to color. In the UK, color was only introduced from the mid-1980s. Even today, many newspapers restrict color photographs to the front, similarly, daily comic strips in newspapers were traditionally black-and-white with color reserved for Sunday strips. Sometimes color is reserved for the cover, magazines such as Jet magazine were either all or mostly black-and-white until the end of the 2000s when it became all-color. Manga are typically published in black-and-white although now it is part of its image, many school yearbooks are still entirely or mostly in black-and-white
20.
Technicolor
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Technicolor is the name applied to a series of color motion picture processes, the first version dating from 1916, and followed by improved versions over several decades. It was the major color process, after Britains Kinemacolor. As the technology matured it was used for less spectacular dramas. Occasionally, even a film noir—such as Leave Her to Heaven or Niagara —was filmed in Technicolor, Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color motion picture processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation, now a division of the French company Technicolor SA. The Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation was founded in Boston in 1914 by Herbert Kalmus, Daniel Frost Comstock, the Tech in the companys name was inspired by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where both Kalmus and Comstock received their undergraduate degrees and were later instructors. Technicolor, Inc. was chartered in Delaware in 1921, most of Technicolors early patents were taken out by Comstock and Wescott, while Kalmus served primarily as the companys president and chief executive officer. The term Technicolor historically has been used to describe at least five concepts, Technicolor, Technicolor process or format, several custom image origination systems used in film production, culminating in the three-strip process in 1932. Technicolor IB printing, a process for making color motion picture prints that allows the use of dyes which are more stable, originally used for printing from color separation negatives photographed on black-and-white film in a special Technicolor camera. This meaning of the name applies to nearly all Wikipedia articles about films made from 1954 onward in which Technicolor is named in the credits, Technicolor originally existed in a two-color system. Because two frames were being exposed at the time, the film had to be photographed and projected at twice the normal speed. Exhibition required a special projector with two apertures, two lenses, and a prism that aligned the two images on the screen. The results were first demonstrated to members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers in New York on February 21,1917, the near-constant need for a technician to adjust the projection alignment doomed this additive color process. Only a few frames of The Gulf Between, showing star Grace Darmond, are known to exist today, convinced that there was no future in additive color processes, Comstock, Wescott, and Kalmus focused their attention on subtractive color processes. This culminated in what would eventually be known as Process 2, the difference was that the two-component negative was now used to produce a subtractive color print. Because the colors were present in the print, no special projection equipment was required. The frames exposed behind the filter were printed on one strip of black-and-white film. After development, each print was toned to a color nearly complementary to that of the filter, orange-red for the green-filtered images, the two prints, made on film stock half the thickness of regular film, were then cemented together back to back to create a projection print. The Toll of the Sea, which debuted on November 26,1922, the second all-color feature in Process 2 Technicolor, Wanderer of the Wasteland, was released in 1924
21.
