1.
Phar Lap (film)
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Phar Lap is a 1983 film about the racehorse Phar Lap. The film stars Tom Burlinson and was written by famous Australian playwright David Williamson, Phar Lap, known affectionately as Bobby by his strapper Tommy Woodcock, collapses and dies in Woodcocks arms, at Menlo Park in California, in 1932. The news is greeted with sadness and anger in Australia. The remainder of the film is done as flashback, five years earlier, Phar Lap arrives in Australia, purchased for ₤168 sight unseen from New Zealand. His trainer Harry Telford, his wife Vi and young son Cappy watch as hes lowered onto the wharf by sling, mrs Telford comments that she wonders what his American friend will think. Davis is not impressed with the underweight, wart-ridden colt, calling him a cross between a Sheep dog and a Kangaroo, and orders Telford to sell him immediately. Telford protests, saying that the pedigree is exceptional, with Carbine The greatest horse of them all on both sides of his bloodlines. Davis agrees to him to Telford for three years, keeping only one third of the winnings, though Telford must pay for his upkeep and keep his name out of it. As Phar Lap is brought into the stables, he and Woodcock form a strong bond, however, Telford is soon forced to reinstate Woodcock when Phar Lap stops eating and wont let anyone near him without ripping the shirt from their back. After convincing Davis to pay the ₤30 entry fee, this pays off at the 1929 AJC Derby run at the Randwick Racecourse in Sydney. The film shows this as Phar Laps first win although his first was six months earlier in the RRC Maiden Juvenile Handicap at Sydneys other main racecourse Rosehill. The win saves Phar Lap from being sold and the winnings, as the Great Depression bites, Phar Lap wins every race he enters. Davis attempts to capitalise on his success through shady betting schemes with known gambling identity Eric Connolly, in preparation for the Melbourne Cup, the premier race in Australia, Davis pressures Telford to scratch Phar Lap from the Caulfield Cup, to maximise Daviss betting returns. Under great financial pressure, Telford reluctantly agrees, as Woodcock walks the horse back from track work, someone tries to shoot the horse in the street. Woodcock and Phar Lap go into hiding at a farm outside Melbourne. Phar Lap wins, ridden by champion jockey Jim Pike, in the 1931 Cup, the VRC, led by its Chairman Lachlan McKinnon, imposes an unprecedented weight of 10 st 10 lb, to better horse racing and refuses to allow Davis to scratch his horse. Phar Lap surges to the lead but fades and finishes eighth, the horse is now back under Daviss control, after the three-year agreement runs out. Davis then offers half of Phar Laps ownership to Telford for ₤20,000, Telford then has a hoof injury faked on the horse and hoodwinks Davis into thinking that the Red Terror is lame and agreeing to sell the half share for only ₤4,000
2.
Flemington Racecourse
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Flemington Racecourse is a major horse racing venue located in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is most notable for hosting the Melbourne Cup, which is Australias richest horse race, the racecourse is situated on low alluvial flats, next to the Maribyrnong River. The area was first used for racing in March 1840. The Flemington Racecourse site comprises 1.27 square kilometres of Crown land, the course was originally leased to the Victoria Turf Club in 1848, which merged with the Victoria Jockey Club in 1864 to form the Victoria Racing Club. The first Melbourne Cup was run in 1861, in 1871 the Victoria Racing Club Act was passed, giving the VRC legal control over Flemington Racecourse. The racecourse is shaped not unlike a pear, and boasts a six-furlong straight known as the Straight Six, the track has a circumference of 2.312 kilometres and a final straight of 450 metres for race distances over 1.2 kilometres. Races are run in an anti-clockwise direction, the course has a crowd capacity of over 120,000 and contains three grandstands. The biggest ever attendance was on VRC Derby Day in 2006 when 129,089 people saw Efficient win the VRC Derby, the racecourse has undergone a facelift in recent years, with the opening of a new $45 million grandstand in 2000. It also contains a statue of the famous racehorse Phar Lap. The Hill Stand, built in 1977, houses the artist Harold Freedmans seven panel mural which traces the History of Racing, the work was commissioned to mark the Australian bicentenary in 1988. Flemington Racecourse was added to the Australian National Heritage List on 7 November 2006, the site is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register. Flemington Racecourse today hosts many of Australias top races, including the Melbourne Cup, VRC Derby, VRC Oaks, MacKinnon Stakes, Newmarket Handicap, Australian Cup and Lightning Stakes. The site has its own branch line, which operates on race days. Originally, it was serviced by Salt Water River station, before that was demolished in the 1860s, trains depart from platforms 8 and 9 at Flinders Street Station. The No.57 tram from the City stops at the Epsom Road entrance, car spaces for the disabled are available and taxi ranks are located adjacent to the main entrances. Shuttle buses run from Epsom Road to the turnstiles of the racecourse. Lift access is available in the Prince of Wales Stand and to the first floor of the Members Stand, the following is a list of Group races which are run at Flemington Racecourse
3.
Night Raid
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Night Raid was a Leading sire in Australia of Thoroughbred racehorses. He sired two leading racehorses, namely Phar Lap and Nightmarch and he was sired by the Doncaster Cup and Goodwood Cup winner, Radium and his dam Sentiment was by the Epsom Derby winner and good sire, Spearmint. Radium was the sire of several winners including Clarissimus, who won 2,000 Guineas Stakes. Sentiments only stakes winner was Night Raid and he was line-bred to Galopin in the 4th and 5th generation. Although well bred, Night Raid was only moderately successful on the racecourse, not winning any of his six starts in England, in Australia he had twenty-nine starts for one win and a dead heat. Night Raid served one season at stud in Australia during 1923 and he was retired to stud in New Zealand in 1924. His legacy as a sire is outstanding, Night Raid sired two great racehorses, namely Phar Lap and Nightmarch, victors in the successive Group One, Melbourne Cup in 1929 and 1930
4.
Gelding
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A gelding is a castrated horse or other equine, such as a donkey or a mule. The gerund and participle gelding and the infinitive to geld refer to the procedure itself. The verb geld comes from the Old Norse gelda, from the adjective geldr, the noun gelding is from the Old Norse geldingr. The Scythians are thought to have been the first people to geld their horses, a male horse is often gelded to make him better-behaved and easier to control. Gelding can also remove lower-quality animals from the gene pool, ideally, horse breeders choose to leave only their best animals as stallions, lesser specimens are gelded, to improve the overall quality of the breed. To allow only the finest animals to breed on, while preserving adequate genetic diversity, mainstream sources place the percentage of stallions that should be kept as breeding stock at about 10%, while an extreme view states that only 0. 5% of all males should be bred. Geldings are preferred over stallions for working purposes because they are calmer, easier to handle, geldings are therefore a favorite for many equestrians. Geldings are often preferred over mares, because some mares become temperamental when in heat, also, the use of mares may be limited during the later months of pregnancy and while caring for a young foal. While this means the horse loses any breeding value, a track career can often be a boost to the value of the stallion that sired the gelding. Castration may allow a stallion to live peacefully with other horses, allowing a more social, under British National Hunt racing rules, to minimize the health and safety risk for horses, riders, and spectators, nearly all participating horses are geldings. On the other hand, in parts of Europe, geldings are excluded from many of the most prestigious flat races including the Classics. In North American Thoroughbred racing, geldings, if otherwise qualified by age, winnings, to perpetuate any given breed, some male horses must remain capable of reproduction. Thus, animals considered to be the finest representatives are kept as stallions, some cultures historically did not and still seldom geld male horses, most notably the Arabs. These people usually used mares for everyday work and for war, in these cultures, most stallions are still not used for breeding, only those of the best quality. When used as riding animals, they are kept only with or near other male horses in a bachelor setting. Sometimes cultural reasons for these practices exist, for example, castration of animals and humans was categorically forbidden in the Hebrew Bible and is prohibited in Jewish law. However, a number of horse owners are concerned that the process may cause pain for the animal or somehow lessen their vitality or spirit. While modern surgical procedures cause far less discomfort to the animal than more primitive methods, although castrations generally have few complications, there are risks
5.
