1.
United States Department of War
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The Secretary of War, a civilian with such responsibilities as finance and purchases and a minor role in directing military affairs, headed the War Department throughout its existence. Retired senior General Henry Knox, then in civilian life, served as the first United States Secretary of War, forming and organizing the department and the army fell to Secretary Knox. On November 8,1800 the War Department building with its records, foundation of the new military academy at West Point along the Hudson River upstream from New York City in 1802 was important to the future growth of the American army. The multiple failures and fiascos of the War of 1812 convinced Washington that thorough reform of the War Department was necessary, winfield Scott became the senior general until the start of the American Civil War in 1861. The bureau chiefs acted as advisers to the Secretary of War while commanding their own troops, the bureaus frequently conflicted among themselves, but in disputes with the commanding general, the Secretary of War generally supported the bureaus. Congress regulated the affairs of the bureaus in detail, and their chiefs looked to that body for support, during the American Civil War, the War Department responsibilities expanded. It handled the recruiting, training, supply, medical care, transportation, a separate command structure took charge of military operations. In the late stages of the war, the Department took charge of refugees and freedmen in the American South through the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, during Reconstruction, this bureau played a major role in supporting the new Republican governments in the southern states. When military Reconstruction ended in 1877, the U. S. Army removed the last troops from military occupation of the American South, and the last Republican state governments in the region ended. The Army comprised hundreds of small detachments in forts around the West, dealing with Indians, the United States Army, with 39,000 men in 1890 was the smallest and least powerful army of any major power in the late 19th century. By contrast, France had an army of 542,000, temporary volunteers and state militia units mostly fought the Spanish–American War of 1898. This conflict demonstrated the need for effective control over the department. Elihu Root enlarged the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York and established the United States Army War College and he changed the procedures for promotions and organized schools for the special branches of the service. He also devised the principle of rotating officers from staff to line, indeed, Secretary Taft exercised little power, President Theodore Roosevelt made the major decisions. In 1911, Secretary Henry L. Stimson and Major General Leonard Wood, his chief of staff, the general staff assisted them in their efforts to rationalize the organization of the army along modern lines and in supervising the bureaus. Assisted by industrial advisers, they reorganized the system of the army. General March reorganized the general staff along similar lines and gave it authority over departmental operations. After the war, the Congress again granted the bureaus their former independence, in the 1920s, General John J. Pershing realigned the general staff on the pattern of his American Expeditionary Force field headquarters, which he commanded
2.
Fort Santiago
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Fort Santiago is a citadel first built by Spanish conquistador, Miguel López de Legazpi for the new established city of Manila in the Philippines. The defense fortress is part of the structures of the city of Manila referred to as Intramuros. The fort is one of the most important historical sites in Manila, several lives were lost in its prisons during the Spanish Colonial Period and World War II. José Rizal, the Philippine national hero, was imprisoned here before his execution in 1896 and it is only a few meters away from the Manila Cathedral and the Palacio del Gobernador. It is located at the mouth of the Pasig River and served as the premier defense fortress of the Spanish Government during their rule of the country and it became a main fort for the spice trade to the Americas and Europe for 333 years. The Manila Galleon trade to Acapulco, Mexico began from the Fuerte de Santiago, the fort has a perimeter of 2,030 feet, and it is of a nearly triangular form. A moat connected with the river separates the fort from the city, the 22-foot high walls, with a thickness of 8 feet are pierced for the necessary communications. The front gateway façade measures 40 feet high being in the south wall, the communication with the river and the sea was by an obscure postern gate - the Postigo de la Nuestra Señora del Soledad. Inside the fort were guard stations, together with the barracks of the troops of the garrison and quarters of the warden, also inside the fort were various storehouses, a chapel, the powder magazine, the sentry towers, the cisterns, etc. The location of Fort Santiago was once the site of a fort, armed with bronze guns, of Rajah Matanda. The fort was destroyed by maestre de campo Martin de Goiti who, upon arriving in 1570 from Cebu, fought several battles with the Muslim natives. The Spaniards started building Fort Santiago after the establishment of the city of Manila under Spanish rule on June 24,1571, the first fort was a structure of palm logs and earth. Most of it was destroyed when the city was invaded by Chinese pirates led by Limahong, Martin de Goiti was killed during the siege. After a fierce conflict, the Spaniards under the leadership of Juan de Salcedo, eventually drove the pirates out to Pangasinan province to the north, and eventually out of the country. The construction of Fort Santiago with hard stone, together with the fortified walls of Intramuros, commenced in 1590. The stones used were volcanic tuff quarried from Guadalupe, the fort as Dasmariñas left it consisted of a castellated structure without towers, trapezoidal in trace, its straight gray front projecting into the river mouth. Arches supported an open gun platform above, named the battery of Santa Barbara and these arches formed casemates which afforded a lower tier of fire through embrasures. Curtain walls of simplest character, without counter forts or interior buttresses, in 1714, the ornate gate of Fort Santiago was erected together with some military barracks
3.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
4.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
5.