The Beverly Hillbillies
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The Beverly Hillbillies is an American sitcom originally broadcast on CBS for nine seasons, from September 26,1962, to March 23,1971. The show was produced by Filmways and was created by writer Paul Henning and it was followed by two other Henning-inspired country-cousin series on CBS, Petticoat Junction, and its spin-off Green Acres, which reversed the rags-to-riches model of The Beverly Hillbillies. It accumulated seven Emmy nominations during its run, the series remains in syndication on MeTV, and its ongoing popularity spawned a 1993 film remake by 20th Century Fox. In 1997, the season 3 episode Hedda Hoppers Hollywood was ranked number 62 on TV Guides 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time, the Beverly Hillbillies is the first in the fish out of water genre of television shows. The series starts as Jed Clampett, a mountaineer, is living alongside an oil-rich swamp with his daughter. A surveyor for the OK Oil Company realizes the size of the oil field, patriarch Jeds cousin Pearl prods him to move to California after being told his modest property could yield $25 million. His family moves into a mansion in wealthy Beverly Hills, California and they bring a moral, unsophisticated, and minimalistic lifestyle to the swanky, sometimes self-obsessed and superficial community. Double entendres and cultural misconceptions are the core of the sitcoms humor, plots often involve the outlandish efforts Drysdale makes to keep the Clampetts in Beverly Hills and their money in his bank. The familys periodic attempts to return to the mountains are often prompted by Grannys perceiving a slight from one of the city folk, the state in which Ozarks, the location from which the Clampetts move to California, is located is never revealed. Jed is the son of Luke Clampett and his wife, and has a sister called Myrtle, a principal character of the show, Jed is a good-natured man, he is the apparent head of the family. Jeds wife died, but is referred to in the episode Duke Steals A Wife as Rose Ellen, Jed is shown to be an expert marksman and is extremely loyal to his family and kinfolk. The huge oil pool in the swamp he owned was the beginning of his rags-to-riches journey to Beverly Hills, although he longs for the old ways back in the hills, he makes the best of being in Beverly Hills. Whenever he has anything on his mind, he sits on the curbstone of his mansion, Jed was one of the three characters to appear in all 274 episodes of the series. Daisy May Moses, called Granny by all is Jeds shotgun-toting mother-in-law, Granny can be aggressive, but is often overruled by Jed. She is a Confederate to the core, defending President Jefferson Davis, the Stars and Bars, short-fused and easily angered, Granny fancies herself a dunked Christian with forgiveness in her heart. She abhors revenuers and blue-coat Yankees, a self-styled M. D. — mountain doctor — she claims to have an edge over expensive know-nothing city physicians. In lieu of anesthesia, Granny uses her white lightning brew before commencing on painful treatments such as bleeding and yanking teeth with pliers. Short and scrappy, Granny often wields a double-barreled, 12-gauge shotgun and she fires it once at the front lawn when Jed is witching for water and several times on the skeet-shooting range
22.
Green Acres
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Green Acres is an American sitcom starring Eddie Albert and Eva Gabor as a couple who move from New York City to a country farm. Produced by Filmways as a show to Petticoat Junction, the series was first broadcast on CBS, from September 15,1965. Receiving solid ratings during its run, Green Acres was cancelled in 1971 as part of the rural purge by CBS. The sitcom has been in syndication and is available in DVD, in 1997 the two-part episode A Star Named Arnold is Born was ranked #59 on TV Guides 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time. Following the success of The Beverly Hillbillies and Petticoat Junction, CBS offered producer Paul Henning another half-hour on the schedule—with no pilot required, Henning encouraged colleague Jay Sommers to create a series for the time slot. Sommers created the show based on his 1950 radio series, Granbys Green Acres, the radio series, which lasted 13 episodes, had starred Gale Gordon and Bea Benaderet as a big-city family who moved to the country. In pre-production, proposed titles were Country Cousins and The Eddie Albert Show, the theme tune, as with those of the shows rural cousins, explains the basic premise of the show. At the end of the sequence, Albert and Gabor strike a pose in parody of Grant Woods 1930 painting American Gothic. The debut episode is a mockumentary about their decision to move to a rural area, after the first episodes, the series developed an absurdist world. Though many episodes were still standard 1960s sitcom fare, the show notable for its surrealism. Characters frequently broke the wall to address the audience. The show appealed to children through its slapstick, silliness and shtick, the show is set in the same universe as Hennings other rural television comedy, Petticoat Junction, featuring such picturesque towns as Hooterville, Pixley, Crabwell Corners and Stankwell Falls. At times it shares some of the characters from Petticoat Junction, including Joe Carson, Fred and Doris Ziffel, Sam Drucker, Newt Kiley. Much of the humor derives from the Quixotic yet short-fused Oliver, there seems to be a dual perspective of reality, Oliver versus everyone else. The latter encompasses the Hootervillians, Olivers high-maintenance wife Lisa and his affluent mother, the contrast of Oliver versus the townsfolk is further emphasized by the brand-new Lincoln Continental convertible that he drives, in contrast to the ancient, derelict truck driven by Mr. Haney. Lisas skewed world view and domestic ignorance provides fertile ground for recurring gags, much of her early life was lived in Hungary, where she grew up pampered in a wealthy family, which explains her lack of education and her ignorance of normal household chores and everyday living. Oliver and she are both veterans of WWII, Oliver as a USAAF flier and Lisa as a member of the Hungarian underground and her waterless coffee oozes from the pot in a thick, tar-like sludge. Her hotcakes are inedible, so tough that Oliver makes head gaskets for his truck, in one episode, hotcake batter is used as fireplace mortar, in another, hotcakes are used to reshingle a roof
23.