Chestnut (coat)
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Chestnut is a hair coat color of horses consisting of a reddish-to-brown coat with a mane and tail the same or lighter in color than the coat. Genetically and visually, chestnut is characterized by the absence of true black hairs. It is one of the most common coat colors, seen in almost every breed of horse. Chestnut is a common coat color but the wide range of shades can cause confusion. The lightest chestnuts may be mistaken for palominos, while the darkest shades can be so dark as to resemble a black coat, chestnuts have dark brown eyes, black skin, and a coat that is entirely devoid of true black hairs. Typical chestnuts are some shade of red or reddish brown, the mane, tail, and legs may be lighter or darker than the body coat, but are never truly black. They may have pink skin beneath any white markings under the areas of white hair, Chestnut is produced by a recessive gene. Unlike many coat colors, chestnut can be true-breeding, that is, some breeds, such as the Budyonny, Suffolk Punch, and Haflinger are exclusively chestnut. Other breeds, such as the Belgian are predominantly chestnut, however, a chestnut horse need not have two chestnut parents. For example, Friesian horses have been selected for many years to be uniformly black, the Ariegeois pony is another example. Chestnuts can vary widely in shade and different terms are used to describe these shades. Collectively, these colors are usually called red by geneticists. A basic chestnut or red horse has a solid coat, with a mane. Sorrel is a used by American stock horse registries to describe red horses with manes. In these registries, chestnut describes the darker shades of red-based coats, colloquially, in the American west, almost all copper-red chestnuts are called sorrel. In other parts of the English-speaking world, some consider a sorrel to be a light chestnut with a flaxen mane, liver chestnut or dark chestnut are not a separate genetic color, but a descriptive term. The genetic controls for the depth of shade are not presently understood, liver chestnuts are a very dark-reddish brown. Liver chestnuts are included in the dark chestnut
6.
Australian pound
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The pound was the currency of Australia from 1910 until 14 February 1966, when it was replaced by the Australian dollar. It was subdivided into 20 shillings, each of 12 pence, the history of currency in Australia could be said to begin in 1800, when Governor Philip Gidley King issued a proclamation setting the value of a variety of foreign coins in New South Wales. However, because of the shortage of any sort of money, the currency during the first twenty-five years of settlement was rum, leading to terms such as the Rum Corps. Australias first coinage was issued in 1813 by the colony of New South Wales by punching the middle out of Spanish dollars and this process created two parts, a small coin, which was called the dump in Australia, and a ring, which was called a holey dollar. One holey dollar was worth five shillings, and one dump was worth one shilling and this was done in order to keep the coins in New South Wales, as they would be valueless elsewhere. In 1825, an Imperial order-in-council was issued with the purpose of introducing sterling coinage to all the British colonies and this was due to the introduction of the gold standard in the UK in 1816, and a decline in the supply of Spanish dollars. Most of the dollars used had been minted in Lima, Mexico City, and Potosí, from 1817, when the first bank, the Bank of New South Wales, was established, private banks issued paper money denominated in pounds. Acceptance of private bank notes was not made compulsory by legal tender laws, in 1852, the Government Assay Office in Adelaide issued gold pound coins. These weighed slightly more than sovereigns, from 1855, the Sydney mint issued half sovereigns and sovereigns, with the Melbourne mint beginning production in 1872. Many of the sovereigns minted in Australia were for use in India as part of a plan that the sovereign should become the imperial coin. As it turned out, India was already too entrenched in the Rupee system, in addition, the Queensland government issued treasury notes and banknotes which were legal tender in Queensland, and the New South Wales government issued a limited series of treasury notes in 1893. In 1910 the federal government passed the Australian Notes Act which prohibited the circulation of State notes, both these acts remain on the statute books and perpetuate the de facto end of private currencies in Australia. In 1910 a national currency was introduced by the Labor Government of Prime Minister Andrew Fisher, the new national currency was called the Australian pound, consisting of 20 shillings, each consisting of 12 pence. Monetary policy ensured that the Australian pound was fixed in value to the pound sterling, as such Australia was on the gold standard so long as Britain was. In 1914, the sterling was removed from the gold standard. When it was returned to the standard in 1925, the sudden increase in its value unleashed crushing deflationary pressures. Both the initial 1914 inflation and the subsequent 1926 deflation had far-reaching economic effects throughout the British Empire, Australia, in 1929, as an emergency measure during the Great Depression, Australia left the gold standard, resulting in a devaluation relative to sterling. A variety of pegs to sterling applied until December 1931, when the government set a rate of £1 Australian =16 shillings sterling
7.
Australian Derby
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The race is considered as the top ranked event for three-year-olds in Australian and New Zealand race classifications. Inaugurated in 1861 as the AJC Randwick Derby Stakes, the first race was won by Kyogle, in 1865 the name of the race was changed to the AJC Australia Derby Stakes then from 1873 through 1993 it was called the AJC Derby. Although the race became the AJC Australian Derby in 1994. The official records show that Prince Humphrey won the 1928 Derby and it was a horse called Cragsman, by the same sire but with a different dam. This substitution came to light when Dick Tate of Toowoomba saw a picture of the Derby winner and was aware that Prince Humphrey had different markings, from 1932 to 1956, geldings were banned from competing in the Derby. Originally run at a distance of 1 1⁄2 miles, in 1972 the race was changed to 2,400 metres to conform to the metric system. In 1978 there was no race held and under a reorganisation, contested over 2,400 metres on a right-handed turf course, it has been won by some of the greats of the Australian turf, including Phar Lap, Tulloch, and Kingston Town
8.
Victoria Derby
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Total prize money for the race is A$1,500,000 and $10,000 trophy. Originally run at a distance of 1 1⁄2 miles, in 1972 it was changed to 2,400 metres to conform to the metric system. However, the new distance brought potential danger from too short a run from the start to the first turn, first run in 1855, the first three editions were won by fillies but the last time a filly won was in 1923 when Frances Tressady claimed victory. In its history, only one horse has won the Victoria Derby more than once. Fireworks accomplished the feat, winning back-to-back runnings in November 1867, between 1931 and 1956 geldings were not permitted to compete. Three horses have won their first race with a win in the Victoria Derby, in 1883, the New Zealand-bred horse Martini Henry won the Victoria Derby at his first start. Fire Oak in 1990, Redding in 1992 and Preferment in 2014 are the other maidens to win the Victoria Derby. In 2005 Clare Lindop became the first female jockey to ride in the Victoria Derby, gai Waterhouse became the first woman to train a winner when Nothin Leica Dane won the 1995 running. 1855–1971 - 1 1⁄2 miles 1972 -2400 metres 1973 onwards -2500 metres 1855–1978 - Principal Race 1979 onwards - Group 1 Time record,2,33. Derby Day has become Mens Day in the Fashion Stakes, and every year increasing numbers of fashionable gentlemen competing for prizes, traditionally black and white are worn on this day by women and morning suits by men. The flower of the day is a blue cornflower, the idea of wearing a cornflower on Derby Day was introduced in 1962 by Mrs Sheelah Wood, wife of prominent VRC committeeman of the time, Mr Samuel Richard Creswick Wood. List of Australian Group races Group races Thoroughbred racing in Australia Melbourne Spring Racing Carnival White shift dress of Jean Shrimpton Victoria Derby Homepage
9.
Linlithgow Stakes
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Total prize money for the race is A$300,000 and $2,000 trophy. The event when raced as the Linlithgow Stakes the race was under Weight For Age Conditions, prior to 2006 the race was held on VRC Oaks Day. In 2007 the race was run on the last day of the VRC Spring Carnival, since 2008 the race has been scheduled on Victoria Derby day. For three years during World War II he race was not held. com
10.
Futurity Stakes (MRC)
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From 2006 until 2010 it was the first leg of the Asian Mile Challenge series, and its distance was changed to 1600 metres. The race distance was reverted in 2011, in 1996 the event was held at Flemington Racecourse due to reconstruction of Caulfield Racecourse. List of Australian Group races Group races
11.