Empire of Japan
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The Empire of Japan was the historical Japanese nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 to the enactment of the 1947 constitution of modern Japan. Imperial Japans rapid industrialization and militarization under the slogan Fukoku Kyōhei led to its emergence as a world power, after several large-scale military successes during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War, the Empire also gained notoriety for its war crimes against the peoples it conquered. A period of occupation by the Allies followed the surrender, Occupation and reconstruction continued well into the 1950s, eventually forming the current nation-state whose full title is the State of Japan or simply rendered Japan in English. The historical state is referred to as the Empire of Japan or the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan in English. In Japanese it is referred to as Dai Nippon Teikoku, which translates to Greater Japanese Empire and this is analogous to Großdeutsches Reich, a term that translates to Greater German Empire in English and Dai Doitsu Teikoku in Japanese. This meaning is significant in terms of geography, encompassing Japan, due to its name in kanji characters and its flag, it was also given the exonym Empire of the Sun. After two centuries, the policy, or Sakoku, under the shoguns of the Edo period came to an end when the country was forced open to trade by the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. The following years saw increased trade and interaction, commercial treaties between the Tokugawa shogunate and Western countries were signed. In large part due to the terms of these Unequal Treaties, the Shogunate soon faced internal hostility, which materialized into a radical, xenophobic movement. In March 1863, the Emperor issued the order to expel barbarians, although the Shogunate had no intention of enforcing the order, it nevertheless inspired attacks against the Shogunate itself and against foreigners in Japan. The Namamugi Incident during 1862 led to the murder of an Englishman, Charles Lennox Richardson, the British demanded reparations but were denied. While attempting to exact payment, the Royal Navy was fired on from coastal batteries near the town of Kagoshima and they responded by bombarding the port of Kagoshima in 1863. For Richardsons death, the Tokugawa government agreed to pay an indemnity, shelling of foreign shipping in Shimonoseki and attacks against foreign property led to the Bombardment of Shimonoseki by a multinational force in 1864. The Chōshū clan also launched the coup known as the Kinmon incident. The Satsuma-Chōshū alliance was established in 1866 to combine their efforts to overthrow the Tokugawa bakufu, in early 1867, Emperor Kōmei died of smallpox and was replaced by his son, Crown Prince Mutsuhito. On November 9,1867, Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigned from his post and authorities to the Emperor, however, while Yoshinobus resignation had created a nominal void at the highest level of government, his apparatus of state continued to exist. On January 3,1868, Satsuma-Chōshū forces seized the palace in Kyoto. On January 17,1868, Yoshinobu declared that he would not be bound by the proclamation of the Restoration, on January 24, Yoshinobu decided to prepare an attack on Kyoto, occupied by Satsuma and Chōshū forces
6.