Sitcom
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A situation comedy, or sitcom, is a genre of comedy centered on a fixed set of characters who carry over from episode to episode. Sitcoms can be contrasted with sketch comedy, where a troupe may use new characters in each sketch, and stand-up comedy, Sitcoms originated in radio, but today are found mostly on television as one of its dominant narrative forms. This form can also include mockumentaries, a situation comedy television program may be recorded in front of a studio audience, depending on the programs production format. The effect of a studio audience can be imitated or enhanced by the use of a laugh track. The terms situational comedy or sitcom werent commonly used until the 1950s, there were prior examples on radio, but the first television sitcom is said to be Pinwrights Progress, ten episodes being broadcast on the BBC in the United Kingdom between 1946 and 1947. There have been few long-running Australian-made sitcoms, but many U. S. UK sitcoms are a staple of government broadcaster Australian Broadcasting Corporation, in the 1970s and 1980s many UK sitcoms also screened on the Seven Network. By 1986, UK comedies Bless This House and Are You Being Served, had been repeated by ABC Television several times, and were then acquired and screened by the Seven Network, in prime time. In 1981, Daily at Dawn was the first Australian comedy series to feature a gay character. In 1987, Mother and Son was winner of the Television Drama Award presented by the Australian Human Rights Commission, in 2013, Please Like Me was praised by the critics, receiving an invitation to screen at the Series Mania Television Festival in Paris. And has garnered three awards and numerous nominations, nominated to the 2012 Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards for Best Television Comedy Series. Conversely, however, Canadian television has had greater success with sketch comedy and dramedy series. The popular show King of Kensington, aired from 1975 to 1980, corner Gas, which ran for six seasons from 2004 to 2009, became an instant hit, averaging a million viewers per episode. It has been the recipient of six Gemini Awards, and has been nominated almost 70 times for various awards, other noteworthy recent sitcoms have included Call Me Fitz and Schitts Creek, Letterkenny and Kims Convenience. Sitcoms started appearing on Indian television in the 1980s, with serials like Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi, since it ceased production in 1992, the show has earned an estimated billion in syndication fees alone for Televisa. Gliding On, a popular sit-com in New Zealand in the early 1980s, won awards over the course of its run, including Best Comedy, Best Drama. The first Russian sitcom series was Strawberry, which was aired in 1996-1997 on the RTR channel, however, the boom of Russian sitcoms began only in the 2000s - when in 2004 the STS started very successful sitcom My Fair Nanny. Since that time sitcoms in Russia were produced by the two largest entertainment channels of the country - STS and TNT, in 2007 the STS released the first original domestic sitcom - Daddys Daughters, and in 2010 TNT released Interns - the first sitcom, filmed as a comedy. Most American sitcoms generally include episodes of 20 to 30 minutes in length, some popular British shows have been successfully adapted for the U. S
24.
