1.
Suburban
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A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In some areas, such as Australia, China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and a few U. S. states, new suburbs are routinely annexed by adjacent cities. In others, such as Arabia, Canada, France, and much of the United States, Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land, the English word is derived from the Old French subburbe, which is in turn derived from the Latin suburbium, formed from sub and urbs. The first recorded usage of the term in English, was made by John Wycliffe in 1380, in Australia and New Zealand, suburbs have become formalised as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities, the terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density suburbs in proximity to the city center, and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term middle suburbs is also used, Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city centre. In large cities such as London, suburbs include formerly separate towns and villages that have been gradually absorbed during a growth and expansion. In the United States and Canada, suburb can refer either to an residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or unincorporated area outside a town or city. The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements, large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the market town. The word suburbani was first used by the Roman statesman Cicero in reference to the large villas, as populations grew during the Early Modern Period in Europe, urban towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the countryside. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest, by the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in suburban growth came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s, the line joined the capitals financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles from Baker Street. Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, in 1912, it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway. However, World War I delayed these plans and it was only in 1919, with expectation of a housing boom. The term Metro-land was coined by the Mets marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide and this promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
4.
Delaware County, Pennsylvania
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Delaware County, colloquially referred to as Delco, is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. With a population of 562,960, it is the fifth most populous county in Pennsylvania, the county was created on September 26,1789, from part of Chester County and named for the Delaware River. Until 1850, Chester City was the county seat of both Delaware County and, before that, of Chester County, Delaware County is adjacent to the city-county of Philadelphia and is included in the Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE–MD Metropolitan Statistical Area. Delaware County is the county covered in its entirety by area codes 610 and 484. Delaware County lies in the river and bay drainage area named Delaware in honor of Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, Governor of the nearby English colony of Virginia. The land was discovered and explored by Henry Hudson in 1609, and over the several decades it was variously claimed and settled by the Swedes, the Dutch. Its original human inhabitants were the Lenni-Lenape tribe of American Indians, once the Dutch were defeated and the extent of New York was determined, King Charles II of England made his grant to William Penn in order to found the colony which came to be named Pennsylvania. Penn divided his colony into three counties, Bucks, Philadelphia, and Chester, the riverfront land south of Philadelphia, being the most accessible, was quickly granted and settled. In 1789, the portion of Chester County was divided from the rest. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 191 square miles. It is the third-smallest county in Pennsylvania by area, the lowest point in the state of Pennsylvania is located on the Delaware River in Marcus Hook in Delaware County, where it flows out of Pennsylvania and into Delaware. The highest point in Delaware County is 500 feet at two points southeast of Wyola in Newtown Township, waterways in Delaware County generally flow in a southward direction and ultimately drain into the Delaware River. The waterways are, from west to east, the Brandywine River, Chester Creek, Ridley Creek, Crum Creek, Muckinipates Creek, Darby Creek and Cobbs Creek. Crum Creek was dammed in 1931 near Pennsylvania Route 252 to fill Springton Lake, an approximately 391-acre drinking water reservoir maintained by Aqua America, John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge 2,600 acres of the county are occupied by the Ridley Creek State Park. 3. 0% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry, as of 2000, there were 550,864 people,206,320 households, and 139,472 families residing in the county. The population density was 2,990 people per square mile, There were 216,978 housing units at an average density of 1,178 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 80. 32% White,14. 52% African American,0. 11% Native American,3. 29% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 56% from other races, and 1. 19% from two or more races. 1. 52% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,24. 6% were of Irish,17. 5% Italian,10. 1% German and 6. 7% English ancestry
5.
Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
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Montgomery County, locally also referred to as Montco, is a county located in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Montgomery County is very diverse, ranging from farms and open land in Upper Hanover to densely populated streets in Cheltenham. Montgomery County is included in the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is a suburban county northwest of Philadelphia, and marks part of the regions northern border with the Lehigh Valley region of the state to the north. In 2010, it was the 51st wealthiest county in the country, in 2008, it was named the 9th Best Place to Raise a Family by Forbes. The county was created on September 10,1784, out of land originally part of Philadelphia County, the first courthouse was housed in the Barley Sheaf Inn. Early histories of the county indicate the origin of the name as uncertain. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 487 square miles. About 4. 3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino, as of the census of 2000,750,097 people,286,098 households, and 197,693 families resided in the county. The population density was 1,553 people per square mile, the 297,434 housing units averaged 238 units/km². The racial makeup of the county was 86. 46% White,7. 46% Black or African American,0. 11% Native American,4. 02% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 75% from other races, and 1. 16% from two or more races. About 2. 04% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,17. 5% were of German,16. 7% Irish,14. 3% Italian,6. 5% English, and 5. 0% Polish ancestry according to 2000 United States Census. Around 90. 5% spoke English,2. 0% Spanish,1. 1% Korean, Historically, much of western Montgomery County is part of the Pennsylvania Dutch Country, with a great many descendants of German-speaking settlers from the 18th century. Montgomery County is home to large and growing African American, Korean American, Puerto-Rican American, Mexican American, the county has the second-largest foreign-born population in the region. About 25. 60% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.09. In the county, the population was distributed as 24. 10% under the age of 18,7. 10% from 18 to 24,30. 50% from 25 to 44,23. 40% from 45 to 64, the median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.60 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.00 males. The median income for a household in the county was $60,829, males had a median income of $48,698 versus $35,089 for females. The per capita income for the county was $30,898, about 2. 80% of families and 4. 40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4. 60% of those under age 18 and 5. 10% of those age 65 or over
6.
Chester County, Pennsylvania
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Chester County is a county in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 498,886, the county seat is West Chester. Chester County was one of the three original Pennsylvania counties created by William Penn in 1682 and it was named for Chester, England. Chester County is part of the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area, Chester County is the highest-income county in Pennsylvania and 24th highest in the nation as measured by median household income. Philadelphia, Bucks, and Chester were the three Pennsylvania counties initially created by William Penn on August 24,1682, much of the Welsh Tract was in eastern Chester County, and Welsh place names, given by early settlers, continue to predominate there. The fourth county in the state, Lancaster County, was formed from Chester County on May 10,1729, on March 11,1752, Berks County was formed from the northern section of Chester County, as well as parts of Lancaster and Philadelphia counties. The original Chester County seat was the city of Chester, a center of naval shipbuilding, apparently, this did not work, the eastern portion of the county separated from Chester County on September 26,1789, becoming Delaware County. West Chester remained the seat of the reduced Chester County, much of the history of Chester County arises from its location between Philadelphia and the Susquehanna River. The first road to the West passed through the part of Chester County, following the Great Valley westward, with some re-alignments, it became the Lincoln Highway. This road is still named Lancaster Avenue in most of the Chester county towns it runs through, the first railroad followed much the same route, and the Reading Railroad progressed up the Schuylkill River to Reading. Industry tended to concentrate along the rail lines, easy transportation allowed workers to commute to urban jobs, and the rise of the suburbs followed. To this day, the areas form fingers extending along major lines of transportation. During the American Revolutionary War, the Battle of Brandywine was fought at what is now the southeastern fringe of the county, the Valley Forge encampment was at the northeastern edge. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 759 square miles. The topography consists of rolling hills and valleys and it is part of the known as the Piedmont. Watersheds that serve Chester County include the Octoraro, the Brandywine, and Chester creeks, many of the soils are fertile, rich loam as much as twenty-four inches thick, together with the temperate climate, this was long a major agricultural area. Because of its proximity to Philadelphia, Chester County has seen waves of development over the past half-century due to suburbanization. Although development in Chester County has increased, agriculture is still a part of the countys economy
7.