Officer (armed forces)
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An officer is a member of an armed force or uniformed service who holds a position of authority. In this sense, officers are not enlisted, but hold appointments from their government that typically remain in force indefinitely unless resigned, the proportion of officers varies greatly. Officers typically make up between an eighth and a fifth of modern armed forces personnel, in 2013, officers were the senior 17% of the British armed forces, and the senior 13. 7% of the French armed forces. In 2012, officers made up about 18% of the German armed forces, historically, however, armed forces have generally had much lower proportions of officers. During the First World War, fewer than 5% of British soldiers were officers, in the early twentieth century, the Spanish army had the highest proportion of officers of any European army, at 12. 5%. Within a nations armed forces, armies tend to have a proportion of officers. For example,13. 9% of British army personnel and 22. 2% of the RAF personnel were officers in 2013, having officers is one requirement for combatant status under the laws of war, though these officers need not have obtained an official commission or warrant. Commissioned officers are typically the only persons, in an armed forces environment, a superior officer is an officer with a higher rank than another officer, who is a subordinate officer relative to the superior. Non-commissioned officers in positions of authority can be said to have control or charge rather than command per se, many advanced militaries require university degrees as a prerequisite for commissioning, even from the enlisted ranks. In the Israel Defense Forces, a university degree is a requirement for an officer to advance to the rank of lieutenant colonel, the IDF often sponsors the studies for its majors, while aircrew and naval officers obtain academic degrees as a part of their training programmes. In the United Kingdom, there are three routes of entry for British Armed Forces officers, the first, and primary route are those who receive their commission directly into the officer grades following completion at their relevant military academy. The third route is similar to the second, in that they convert from an enlisted to a commission, but these are taken from the highest ranks of SNCOs. LE officers, whilst holding the same Queens Commission, generally work in different roles from the DE officers, in the infantry, a number of Warrant Officer Class 1s are commissioned as LE officers. For Royal Navy and Royal Air Force officer candidates, a 30-week period at Britannia Royal Naval College or a 30-week period at RAF College Cranwell, Royal Marines officers receive their training in the Command Wing of the Commando Training Centre Royal Marines during a grueling 15-month course. The courses consist of not only tactical and combat training, but also leadership, management, etiquette, until the Cardwell Reforms of 1871, commissions in the British Army were purchased by officers. The Royal Navy, however, operated on a more meritocratic, or at least socially mobile, AOCS also also included the embedded Aviation Reserve Officer Candidate and Naval Aviation Cadet programs. NAVCADs were personnel who held associates degrees, but lacked bachelors degrees, nAVCADs would complete the entire AOCS program, but would not be commissioned until completion of flight training and receiving their wings. After their initial tour, they would be assigned to a college or university full-time for no more than two years in order to complete their bachelors degree
7.
Philippine Scouts
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This page is about the military unit. For the article on the movement, please see Boy Scouts of the Philippines. The Philippine Scouts was an organization of the United States Army from 1901 until the end of World War II. Philippine Scout units were given a suffix of, to them from other U. S. Army units. The first Scout companies were organized by the US in 1901 to combat the Philippine revolutionary forces led at that time by General Emilio Aguinaldo, service and support formations were also organized as engineer, medical, quartermaster and military police units. The infantry and field regiments were grouped together with the U. S. 31st Infantry Regiment to form the U. S. Army’s Philippine Division, at this point, the Scouts became the U. S. Army’s front line troops in the Pacific. The Philippine Department assigned the Scouts to subdue the Moro tribes on the island of Mindanao, in the 1930s, Philippine Scouts, along with the 31st Infantry Regiment, saw action at Jolo, Palawan. Philippine Scout regiments became some of the first United States Army units to be in combat during World War II, even after that some individual soldiers and units refused to surrender and become beginning elements of the resistance to the Japanese occupation. Later paroled POWs would also join the resistance, when the Philippine Revolution erupted in 1896, a Spanish Colonel named Eugenio Blanco who had large estates near the town of Macabebe in Pampanga organized a regiment from among his clients. The Macabebes sided with the Spaniards even while the rest of Pampanga threw its support for the quest for independence, Macabebes protected the retreating Spaniards, rescuing friars and the families of the Spanish Army. At the conclusion of the Spanish–American War 270 men of this 72nd Macabebe Regiment found themselves stranded in Manila, many shipped out to join a Spanish garrison in the Caroline Islands, and the remainder slipped back into Macabebe after it was occupied by the Americans. The Macabebes proved themselves reliable over the two months, and Batson formed five companies of 128 men each, all veterans of service in the Spanish Army. In retaliation, Gen. Antonio Lunas troops burned the town of Macabebe, batsons Macabebe companies saw combat against Aguinaldos forces beginning in October 1899, after which they were reorganized into the Philippine Cavalry Squadron and enlisted as irregulars. The Macabebes won lasting notability in the operation under General Frederick Funston to capture General Aguinaldo, in 1901, on the Armys recommendation, U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt authorized the formation of a unified native Scouts organization. The Army activated this Native Scouts force in October 1901 by integrating 50 local companies into a force of 5,000 men. Over the next ten years, the Scouts won accolades from their American commanders which contributed to their survival as a unit, MacArthur took command of all military forces in the Philippines except the U. S. Navy’s Asiatic Fleet. The Philippine Division, Philippine Department and all other Philippine Scout units were included in USAFFE, at the time of USAFFEs formation, the unit consisted of 22,532 troops, of which 11,972 were Philippine Scouts
8.