Petticoat Junction
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Petticoat Junction is an American situation comedy that originally aired on CBS from September 1963 to April 1970. The series takes place at the Shady Rest Hotel, which is run by Kate Bradley, her Uncle Joe Carson, the series is one of three interrelated shows about rural characters produced by Paul Henning. Petticoat Junction was created upon the success of Hennings previous rural/urban-themed sitcom The Beverly Hillbillies, the success of Petticoat Junction led to a spin-off, Green Acres. Petticoat Junction was produced by Wayfilms, the show follows the goings-on at the rural Shady Rest Hotel. Widow Kate Bradley is the proprietor, Uncle Joe frequently comes up with half-baked get-rich-quick schemes and ill-conceived hotel promotions. Much of the show focuses on the Hooterville Cannonball, an 1890s steam-driven train run more like a taxi service by engineer Charley Pratt. It was not uncommon for the Cannonball to make a stop for passengers to go fishing, or to pick fruit for Kate Bradleys apple butter. The Hooterville spur line had been cut off from the rest of the railroad 20 years before the start of the show by the failure of a trestle, charlie and Floyd are retired employees of the railroad receiving pensions. Many plots involve railroad executive Homer Bedloes futile attempts to shut down, occasionally, youngest daughter Betty Jo can be found with her hand on the Cannonballs throttle, as running the train is one of her favorite pastimes. The series pilot introduced a feminist element whereby Betty Jo turned out to be skilled at driving the train, train engineer was traditionally a mans job, & F. W. Railroads headquarters are shocked when they learn of this. Trips on the Cannonball usually include a stop in Hooterville at Druckers Store, Druckers is the local hub, where menfolk come to play checkers and chat. Sam Drucker is the postmaster, and his telephone is a lifeline for the Bradleys, Uncle Joe, the Shady Rest Hotel is located at a water stop along an isolated branch line of the C. & F. W. Railroad, halfway between the farm community of Hooterville and the small town of Pixley, each about 25 miles away. Kate Bradley says her grandfather built the hotel there because that was where the fell off the train. The town of Pixley, at one end of the Cannonballs route, was named for Pixley, a number of location shots were filmed in the real Pixley. The exact location of Hooterville is never mentioned on Petticoat Junction or Green Acres and it is likely in the Ozark Mountains, one of the proposed titles for the show was Ozark Widow. The Shady Rest is an hotel, accessible only by train. Kate Bradley cooks sumptuous meals on a stove, and her specialty is chicken n dumplings
25.
Taxicab
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A taxicab, also known as a taxi or a cab, is a type of vehicle for hire with a driver, used by a single passenger or small group of passengers, often for a non-shared ride. A taxicab conveys passengers between locations of their choice, Taxicab is a compound word formed from contractions of taximeter and cabriolet. Taximeter is an adaptation of the German word taxameter, which was itself a variant of the earlier German word, taxe is a German word meaning tax, charge, or scale of charges. The Medieval Latin word, taxa, also means tax or charge, meter is from the Greek metron meaning measure. A cabriolet is a type of carriage, from the French word cabrioler, from Italian capriolare. Both instituted fast and reliable postal services across Europe, the taxicabs of Paris were equipped with the first meters beginning on March 9,1898. They were originally called taxamètres, then renamed taximètres on October 17,1904, horse-drawn for-hire hackney carriage services began operating in both Paris and London in the early 17th century. The first documented public hackney coach service for hire was in London in 1605, in 1625 carriages were made available for hire from innkeepers in London and the first taxi rank appeared on the Strand outside the Maypole Inn in 1636. In 1635 the Hackney Carriage Act was passed by Parliament to legalise horse-drawn carriages for hire, coaches were hired out by innkeepers to merchants and visitors. A further Ordinance for the Regulation of Hackney-Coachmen in London and the places adjacent was approved by Parliament in 1654, a similar service was started by Nicolas Sauvage in Paris in 1637. His vehicles were known as fiacres, as the vehicle depot apparently was opposite a shrine to Saint Fiacre. The hansom cab was designed and patented in 1834 by Joseph Hansom, Hansoms original design was modified by John Chapman and several others to improve its practicability, but retained Hansoms name. These soon replaced the hackney carriage as a vehicle for hire and they quickly spread to other cities in the United Kingdom, as well as continental European cities, particularly Paris, Berlin, and St Petersburg. The cab was introduced to other British Empire cities and to the United States during the late 19th century, being most commonly used in New York City. The first cab service in Toronto, The City, was established in 1837 by Thornton Blackburn, Electric battery-powered taxis became available at the end of the 19th century. Bersey designed a fleet of cabs and introduced them to the streets of London on 19 August 1897. They were soon nicknamed Hummingbirds’ due to the idiosyncratic humming noise they made, in the same year in New York City, the Samuels Electric Carriage and Wagon Company began running 12 electric hansom cabs. The company ran until 1898 with up to 62 cabs operating until it was reformed by its financiers to form the Electric Vehicle Company, the modern taximeter was invented and perfected by a trio of German inventors, Wilhelm Friedrich Nedler, Ferdinand Dencker and Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn
26.