Pennsylvania Railroad
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The Pennsylvania Railroad was an American Class I railroad, founded in 1846. Commonly referred to as the Pennsy, the PRR was headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the PRR was the largest railroad by traffic and revenue in the U. S. for the first half of the 20th century. Over the years, it acquired, merged with or owned part of at least 800 other rail lines and companies and its only formidable rival was the New York Central, which carried around three-quarters of PRRs ton-miles. At one time, the PRR was the largest publicly traded corporation in the world, with a larger than that of the U. S. government. The corporation still holds the record for the longest continuous dividend history, in 1968, PRR merged with rival NYC to form the Penn Central Transportation Company, which filed for bankruptcy within two years. The viable parts were transferred in 1976 to Conrail, which was broken up in 1999, with 58 percent of the system going to the Norfolk Southern Railway. Amtrak received the electrified segment east of Harrisburg, with the opening of the Erie Canal and the beginnings of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Philadelphia business interests became concerned that the port of Philadelphia would lose traffic. The state legislature was pressed to build a canal across Pennsylvania and it soon became evident that a single canal would not be practical and a series of railroads, inclined planes, and canals was proposed. Because freight and passengers had to change several times along the route and canals froze in winter, it soon became apparent that the system was cumbersome. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania granted a charter to the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1846 to build a rail line that would connect Harrisburg to Pittsburgh. The Directors chose John Edgar Thomson, an engineer from the Georgia Railroad, to survey, the crest of the mountain was penetrated by the 3, 612-foot Gallitzin Tunnels and then descended by a more moderate grade to Johnstown. The western end of the line was built from Pittsburgh east along the banks of the Allegheny. In 1857, the PRR purchased the Main Line of Public Works from the state of Pennsylvania, the line was double track from its inception, and by the end of the century a third and fourth track were added. Over the next 50 years, PRR expanded by gaining control of railroads by stock purchases. This line is still an important cross-state corridor, carrying Amtraks Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line and he served as PRRs first Chief Engineer and third President. Track connection in Philadelphia was made via the PRRs Connecting Railway, the PRRs Baltimore and Potomac Rail Road opened on July 2,1872, between Baltimore and Washington, D. C. This route required transfer via horse car in Baltimore to the lines heading north from the city. On June 29,1873, the Baltimore and Potomac Tunnel through Baltimore was completed, the PRR started the misleadingly named Pennsylvania Air Line service via the Northern Central Railway and Columbia, Pennsylvania
8.
Demonym
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A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above
9.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
10.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
11.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
12.
Area codes 215 and 267
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215 and 267 are the North American telephone area codes for the City of Philadelphia and the northern and eastern municipalities in Bucks and Montgomery Counties in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Area code 215 was one of the area codes established in 1947 and originally included the entire southeastern part of the Commonwealth. Pennsylvania was divided into four numbering plan areas, after New York state the most in the Bell System, together with Illinois, Ohio, on January 8,1994, the area served by 215 was split. However, three central office codes were moved from 215 to 717, namely 267 in Denver,484 in Adamstown and 445 in Terre Hill, with 215-267 becoming 717-336 because 717-267 was already in use. These exchanges were all served by telephone companies which sought to consolidate their eastern Pennsylvania customers into one area code. The codes 267 and 484 were later used for area codes in 215 and 610 respectively. This was intended as a solution, but within two years 215 was close to exhaustion due to the rapid growth of the Philadelphia area. The supply of numbers was limited because the entire state of Delaware is part of the Philadelphia LATA. To solve the problem, overlay code 267 was established July 1,1997, local calls across the Delaware/Pennsylvania border have been changed to 10-digit dialing to remove some restrictions on prefix assignments. Area code 445 was first proposed in July 2000 as an overlay area codes 215 and 267. However, these plans were delayed and then rescinded in 2003 by the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, the need for new phone numbers in area codes 215/267 was delayed until 2018. In December of 2016, it was announced that area code 445 will be activated as an overlay area code on March 3,2018. The 215/267 area codes serve all or part of five counties in Pennsylvania. com,215 Area Code List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload. com,267 Area Code
13.
La Ronda (estate)
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La Ronda, was a mansion and estate in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania from 1929 to 2009. It was originally the home of Percival E. Foerderer, who ran a leather-manufacturing business, the 17, 500-square-foot Main Line mansion was the last commission by the renowned early 20th century architect Addison Mizner based in Palm Beach, Florida. The residence was built by J. S. Cornell & Son, completed in 1929, the La Ronda estate originally consisted of 233 acres of grounds and gardens. The Mediterranean Revival and Spanish Gothic Revival architecture styled residence had fifty-one rooms, mizners artisan production company created much of the hardware, fittings, furnishings, and decorative elements in the same styles for an integrated aesthetic. Following Percival Foerderers death in 1969, the Foerderer family sold the estate to Villanova University, since that time, a series of subsequent owners sold the grounds of most of the original estate, and new single homes and townhouses were built. By 2009, the property attached to the La Ronda mansion had shrunk to 3.2 acres and it has survived with little excessive wear and tear to reflect its age and usage. Its previous occupants loved and respected the building, in March 2009, La Ronda was sold for $6 million. The new owner, whose identity was hidden behind a front, applied for a demolition permit and announced plans to tear down the La Ronda mansion and build a new 10. The owner of the estate was reported to be Joseph Kestenbaum, president, Lower Merion Townships historical commission recommended that the board of commissioners reject the request for a demolition permit. The Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia made an appeal to the owner, whose name had, at that point, other groups fighting to prevent the demolition included the National Trust for Historic Preservation and the Philadelphia chapter of the American Institute of Architects. On June 3,2009, the Lower Merion commissioners approved demolition, the Lower Merion Historical Society attempted to raise $7 million to buy La Ronda and establish a foundation to preserve the building. The Lower Merion Historical Societys efforts to raise funds and purchase the mansion were not successful, in August 2009, Benjamin Wohl, a Florida real estate developer, offered to buy La Ronda and move it to an adjoining lot to be his second home. This would save the current owner an estimated $300,000 in demolition costs, Wohl lives in Palm Beach, Florida, in a Mizner home that he moved to prevent its demolition. Wohl stated that he had an agreement for land adjoining the La Ronda property. Engineers stated that though it would be complex, moving the house was possible, in August 2009, it was revealed that Joseph and Sharon Kestenbaum of Penn Valley, Pennsylvania, were the new owners. Despite offering an alternative that appeared to be a win-win for all concerned parties, after the Kestenbaums and the previous owner completed extensive interior salvaging, demolition of La Ronda commenced on October 1,2009. J. S. Cornell & Son Lower Merion Historical Society, Rich Men and Their Castles The Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia website
14.
Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
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Bryn Mawr is located toward the center of what is known as the Main Line, a group of affluent Philadelphia suburban villages stretching from the city limits to Malvern. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 3,779, Bryn Mawr is home to Bryn Mawr College. Bryn Mawr is named after an estate near Dolgellau in North Wales that belonged to Rowland Ellis and he was a Quaker who emigrated in 1686 to Pennsylvania from Dolgellau to escape religious persecution. Until 1869 and the coming of the Pennsylvania Railroad, the town was known as Humphreysville, the town was renamed by railroad agent William H. Wilson after he acquired on behalf of the railroad the 283 acres that now compose Bryn Mawr. In 1893, the first hospital, Bryn Mawr Hospital, was built on the Main Line by Dr. George Gerhard, glenays, an historic home dating to 1859, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. Bryn Mawr is located at 40°1′16″N 75°19′01″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.6 square miles, some of which is in Lower Merion Township in Montgomery County. Part of Bryn Mawr is located in Delaware County, located at the coordinates 40°125. 0212N 75°1946. 1676W, its zip code is 19010 with a total population of 3,779. These other areas include the community of Rosemont within Lower Merion Township and Radnor Township, and various areas within Lower Merion Township, Radnor Township. Bryn Mawr is a part of the Philadelphia Main Line, a string of towns located along a railroad that connects Philadelphia with points west. Some other Main Line communities include Ardmore, Wynnewood, Narberth, Bala Cynwyd, as of the 2000 Census, the Bryn Mawr ZIP code was home to 21,485 people with a median family income of $210,956. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,779 people,1,262 households, the population density was 7,033.7 people per square mile. There were 1,481 housing units at a density of 2,377. 2/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 74. 0% White,10. 5% Black or African American,0. 0% Native American,10. 7% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,1. 2% from other races, and 3. 6% from two or more races. 4. 9% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,21. 1% were of Irish,10. 8% Italian,6. 8% German and 6. 4% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 41. 1% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.79. In the CDP, the population was out, with 8. 4% under the age of 18,48. 1% from 18 to 24,21. 0% from 25 to 44,12. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 22 years, for every 100 females there were 46.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 42.4 males, Bryn Mawr residents of Lower Merion Township attend schools in the Lower Merion School District, all residents of the Bryn Mawr CDP are in Lower Merion Township and therefore attend LMSD schools
15.