Philippine Division
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Philippine Division, or from 1944–45 the 12th Infantry Division, was the core U. S. infantry division of the United States Armys Philippine Department during World War II. On 31 July 1941, the division consisted of 10,473 troops, mostly enlisted Filipinos, all of the divisions enlisted men, with the exception of the 31st Infantry Regiment, and various military police and headquarters troops, were Philippine Scouts. In October 1941, as part of the U. S. Army Forces Far East, the 34th Infantry was detached from the 8th Infantry Division and moved to a port of embarkation in December 1941, along with two battalions of 105mm field artillery. The outbreak of war in December 1941, however, isolated the Philippines and it was briefly reconstituted as the 12th Infantry Division in 1944–45. Description, On a scarlet spade-shaped shield, a yellow carabaos head caboshed, symbolism, The carabao is suggestive of the Philippines, and the colors red and gold represent the Spanish heritage of the islands. Organized 8 June 1921 in the Philippine Islands, with Regular Army, surrendered 9 April 1942 to the Japanese 14th Army. Redesignated 6 April 1946 as the 12th Infantry Division, inactivated 30 April 1947 in the Philippine Islands. Units of the Philippine Division were on security missions at Manila, Fort William McKinley, after undergoing 2 days of bombings, the Division moved into the field to cover the withdrawal of troops to Bataan and to resist the enemy in the Subic Bay area. From 11 December 1941 to 23 December 1941, positions were organized and strengthened, the 31st Infantry Regiment moved to a defensive position on the west side of the Olongapo Road near Layac Junction,5 January 1942. This junction was lost on 6 January 1942, but the withdrawal to Bataan had been successfully concluded, the Division was placed in reserve from 7 January 1942 to 14 January 1942. This period was one of reconnaissance and development by the Japanese in preparation for their attack on the main battle position on the Abucay line. Elements repulsed night attacks near Abucay on 10 January 1942 –12 January 1942, strong offensive and defensive action was not able to prevent enemy penetrations and the Division withdrew to the Reserve Battle Position in the Pilar – Bagac area,2 February 1942. During this period elements of the Division were shifted to assist in the defense of other sectors, the enemy attack on 28 March struck at a division weakened by malnutrition, sickness, and prolonged exposure to combat. The Division, no longer operating as a unit, was unable to counterattack against heavy enemy assaults. On 8 April 1942, the 57th Infantry Regiment and the 31st Infantry Regiment were lost near the Alangan River, the victory over Japan ended the misery of Japanese prison camps for the survivors of the Philippine Division. The Division was briefly reconstituted as the 12th Infantry Division in 1944–45 as the US & Filipino army liberated the Philippines, however, prior to being disbanded some subordinate units were tasked with Occupation duties on Saipan, Okinawa, and elsewhere. Furthermore, members of the 1st and 2nd Filipino Infantry Regiments who wished to remain in the Philippines upon being discharged were transferred to a unit under this division. U. S. Army Forces in the Far East –8 December 1941 –24 December 1941, Bataan Defense Force –24 December 1941 –6 January 1942
9.