Railroad engineer
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An engineer, engine driver, train driver, train operator, is a person who operates a train. The driver is in charge of, and responsible for driving the engine, as well as the operation of the train, train speed. The use of the engineer to describe this occupation in North America should not be confused with the usual meanings of engineer. For many American railroads, the following career progression is typical, assistant conductor, conductor, in the US, drivers are required to be certified and re-certified every two to three years. In American English a hostler moves engines around train yards, in India, a driver starts as a diesel assistant or electrical assistant. They then get promoted on a scale, goods, passenger, Mail/Express, in New Zealand, the United States and Canada, train drivers are historically known as locomotive engineers, or handelers. In the United Kingdom, South Africa, and Australia they are known as drivers, engine drivers, locomotive drivers. Ben Chifley, former Prime Minister of Australia Casey Jones, American engineer whose wreck on the Illinois Central Railroad on April 30,1900 was immortalized in verse, fireman Motorman Stormy Kromer cap Huibregtse, Jon R. American Railroad Labor and the Genesis of the New Deal, 1919-1935 Licht, working for the Railroad, the organization of work in the nineteenth century Orr, John W. Set Up Running, The Life of a Pennsylvania Railroad Engineman, 1904-1949 Tuck, Joseph Hugh. Media related to Locomotive drivers at Wikimedia Commons A detailed explanation of what train driving involves, link to a site that offers an engineer experience program at a museum in California
27.
Firefighter
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In some areas, they are also trained in Emergency Medical Services and operate ambulances in addition to being a firefighter. The fire service, or fire and rescue service, also known in countries as the fire brigade or fire department, is one of the three main emergency services. Firefighting and firefighters have become ubiquitous around the world, from wildlands to urban areas, according to Merriam-Websters Dictionary, the English word firefighter has been used since 1903. In urban areas across the world the population is protected by paid full time firefighters. The goals of firefighting are, As such, the skills required for operations are regularly practiced during training evaluations throughout a firefighters career. In the United States, the preeminent fire training and standards organization is the National Fire Protection Association, often initial firefighting skills are taught during a local, regional, or state approved fire academy. Depending on the requirements of a department, additional skills and certifications such as technical rescue, Firefighters work closely with other emergency response agencies, most particularly local and state police departments. The increasing role of firefighters in providing medical services also brings firefighters into common overlap with law enforcement. One example of this is a state law requiring all gunshot wounds to be reported to law enforcement agencies. Fire fighting has some skills, prevention, self-preservation, rescue, preservation of property, basic first aid. Firefighting is further broken down into skills which include size-up, extinguishing, ventilation, salvage, wildland firefighting includes size up, containment, extinguishment, and mop up. Search and Rescue, which has already mentioned, is performed early in any fire scenario and many times is in unison with extinguishing. Fire suppression systems have a record for controlling and extinguishing unwanted fires. Many fire officials recommend that every building, including residences, have sprinkler systems. Correctly working sprinklers in a residence greatly reduce the risk of death from a fire, with the small rooms typical of a residence, one or two sprinklers can cover most rooms. Other methods of prevention are by directing efforts to reduce known hazardous conditions or by preventing dangerous acts before tragedy strikes. Tools are generally carried at all times and are important for not only forcible entry, a self-contained breathing apparatus delivers air to the firefighter through a full face mask and is worn to protect against smoke inhalation, toxic fumes, and super heated gases. The PASS device sounds an alarm that can assist another firefighter, Firefighters often carry personal self-rescue ropes
28.