Melbourne Cup
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The Melbourne Cup is Australias most prestigious annual Thoroughbred horse race. It is a 3,200 metre race for three-year-olds and over and it is the richest two-mile handicap in the world, and one of the richest turf races. The Melbourne Cup has a tradition with the first race held in 1861 over two miles but was shortened to 3,200 metres in 1972 when Australia adopted the metric system. This reduced the distance by 18.688 metres, and Rain Lovers 1968 race record of 3,19.1 was accordingly adjusted to 3,17.9, the present record holder is the 1990 winner Kingston Rule with a time of 3,16.3. The race is a quality handicap for horses 3 years old and over, run over a distance of 3,200 metres, the minimum handicap weight is 50 kg. There is no weight, but the top allocated weight must not be less than 57 kg. The weight allocated to each horse is declared by the VRC Handicapper in early September, the Melbourne Cup race is a handicap contest in which the weight of the jockey and riding gear is adjusted with ballast to a nominated figure. Older horses carry more weight than younger ones, and weights are adjusted according to the horses previous results. Entries for the Melbourne Cup usually close during the first week of August, the initial entry fee is $600 per horse. Around 300 to 400 horses are nominated each year, but the field is limited to 24 starters. Following the allocation of weights, the owner of each horse must on four occasions before the race in November, declare the horse as an acceptor, First acceptance is $960, second acceptance is $1,450 and third acceptance is $2,420. The final acceptance fee, on the Saturday prior to the race, is $45,375, should a horse be balloted out of the final field, the final declaration fee is refunded. Leger Tenno Sho Sankei Sho All Comers Arlington Million San Juan Capistrano Handicap Australian Stayers Challenge The limitation of 24 starters is stated explicitly to be for safety reasons, however, in the past far larger numbers were allowed - the largest field ever raced was 39 runners in 1890. International horses that are entered for the Melbourne Cup must undergo quarantine in a premises in their own country for a minimum period of 14 days before travelling to Australia. The premises must meet the Australian Government Standards, the Werribee International Horse Centre at Werribee racecourse is the Victorian quarantine station for international horses competing in the Melbourne Spring Racing Carnival. The facility has stabling for up to 24 horses in five separate stable complexes and is located 32 km from the Melbourne CBD, the total prize money for the 2015 race is A$6,200,000, plus trophies valued at $175,000. The first 10 past the post receive prizemoney, with the winner being paid $3.6 million, prizemoney is distributed to the connections of each horse in the ratio of 85 percent to the owner,10 percent to the trainer and 5 percent to the jockey. The 1985 Melbourne Cup, won by What a Nuisance, was the first race run in Australia with prize money of $1 million
12.
W.S. Cox Plate
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The race is Australias second richest weight-for-age race with stakemoney of A$3,000,000, behind the Queen Elizabeth Stakes. The race is named in honour of W. S. Cox, between 1999–2005 the event was included in the Emirates World Series Racing Championship, a global grand prix of horse racing. Past winners of the Cox Plate include many of the racehorses of Australia. Many great horses have won the race twice, including Phar Lap, Flight, Tobin Bronze, Sunline, Northerly, Fields of Omagh, So You Think, Kingston Town won the race three times. Only one horse has won the race in the same year as winning the Melbourne and Caulfield cups, Rising Fast. The double with the Melbourne Cup has only achieved by six horses, Makybe Diva, Might and Power, Saintly, Nightmarch, Phar Lap. Only three horses have won the Melbourne Cup and then gone on to win the W. S. Cox Plate the following year, Phar Lap, Might and Power. The first Cox Plate was run in 1922 and won by the English horse Violoncello, the 1925 race was taken out by three-year-old Manfred, who went on to win the VRC Derby and ran second to Windbag in the Melbourne Cup. The class gallopers Heroic and Amounis were successful in 1926 and 1927, Champion New Zealand-bred Nightmarch won in 1929 before Phar Lap took out the race in 1930 and 1931. Another dual winner of the race was Chatham in 1932 and 1934, the 1938 race was won by Ajax in race record time. Outstanding New Zealand champion Beau Vite, a winner of 31 races, due to restrictions on interstate travel, the race was only contested by local horses from 1942 to 1944. In 1946, the Cox Plate was run in two divisions with the great mare Flight winning the stronger division and she became a dual winner following her victory a year earlier. Hydrogen became the seventh winner of the race with victories in 1952 and 1953. The great dual Caulfield Cup and Melbourne Cup winner Rising Fast won in 1954, redcraze, a 32-race winner and New Zealand champion, took out the Plate in 1957 as a seven-year-old, ridden by George Moore. Noholme took nearly a second off the record in a front-running display to win in 1959. Tulloch, who is compared to Phar Lap and Carbine, won the following year. Tobin Bronze became a winner of the race with victories in 1966 and 1967. The 1969 Cox Plate was won by the New Zealand three-year-old colt Daryls Joy, who went on to race successfully in the USA
13.
LKS Mackinnon Stakes
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Total prize money is A$2,000,000 and $2,500 trophy. The race was held on VRC Victoria Derby Day, on the first day of the VRC Spring Carnival. The Club moved the race in 2016 to the last day of the carnival and renamed the race replacing the race that was formally called the Emirates Stakes. Prior to 2016, many horses who have a high enough to avoid the ballot for the Melbourne Cup use the race as a lead in to the 3,200 metres race on the first Tuesday in November. The original race is named after a chairman of the VRC L. K. S. 1869–1936 - Melbourne Stakes In 1937 the VRC moved the Melbourne Stakes to earlier in the spring where was run in September over a distance of 1 mile. The race was the predecessor to the Turnbull Stakes, list of Australian Group races Group races
14.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
15.
Thoroughbred
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The Thoroughbred is a horse breed best known for its use in horse racing. Although the word thoroughbred is sometimes used to refer to any breed of purebred horse, Thoroughbreds are considered hot-blooded horses that are known for their agility, speed, and spirit. The Thoroughbred as it is today was developed in 17th- and 18th-century England, when native mares were crossbred with imported Oriental stallions of Arabian, Barb. Millions of Thoroughbreds exist today, and around 100,000 foals are registered each year worldwide, Thoroughbreds are used mainly for racing, but are also bred for other riding disciplines such as show jumping, combined training, dressage, polo, and fox hunting. Thoroughbred racehorses perform with maximum exertion, which has resulted in high accident rates, other health concerns include low fertility, abnormally small hearts and a small hoof-to-body-mass ratio. There are several theories for the reasons behind the prevalence of accidents and health problems in the Thoroughbred breed, the typical Thoroughbred ranges from 15.2 to 17.0 hands high, averaging 16 hands. They are most often bay, dark bay or brown, chestnut, black, less common colors recognized in the United States include roan and palomino. White is very rare, but is a recognized color separate from gray, the face and lower legs may be marked with white, but white will generally not appear on the body. Coat patterns that have more than one color on the body, good-quality Thoroughbreds have a well-chiseled head on a long neck, high withers, a deep chest, a short back, good depth of hindquarters, a lean body, and long legs. Thoroughbreds are classified among the breeds, which are animals bred for agility and speed and are generally considered spirited. These artificial dates have been set to enable the standardization of races, the Thoroughbred is a distinct breed of horse, although people sometimes refer to a purebred horse of any breed as a thoroughbred. The term for any horse or other animal derived from a breed line is purebred. Nonetheless, breeders of other species of purebred animals may use the two terms interchangeably, though thoroughbred is less used for describing purebred animals of other species. The term is a noun referring to this specific breed, though often not capitalized, especially in non-specialist publications. For example, the Australian Stud Book, The New York Times, flat racing existed in England by at least 1174, when four-mile races took place at Smithfield, in London. Racing continued at fairs and markets throughout the Middle Ages and into the reign of King James I of England. It was then that handicapping, a system of adding weight to attempt to equalize a horses chances of winning as well as improved training procedures, during the reigns of Charles II, William III, Anne, and George I, the foundation of the Thoroughbred was laid. Under James grandson, Charles II, a keen racegoer and owner, and James great-granddaughter Queen Anne, royal support was given to racing and the breeding of race horses
16.