Addison Mizner
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In the 1920s Mizner was the best-known and most-discussed living American architect. Mizner was the visionary behind the development of Boca Raton, Florida, born in Benicia, California, he traveled as a child around the world with his father, Lansing B. Mizner, a lawyer and the U. S. minister to Guatemala, little is known about Addison Mizners sketches and artwork prior to his architectural career, but his subsequent work shows him to be a fine draftsman and an artist who painted beautiful watercolors. Although he lacked formal university training, Mizner served a 3-year apprenticeship in the office of San Francisco architect, Willis Jefferson Polk, later, while traveling in Hawaii, he co-authored a book with Ethel Watts Mumford entitled The Cynics Calendar of Revised Wisdom for 1903. The book was a success and spawned seven sequels. Later, he wrote with her The Limerick Up To Date Book. He eventually relocated to New York City, where he designed numerous country houses across Long Island, in 1907, he and William Massarene designed White Pine Camp, a retreat in the Adirondack Mountains, later used by U. S. President Calvin Coolidge as his Summer White House, at age 46, Mizner moved for his health to Palm Beach, Florida, just at a time when the vast resort hotels were becoming less fashionable. His Mediterranean Revival designs won the attention and patronage of wealthy clients, constructed of stone, tile and stucco, his buildings were better suited to Floridas semi-tropical climate than the wooden shingle-style resort architecture imported from the Northeast. His houses were one room deep to allow cross ventilation. Other characteristic features included loggias, colonnades, clusters of columns supporting arches, French doors, casement windows, barrel tile roofs, hearths, grand stairways and decorative ironwork. In West Palm Beach, he founded Mizner Industries to manufacture the tiles, cast stone trim and columns, wrought iron and, eventually, the 6-foot-2-inch, 250-pound bon vivant epitomized the society architect. Mizner designed the Hitchcock Estate in Millbrook, New York, in 1912, Mizners first major Florida commission was the Everglades Club, a Spanish-mission-style convalescent retreat built in 1918, that became a private club. It stands at 4 Via Parigi in Palm Beach, Mizner designed the 37-room El Mirasol, completed in 1919, for investment banker Edward T. Stotesbury, head of the town’s most notable family of the time. It included a 40-car garage, a tea house, an auditorium, the mansion stood at 348 N. Ocean Boulevard in Palm Beach, but was demolished in the 1950s, La Bellucia at 1200 South Ocean Boulevard was built in 1920 for Dr. Willey Lyon Kingsley. In 2009 it was Palm Beachs largest recorded sale at $24 million, Also in 1920, Mizner built a grand Palm Beach estate home called Costa Bella at 111 Dunbar Road for Elizabeth Hope Gammell Slater. Her father was Prof. Addison Mizner used his primary builder and contractor at that time, lightbown who later became the Town of Palm Beachs 4th Mayor from 1922-1927
16.
Social class in the United States
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Social class in the United States is a controversial issue, having many competing definitions, models, and even disagreements over its very existence. Many Americans believe in a simple model that includes the rich, the middle class. More complex models that have been proposed describe as many as a dozen class levels, while others deny the very existence, in the European sense. Most definitions of structure group people according to wealth, income, education, type of occupation. Most of the social classes entirely ignore the existence of black, Hispanic. Sociologists Dennis Gilbert, William Thompson, Joseph Hickey, and James Henslin have proposed class systems with six distinct social classes, some definitions of class look only at numerical measures such as wealth or income. Others take into account qualitative factors, such as education, culture, there is no consensus on which of these variables is essential and which are merely common correlates. Social class is presented as a description of how members of the society have sorted themselves along a continuum of positions varying in importance, influence, prestige. In these models, certain occupations are considered to be desirable and influential, while others are considered to be menial, repetitive, generally, the higher the ranking on such a scale, the higher the skill and education levels required to perform it. Some sociologists consider the income and prestige of higher ranked jobs to simply be incentives to encourage members of society to obtain the skills necessary to perform important work. This is an important mechanism in the theory of capitalism. In other cases, class or status is inherited and those taking the functionalist approach to sociology and economics view social classes as components essential for the survival of complex societies such as American society. Income in the United States is most commonly measured by United States Census Bureau in terms of household or individual. As 82% of all households, 16% of those in the top quintiles, had two income earners the discrepancy between household and personal income is quite considerable. In 2005 the top 95% of income earners made $12,500 or more, personal income is largely the result of scarcity. As individuals who hold higher status positions tend to possess rare skills or assume positions society deems very essential, have higher incomes, overall the median household income was $46,326 in 2005 while the median personal income was $32,140. Per capita household income, the income a household is able to allocate to each member of the household is also an important variable in determining a given standard of living. A high household income may be offset by a household size, thus
17.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
18.
Main Line (Pennsylvania Railroad)
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The Main Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad was a rail line in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania, connecting Philadelphia with Pittsburgh via Harrisburg. The eastern part of the PRRs main line was built by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as part of the Main Line of Public Works, the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad had one inclined plane at each end, the Allegheny Portage Railroad had ten. The parts that were included in the PRR main line opened from Philadelphia to Malvern in 1832. The Harrisburg, Portsmouth, Mountjoy and Lancaster Railroad opened from Harrisburg southeast to Middletown, the next year the piece from Middletown to Elizabethtown opened, and the line was completed in 1838 with the opening of the Elizabethtown Tunnel. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company was chartered by the Pennsylvania legislature on April 13,1846 to build a railroad line from Harrisburg to Pittsburgh. Construction began in 1847 and the first section opened from Harrisburg west to Lewistown on September 1,1849, on the other side of the ridge, the main line opened from Conemaugh west to Lockport on August 25,1851. Plane Number 1 of the Portage Railroad was bypassed by the PRR on April 1,1852, a reciprocal trackage rights agreement made March 18,1854, allowed the PRR to use that section for free. On March 21,1849, the PRR contracted with Eagle Line, primarily a steamboat company, on September 1, the first section of the PRR opened, with all arrangements in place for service from Philadelphia to Lewistown. In 1853, the PRR surveyed the Lancaster, Lebanon and Pine Grove Railroad from Philadelphia west via Phoenixville to Salunga on the Portsmouth, Mount Joy and Lancaster Railroad. This was done in order to show the state that the PRR was willing to build its own alignment around the Philadelphia and Columbia, on August 1,1857, the PRR bought the whole Main Line of Public Works. The Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad was integrated into its system, most of the New Portage Railroad, just completed the previous year at a cost of $2.14 million, was abandoned, while short sections became local branches. The canals were abandoned, and short sections were filled and covered by rails, on January 1,1861, the PRR leased the HPMJ&L, giving it full control of its main line. In 1904, the New Portage Railroad east of the Gallitzin Tunnels was reopened as the New Portage Branch, conrail closed this line in 1981. Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line SEPTA Paoli/Thorndale Line Norfolk Southern Pittsburgh Line Keystone Corridor Philadelphia Main Line Notes Further reading McGonigal, heart of the Pennsylvania Railroad, The Main Line, Philadelphia to Pittsburgh,1996, Kalmbach Publishing Company, Waukesha, Wisconsin Sipes, William B. The Pennsylvania Railroad, Its Origin, Construction, Condition, and Connections,1875, published by The Passenger Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19.
U.S. Route 30 in Pennsylvania
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In the U. S. state of Pennsylvania, U. S. In Pennsylvania, US30 runs along or near the transcontinental Lincoln Highway, US30 presently crosses from West Virginia into Pennsylvania near Chester, West Virginia. It is a road from West Virginia to the U. S. Route 22 junction southeast of Imperial. There it joins the US22 freeway, and then US 22/30 joins the Penn-Lincoln Parkway West into downtown Pittsburgh, US30 currently passes through Pittsburgh on the Penn-Lincoln Parkway, crossing the Monongahela River on the Fort Pitt Bridge. This freeway was built from 1953 to 1962 as a bypass for both the Lincoln Highway and the William Penn Highway, besides US30, it also carries US22 and Interstate 376. At a point beyond the Squirrel Hill Tunnel, at the end of PA Route 8. Much of this section of U. S.30 has been supplanted by the Pennsylvania Turnpike, from the Pittsburgh area, US30 heads east through Greensburg, where it intersects U. S. Route 119. It then heads into Somerset County, where it meets U. S. Route 219 east of Jennerstown. On September 11,2001, United Airlines Flight 93 crashed in an empty field approximately two miles south of U. S.30, in Stonycreek Township in Somerset County. The heroism of the passengers and crew apparently thwarted the plan to crash into either the US Capitol Building or the White House in Washington D. C. The entrance to the permanent Flight 93 National Memorial is along U. S.30, past Bedford, the route is four-laned and closely follows the Pennsylvania Turnpike, passing through Everett. It then passes through the town of Breezewood, Pennsylvania, where Interstate 70 traffic must still use a short section of U. S.30 to go between the turnpike and I-70 going to Maryland. The route then narrows back to two lanes climbs through the Allegheny Mountains as it passes through Fulton County, intersecting U. S. Route 522 in McConnellsburg. It then enters the scenic Cumberland Valley in Franklin County, where it passes through Chambersburg, crossing U. S. Route 11, the highway then crosses the South Mountain range through the Cashtown Gap and enters Adams County. West of Gettysburg, U. S.30 follows much of the path of the old Chambersburg Turnpike, the route serves as the main east–west artery through Gettysburg, traversing the northwestern portion of the Gettysburg Battlefield and also intersecting U. S. Route 15. Past Gettysburg, Route 30 travels through Guldens and New Oxford before entering York County, several modifications to improve flow have been made in York but the route is still congested due to a series of traffic signals. It then becomes freeway again, and crosses the Susquehanna River on the Wrights Ferry Bridge into Lancaster County. Along the north side of Lancaster, US30 intersects the terminus of Pennsylvania Route 283, which heads to Harrisburg
20.
Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania
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Lower Merion Township is a township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania and part of the Pennsylvania Main Line. As of the 2010 U. S. Census, the township had a population of 57,825. Lower Merion has the 5th highest per-capita income and the 12th highest median income in the country with a population of 50,000 or more. The name Merion originates with the county of Merioneth in north Wales, Merioneth is an English-language translation of the Welsh Meirionnydd. Lower Merion, along with Upper Darby, Haverford, Cheltenham together form as the inner ring suburbs of Philadelphia. Lower Merion Township was first settled in 1682 by Welsh Quakers who were granted a tract of land by William Penn, in 1713, Lower Merion was established as an independent Township with about 52 landholders and tenants. In 1900, the Township was incorporated as a Township of the First Class, Lower Merion is home to the oldest continuously used place of worship in the United States, the Merion Friends Meeting House, used continuously since 1695. The Mill Creek Historic District, and Seville Theatre are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, green Hill Farms was added in 2011. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has an area of 23.9 square miles. The Borough of Narberth, a political entity of one-half square mile, is completely surrounded by the Township. Forming the Townships southern border is City Avenue separating it from the City of Philadelphia, in back of these buildings are the One-Ninety-One Condominiums and the Bala Cynwyd Plazas. The famed Mid-County Interchange is located just outside the Township, other highways serving the Township are U. S. Route 30 and Pennsylvania Routes 23 and 320. Before European settlement, Lower Merions dense forest was home to bears, cougars, wolves, rattlesnakes, otters, beavers, weasels, turkeys, grouses, woodland bison, trout, when Europeans arrived, they began cutting down the forests, chasing away much of the wildlife. After World War Two, Lower Merion transformed from a township to a suburban one. Today, red foxes, white-footed mice, horned owls, skunks, raccoons, crayfish, songbirds, butterflies,3. 0% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of the census of 2000, there were 59,850 people,22,868 households, the population density was 2,526.1 people per square mile. There were 23,699 housing units at a density of 1,000. 3/sq mi. The racial makeup of the township was 90. 30% White,4. 50% African American,0. 08% Native American,3. 42% Asian,0. 07% Pacific Islander,0. 50% from other races and 1. 12% from two or more races
21.
Radnor Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania
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Radnor Township is a township with home rule status in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 31,531. Radnor Township lies along the Main Line, a collection of affluent Philadelphia suburbs, Villanova University, Cabrini University, the Valley Forge Military Academy and College and Eastern University are all located within Radnor Township. Radnor Township was founded 1682 as a grant from William Penn. The township was part of the Welsh Tract and was named for Radnorshire in Wales, in 1717, the Welsh Friends erected a Quaker meetinghouse near what is now the intersection of Conestoga Road and Sproul Road at the geographic center of the township. The new town, Radnorville, later known as the community of Ithan after nearby Ithan Creek, the Welsh influence waned in the late 18th century as many left the area due to high taxation. Stone monuments were erected in locations throughout the township in the late 20th century to commemorate the townships Welsh heritage. Lancaster Pike, the first toll road in the United States, connected the cities of Philadelphia and Lancaster, Pennsylvania, passing through Radnor Township and that road is now part of the Lincoln Highway. The Columbia Railroad, later part of the Pennsylvania Railroad also passed through in 1832, thus, Radnor is one of the towns associated with the local moniker Main Line. A separate railroad passing through Radnor Township, the Philadelphia and Western Railroad, was opened in the early 20th century. The Main Line railroad facilities and a portion of the P&W facilities are used by SEPTA. The Radnor Friends Meetinghouse and Woodcrest are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Radnor Township is located at 40°2′0″N 75°22′18″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has an area of 13.8 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 30,878 people,10,347 households, the population density was 2,244.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 10,731 housing units at a density of 779.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the township was 89. 55% White,5. 67% Asian,3. 09% African American,0. 08% Native American,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 62% from other races, and 0. 98% from two or more races. 2. 03% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,31. 1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the family size was 3.08
22.
Gladwyne, Pennsylvania
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Gladwyne is a very affluent suburban community in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States along the historic Philadelphia Main Line. In 2011, Gladwyne was ranked the 7th richest ZIP code in the country in a study by Bloomberg BusinessWeek, the population was 4,050 at the 2000 census. As Gladwyne is neither an incorporated area nor a place, all data are for the ZIP code 19035. The historic Guard House Inn is also located within Gladwyne, the village is also home to the Philadelphia Country Club on its periphery, Merion Cricket Club, and to The Courts, a private tennis club. Banker James Crosby Brown of Brown Brothers & Co, the Lower Merion Conservancy plays a significant role in protecting the local heritage and maintains its office in Gladwynes Rolling Hill Park. Like the rest of the region, Gladwyne, known until 1891 as Merion Square, twenty-four mills operated along Mill Creek through the beginning of the twentieth century, and the major road through residential Gladwyne runs along the banks of the creek. After the American Civil War and following construction of the Pennsylvania Railroads Main Line west from Center City, the Gladwyne Elementary School was built in 1958 to accommodate the children of these new residents and the Gladwyne Free Library was renovated and expanded as well. The Gladwyne Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, according to the United States Census Bureau, the community has a total area of 4.9 square miles, all land. It is primarily rolling hills in topography, as of the census of 2000, there were 4,050 people,1,476 households, and 1,057 families residing in the community. The population density was 820.0 people per square mile, there were 1,538 housing units at an average density of 311. 4/sq mi. The racial makeup of the village was 97. 22% Caucasian,2. 34% Asian,0. 77% African American,0. 32% from other races,1. 09%of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 22. 8% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.98. In the community, the population was out, with 22. 8% under the age of 18,2. 0% from 18 to 24,18. 9% from 25 to 44,28. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 48.8 years, for every 100 females there were 84.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.6 males, the median income for a household in the community was $159,905, and the median income for a family was $200,000. Males had an income of $100, 000+ versus $51,103 for females. The per capita income for the community was $90,940, about 2. 1% of families and 4. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1. 0% of those under age 18 and 11. 1% of those age 65 or over. Children living in Gladwyne attend schools in the Lower Merion School District unless they attend one of the many private schools
23.
Villanova, Pennsylvania
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Villanova is a community in the United States Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It straddles Lower Merion Township of Montgomery County and Radnor Township of Delaware County and it is located at the center of the Pennsylvania Main Line, a series of highly affluent Philadelphia suburban towns located along the original east-west railroad tracks of the Pennsylvania Railroad. It is served by the SEPTA Paoli/Thorndale Line regional rail train, the center of the village straddles Lancaster Pike where it intersects Spring Mill. This village center contains the areas post office for ZIP code 19085, a building, the Wilmington Trust Companys Pennsylvania headquarters. The Royal Bank of Pennsylvania also maintains an office at this site, the Bridge in Radnor Township No.2 and Camp-Woods are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The most notable feature of Villanova is Villanova University, from which the community gains its name, the universitys indoor arena, the Pavilion, is home to the schools NCAA Division I2016 national champion mens basketball team. Other schools in the include the all-boys Haverford School, located in nearby Haverford. Rosemont School of the Holy Child on Montgomery Avenue is a nearby Catholic elementary school, the hospital has historically been associated with Philadelphias Jefferson Medical College for many years. Villanova is neither an incorporated area nor a place, all the data is for the ZIP code 19085. As of the census of 2000, there were 9,189 people and 1,932 households residing in the community, the population density was 1,565 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the community was 92. 5% White,3. 4% Asian,3. 9% African American,1. 40% from other races,2. 5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. The median income for a household in the community was $159,538, the per capita income for the community was $50,204. About 1. 5% of families and 3. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, the estimated median house/condo value in 2009 is $1,435,844. In 2009, the section of Villanova was ranked the 39th wealthiest neighborhood in America with a median household income of $366,904
24.