Conductor (rail)
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A conductor or guard is a train crew member responsible for operational and safety duties that do not involve actual operation of the train. The conductor title is most common in North American railway operations, in Commonwealth English, a conductor is only responsible for selling tickets. The conductor often stays in the center of the train where they can best view the platform, Conductor is also a crew member in some bus, trolleybus or tram operations. All crew members work under the conductor, the conductor, engineer, and additional engine crew members share responsibility for safe and efficient train operation and adherence to railway rules and procedures. On some railroads, union contracts specify that conductors must progress to engineer, onboard service crew members on passenger trains normally remain on duty for the entire run, including assigned meal and sleep breaks. Since nearly the beginning of railroading in North America, the conductor on freight trains rode aboard a caboose, along with the flagman and the rear brakeman. Advances in technology and pressure to reduce operating costs made cabooses redundant and this relocated the conductor from the rear of the train to the locomotive at the head of the train. In most cases, these same conditions gradually eliminated members of the crew under the conductor—head and rear brakemen, flagmen. Most freight trains on most railroads today have a crew of two, one conductor and one engineer, railroad companies continue to press for reduced operating and labor costs and this threatens to eliminate conductors. Railroads rationalize that since the engineer is already qualified as a conductor, in fact, on most railroads, engineers begin as brakemen/assistant conductors, then become conductors, and finally engineers. Some railroads already implement such a strategy, notably the Montana Rail Link, and operate with an engineer, therefore, eliminating the conductor position would require that the railroads and unions negotiate a new agreement. If the railroads were successful, conductors already trained and certified as engineers would be able to work as engineers and those that have not yet progressed to engineer would have to be trained as engineers as positions became available. Others would have to accept other positions or possibly lose their jobs, the primary union for engineers, the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers does not support this movement, claiming that requiring its members to operate trains alone would be unsafe. The conductors union, the United Transportation Union, also opposes this initiative, by the late 1990s, remote control locomotives were increasingly popular on North American railroads for switching duties in rail yards. This system allows the conductor to control the locomotive via a wireless remote unit. Some Class I Rail Yards utilize RCO packs for their conductors, while others do not, depending on the size, Class I Railroads train conductors on the use of RCO packs with classroom and hands-on instruction, culminating with on-the-job training and certification as a RCO operator. Currently, Class I railroads such as Norfolk Southern require RCO qualified conductors to work from job boards that perform RCO operations exclusively and this ensures the extra training and pay these conductors receive will provide the company with maximum value for the investment. Before operation began, the FRA required FrontRunner to employ a second crewmember on each train to assist with evacuation, disabled access
29.
Sam Drucker
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Drucker is the only resident of Hooterville to be a regular character in both Petticoat Junction and Green Acres. He is a character in Petticoat Junction, but more of a main character in Green Acres. The New York Times describes Sam Drucker as a bit of a man to the colorfully zany folk of Hooterville. However, like other Hootervillians, he sees nothing unusual in the fact that Fred, Drucker is provincial, but fairly intelligent. He earns a modest living, and he sleeps in the room of the general store. In the Green Acres episode Milk Machine, Mr. Haney, when he tells them he doesnt have the money, Mr. Haney suggests getting a mortgage on the general store. Drucker tells him that he already has six mortgages on his store and is working on a seventh, much ado is made of Sam Druckers baldness. In one episode, he dons a toupee for a photograph, in another episode, he states, We Druckers skin out early. And in the Green Acres episode The Agricultural Student, Sam throws on his toupé, besides being the town grocer, Sam Drucker is also Hootervilles postmaster, constable, Justice of the Peace, and Superintendent of Schools. And he is the editor, publisher, and apparently sole employee of the Hooterville World-Guardian and he operates a bank, which is merely a cash box kept under the counter in his store. In addition, Drucker is a fireman with the Hooterville Volunteer Fire Department, Druckers is an old-fashioned small town general store, the kind where the grocer retrieves many of the items from shelves behind the counter. Customers are allowed to shop on credit, although Drucker frequently reminds them of their outstanding bills, Druckers Store is the closest thing Hooterville has to a social club. The locals often come in to chit-chat, or to play checkers, or to rant, and, on election day, they cast their votes at Druckers. Exterior shots of the show a sign that says Sam Druckers General Store. Druckers Store is also the Hooterville post office, Drucker takes great pride in his association with the Post Office Department, and hes also very pleased that his patrons must come to his store to get their mail. In the 1960s, post offices were situated in stores in rural areas. The Green Acres episode Old Mail Day is about the day when Hootervillians gather to receive the old mail that Sam Drucker finds when he cleans his store, one such letter is from 1917. Fred Ziffel learns he has been drafted to fight in World War I, there is no Rural Free Delivery in Hooterville
30.