Thoroughbred horse racing
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Thoroughbred horse racing is a worldwide sport and industry involving the racing of Thoroughbred horses. It is governed by different national bodies, there are two forms of the sport, Flat racing and jump racing, called National Hunt racing in the UK and steeplechasing in the US. Jump racing can be divided into hurdling and steeplechasing. Traditionally racehorses have been owned by wealthy individuals. It has become common in the last few decades for horses to be owned by syndicates or partnerships. 2008 Kentucky Derby winner Big Brown, owned by IEAH stables, historically, most race horses were bred and raced by their owners. Additionally, owners may acquire Thoroughbreds by claiming them out of a race, a horse runs in the unique colours of its owner. These colours must be registered under the governing bodies and no two owners may have the same colours. The rights to certain colour arrangements are valuable in the way that distinctive car registration numbers are of value. It is said that Sue Magnier paid £50,000 for her dark blue colours. If an owner has more than one running in the same race then some slight variant in colours is often used or the race club colours may be used. The typical cost of owning a horse in training for one year is in the order of £15,000 in the United Kingdom. The facilities available to trainers vary enormously, some trainers have only a few horses in the yard and pay to use other trainers gallops. Other trainers have every conceivable training asset and it is a feature of racing that a modest establishment often holds its own against the bigger players even in a top race. This is particularly true of national hunt racing, Racing is governed on an All-Ireland basis, with two bodies sharing organising responsibility. The Turf Club is the rulemaking and enforcement body, whilst Horse Racing Ireland governs, in 2013, Ireland exported more than 4,800 Thoroughbreds to 37 countries worldwide with a total value in excess of €205 million. This is double the amount of horses exported annually from the U. S, the Jockey Club in the UK has been released from its regulatory function but still performs various supporting roles. A significant part of the BHAs work relates to the disciplining of trainers and jockeys, disciplinary enquiries usually relate to the running of a horse, for example, failure to run a horse on its merits, interference with other runners, excessive use of the whip
17.
Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
18.
Taxidermy
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Taxidermy is the preserving of an animals body via stuffing or mounting for the purpose of display or study. Animals are often, but not always, portrayed in a life-like state, the word taxidermy refers to the process of preserving the animal, but the word is also used to describe the end product, which are often called mounts. The word taxidermy is derived from the Greek words taxis and derma, taxis means to to move, and derma means skin. The word taxidermy translates to arrangement of skin, Taxidermy is practiced primarily on vertebrates but can also be done to larger insects and arachnids under some circumstances. Taxidermy takes on a number of forms and purposes, including natural history displays, hunting trophies, study skins. A person who practices taxidermy is called a taxidermist and they may practice professionally for museums or as businesses catering to hunters and fishermen, or as amateurs, such as hobbyists, hunters, and fishermen. A taxidermist is aided by familiarity with anatomy, sculpture, painting, preserving animal skins has been practiced for a long time. Embalmed animals have been found with Egyptian mummies, although embalming incorporates the use of lifelike poses, it is not considered taxidermy. In the Middle Ages, crude examples of taxidermy were displayed by astrologers, the earliest methods of preservation of birds for natural history cabinets were published in 1748 by Reaumur in France. Techniques for mounting were described in 1752 by M. B, there were several pioneers of taxidermy in France, Germany, Denmark and England around this time. For a while, clay was used to some of the soft parts. By the 18th century, almost every town had a tannery business, in the 19th century, hunters began bringing their trophies to upholstery shops, where the upholsterers would actually sew up the animal skins and stuff them with rags and cotton. The term stuffing or a stuffed animal evolved from this form of taxidermy. Professional taxidermists prefer the term mounting to stuffing, more sophisticated cotton-wrapped wire bodies supporting sewn-on cured skins soon followed. In France, Louis Dufresne, taxidermist at the Muséum national dHistoire naturelle from 1793 and this technique enabled the museum to build the greatest collection of birds in the world. Ward established one of the earliest taxidermy firms, Rowland Ward Ltd. of Picadilly, however, the art of taxidermy remained relatively undeveloped, and the specimens that were created remained stiff and unconvincing. The golden age of taxidermy was during the Victorian era, when mounted animals became a part of interior design. The father of modern taxidermy is considered to be John Hancock, an avid collector of birds, which he would shoot himself, he began modelling them with clay and casting in plaster
19.
Melbourne Museum
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Melbourne Museum is a natural and cultural history museum located in the Carlton Gardens in Melbourne, Australia. Located adjacent to the Royal Exhibition Building, it is the largest museum in the Southern Hemisphere, the museum was opened in 2000 as a project of the Government of Victoria, on behalf of Museums Victoria who administrates the venue. Melbourne museum is a response to Melbourne’s urban condition, and provides a place for education, history, culture. In addition to its galleries, the museum features spaces such as the Sidney Myer Amphitheatre and The Age Theatre, as well as the free Discovery Centre, a cafe, IMAX Theatre is also part of the museum complex, showing movies and documentary films in large-screen 3-D format. The Melbourne Museum is a post-modernist building designed by Denton Corker Marshall Architects, construction was managed by Baulderstone Hornibrook and completed in 2001, with the museums official opening in 2000. The building can be dissected into different spaces so an individual can navigate through and it is designed as both a single building and a network of individual buildings integrated into the landscape of the Carlton Gardens. The sticks and blades that make up the Melbourne Museum are hallmarks of Denton Corker Marshall’s architecture, the most iconic detail of the building is arguably the enormous cantilever roof that projects toward the west, along the central axis with the Royal Exhibition Centre. The cantilever can be seen kilometres away. On the northern side resides a large, taller sloped roof than that of the cantilever, Denton Corker Marshall specialise in city planning and urban design, and mainly concern their practise with responding to social desires. The Melbourne Museum is situated in a precinct, adjacent to a large local landmark. Denton Corker Marshall also envision the building to be just as responsive to its context as it is now, in a meeting place for community, the building itself acts as a community of different programs and meanings, combining to make a whole. Formally the Melbourne Museum is motivated by sculpture, Denton Corker Marshall manipulates sculptural forms to meet the constraints of the buildings context and program. The museum had its earliest beginnings in the Government Assay Office which on 9 March 1854, in 1858, Prof. Frederick McCoy, who was Professor of Natural History at the University of Melbourne, was appointed Director of the National Museum. The State Library now uses all the space in that building, the period in which the Victorian government was led by the Premier Sir Rupert Hamer was one of policy development for museums in Victoria. The Committee also joined with a party of the Victorian Council of the Arts to develop a comprehensive museums policy for Victoria. Lacy also began the establishment of the Heide Museum of Modern Art with the acquisition of the property Heide II and it was officially opened in November 1981. The new Melbourne Museum is located on the site of the former Melbourne Exhibition Speedway which operated from 5 November 1928 until 7 March 1936, the inaugural Australian Sidecar Speedway Championship was staged there in 1931 and was won by Victorians Les Medlycott and Tich Jones. The Exhibition Speedway also hosted the Victorian Solo Championship from 1928/29 until 1934/35, the Melbourne Story- A History of Melbourne from the early 19th century through to present day Mind and Body Gallery - a gallery regarding the human body
20.
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
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The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa is the national museum and art gallery of New Zealand, located in Wellington. It is branded and commonly known as Te Papa and Our Place, in January 2013 Te Papa management announced the museum would be split into two parts – one operating much as it has in the past, and the other focusing on the future. The first predecessor of Te Papa was the Colonial Museum, founded in 1865 and it was built on Museum Street. Halfway through the 1930s the museum moved to the new Dominion Museum building in Buckle Street, the National Art Gallery was opened in 1936 and occupied the first floor of the National Art Gallery and Dominion Museum building on Buckle Street, Wellington. It was originally populated with a collection donated by Academy of Fine Arts, the Gallery was formed with the passing of the National Art Gallery and Dominion Museum Act. Both the Dominion Museum and Gallery were overseen by a board of trustees. The official opening was by the Governor General in 1934, the early holding consisted largely of donations and bequests, including those from Sir Harold Beauchamp, T. Lindsay Buick, Archdeacon Smythe, N. Chevalier, J. C. Richmond, William Swainson, Bishop Monrad, Sir John Ilott, eru D. Gore was secretary-manager from 1936 till his death in 1948 when Stewart Bell Maclennan was appointed the first director. This was the first appointment in New Zealand of an art gallery director. Te Papa was established in 1992 by the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Act 1992, the official opening took place on 14 February 1998, in a ceremony led by Sir Peter Blake, Prime Minister Jenny Shipley, and two children. The first Chief Executive of the Museum was Dame Cheryll Sotheran, Māori traditional instrumentalist Richard Nunns co-led the musicians at a dawn ceremony on opening day. The museum is run by a Board appointed by the Minister for Arts, Culture, the museum had one million visitors in the first five months of operation, and between 1 and 1.3 million visits have been made in each subsequent year. In 2004, more space was devoted to exhibiting works from the New Zealand art collection in an exhibition called Toi Te Papa. Filmmakers Gaylene Preston and Anna Cottrell documented the development of Te Papa in their film Getting to Our Place, the main Te Papa building is on the waterfront in Wellington, on Cable Street. Inside the building are six floors of exhibitions, cafés and gift shops dedicated to New Zealands culture, the museum also incorporates outdoor areas with artificial caves, native bushes and wetlands. A second building on Tory Street is a research facility and storage area. Te Papa was designed by Jasmax Architects and built by Fletcher Construction, the 36,000 square metre building had cost NZ$300 million by its opening in 1998. The site was occupied by a modern five-storey hotel
21.