Amtrak
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Founded in 1971 to take over most of the remaining U. S. passenger rail services, it is partially government funded yet operated and managed as a for-profit corporation. Amtrak serves more than 500 destinations in 46 states and three Canadian provinces, operating more than 300 trains each day over 21,300 miles of track, some track sections allow trains to run as fast as 150 mph. In fiscal year 2015, Amtrak served 30.8 million passengers and had $2.185 billion in revenue, nearly two-thirds of passengers come from the 10 largest metropolitan areas, 83% of passengers travel on routes shorter than 400 miles. Its headquarters is at Union Station in Washington, D. C, the name Amtrak is a portmanteau of the words America and trak, the latter itself a sensational spelling of track. From the mid-19th century until about 1920, nearly all intercity travelers in the United States moved by rail, historically, U. S. passenger trains were owned and operated by the same privately owned companies that operated freight trains. About 65,000 railroad passenger cars operated in 1929, from 1920 into the later 20th century, passenger rails popularity diminished and there was a series of pullbacks and tentative recoveries. Rail passenger revenues declined dramatically between 1920 and 1934 because of the rise of the automobile, in the same period, many travelers were lost to interstate bus companies such as Greyhound Lines. However, in the mid-1930s, railroads reignited popular imagination with service improvements and new, diesel-powered streamliners, such as the gleaming silver Pioneer Zephyr and Flying Yankee. Even with the improvements, on a basis, traffic continued to decline. World War II broke the malaise, passenger traffic soared sixfold thanks to troop movements, in 1946, there remained 45 percent fewer passenger trains than in 1929, and the decline quickened despite railroad optimism. Passengers disappeared and so did trains, few trains generated profits, most produced losses. Broad-based passenger rail deficits appeared as early as 1948, and by the mid-1950s, by 1965, only 10,000 rail passenger cars were in operation,85 percent fewer than in 1929. Passenger service was provided on only 75,000 miles of track, the 1960s also saw the end of railway post office revenues, which had helped some of the remaining trains break even. The causes of the decline of rail in the United States were complex. Until 1920, rail was the practical form of intercity transport. By 1930, the companies had constructed, with private funding. In 1916, the amount of track in the United States peaked at 254,251 miles, some rail routes had been built primarily to facilitate the sale of stock in the railroad companies, they were redundant from the beginning. These were the first to be abandoned as the financial positions deteriorated
25.
Keystone Corridor
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The corridor was originally a rail line itself as it was the Main Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The rail corridor is one of the high-speed corridors designated by the Federal Railroad Administration, since 2006, the track from Lancaster to Parkesburg has permitted trains of up to 110 miles per hour, while the section between Paoli and Philadelphia allows 75 to 90 miles per hour. Amtrak runs two intercity rail services along the Keystone Corridor, the Harrisburg-to-New York City Keystone Service and the Pittsburgh-to-New York City Pennsylvanian, the tracks from Pittsburgh to Harrisburg are owned and maintained by Norfolk Southern, and include the famous Horseshoe Curve west of Altoona. The tracks between Harrisburg and Philadelphia are owned and maintained by Amtrak, and are the part of the Keystone Corridor that is electrified. The tracks join the Northeast Corridor at Zoo Interlocking near the Philadelphia Zoo, the right-of-way that would become the Keystone Corridor was mainly laid by two railroads. The tracks east of Dillerville, just west of Lancaster, were originally the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, from Lancaster west to Harrisburg, the tracks were laid by the Harrisburg, Portsmouth, Mount Joy and Lancaster Railroad. Except for minor realignments, todays Keystone Corridor runs along the same path, both lines eventually became part of the Pennsylvania Railroads main line. In 1915, the PRR electrified the line from Philadelphias Broad Street Station to Paoli, electrification west of Paoli to Harrisburg came in the 1930s, after the PRR completed electrifying its New York-Washington, D. C. section. The total cost of electrification topped $200 million, which was financed by government-supported loans from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Passenger service remained unprofitable, returned to profitability during World War II, and then slumped again. The PRR overhauled much of the right-of-way in the 1950s, the result was dilapidated stations, slow, disjointed track conditions, and antiquated rolling stock which frequently broke down. In 1968, the PRR merged with the New York Central to become Penn Central, Amtrak took over the express Harrisburg-New York intercity rail service in 1971, while Conrail, under SEPTA auspices, continued Harrisburg-Philadelphia commuter services. In 1983, SEPTA took over all services and truncated operations to Parkesburg. The Keystone Corridor eventually served as a depository for the problem-prone Metroliner electric multiple unit cars, Amtrak also used electric locomotive-hauled trains for Harrisburg-New York service. Due to the slower schedules combined with higher prices and competition from SEPTA. The line between Philadelphia and Lancaster was four tracks until the 1960s, when the PRR removed two of the tracks. The line is now two tracks from Paoli to Harrisburg, save for a section between the Glen and Park interlockings, and a four-track section between the Downs and Thorn interlockings. As of 2004, most of the track was limited to a speed of 70 miles per hour. There are also curves which require slower speeds, and speed restrictions within interlocking limits, in 1999, the Keystone Corridor was formally recognized as a designated high speed corridor by the FRA, as part of the TEA-21 transportation bill
26.
SEPTA
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SEPTA also manages construction projects that maintain, replace, and expand infrastructure and rolling stock. SEPTA is the transit provider for Philadelphia and its suburbs in Delaware, Montgomery, Bucks. SEPTA is a state created authority and the majority of its board is appointed by the five Pennsylvania counties it serves. SEPTA has the 6th-largest U. S. rapid transit system by ridership, and it controls 290 active stations, over 450 miles of track,2,295 revenue vehicles, and 196 routes. SEPTA also manages Shared-Ride services in Philadelphia and ADA services across the region and these services are operated by third-party contractors. SEPTA is one of only two U. S. SEPTAs headquarters are located at 1234 Market Street in Center City, SEPTA was created by the Pennsylvania legislature on August 17,1963, to coordinate government subsidies to various transit and railroad companies in southeastern Pennsylvania. It commenced on February 18,1964, by 1966, the Reading Company and Pennsylvania Railroad commuter railroad lines were operated under contract to SEPTA. On February 1,1968, the Pennsylvania Railroad merged with the New York Central railroad to become Penn Central, Penn Central continued to operate in bankruptcy until 1976, when Conrail took over its assets along with those of several other bankrupt railroads, including the Reading Company. Conrail operated commuter services under contract to SEPTA until January 1,1983, when SEPTA took over operations and acquired track, rolling stock, and other assets to form the Railroad Division. Since 1913, a long proposed Roosevelt Boulevard Subway had a similar fate as New Yorks Second Avenue Subway where many proposals were made, many acquisitions had been made, but only amounted to continuous service cuts through consolidations of competing services of the Reading Railroad and Pennsylvania Railroad. It wasnt until the early 2000s that there was any talk of expansion, the PTC had been created in 1940 with the merger of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company and a group of smaller, then independent transit companies operating within the city and its environs. Today, this is the Victory Division, though it is referred to as the Red Arrow Division. On March 1,1976, SEPTA acquired the operations of Schuylkill Valley Lines. Future expansion of SEPTAs commuter rail lines has been discussed since the mid-1980s when the system suffered severe cutbacks, proposals have been made to restore service to Allentown, Bethlehem, West Chester and Newtown, with support from commuters, local officials and pro-train advocates. The Schuylkill Valley Metro and other plans that would re-establish service to Phoenixville, Pottsville, SEPTA has also considered the possibility of a cross-county metro that would provide service between the suburban counties without requiring the rider to go into Philadelphia. However, many derelict lines under SEPTA ownership have been converted to rail trails, additionally, some, such as Senator Bob Casey, have proposed expanding the Broad Street Line to the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. Proposals have also made for increased service on existing lines, including later evenings and Sundays to Wilmington. Marylands MARC commuter rail system is considering extending its service as far as Newark Rail Station, as of 2014, an expansion of the Norristown High Speed Line is under consideration to extend service to the King of Prussia area
27.