Heraldry
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The beauty and pageantry of heraldic designs allowed them to survive the gradual abandonment of armour on the battlefield during the seventeenth century. Heraldry has been described poetically as the handmaid of history, the shorthand of history, in modern times, heraldry is used by individuals, public and private organizations, corporations, cities, towns, and regions to symbolize their heritage, achievements, and aspirations. Various symbols have been used to represent individuals or groups for thousands of years, similar emblems and devices are found in ancient Mesopotamian art of the same period, and the precursors of heraldic beasts such as the griffin can also be found. In the Bible, the Book of Numbers refers to the standards and ensigns of the children of Israel, the Greek and Latin writers frequently describe the shields and symbols of various heroes, and units of the Roman army were sometimes identified by distinctive markings on their shields. The Book of Saint Albans, compiled in 1486, declares that Christ himself was a gentleman of coat armour, the medieval heralds also devised arms for various knights and lords from history and literature. Notable examples include the toads attributed to Pharamond, the cross and martlets of Edward the Confessor, and the arms attributed to the Nine Worthies. These too are now regarded as an invention, rather than evidence of the antiquity of heraldry. The development of the modern heraldic language cannot be attributed to an individual, time. Yet no individual is depicted twice bearing the arms, nor are any of the descendants of the various persons depicted known to have borne devices resembling those in the tapestry. A Spanish manuscript from 1109 describes both plain and decorated shields, none of which appears to have been heraldic, in England, from the time of the Norman conquest, official documents had to be sealed. A notable example of an armorial seal is attached to a charter granted by Philip I, Count of Flanders. Seals from the part of the eleventh and early twelfth centuries show no evidence of heraldic symbolism. One of the earliest known examples of armory as it came to be practiced can be seen on the tomb of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou. An enamel, probably commissioned by Geoffreys widow between 1155 and 1160, depicts him carrying a shield decorated with six golden lions rampant. He wears a helmet adorned with another lion, and his cloak is lined in vair. A medieval chronicle states that Geoffrey was given a shield of this description when he was knighted by his father-in-law, Henry I, in 1128, but this account probably dates to about 1175. Since Henry was the son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, it seems reasonable to suppose that the adoption of lions as an emblem by Henry or his sons might have been inspired by Geoffreys shield. Richard is also credited with having originated the English crest of a lion statant and it is from this garment that the phrase coat of arms is derived
10.
Manila
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Manila, officially City of Manila, is the capital of the Philippines. Founded on June 24,1571, by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi and it is situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay and is home to many landmarks, some of which date back to the 16th century. In 2012, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network listed Manila as a global city, the city proper is home to 1,780,148 people in 2015, forming the historic core of Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines. The metropolitan area, which includes the much larger Quezon City, Manila is also the most densely populated city proper in the world, with 41,515 people per square kilometer. The term Manila is commonly used to refer to either the whole area or the city proper. Manila is located on the shore of the Manila Bay on one of the finest harbors in the country. The city has six districts for the lower house of the Philippine Congress. Manila was once ruled by the Kingdom of Tondo before it became a province of the Majapahit Empire. During the Bruneian invasion of the Philippines, Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei captured Seludong and renamed it Maynilà, Maynilà became a vassal state of the Sultanate of Brunei, established to overpower Tondo. In 1571, conquistadors arrived from Mexico, across the Pacific Ocean, Spanish missionaries soon Christianized the city, incorporated Tondo and built some of the oldest churches in the country, including San Agustin Church. The conquistadors renamed the area Nuevo Reino de Castilla, Manila became the center of Spanish activity in the Far East and one end of the Manila–Acapulco galleon trade route linking Spanish America with Asia, one of the earliest examples of globalization. Because of its location on Pacific trade routes, Manila received the moniker Pearl of the Orient. Spanish rule of the Philippine archipelago lasted for more than three centuries, until 1898, order was usually quickly restored and the city returned to the business of trade. In the 19th century, Manila was one of the most modern cities in Asia, before the Spanish–American War, it saw the rise of the Philippine Revolution. After the war, the United States took control, switched the official language from Spanish to English, near the end of World War II, during the Battle of Manila, most of the city was flattened by intensive aerial bombardment by the United States Air Force. As a result, relatively little remains of Manilas prewar and colonial architecture, although there are ongoing projects, especially within the old walled city. Maynilà, the Filipino name for the city, originated from the word nilà, referring to a mangrove tree that grew on the delta of the Pasig River. The flowers were made into garlands that, according to folklore, were offered to statues on religious altars or in churches
11.