Water stop
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A water stop or water station on a railroad is a place where trains stop to replenish water. The stopping of the train itself is referred to as a water stop. The term originates from the times of steam engines when large amounts of water were essential, also known as wood and water stops or coal and water stops, since it was reasonable to replenish engines with fuel as well when adding water to the boiler. During the very early days of locomotives, water stops were necessary every 7–10 miles. With the introduction of tenders, trains could run 100–150 miles without a refill, to accumulate the water, water stops employed water tanks, water towers and tank ponds. The water was pumped by windmills, watermills, or by hand pumps often by the train crew themselves. Later, small steam and gasoline engines were used, as the U. S. railroad system expanded, large numbers of tank ponds were built by damming various small creeks that intersected the tracks in order to provide water for water stops. Largemouth bass were stocked in tank ponds. Many water stops along new railways evolved into new settlements, when a train stopped for water and was positioned by a water tower, the boilerman swung out the spigot arm over the water tender and jerked the chain to begin watering. This gave rise to a 19th-century slang term Jerkwater town for towns too insignificant to have a train station. Some water stops grew into established settlements, for example, the town of Coalinga, California, formerly, Coaling Station A, gets its name from the original coal stop at this location. On the other hand, with the replacement of engines by diesel locomotives many of the then obsolete water stops, especially in deserted areas. Isolated water stops were among favorite places for train robbers. Rail siding Track pan Water crane
31.
Branch line
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A branch line is a secondary railway line which branches off a more important through route, usually a main line. A very short branch line may be called a spur line, david Blyth Hanna, the first president of the Canadian National Railway, said that although most branch lines cannot pay for themselves, they are essential to make main lines pay. Many British branch lines were closed as a result of the Beeching Axe in the 1960s, the smallest branch line that is still in operation in the UK is the Stourbridge Town Branch Line from Stourbridge Junction going to Stourbridge Town. Operating on a track, the journey is 0.8 miles long. Examples of spur lines in Singapore include, Changi Extension Line, examples of spur lines in Hong Kong include, Lok Ma Chau Spur Line, South Tseung Kwan O Spur Line, Racecourse Spur Line. In North America, little-used branch lines are sold by large railroads to become new common carrier short-line railroads of their own. They were typically built to standards, utilizing lighter rail. In the United States, abandonment of branch lines was a byproduct of deregulation of the rail industry through the Staggers Act. The Princeton Branch is a rail line and service owned and operated by New Jersey Transit in the U. S. state of New Jersey. The line is a branch of the Northeast Corridor Line. Also known as the Dinky Line, at 2.9 mi it is the shortest scheduled commuter rail line in the United States. The run takes 4 minutes,47 seconds, New Zealand once had a very extensive network of branch lines, especially in the South Island regions of Canterbury, Otago, and Southland. Many were built in the late 19th century to open up inland regions for farming, today, many of the branch lines have been closed, including almost all of the general-purpose country lines. Those that remain serve ports or industries far from main lines such as mines, logging operations, large dairying factories. In Auckland and Wellington, two lines in each city exist solely for commuter passenger trains. For more, see the list of New Zealand railway lines
32.