Paoli/Thorndale Line
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The tracks subsequently became part of the Main Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad before eventually becoming Amtraks Keystone Corridor. The Main Line also refers to the affluent Philadelphia suburbs along the line of the same name, prior to the late-1980s, all commuter rail operations went from Suburban Station to Paoli, the westernmost census designated place along the Main Line. Because of this operation, local residents called the R5 the Paoli Local. The entire main line between Thorndale, Lancaster and Harrisburg is currently electrified, SEPTA has also considered restoring service to Coatesville. Electrified service between Philadelphia and Paoli was opened on September 11,1915, as the first of the local commuter and long-distance line to be electrified, the line was used as an experiment for powering trains using AC overhead catenary wires. Between 1915 and the 1960s, the former Pennsylvania Railroad used the MP-54 electric multiple-unit railcars, the MP-54s were replaced in the 1960s and 1970s with the Silverliner EMU cars, which are still in use today. More recently, SEPTA acquired push-pull coaches from the Bombardier corporation, between 1984–2010 the route was designated R5 Paoli and R5 Thorndale as part of SEPTAs diametrical reorganization of its lines. Paoli trains operated through the city center to the Lansdale/Doylestown Line on the side of the system. The R-number naming system was dropped on July 25,2010 and this upgrade allows SEPTA and Amtrak to operate multiple trains at the same time in the same manner as that found on the Northeast Corridor. The Paoli/Thorndale Line includes the stations west of the Center City Commuter Connection. Weekday boardings are from FY2013, the Paoli/Thorndale Line has the highest total ridership on the system. Between FY 2008–FY2014 yearly ridership ranged from 6–6.5 million, in FY2014 its 6,367,855 passengers exceeded the next highest, the Lansdale/Doylestown Line, by nearly two million. SEPTA – Paoli /Thorndale line schedule
28.
Wayne station
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Wayne station is a commuter rail station located in the western suburbs of Philadelphia at North Wayne Avenue & West Avenue in Wayne, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. It is served by most Paoli/Thorndale Line trains, the Wayne station was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad from 1882 to 1884, on a design by Washington Bleddyn Powell. The original builder was William H. Bilyeu and it consists of two Victorian buildings flanking the rail lines and connected by an underground tunnel. The station building was restored from 1998 to 2010 with significant local community support, the year after this restoration project began, the station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The scope of this restoration included repair or replacement of the chimney, masonry, windows, doors, SEPTA began a $22.7 million second phase of improvements that included roof replacement, repairs to the masonry and structural members, and other upgrades to the station building. The outbound shelter, dating from about 1890, was disassembled and completely rebuilt, in addition, ADA-mandated improvements including new high-level platforms, stairs and ramps to the platforms, building modifications, lighting, handrails, and signage was installed. The new platforms, on both the inbound and outbound sides east of the building, meant that trains no longer stop in front of the station itself. Until the summer of 2010, the building housed the Station Cafe & Juice Bar, which served coffee, tea, the cafe vacated the station shortly before renovations were completed, and re-opened under new ownership shortly after construction was completed. It is now Fabio & Dannys Station Café, the ticket office at this station is open weekdays from 5,50 a. m. to 11,45 a. m. excluding holidays. There are 225 parking spaces at the station and this station is 14.5 track miles from Philadelphias Suburban Station. In 2011, the average weekday boardings at this station was 665. Media related to Wayne at Wikimedia Commons SEPTA - Wayne Station Page with a photo of Wayne Station Wayne Avenue entrance from Google Maps Street View
29.
Lenapehoking
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Lenapehoking is a term for the lands historically inhabited by the Native American people known as the Lenape in what is now the Northeastern United States. Much of this land is now urbanized and suburbanized. There is no agreement among scholars regarding the autonym of Lenape territory. Some believe the area the Lenape inhabited was called Scheyischbi, or the place bordering the ocean, according to some people, the Lenape called this territory Lenapehoking, meaning in the land of the Lenape. This assertion has gained acceptance and is found widely in recent literature on the Lenape. Kraft, with a convenient term for the area inhabited by ancestors of the Lenape people. Today, some Native Americans, but not limited to the Lenape tribes, in the University City section of West Philadelphia, there has been some political activity by Urban Indian residents of the area, who adapted the namesake Lenapehoking to where they live. Lenape place names within the region included, Manhattan Manhattan is derived from Manna-hata, the name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, an officer on Henry Hudsons yacht Halve Maen. A1610 map depicts the name Manahata twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River, the word Manhattan has been translated as island of many hills from the Lenape language. The Encyclopedia of New York City offers other derivations, including from the Munsee dialect of Lenape, manahachtanienk, manahatouh, sapokanikan - habitation site and cultivated area by the cove on the Hudson River at present day Gansevoort Street, Greenwich Village. Sassian - habitation site in present Red Hook Queens Rockaway, evolved from the Lenape word reckowacky, Maspeth originally Mas-pet were a part of the Rockaway band that lived along Maspeth Creek. Passaic - valley or river flowing through a valley Peapack - place of water roots Raritan - original form was Naraticong - may have meant river behind the island or forked river. Notes two possible meanings, the land that the Lenapes called their country, or land of the shell money, Pennsylvania Aquashicola Creek - derived from the Lenape, meaning where we fish with the bushnet. Cacoosing Creek- derived from the Lenape word kukhus, meaning owl Buckwampum Mountain - located in eastern Springfield Township, Bucks County, catasauqua - thirsty ground Catawissa - growing fat Chinquapin - The name is taken from a small nut-bearing tree or shrub, resembling the American Chestnut. Cocalico- where the snakes collect in dens to pass the winter Cohocksink Creek - from a Lenape word for pine lands, cohoquinoque Creek- derived from a Lenni-Lenape word for the grove of long pine trees. Okehocking Historic District - an 18th-century Indian Land Grant by William Pennto the Okehocking band of Lenape Indians in 1703. ”Pennypack Creek - downward-flowing water - a creek in and near Philadelphia. Perkasie - derived from Poekskossing, meaning “where the hickory nuts were cracked. ”Perkiomen Creek - derived from Pakihmomink meaning where the cranberries grow - a creek in central Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
30.
Lenape
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The Leni Lenape or Lenape, or the Delaware people in older references, are a Native American tribe and, in Canada, a recognized First Nations band government. Subsequently, the Lenape became subjugated and made tributary to first the Susquehannocks, then the Iroquois, iroquoian peoples occasionally fought the Lenape. As the 1700s progressed, many surviving Lenape moved west —into the upper Ohio River basin, during the decades of the 18th century most Lenape were pushed out of their homeland by expanding European colonies, exacerbated by losses from intertribal conflicts. The divisions and troubles of the American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them farther west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. Lenape kinship system has matrilineal clans, that is, children belong to their mothers clan, from which they gain social status, the mothers eldest brother was more significant as a mentor to the male children than was their father, who was generally of another clan. Hereditary leadership passed through the line, and women elders could remove leaders of whom they disapproved. Agricultural land was managed by women and allotted according to the needs of their extended families. Families were matrilocal, newlywed couples would live with the brides family, lenni-Lenape comes from their autonym, Lenni, which may mean genuine, pure, real, original, and Lenape, meaning Indian or man. Alternately, lënu may be translated as man, the tribes other name, Delaware, is not of Native American origin. English colonists named the Delaware River for the first governor of the Province of Virginia, Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, the English then began to call the Lenape the Delaware Indians because of where they lived. Swedes also settled in the area, and early Swedish sources listed the Lenape as the Renappi, traditional Lenape lands, the Lenapehoking, was a large territory that encompassed the Delaware Valley of eastern Pennsylvania. The Swedes and Dutch at New Castle, a Lenâpé-English Dictionary, From An Anonymous In The Archives Of The Moravian Church At Bethlehem. David Zeisbergers History of Northern American Indians, grammar of the Language of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians. The Diary of David Zeisberger, A Moravian Missionary Among the Ohio Indians, the Diary of David Zeisberger, A Moravian Missionary Among the Ohio Indians, Volume 2. Zeisberger’s Indian Dictionary, English, German, Iroquois—The Onondaga and Algonquin—The Delaware, “The Delaware that Zeisberger translated was Munsee, and not Unami. Adams, Richard Calmit, The Delaware Indians, a history, Hope Farm Press Bierhorst. The White Deer and Other Stories Told by the Lenape, ISBN 0-688-12900-5 Brown, James W. and Rita T. Kohn, eds
31.
Native Americans in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians
32.