J. Franklin Bell
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James Franklin Bell was Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1906 to 1910. Bell was a major-general in the Regular United States Army, commanding the Department of the East, with headquarters at Governors Island, New York at the time of his death in 1919. He entered West Point in 1874, and graduated 38th in a class of 43 in 1878, with a commission as lieutenant of 9th Cavalry Regiment. Bell was born to John Wilson and Sarah Margaret Venable Bell in Shelbyville and his mother died when he was young. Thereafter, two most important women in his life were the black woman who looked after him as a child, during the Civil War, Shelby County was split between Union and Confederate factions. The extended Bell family was strongly in favor of the secession, after the firing on Fort Sumter, John Wilson Bell and his brothers drew lots to determine who would remain at home to look after their parents and who would join the Southern armies. John lost and remained at home, young James Franklin, Frank as he was known to family and friends, thus grew up in a milieu in which slavery was not only accepted and practiced but strongly defended. He attended the schools in Shelbyville. Until he was sixteen, he worked on his fathers farm six days a week with breaks only for school. In the process, he developed a strong constitution that stood him in good stead for the remainder of his life. In 1872 he began working as a clerk in a store owned by one of his uncles. His chief recreations were baseball and horse racing, one neighbor later remembered Frank and a friend tearing down country lanes on horseback as if the Devil was after them. Working in a general store did not appeal to such a spirited young person. During his four years at the Military Academy, he excelled in art, horsemanship, demerits and he graduated 38th in a class of 43. The War Department assigned him to the 9th Cavalry, one of the units formed after the Civil War. Then in Kentucky on home leave, Bell attempted to resign his commission and this, in fact, was illegal, but someone at the War Department understood the attitudes that were behind this action and assigned him to the all-white 7th Cavalry. He joined the unit at Fort Abraham Lincoln, Dakota Territory and he became an instructor of military science and tactics and taught mathematics at Southern Illinois University, a position held from 1886 until 1889. While in Illinois, he read law and passed the Illinois bar, in 1889, he returned to the 7th Cavalry
12.
Thomas Henry Barry
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Thomas Henry Barry was a United States Army Major General and Superintendent of the United States Military Academy from 1910 to 1912. Barry was born in a frame house at 24 Thames Street, near Trinity Place. He played baseball in Battery Park as a young boy and he received his early education in the public schools and the Free Academy of the City of New York. He graduated from West Point in 1877, Barry was assigned as a Second Lieutenant to the 7th Cavalry Regiment on June 14,1877. In 1880 he was transferred to the 1st Infantry and he was appointed Assistant Adjutant General of the army in 1893. He was a Lieutenant Colonel during the Spanish–American War and he was also Adjutant General of the 8th Army Corps during the war. He was appointed Brigadier General of volunteers after a period as Adjutant General of the army. As a Brigadier General of volunteers he served in the China Relief Expedition and he became a Brigadier General in August 1903. At the start of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, he was assigned to the Imperial Russian Army as a military observer, in 1907, he was chosen as commander for the Army of Cuban Occupation and Pacification by President Theodore Roosevelt. He was promoted to Major General on April 29,1908 and he became Superintendent of the United States Military Academy on August 31,1910. He was succeeded by Clarence Page Townsley as Superintendent of the Academy on August 31,1912 and he was assigned to command the Eastern Division of the US Army for the next two years. In 1914 he was sent to the Philippines and China as commander of all the American troops and he was retired on October 13,1919. Barry died of poisoning as the result of Brights disease at Walter Reed Army Medical Center on December 30,1919. He had been ill for three weeks, raleigh, North Carolina, Pentland Press, Inc. p.26. Robinson, Wirt, ed. Biographical Register of the Officers, braden, Charles, ed. Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy. Holden, Edward Singleton, ed. Biographical Register of the Officers, holden, Edward Singleton, ed. Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy. A Life of Duty, the autobiography of George Willcox McIver, bulletin of the United States Geological Survey No.185
13.