National Museum of Australia
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The National Museum of Australia preserves and interprets Australias social history, exploring the key issues, people and events that have shaped the nation. It was formally established by the National Museum of Australia Act 1980, the Museum did not have a permanent home until 11 March 2001, when a purpose-built museum building was officially opened in the national capital Canberra. The Museum profiles 50,000 years of Indigenous heritage, settlement since 1788 and key events including Federation, the Museum holds the worlds largest collection of Aboriginal bark paintings and stone tools, the heart of champion racehorse Phar Lap and the Holden prototype No.1 car. The Museum also develops and travels exhibitions on subjects ranging from bushrangers to surf lifesaving, the National Museum of Australia Press publishes a wide range of books, catalogues and journals. The Museums Research Centre takes an approach to history, ensuring the museum is a lively forum for ideas and debate about Australias past, present. The Museums innovative use of new technologies has been central to its international reputation in outreach programming. From 2003 to 2008, the Museum hosted Talkback Classroom, a student political forum, the Museum is located on Acton Peninsula in the suburb of Acton, next to the Australian National University. The peninsula on Lake Burley Griffin was previously the home of the Royal Canberra Hospital, as designed by architect Howard Raggatt, the museum building is based on a theme of knotted ropes, symbolically bringing together the stories of Australians. The architects stated, We liked to think that the story of Australia was not one, not an authorized version but a puzzling confluence, not merely the resolution of difference but its wholehearted embrace. The building is meant to be the centre of a knot, the entirely non-symmetrical complex is designed to not look like a museum, with startling colours and angles, unusual spaces and unpredictable projections and textures. Though hard to categorise, the building can be seen as an example of Charles Jencks new paradigm. Some characteristics of Deconstructivism can also be identified, the buildings architecture is thus meant to imply that the story of Australia is not one story, but many stories tangled together. The Bulletin magazine first publicly raised allegations of plagiarism in June 2000, libeskind was reported to be angry with the copying. Raggatts defence against plagiarism was that the design was a rather than a copy. The director of the museum, Dawn Casey, claimed in the press that she, the exterior of the building is covered in anodised aluminium panels. Many of the panels include words written in braille and other decorative devices, among the messages are mate and shell be right. Also included were such controversial words and phrases as sorry and forgive us our genocide and these more controversial messages have been obscured with silver discs being attached to the surface making the braille illegible. Among the phrases in braille are the words Resurrection city, the phrase may refer to the clearing of the former Canberra Hospital to make way for the museum or it could be a reference to reconciliation between Indigenous Australians and European settlers
22.
Standard Zhuang
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Standard Zhuang is the official standardized form of the Zhuang languages, which are a branch of the Northern Tai languages. The official standard covers both spoken and written Zhuang and it is the national standard of the Zhuang languages, though in Yunnan a local standard is used. Standard Zhuang is a mixture of several Zhuang languages. The lexicon is based on various Northern Zhuang dialects, the phonology is essentially that of Shuangqiao, with the addition of ny, ei, ou from Fuliang, both located in Wuming County. Zhang, along with other Chinese scholars, classifies Shuangqiao dialect as Northern Tai, while Pittayaporn places it outside of Northern Tai proper, Shuangqiao was chosen for the standard pronunciation in the 1950s because it was considered to be Northern Zhuang but with characteristics of Southern Zhuang. Standard Zhuang is used most frequently in domains where written Zhuang was previously used, such as newspapers, translations of communist literature. It is one of the languages of China that appears on bank notes, all Chinese laws must be published in it. Whilst used for adult literacy programs, it is only taught in a very small percent of primary and secondary schools in Zhuang-speaking areas. In 2012 the first Zhuang Proficiency Test took place which 328 people took, the alphabet included a mixture of modified Cyrillic and IPA letters. A spelling reform in 1982 replaced both the Cyrillic and IPA letters with Latin letters to facilitate printing and computer use and these alphabetical scripts are part of Standard Zhuang. The Old Zhuang script, Sawndip, is a Chinese character–based writing system, some Sawndip logograms were borrowed directly from Chinese, while others were created from the existing components of Chinese characters. Sawndip has been used for one thousand years for various Zhuang dialects. Unlike Chinese, Sawndip has never been standardized, and authors may differ in their choices of characters, first article of the Declaration of Human Rights
23.
Thai language
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Thai, also known as Siamese or Central Thai, is the national and official language of Thailand and the native language of the Thai people and the vast majority of Thai Chinese. Thai is a member of the Tai group of the Tai–Kadai language family, over half of the words in Thai are borrowed from Pali, Sanskrit and Old Khmer. It is a tonal and analytic language, Thai also has a complex orthography and relational markers. Spoken Thai is mutually intelligible with Laotian, Thai is the official language of Thailand, natively spoken by over 20 million people. Standard Thai is based on the register of the classes of Bangkok. In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages, Isan, the language of the Isan region of Thailand, a collective term for the various Lao dialects spoken in Thailand that show some Siamese Thai influences, which is written with the Thai script. It is spoken by about 20 million people, Thais from both inside and outside the Isan region often simply call this variant Lao when speaking informally. Northern Thai, spoken by about 6 million in the independent kingdom of Lanna. Shares strong similarities with Lao to the point that in the past the Siamese Thais referred to it as Lao. Southern Thai, spoken by about 4.5 million Phu Thai, spoken by half a million around Nakhon Phanom Province. Phuan, spoken by 200,000 in central Thailand and Isan, Shan, spoken by about 100,000 in north-west Thailand along the border with the Shan States of Burma, and by 3.2 million in Burma. Lü, spoken by about 1,000,000 in northern Thailand, and 600,000 more in Sipsong Panna, Burma, nyaw language, spoken by 50,000 in Nakhon Phanom Province, Sakhon Nakhon Province, Udon Thani Province of Northeast Thailand. Song, spoken by about 30,000 in central and northern Thailand, Elegant or Formal Thai, official and written version, includes respectful terms of address, used in simplified form in newspapers. Rhetorical Thai, used for public speaking, religious Thai, used when discussing Buddhism or addressing monks. Royal Thai, influenced by Khmer, this is used when addressing members of the family or describing their activities. Most Thais can speak and understand all of these contexts, street and Elegant Thai are the basis of all conversations. Rhetorical, religious, and royal Thai are taught in schools as the national curriculum, many scholars believe that the Thai script is derived from the Khmer script, which is modeled after the Brahmic script from the Indic family. However, in appearance, Thai is closer to Thai Dam script, the language and its script are closely related to the Lao language and script
24.