Pixley, California
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Pixley is a census-designated place in Tulare County, California, United States. The population was 3,310 at the 2010 census, up from 2,586 at the 2000 census, Pixley is located at 35°58′13″N 119°17′27″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 3.1 square miles. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Pixley has a semi-arid climate, the town began as a real-estate-speculation in 1884. Bradbury knew their project would succeed if the town was connected to the mainline of the Southern Pacific. They contacted Frank Pixley, a man whom they knew was a friend of Leland Stanford, in 1886, Pixley joined with the original investors as a partner in the Pixley Townsite Company. The company purchased land in the vicinity. When The Southern Pacific extended its tracks to the Townsite, the town prospered, the terms of sale for the land was 25% down, the rest to be carried back for three years by the owners at 8 percent interest. The partners made a handsome profit, the first house built in Pixley was for Emma, William Pixley’s widow, the late brother of Frank Pixley. Her three sons and daughter lived in the home, Emma bought a quarter section of an adjoining piece of land where she farmed until they moved back to San Francisco. Frank Pixley advertised the town named after him in his biweekly journal The Argonaut, in the early 1890s, Chris Evans and John Sontag robbed a Southern Pacific Railroad train at Pixley. In 1933, Pixley was one of the towns in California involved in the San Joaquin cotton strike, a violent clash between strikers and growers left two workers dead and eight wounded. Five thousand workers gathered in Tulare for the dead strikers funerals, eight cotton growers were indicted in the violence against the workers, but were later acquitted. The 2010 United States Census reported that Pixley had a population of 3,310, the population density was 1,062.8 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Pixley was 1,473 White,90 African American,28 Native American,16 Asian,0 Pacific Islander,1,587 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2,675 persons. The Census reported that 3,310 people lived in households,0 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 85 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 5 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 81 households were made up of individuals and 38 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 4.15. There were 689 families, the family size was 4.34
33.
Chicken and dumplings
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Chicken and dumplings is a dish which consists of a chicken cooked in water, with the resulting chicken broth being used to cook the dumplings by boiling. A dumpling in this context is a dough, which is a mixture of flour, shortening. The dumplings are rolled out flat, dropped or formed into a ball. It is a comfort food dish, commonly found in the Southern and Midwestern United States. Chicken and dumplings as a dish is prepared with a combination of boiled meat, broth produced by boiling the chicken, multiple dumplings. In some areas, this meal is known as chicken and sliders, the name of the dish is sometimes printed on menus as chicken n dumplings, chicken n dumplings, or chicken-n-dumplings. Dumplings is sometimes spelled dumplins in this context, various commercial preparations of chicken and dumplings are available, including canned and frozen versions of the prepared dish. Frozen raw dumplings, typically very flat strips about 1x4 inches, the consistency of the prepared dish, whether homemade or purchased, varies from a thin soup to a very thick casserole-like consistency, easily eaten with a fork. Thicker preparations are made by boiling the dumplings longer and/or adding flour or another thickening agent directly to the broth, flour tortillas or canned biscuits, rolled thin on a floured surface, cut into strips, are a quick and easy substitute for homemade dough. Butter may be added to the recipe for added richness, since chicken meat would become dry and tough if it is boiled long enough to cook the dumplings and thicken the broth, the chicken or parts are removed from the broth before adding the dumplings. While the dumplings are cooking, the meat is separated from the bones, when the dumplings are done and the broth seasoned and thickened, the chicken is returned to the broth. The dish is ready to be served, but may be kept on low heat so as to not further cook the chicken. Although the dumpling has been around for generations, each culture has its own way of individualizing the basic dumpling recipe. There are other versions of chicken and dumplings. For instance, the Chinese culture has the wonton, which is similar to the chicken, additionally, the Iranian-Jewish dish, called gondi, includes matzah ball dumplings, which are also common in Central European food. Since the creation of the dumpling, various meats aside from chicken have accompanied it, such as beef, lamb, a variant known as chicken and pastry or simply chicken pastry features wide, flat noodles rolled from biscuit dough. Where such a distinction is made, it is considered a different dish from chicken and dumplings. In the Appalachian region of the United States, this preparation is called chicken and slicks