European colonization of the Americas
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European colonization of the Americas began as early as the 10th–11th century, when West Norse sailors explored and briefly settled limited areas on the shores of present-day Canada. These Norsemen were Vikings who had discovered and settled Greenland, then sailed up the Arctic region of North America alongside Greenland, according to Icelandic Sagas, violent conflicts with the indigenous population ultimately made the Norse abandon those settlements. Running aground on the part of Hispaniola on December 5,1492, which the Taino people had inhabited since the 7th century. European conquest, large-scale exploration, colonization and industrial development soon followed, Columbus first two voyages reached the Bahamas and various Caribbean islands, including Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Cuba. In 1497, sailing from Bristol on behalf of England, John Cabot landed on the North American coast, other powers such as France also founded colonies in the Americas, in eastern North America, a number of Caribbean islands, and small coastal parts of South America. Portugal colonized Brazil, tried colonizing the coasts of present-day Canada, the Age of Exploration was the beginning of territorial expansion for several European countries. Eventually, the entire Western Hemisphere came under the control of European governments, leading to profound changes to its landscape, population. In the 19th century alone over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas, Norse journeys to Greenland and Canada are supported by historical and archaeological evidence. It was named a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1978, Early explorations and conquests were made by the Spanish and the Portuguese immediately following their own final reconquest of Iberia in 1492. Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés took over the Aztec Kingdom and Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire, over this same timeframe, Portugal claimed lands in North America and colonized much of eastern South America, naming it Santa Cruz and Brazil. Other European nations soon disputed the terms of the Treaty of Tordesillas, England and France attempted to plant colonies in the Americas in the 16th century, but these failed. England and France succeeded in establishing permanent colonies in the following century, in the 18th century, Denmark–Norway revived its former colonies in Greenland, while the Russian Empire gained a foothold in Alaska. Denmark-Norway would later make claims in the Caribbean, starting in the 1600s. As more nations gained an interest in the colonization of the Americas, colonists often faced the threat of attacks from neighboring colonies, as well as from indigenous tribes and pirates. He was followed by other such as John Cabot, who was sponsored by England. Pedro Álvares Cabral reached Brazil and claimed it for Portugal, amerigo Vespucci, working for Portugal in voyages from 1497 to 1513, established that Columbus had reached a new set of continents. Cartographers still use a Latinized version of his first name, America, in 1513, Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and led the first European expedition to see the Pacific Ocean from the west coast of the New World. In an action with enduring historical import, Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean and it was 1517 before another expedition, from Cuba, visited Central America, landing on the coast of Yucatán in search of slaves
33.
William Penn
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He was an early advocate of democracy and religious freedom, notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Lenape Native Americans. Under his direction, the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed, in 1681, King Charles II handed over a large piece of his American land holdings to William Penn to appease the debts the king owed to Penns father. This land included present-day Pennsylvania and Delaware, Penn immediately set sail and took his first step on American soil in New Castle in 1682 after his trans-Atlantic journey. On this occasion, the colonists pledged allegiance to Penn as their new proprietor, afterwards, Penn journeyed up the Delaware River and founded Philadelphia. However, Penns Quaker government was not viewed favourably by the Dutch, Swedish and they had no historical allegiance to Pennsylvania, so they almost immediately began petitioning for their own assembly. In 1704 they achieved their goal when the three southernmost counties of Pennsylvania were permitted to split off and become the new colony of Lower Delaware. As the most prominent, prosperous and influential city in the new colony, as one of the earlier supporters of colonial unification, Penn wrote and urged for a union of all the English colonies in what was to become the United States of America. The democratic principles that he set forth in the Pennsylvania Frame of Government served as an inspiration for the United States Constitution, as a pacifist Quaker, Penn considered the problems of war and peace deeply. He developed a project for a United States of Europe through the creation of a European Assembly made of deputies that could discuss. He is therefore considered the very first thinker to suggest the creation of a European Parliament, a man of extreme religious convictions, Penn wrote numerous works in which he exhorted believers to adhere to the spirit of Primitive Christianity. He was imprisoned several times in the Tower of London due to his faith, and his book No Cross, No Crown, William Penn, Sr. served in the Commonwealth Navy during the English Civil War and was rewarded by Oliver Cromwell with estates in Ireland. The lands were seized from Irish Catholics in retaliation for the failed Irish Rebellion of 1641, Admiral Penn took part in the restoration of Charles II and was eventually knighted and served in the Royal Navy. At the time of his sons birth, Captain Penn was twenty-three, William Penn grew up during the rule of Oliver Cromwell, who succeeded in leading a Puritan rebellion against King Charles I, the king was beheaded when Penn was age 5. Penns father was often at sea, little William caught smallpox at a young age, losing all his hair, prompting his parents to move from the suburbs to an estate in Essex. The country life made an impression on young Penn. Penn was educated first at Chigwell School, by private tutors whilst in Ireland, at that time, there were no state schools and nearly all educational institutions were affiliated with the Anglican Church. Children from poor families had to have a sponsor to get an education. Penns education heavily leaned on the authors and no novelties or conceited modern writers were allowed including William Shakespeare
34.
Welsh Tract
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The Welsh Tract, also called the Welsh Barony, was a portion of the U. S. state of Pennsylvania settled largely by Welsh-speaking Quakers. It is located to the west of Philadelphia, the original settlers, led by John Roberts, negotiated with William Penn in 1684 to constitute the Tract as a separate county whose local government would use the Welsh language. The Barony was never created, but the many Welsh settlers gave their communities Welsh names that survive today. A more successful attempt at setting up a Gwladfa occurred two centuries later, in the Chubut Province of Patagonia, Argentina, in the late 17th century, there was significant Welsh emigration to Pennsylvania for religious and cultural reasons. In about 1681, a group of Welsh Quakers met with William Penn to secure a grant of land in which they could conduct their affairs in their own language. The parties agreed on a tract covering 40,000 acres, to be constituted as a separate county whose people, the Roberts and other Welsh families became influential in the area, through the building of mills and the eventual introduction of the railroad. After the American Civil War,104 Welsh families from this region migrated to Knoxville, Tennessee, as suburbanization spread out from Philadelphia in the late 19th century, living in a community with a Welsh name acquired a cachet. Some communities in the area formerly comprised the Welsh Tract were subsequently given Welsh or Welsh-sounding names to improve their perceived desirability. Among these were Gladwyne, formerly Merion Square, and Bryn Mawr, the area is now part of Montgomery, Chester, and Delaware counties. Many towns in the area still bear Welsh names, some, such as North Wales, Lower Gwynedd, Lower Merion, Upper Merion, Bala Cynwyd, Radnor and Haverford Township, are named after places in Wales. Others, such as Tredyffrin or Uwchlan, have independent Welsh names, a second Welsh Tract of 30,000 acres was granted to Welsh emigrants by William Penn in 1701. It included what is now Pencader Hundred, Delaware, and a part of Cecil County, cambria, Pennsylvania Churchtown, Pennsylvania, settled by Welsh adherents of the Church of England History of Pennsylvania Welsh American Corcoran, Irma. Thomas Holme, 1624–1695, Surveyor General of Pennsylvania, Volume 200 of Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, a history of the Tract A briefer history Photograph of the indenture creating the Tract
35.
Welsh people
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The Welsh people or the Welsh are a nation and ethnic group native to, or otherwise associated with, Wales and the Welsh language. Prior to the 20th century, large numbers of Welsh people spoke only Welsh, the term Welsh people applies to people from Wales and people of Welsh ancestry perceiving themselves or being perceived as sharing a cultural heritage and shared ancestral origins. Over 300,000 Welsh people live in London, the same etymological origin is shared by the names of various other Celtic or Latin peoples such as the Walloons and the Vlachs, as well as of the Swiss canton of Valais. The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales and these words are descended from the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning fellow-countrymen. They thus carry a sense of land of fellow-countrymen, our country, the word came into use as a self-description probably before the 7th century. It is attested in a poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan c. 633. Thereafter Cymry prevailed as a reference to the Welsh, until c.1560 the word was spelt Kymry or Cymry, regardless of whether it referred to the people or their homeland. During their time in Britain, the ancient Romans encountered tribes in present-day Wales that they called the Ordovices, the Demetae, the Silures and the Deceangli. The people of what is now Wales were not distinguished from the rest of the peoples of southern Britain, all were called Britons and spoke the common British language, a Brythonic Celtic tongue. Celtic language and culture seems to have arrived in Britain during the Iron Age, the claim has also been made that Indo-European languages may have been introduced to the British Isles as early as the early Neolithic, with Goidelic and Brythonic languages developing indigenously. The genetic evidence in this case would show that the change to Celtic languages in Britain may have occurred as a cultural rather than through migration as was previously supposed. The assumed genetic imprint of Neolithic incomers is seen as a cline, with stronger Neolithic representation in the east of Europe, when the Roman legions departed Britain around 400, a Romano-British culture remained in the areas the Romans had settled, and the pre-Roman cultures in others. According to Stephen Oppenheimer 96% of lineages in Llangefni in north Wales derive from Iberia, Genetic marker R1b averages from 83–89% amongst the Welsh. The people in what is now Wales continued to speak Brythonic languages with additions from Latin, the surviving poem Y Gododdin is in early Welsh and refers to the Brythonic kingdom of Gododdin with a capital at Din Eidyn and extending from the area of Stirling to the Tyne. John Davies places the change from Brythonic to Welsh between 400 and 700, offas Dyke was erected in the mid-8th century, forming a barrier between Wales and Mercia. The genetic tests suggested that between 50% and 100% of the population of what was to become England was wiped out. In 2001, research for a BBC programme on the Vikings suggested a strong link between the Celts and Basques, dating back tens of thousands of years. The UCL research suggested a migration on a huge scale during the Anglo-Saxon period and it appears England is made up of an ethnic cleansing event from people coming across from the continent after the Romans left, said Dr Mark Thomas, of the Centre for Genetic Anthropology at UCL
36.