Hunter Liggett
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Hunter Liggett was a senior United States Army officer. His 42 years of service spanned the period from the Indian campaigns to trench warfare of World War I, additionally, he identified possible invasion sites in Luzon, particularly Lingayen Gulf which was used during World War II in 1941 by the Japanese and in 1945 by the Americans. Liggett was born March 21,1857 in Reading, Pennsylvania and his field service in the American west, the Spanish–American War, and the Philippine–American War honed his skills as a military leader. In 1907, he assumed command of a battalion of the 13th Infantry Regiment at Fort Leavenworth, from 1909 to 1914, he served as student, faculty member, and president at the Army War College, receiving a promotion to brigadier general in February 1913. Liggetts services in the Philippines included setting up a ride in 1914 to study possible invasion sites on Luzon. He was assisted in this by his aide de camp, Captain George Marshall, in 1941, the Japanese invaded through the Lingayen Gulf, as the US did in turn in 1945. Success in brigade commands in Texas and in the Philippines led to his promotion to major general, the division served in France as part of the American Expeditionary Force. When his division was disestablished, he took command of I Corps, under Liggetts leadership, the I Corps participated in the Second Battle of the Marne and in the reduction of the Saint-Mihiel salient. In October 1918, as commander of the US First Army, he directed the phases of the Meuse-Argonne offensive. He wrote about his war experiences in A. E. F. Third Army, also known as the Army of Occupation, on the Rhein bridgeheads, congress promoted him to permanent lieutenant general in 1930. He died December 30,1935 in San Francisco, California and is interred at the San Francisco National Cemetery, San Francisco and his grave can be found in the officers section 3, plot 1. Mihiel salient, and participated in the actions in the Forest of Argonne, in his honor, the United States Army named a base on Californias central coast, Fort Hunter Liggett. Liggett Hall is a barracks building constructed at Fort Jay on Governors Island in New York Harbor. Completed in 1930, it was thought to be the largest buildings constructed by the U. S. Army and was the largest structure built under the supervision of the U. S. Army Quartermaster Corps. It was superseded by the Pentagon, constructed by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1943, the USS Hunter Liggett was a passenger ship that was transferred to the Army and renamed Hunter Liggett in February 1939. The ship transported personnel and supplies until May 27,1941, converted to Navy use at Brooklyn Navy Yard, she re-commissioned as AP-27 June 9,1941, and then again reclassified APA-14 February 1,1943 for the United States Coast Guard. Stackpole, Pierpont L. Ferrell, Robert H. ed, in the Company of Generals, The World War I Diary of Pierpont L. Stackpole
14.
Charles Justin Bailey
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Charles Justin Bailey was a Major-General in the United States Army who commanded the 81st Infantry Division during World War I. He was born in Tamaqua, Pennsylvania on June 21,1859 and he graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1880 and in the same year was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 1st Artillery Regiment. He was a student at the Fort Monroe, Virginia Artillery School in 1888, in 1898 he received the honorary degree of master of arts from UVM. He was promoted to captain in 1899, after the war, Bailey serve at Sandy Hook Proving Ground until 1902. In 1905 he was promoted to major and assigned as commander of the Artillery District of New Orleans at Jackson Barracks and he subsequently served on the General Staff at the War Department and as Secretary of the Army War College. From 1908 to 1911, he was assistant to the Chief of Coast Artillery. He was promoted to colonel in 1911 and brigadier general in 1913, from 1911 to 1913, Bailey commanded the 1st Provisional Coast Artillery Regiment at Fort Crockett, Texas. In 1913 he was assigned to command the coast defenses of Puget Sound, Washington, from 1914 to 1917 he commanded the coastal defenses of Manila and Subic Bays in the Philippines. On August 5,1917, Bailey was promoted to general in the National Army. In 1918 he was assigned as commander of the 81st Division, in 1919, Bailey was selected to command the Middle Atlantic Coast Artillery District at Fort Totten, and returned to his permanent rank of brigadier general. He then commanded the 7th Division at Fort Meade, Maryland and he was again promoted to major general, and commanded the Third Corps area at Fort Howard, Maryland until retiring in 1922. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, the Order of Leopold, the Croix de Guerre with palm and he suffered a hip fracture in a fall in July 1945 and never fully recovered. He died on September 21,1946 at his home in Jamestown, Bailey was buried at Lake View Cemetery in Jamestown. In 1885, Bailey married Mary M. Dodge and they were the parents of two daughters, Omira and Merry. Omira Bailey was the wife of Army Colonel Alexander Wheeler Chilton, baileys first wife died in 1923. In 1924, he married Elizabeth Hegeman Bailey, West Point, NY, West Point Association of Graduates. A Life of Duty, The Autobiography of George Willcox McIver, 1858-1947, Charles Justin Bailey at Find a Grave
15.