Man o' War
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Man o War was an American Thoroughbred who is widely considered one of the greatest racehorses of all time. During his career just after World War I, he won 20 of 21 races and he was the unofficial 1920 American Horse of the Year and was honored with Babe Ruth as the outstanding athlete of the year by the New York Times. He was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1957, on March 29,2017, the museum opened a special exhibit in his honor, Man o War at 100. In 1919, Man o War won 9 of 10 starts including the Hopeful Stakes and Belmont Futurity and his only loss came at Saratoga Race Course, later nicknamed the Graveyard of Champions, where he had a poor start and was beaten by a colt fittingly named Upset. Man o War was not entered in the 1920 Kentucky Derby because his owner, Samuel Riddle, instead, Man o War made his three-year-old debut in the Preakness Stakes where he defeated Upset by 1 1⁄2 lengths. Man o War later won the Belmont Stakes by 20 lengths while setting a world record, throughout the summer and fall, he continued to dominate his fellow three-year-olds, setting multiple records while conceding large amounts of weight to his rivals. His final race of the year was a race against Sir Barton. Man o War won by seven lengths in the first race to be filmed in its entirety. Riddle originally intended to race Man o War in 1921 but decided against it because Man o War would have been assigned record weights in the format used in races for older horses. Instead, Man o War was retired to stud, where he became a leading sire whose multiple champions included Triple Crown winner War Admiral, through his sons and daughters, Man o War is found in almost all modern American pedigrees. Man o War was a horse with a white star. He was foaled at Nursery Stud near Lexington, Kentucky and he was bred by August Belmont, Jr. whose fathers accomplishments were recognized through the naming of the Belmont Stakes in 1867. Belmont Jr. was an equally notable horseman who served as the chairman of The Jockey Club from 1895 until his death in 1924, Belmont Park was named in the familys honor when it opened in 1905. Man o War was sired by Fair Play, a stakes winner who finished second in the 1905 Belmont Stakes to the undefeated Colin. Man o War was the second out of Mahubah, a lightly raced mare by English Triple Crown Champion Rock Sand. Not long after their foal was born on March 29,1917, while he was overseas, his wife named the foal Man o War in honor of her husband. However, the Belmonts decided to liquidate their racing stable, at the Saratoga yearling sale in 1918, Man o War was sold at a final bid of $5,000 to Samuel D. Riddle, who brought him to his Glen Riddle Farm near Berlin, Maryland. The underbidder at the auction was Robert L. Gerry, Sr. who is reported to have said to his wife, two years later, Riddle declined an offer of $400,000 for the horse
25.
Secretariat (horse)
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Secretariat was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who, in 1973, became the first Triple Crown winner in 25 years. His record-breaking win in the Belmont Stakes, where he left the field 31 lengths behind him, is regarded as one of the greatest races of all time. During his racing career, he won five Eclipse Awards, including Horse of the Year honors at two and three. He was elected to the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1974, in the List of the Top 100 U. S. Racehorses of the 20th Century, Secretariat is second only to Man o War, at age two, Secretariat finished fourth in his 1972 debut in a maiden race, but then won seven of his remaining eight starts, including five stakes victories. His only loss during this period was in the Champagne Stakes and he received the Eclipse Award for champion two-year-old colt, and also was the 1972 Horse of the Year, a rare honor for a horse so young. At age three, Secretariat not only won the Triple Crown, he set speed records in all three races. His time in the Kentucky Derby still stands as the Churchill Downs track record for 1 1⁄4 miles and his controversial time in the Preakness Stakes was eventually recognized as a stakes record in 2012. He lost three times that year, in the Wood Memorial, Whitney and Woodward Stakes, but the brilliance of his nine wins made him an American icon and he won his second Horse of the Year title, plus Eclipse Awards for champion three-year-old colt and champion turf horse. At the beginning of his year, Secretariat was syndicated for a record-breaking $6.08 million on condition that he be retired from racing by the end of the year. Although he sired successful racehorses, he ultimately was most influential through his daughters offspring, becoming the leading broodmare sire in North America in 1992. Secretariat died in 1989 due to laminitis and his daughters produced several notable sires, including Storm Cat, A. P. Indy, Gone West, Dehere and Chiefs Crown, and through them Secretariat appears in the pedigree of many modern champions. He continues to be recognized as one of the greatest horses in American racing history, Secretariat was sired by Bold Ruler and his dam was Somethingroyal, a daughter of Princequillo. Bold Ruler was the leading sire in North America from 1963 to 1969, owned by the Phipps family, Bold Ruler possessed both speed and stamina, having won the Preakness Stakes and Horse of the Year honors in 1957, and American Champion Sprint Horse honors in 1958. Bold Ruler was retired to stud at Claiborne Farm, but the Phippses owned most of the mares to which Bold Ruler was bred, and few of his offspring were sold at public auction. Assuming two foals were produced, the Phipps family would keep one and the owner would keep the other. Under such an arrangement, Chenery sent two mares to be bred to Bold Ruler in 1968, Hasty Matelda and Somethingroyal and she then sent Cicada and Somethingroyal in 1969. The foal-sharing agreement stated that the winner of the toss would get first foal pick of the foals produced in 1969
26.
Museum of Victoria
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Museums Victoria is an organisation which operates three major state-owned museums in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, the Melbourne Museum, the Immigration Museum and Scienceworks. It also manages the Royal Exhibition Building and a facility in Melbournes City of Moreland. Museums Victoria is the caretaker of the body of Phar Lap, Phar Laps skeleton is housed at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa and his heart is kept at the National Museum of Australia. The museum traces its history back to the establishment of the National Museum of Victoria in 1854 under the directorship of Frederick McCoy and it was founded in its current form under the Australian Museums Act. The collections of around 16 million objects cover Indigenous items, science, history, L. Ms Marshall is the first woman to lead the organisation in its 162 year history. Former Museum directors include,1858 – Frederick McCoy 1899 – Walter Baldwin Spencer 1928 – James A. Kershaw 1931 – Daniel James Mahony 1957 – Charles
27.
University of Sydney
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The University of Sydney is an Australian public research university in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1850, it is Australias first university and is regarded as one of the leading universities. The university comprises 16 faculties and schools, through which it offers bachelor, master, in 2011 it had 32,393 undergraduate and 16,627 graduate students. The university is known as one of Australias sandstone universities. Five Nobel and two Crafoord laureates have been affiliated with the university as graduates and faculty, the university has educated six prime ministers and 24 justices of the High Court of Australia, including four chief justices. Sydney has produced 24 Rhodes Scholars and several Gates Scholars and it would take two attempts on Wentworths behalf, however, before the plan was finally adopted. The university was established via the passage of the University of Sydney Act, two years later, the university was inaugurated on 11 October 1852 in the Big Schoolroom of what is now Sydney Grammar School. The first principal was John Woolley, the first professor of chemistry, by 1859, the university had moved to its current site in the Sydney suburb of Camperdown. Most of the estate of John Henry Challis was bequeathed to the university and this was thanks in part due to William Montagu Manning who argued against the claims by British Tax Commissioners. The following year seven professorships were created, anatomy, zoology, engineering, history, law, logic and mental philosophy, the New England University College was founded as part of the University of Sydney in 1938 and later separated in 1954 to become the University of New England. During the late 1960s, the University of Sydney was at the centre of rows to introduce courses on Marxism and feminism at the major Australian universities, prior to 1981, the Sydney Institute of Education was the Sydney Teachers College. In January 2005, the University of Sydney transferred the OAC to Charles Sturt University, in February 2007, the university agreed to acquire a portion of the land granted to St Johns College to develop the Sydney Institute of Health and Medical Research. This caused concern among some groups, who argued that it would interfere with scientific medical research, at the start of 2010, the university controversially adopted a new logo. It retains the same university arms, however it takes on a modern look. The original Coat of Arms from 1857 continues to be used for ceremonial and other formal purposes, concerns about public funding for higher education were reflected again in 2014 following the federal governments proposal to deregulate student fees. In order to enhance its competitiveness locally and internationally, the university has introduced plans to consolidate existing degrees to reduce the overall number of programs. In 2001, the University of Sydney chancellor, Dame Leonie Kramer, was forced to resign by the governing body. In 2005, the Public Service Association of New South Wales, action initiated by Spence to improve the financial sustainability of the university has alienated some students and staff
28.
Timaru
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The Timaru urban area is home to 28,800 people, and is the largest urban area in South Canterbury, and the second largest in the Canterbury Region overall, after Christchurch. The city is the seat of the Timaru District, which includes the rural area and the towns of Geraldine, Pleasant Point and Temuka. Caroline Bay beach is a recreational area located close to Timarus city centre. Beyond Caroline Bay, the suburb of Washdyke is at a major junction with State Highway 8. This provides a link to Fairlie, Twizel, Lake Tekapo, Aoraki / Mount Cook. Timaru has been built on rolling hills created from the flows of the extinct Mt Horrible volcano. The result is that most of the streets are undulating. This volcanic rock is used for the construction of local bluestone buildings, the origin of the name Timaru is disputed. Some believe that it derives from Māori Te Maru, which can mean a place of shelter, however, other authorities allege that Timaru originates from a literal translation of the combination of ti, a cabbage tree and maru, meaning shady. Māori canoes seem to have employed the site of Timaru as a place to rest on journeys up and down the eastern coastline for many years before the arrival of the first Europeans in the 19th century. The area includes over 500 sites with traces of Māori rock art, particularly in the rock overhangs and caves of the Opuha and Opihi river valleys, archaeologists have suggested that Māori tribes were permanently settled in the district before 1400 AD. During the 17th or 18th century the resident Ngāti Mamoe were driven southwards into Fiordland by an invasion of the Ngāi Tahu, European settlement began with the construction of a whaling station in 1839 by the Weller brothers of Otago at Patiti Point, close to the present town centre. A supply ship, The Caroline, provided the name for a local bay, later a sheep station, known as The Levels, was set up on land obtained by the Rhodes brothers, and run by George Rhodes. One of the earliest settlers was Captain Henry Cain, who set up a store in 1857 on behalf of Henry Le Cren of Lyttelton, few lived in Timaru until 1859 when the ship SS Strathallan arrived from England, carrying a party of 120 immigrants. Persistent land disputes arose between the brothers and local government officials with the result that two townships were established in the area, Government Town and Rhodestown. These eventually merged into a community in 1868. Given this division, until none of the main north-south streets lined up. Stafford Street, which became the thoroughfare, was formed along the early bullock wagon trail
29.