Quakers
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Quakers are members of a historically Christian group of religious movements generally known as the Religious Society of Friends. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional Quaker understandings of Christianity, to differing extents, the different movements that make up the Religious Society of Friends/Friends Church avoid creeds and hierarchical structures. In 2007, there were about 359,000 adult Quakers, in 2012, there were 377,055 adult Quakers. Some meetings of both types have Recorded Ministers in their meetings—Friends recognised for their gift of vocal ministry, the first Quakers lived in mid-17th century England. The movement arose from the Legatine-Arians and other dissenting Protestant groups, some of these early Quaker ministers were women. They emphasized a personal and direct experience of Christ, acquired through both direct religious experience and the reading and studying of the Bible. Quakers focused their private life on developing behaviour and speech reflecting emotional purity, in the past, Quakers were known for their use of thee as an ordinary pronoun, refusal to participate in war, plain dress, refusal to swear oaths, opposition to slavery, and teetotalism. & J. Clark and the big three British confectionery makers Cadbury, Rowntree and Frys, and philanthropic efforts, including abolition of slavery, prison reform, during and after the English Civil War many dissenting Christian groups emerged, including the Seekers and others. A young man named George Fox was dissatisfied with the teachings of the Church of England and he had a vision on Pendle Hill in Lancashire, England, in which he believed that the Lord let me see in what places he had a great people to be gathered. Following this he travelled around England, the Netherlands, and Barbados preaching and teaching with the aim of converting new adherents to his faith, the central theme of his Gospel message was that Christ has come to teach his people himself. His followers considered themselves to be the restoration of the true Christian church, in 1650, Fox was brought before the magistrates Gervase Bennet and Nathaniel Barton, on a charge of religious blasphemy. According to George Foxs autobiography, Bennet was the first that called us Quakers and it is thought that George Fox was referring to Isaiah 66,2 or Ezra 9,4. Thus, the name Quaker began as a way of ridiculing George Foxs admonition, Quakerism gained a considerable following in England and Wales, and the numbers increased to a peak of 60,000 in England and Wales by 1680. This was relaxed after the Declaration of Indulgence and stopped under the Act of Toleration 1689, with the restructuring of the family and household came new roles for women, Fox and Fell viewed the Quaker mother as essential to developing holy conversation in her children and husband. Quaker women were responsible for the spirituality of the larger community, coming together in meetings that regulated marriage. The persecution of Quakers in North America began in 1656 when English Quaker missionaries Mary Fisher and they were considered heretics because of their insistence on individual obedience to the Inner Light. They were imprisoned and banished by the Massachusetts Bay Colony and their books were burned, and most of their property was confiscated. They were imprisoned in terrible conditions, then deported, in 1660, English Quaker Mary Dyer was hanged on Boston Common for repeatedly defying a Puritan law banning Quakers from the colony
37.
Main Line of Public Works
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The market potential of this burgeoning population was the target of Philadelphia and New Jerseys business class. An employee of industrialist Josiah Whites had figured out how to get Rock Coal to burn properly during the War of 1812 renewing serious interest in exploiting these relatively coal resources. After surveying and deciding improving Navigation on the Lehigh could be feasible, a couple years later, the legislature declined another offer by the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company which had built the Lehigh Canal with private funds. This new proposal was to build—at the companies expense— the project that would become their version of the eventual Delaware Canal built by the states engineering managers a few years later. LC&N ended up running both canals into the 1930s, and retained the rights to the Lehigh until the 1960s, while some problems were fixable, the Delaware Canals locks design was always an costly economic problem until the Canal became the parkland and current haven for pleasure boats. White and Hazard made the offer in return for a break on tolls, all the eastern projects were to reliably provide clean-burning anthracite coal to eastern cities that had already consumed much of the eastern forests for heating fuel. Eastern Division Canal,43 miles from Columbia to Duncans Island at the mouth of the Juniata River, the canals reduced travel time between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh from at least 23 days to just four. The Main Line of Public Works was completed in 1834 and was sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad on June 25,1857, within a year, the PRR replaced the Philadelphia-Pittsburgh route with an entirely rail-based system. At that point, the division of the canal continued north along the river. The Northern Liberties and Penn Township Railroad was incorporated in 1829 to build a branch continuing east on Noble Street, the Belmont Plane ran from the Schuylkill River for 2,805 feet, rising 1 foot per 15 feet for a total rise of 187 feet. Steam-driven cables dragged the railway cars to the top of Belmont Hill, the Plane was the site of a signal event in railroad history. On July 10,1836, the Philadelphia-based Norris Locomotive Works drove a 4-2-0 locomotive up the Incline, making it the first steam locomotive to climb an ascending grade while pulling a load. The 14, 400-pound engine, named George Washington, hauled a load of 19,200 pounds, including 24 people riding on the tender and one freight car, so remarkable was this accomplishment that reports in engineering journals doubted its occurrence. Nine days later, the engine repeated the feat in a formal trial with an even greater load. The old line, which ran from the Schuylkill River up the Belmont Plane to Ardmore along the route of present-day Montgomery Avenue in Lower Merion Township, was abandoned. The Columbia Bridge and line east to Broad and Vine Streets were sold to the Philadelphia, the Reading acquired the Northern Liberties and Penn Township Railroad in 1870, giving it access to the Delaware River. The section of the old Pennsylvania Railroad running from Philadelphia west through Chester County and, by extension, the Columbia Plane, which lowered railway cars down to the Eastern Division Canal along the Susquehanna River, was bypassed in 1840 by a new track alignment. The Pennsylvania Canals Eastern Division, which opened in 1833, ran 43 miles along the east side of the Susquehanna River between Columbia and Duncans Island at the mouth of the Juniata River, the canal included 14 locks with an average lift of 7.5 feet
38.
Train station
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A train station, railway station, railroad station, or depot is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight. It generally consists of at least one platform and a station building providing such ancillary services as ticket sales. If a station is on a line, it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements. The smallest stations are most often referred to as stops or, in parts of the world. Stations may be at level, underground, or elevated. Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other modes such as buses. In British usage, the station is commonly understood to mean a railway station unless otherwise qualified. In the United States, the most common term in contemporary usage is train station, Railway station and railroad station are less frequent. Outside North America, a depot is place where buses, trains, or other vehicles are housed and maintained and from which they are dispatched for service. The two-storey Mount Clare station in Baltimore, Maryland, which survives as a museum, first saw service as the terminus of the horse-drawn Baltimore. The oldest terminal station in the world was Crown Street railway station in Liverpool, built in 1830, as the first train on the Liverpool-Manchester line left Liverpool, the station is slightly older than the Manchester terminal at Liverpool Road. The station was the first to incorporate a train shed, the station was demolished in 1836 as the Liverpool terminal station moved to Lime Street railway station. Crown Street station was converted to a goods station terminal, the first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, manchesters Liverpool Road Station, the second oldest terminal station in the world, is preserved as part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. It resembles a row of Georgian houses, dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations. In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, such stations were known as flag stops or flag stations. Many stations date from the 19th century and reflect the architecture of the time. Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles, various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, Baroque- or Gothic-style edifices, to plainer utilitarian or modernist styles
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United States
Pennsylvania
Rider jumping in a sidesaddle class at the Devon Horse Show.