South Island
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The South Island or Te Waipounamu is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the smaller but more populous North Island. It is bordered to the north by Cook Strait, to the west by the Tasman Sea, the South Island covers 150,437 square kilometres and has a temperate climate. In the early stages of European settlement of the country, the South Island had the majority of the European population, in prose, the two main islands of New Zealand are called the North Island and the South Island, with the definite article. Charcoal drawings can be found on rock shelters in the centre of the South Island. The drawings are estimated to be between 500 and 800 years old, and portray animals, people and fantastic creatures, possibly stylised reptiles, some of the birds pictured are long extinct, including moa and Haasts eagles. They were drawn by early Māori, but by the time Europeans arrived, early inhabitants of the South Island were the Waitaha. They were largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Kāti Mamoe in the 16th century, Kāti Mamoe were in turn largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Kāi Tahu who migrated south in the 17th century. While today there is no distinct Kāti Mamoe organisation, many Kāi Tahu have Kāti Mamoe links in their whakapapa and, a notable feature of the Moriori culture, an emphasis on pacifism, proved disadvantageous when Māori warriors arrived in the 1830s aboard a chartered European ship. In the early 18th century, Kāi Tahu, a Māori tribe who originated on the east coast of the North Island, There they and Kāti Mamoe fought Ngāi Tara and Rangitāne in the Wairau Valley. Ngāti Māmoe then ceded the east coast regions north of the Clarence River to Kāi Tahu, Kāi Tahu continued to push south, conquering Kaikoura. By the 1730s, Kāi Tahu had settled in Canterbury, including Banks Peninsula, from there they spread further south and into the West Coast. In 1827-1828 Ngāti Toa under the leadership of Te Rauparaha successfully attacked Kāi Tahu at Kaikoura, Ngāti Toa then visited Kaiapoi, ostensibly to trade. When they attacked their hosts, the well-prepared Kāi Tahu killed all the leading Ngāti Toa chiefs except Te Rauparaha, Te Rauparaha returned to his Kapiti Island stronghold. After destroying Te Maiharanuis village they took their captives to Kapiti, John Stewart, though arrested and sent to trial in Sydney as an accomplice to murder, nevertheless escaped conviction. In the summer of 1831–32 Te Rauparaha attacked the Kaiapoi pā, Kaiapoi was engaged in a three-month siege by Te Rauparaha, during which his men successfully sapped the pā. They then attacked Kāi Tahu on Banks Peninsula and took the pā at Onawe, in 1832-33 Kāi Tahu retaliated under the leadership of Tūhawaiki and others, attacking Ngāti Toa at Lake Grassmere. Kāi Tahu prevailed, and killed many Ngāti Toa, although Te Rauparaha again escaped, fighting continued for a year or so, with Kāi Tahu maintaining the upper hand. Ngāti Toa never again made an incursion into Kāi Tahu territory
30.
Nightmarch
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Nightmarch, foaled in 1925 was an outstanding New Zealand bred Thoroughbred racehorse known as The Kiwi. He was by Night Raid, the sire of Phar Lap, out of the good racemare and broodmare, Marsa by Martian, Marsa produced five foals, all of which raced and were winners. As a two-year-old he had eight starts and won two, the Dunedin J. C. Juvenile and Hopeful Handicaps, having dead heated with Full Feather in the latter race. In the spring of 1929, Louisson took Nightmarch to Sydney where he was unplaced in his first start at Rosehill, the big betting punter, Eric Connolly offered £10,000 for Nightmarch after a betting plunge by others, had been made on Nightmarchs Metropolitan Handicap winning chances. Connolly instead became the campaign manager and his training was then altered to suit the one mile of the AJC Epsom Handicap instead of the 13 furlongs of the Metropolitan Handicap. A big betting plunge succeeded then when Nightmarch won the Tattersalls Spring Handicap, a Metropolitan Handicap start agreed upon and was won by Loquacious with Nightmarch, who carried 9 st.12 lbs. a ½ length away in second place. After the race Connolly received numerous threatening phone calls, some indicating possible personal injury, Nightmarch firmed from 20-1 to 3-1 favourite before he won the AJC Epsom Handicap. Following this he won the Randwick Plate, the W S Cox Plate, after that, until the end of his long career, Nightmarch was seldom unplaced. In Dunedin, New Zealand Nightmarch won the James Hazlett Gold Cup and back again in New South Wales won the Rawson Stakes, during his four-year-old season he had a total of 16 starts for 8 wins,3 seconds and 4 thirds. As a five-year-old he placed third to Amounis and Phar Lap in the Warwick Stakes and was third in the Canterbury Stakes. In his next four starts he ran second to Phar Lap each time—in the Chelmsford Stakes, Hill Stakes, AJC Spring Stakes, at his first start as a six-year-old Nightmarch was second in the James Hazlett Gold Cup. Back in Sydney, Ammon Ra defeated him into second place in both the Rawson Stakes and AJC Chipping Norton Stakes and he won his next two races, the AJC Autumn Stakes and AJC Cumberland Stakes, which he won from Veilmond on each occasion. Plate he was unplaced to Veilmond but finished the year by again winning the Awapuni Cup. As a seven-year-old Nightmarch did not win again, although he was second to Peter Pan by half a length in the Rosehill Hill Stakes next spring and his last stake-earning was third place behind Veilmond in the AJC Spring Stakes. Overall he had 69 starts for 23½ wins,18 seconds and 11 thirds for £32,116, at the time the two greats Gloaming and Nightmarch were considered New Zealands true champions
31.
Guinea (coin)
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The guinea was a coin of approximately one quarter ounce of gold that was minted in Great Britain between 1663 and 1814. From 1717 to 1816, its value was fixed at twenty-one shillings. Then, Britain adopted the standard and guinea became a colloquial or specialised term. The name came from the Guinea region in West Africa, where much of the used to make the coins originated. The name also forms the basis for the Arabic word for the Egyptian pound الجنيه el-Genēh / el-Geni, the first guinea was produced on 6 February 1663, a proclamation of 27 March 1663 made the coins legal currency. One troy pound of 11/12 fine gold would make 44½ guineas, the denomination was originally worth one pound, or twenty shillings, but an increase in the price of gold during the reign of King Charles II led to the market trading it at a premium. The price of gold continued to increase, especially in times of trouble, and by the 1680s, indeed, in his diary entries for 13 June 1667, Samuel Pepys records that the price was 24 to 25 shillings. The diameter of the coin was 1 inch throughout Charles IIs reign, Guinea was not an official name for the coin, but much of the gold used to produce the early coins came from Guinea in Africa. The coin was produced each year between 1663 and 1684, with the elephant appearing on some coins each year from 1663 to 1665 and 1668, and the elephant and castle on some coins from 1674 onward. The elephant, with or without the castle, symbolises the Royal African Company, the obverse and reverse of this coin were designed by John Roettier. The edge was milled to deter clipping or filing, and to distinguish it from the silver half-crown which had edge lettering, until 1669 the milling was perpendicular to the edge, giving vertical grooves, while from 1670 the milling was diagonal to the edge. John Roettier continued to design the dies for this denomination in the reign of King James II. In this reign, the coins weighed 8.5 g with a diameter of 25–26 mm, Coins of each year were issued both with and without the elephant and castle mark. The edge of the coins are milled diagonally, with the removal of James II in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, his daughter Mary, and her husband Prince William of Orange ruled jointly by agreement as co-monarchs. Their heads appear conjoined on the piece in Roman style, with Williams head uppermost. By the early part of this reign the value of the guinea had increased to thirty shillings. The guineas of this reign weighed 8, following the death of Queen Mary from smallpox in 1694, William continued to reign as William III. The coins of William IIIs reign weighed 8.4 g with a gold purity of 0.9123
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Karaka, New Zealand
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Karaka is a small rural area of Auckland, New Zealand. Formerly part of Franklin District, under the authority of the Franklin District Council it is now part of Auckland Council following the amalgamation of the Auckland regions councils and it is primarily a rural town associated with horse studs as well as dairy and sheep farming. In recent times, some of the land has been subdivided into expensive residential plots. Traditionally the economy of Karaka was dominated by agriculture with Brinks NZ chicken originating in Karaka, however, in recent times with the move to lifestyle blocks the majority of residents commute to Auckland for employment. With the NZ Bloodstock Karaka Sales Complex located in Karaka, thoroughbred studs have become important to the local economy with Westbury Stud. Three public primary schools are located in Karaka, Karaka School, Hingaia Peninsula School, public secondary education is provided in the nearby towns of Papakura and Pukekohe. Karaka is the location of the yearling sales at NZ Bloodstock Karaka Sales Complex. The Karaka Sports Park provides a sports ground as well as bar and kitchen facilities. The Pukekohe Golf Club is located within the Karaka area bordering Pukekohe, Kingseat is a small town in the westen part of Karaka, which is home to the former psychiatric Kingseat Hospital. In 2005 it was turned into Spookers, a haunted attraction
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Armidale
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Armidale is a city in the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales, Australia. Armidale had an population of 23,674 as at 30 June 2015. It is the centre for the Northern Tablelands region. It is approximately halfway between Sydney and Brisbane at the junction of the New England Highway and Waterfall Way, Armidale traditional owners are Anaiwan people. Many Gumbaynggirr people have settled in Armidale since colonisation, a short distance to the east of Armidale are heavily forested steep gorges dropping down to the eastern coastal plain. Large parts of the highlands are covered by Palaeozoic aged metamorphosed sedimentary rocks, intruding into these meta-sediments are granite plutons which decompose to form sandy soil, slightly deficient in nutrients. There are also basalt flows which are fertile for the soil substrates. Those areas away from the deep gorge country tend to display gently undulating terrain mainly used for pastures, to the west is Mount Yarrowyck Nature Reserve. The coastal plain can be reached directly at Coffs Harbour via Waterfall Way to Dorrigo and Bellingen on the Bellinger River, Armidale has a noted problem with air pollution caused by the use of solid fuel domestic wood heaters during the winter months. A local retired doctor said he is so concerned by the wood smoke situation, Armidale has a subtropical highland climate influence. Armidales elevation gives it a climate, but the summers are still very warm. Winters are long and cool, with frosty nights. Snowfall is extremely rare, on only one day in every three years. The presence of four seasons, unlike most of the rest of Australia, is the reason for the New England moniker. Summers are characterised by warm to very warm days followed almost always by cool, sometimes cold, thunderstorms often produce heavy falls of rain and occasionally hail in the afternoons and early evenings, also bringing a sudden drop in temperature. Unlike nearby coastal areas, Armidale does not usually high humidity levels making most of the summer days quite comfortable. Temperatures exceed 30 °C on average of 13 days per year, the highest temperature recorded at Armidale Airport was 37.0 °C, recorded in January 2014. As the leaves turn yellow and fall, day temperatures are still warm, particularly in March
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Apprenticeship
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An apprenticeship is a system of training a new generation of practitioners of a trade or profession with on-the-job training and often some accompanying study. Apprenticeship also enables practitioners to gain a license to practice in a regulated profession, Apprenticeships typically last 3 to 7 years. People who successfully complete an apprenticeship reach the journeyman or professional level of competence. In early modern usage, the clipped form prentice was common, the system of apprenticeship first developed in the later Middle Ages and came to be supervised by craft guilds and town governments. A master craftsman was entitled to employ young people as a form of labour in exchange for providing food, lodging. Most apprentices were males, but female apprentices were found in such as seamstress, tailor. Apprentices usually began at ten to fifteen years of age, in Coventry those completing seven-year apprenticeships with stuff merchants were entitled to become freemen of the city. Subsequently, governmental regulation and the licensing of technical colleges and vocational education formalized and bureaucratized the details of apprenticeship, Australian Apprenticeships encompass all apprenticeships and traineeships. They cover all sectors in Australia and are used to achieve both entry-level and career upskilling objectives. There were 470,000 Australian Apprentices in-training as at 31 March 2012, Australian Government employer and employee incentives may be applicable, while State and Territory Governments may provide public funding support for the training element of the initiative. Australian Apprenticeships combine time at work with formal training and can be full-time, part-time or school-based, Australian Apprentice and Traineeship services are dedicated to promoting retention, therefore much effort is made to match applicants with the right apprenticeship or traineeship. This is done with the aid of aptitude tests, tips, information and resources on potential apprenticeship and traineeship occupations are available in over sixty industries. The distinction between the terms apprentices and trainees lies mainly around traditional trades and the time it takes to gain a qualification, Australia also has a fairly unusual safety net in place for businesses and Australian Apprentices with its Group Training scheme. It is a safety net, because the Group Training Organisation is the employer and provides continuity of employment and it lasts two to four years – the duration varies among the 250 legally recognized apprenticeship trades. About 40 percent of all Austrian teenagers enter apprenticeship training upon completion of compulsory education and this number has been stable since the 1950s. The five most popular trades are, Retail Salesperson, Clerk, Car Mechanic, Hairdresser, there are many smaller trades with small numbers of apprentices, like EDV-Systemtechniker which is completed by fewer than 100 people a year. The Apprenticeship Leave Certificate provides the apprentice with access to two different vocational careers, the person responsible for overseeing the training inside the company is called Lehrherr or Ausbilder. An Ausbilder must prove he has the qualifications needed to educate another person
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Tijuana
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Tijuana is the largest city in Baja California and on the Baja California Peninsula and center of the Tijuana metropolitan area, part of the international San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area. As an industrial and financial center of Mexico, Tijuana exerts an influence on economics, education, culture, art. As the city has become a center in the country, so has the surrounding metropolitan area. Currently one of the fastest growing areas in Mexico, Tijuana maintains global city status. As of 2015, the city of Tijuana had a population of 1,696,923, Tijuana is located on the Gold Coast of Baja California, and is the municipal seat and cultural and commercial center of Tijuana Municipality. Tijuana covers 70% of the municipality but contains over 80% of its population, a dominant manufacturing center of the North American continent, the city maintains facilities of many multinational conglomerate companies. In the early 21st century, Tijuana became the medical-device manufacturing capital of North America, Tijuana is also a growing cultural center and has been recognized as an important new cultural mecca. The city is the most visited city in the globe. More than fifty million people cross the border between two cities every year. This metropolitan crossing makes the San Ysidro Port of Entry the busiest land-border crossing in the world and it is estimated that the two border crossing stations between the cities proper of San Diego and Tijuana account for 300,000 daily border crossings alone. Tijuana is the 40th largest city in the Americas and is the westernmost city in Mexico, Tijuana traces its modern history to the arrival of Spanish explorers in the 16th century who were mapping the coast of the Californias. As the American conquest of northern Mexico ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Tijuanas new international position on the border gave rise to a new economic, the city was founded in July 11,1889 as urban development began. Often known by its initials, T. J. and nicknamed Gateway to Mexico, Tijuana derives from the Kumeyaay word Tiwan, meaning by-the-sea. Common in regional folklore, a myth exists purporting that the name is a conjunction of Tia Juana, Tia Juana would provide food and a resting place to travelers on their journeys. The story has become a myth with residents of the city and has particular resonance among those who like to imagine the city as a place of hospitality. In Spanish, the name is pronounced /tiˈxwana/ – with three syllables, and a fricative as represented by the sound written as j. In California, and particularly in Southern California, it is referred to as T. J. Baja Californians have adopted this pronunciation as Tiyei, in Spanish the demonym for someone from Tijuana is Tijuanense, while in English the demonym is Tijuanan