Robert K. Evans
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Robert Kennon Evans was born in Jackson, Mississippi on November 19,1852. He attended the University of Mississippi, graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1875, initially assigned to the 12th Infantry, Evans served with the regiment until 1898, receiving promotion to First Lieutenant in 1882 and Captain in 1893. From 1887 to 1898 Evans was the regimental adjutant, during his service with the 12th Infantry Evans was assigned to a variety of posts, including California, Kansas, North Dakota, and numerous sites in Arizona, and New York. He was a veteran of the Nez Perce War and the Bannock War, during the Spanish–American War he served in Cuba and took part in the Battles of El Caney and San Juan Hill. During his service with the 12th Infantry Evans also performed detached duty, including Military Attache at the U. S. Embassy in Berlin, Germany. In 1901 Evans was promoted to Major in the 30th Infantry, in 1905 he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel in the 5th Regiment and 28th Infantry, and performed duty with the Army General Staff. In 1908 and 1909 Evans was Director of the Army War College, Evans was promoted to Colonel in 1909 and assigned to the 30th Infantry, where he served until 1911. In 1911 Evans was promoted to Brigadier General and selected to serve as Chief of the Militia Bureau, Evans took temporary command of the Department of the East in March,1914, succeeding Major General Thomas Barry. In late June 1914, during a speech he gave in New York City, Evans was reprimanded for his comments, promptly replaced by Major General Leonard Wood, and given orders to command the 2nd Infantry Brigade. In 1917 he volunteered for World War I, was recalled to duty and assigned as commander of the Philippine Department. Evans was awarded the Silver Star twice, once for heroism at El Caney and he received the Distinguished Service Medal at his retirement. A noted author of articles on subjects, Evanss published works included The Indian Question in Arizona. In retirement Evans lived in Washington, D. C. and later relocated to Camaldoli, Italy and he was buried in Rome, Italys Campo Cestio
16.
William M. Wright
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William Mason Wright was a lieutenant general in the United States Army. He was notable for his service as a division and corps commander during World War I, the son of a career officer who served as an aide to Winfield Scott and George B. McClellan, Wright initially attracted attention when President Chester A. Pershing, Wright embarked on an Army career, and served initially in the western United States. He served for years as an aide to General John C. Bates, including the Spanish–American War and the Philippine–American War and he later took part in both the Veracruz occupation and Pancho Villa Expedition. After the war, Wright served as Executive Assistant to the Chief of Staff of the United States Army and he closed his career by serving as head of the Department of the Philippines from 1922 to 1923. In retirement, Wright lived in Washington, DC and he died in Washington, DC the following year. William M. Wright was the grandson of Michigan Governor Stevens Thomson Mason, senator William Wright of New Jersey. Wright was educated at St. Johns School in Ossining, New York and he attended Yale University and was a member of the Delta Psi fraternity. In 1882 he left Yale for the United States Military Academy, Wright failed his semiannual exams in December 1882 and left West Point in January 1883, resigning before school authorities took action to dismiss him. In 1884, Wright joined the New Jersey National Guard, receiving a captains commission, in January,1885 he was nominated for appointment as a second lieutenant in the 2nd Infantry Regiment. Wrights initial assignments were with the 2nd Infantry at posts in the western United States, including Fort Spokane, Washington, Fort Omaha, Nebraska, and Fort Coeur dAlene, Idaho. From 1889 to 1891 he attended the School of Infantry and Cavalry at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, from 1896 to 1898 Wright was professor of military science at the Massachusetts Agricultural College. Wright served in Cuba during the Spanish–American War, commissioned as a captain and assistant adjutant general in the U. S. Volunteers, he served in Cuba as aide-de-camp to Major General John C. Bates, commander of the 3rd Division, Wright took part in the Battle of El Caney and the other actions leading to the surrender of Santiago. In 1899 Wright was promoted to captain in the regular Army and he served in the Philippines during the Philippine–American War, continuing as aide-de-camp to Bates. When Bates returned to the United States in 1901 to take command of the Northern Division of Department of the Missouri, from 1905 to 1908 Wright served on the Army Staff. In May 1908, he was promoted to major and assigned as adjutant of the 8th Infantry Regiment, from 1911 to 1913, Wright served as adjutant of the Philippine Department
17.
George Windle Read
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Major General George Windle Read was a senior United States Army officer who was prominent as a corps and division commander in World War I. Read also oversaw the departure of US forces from Europe at the end of the war as commander of the American Embarkation Center at Le Havre, Read was born in Indianola, Iowa. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1883 and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant of Infantry, Reads initial assignments were in the American West, and his first posting was with the 16th Infantry Regiment. A few months later he transferred to the 5th Cavalry Regiment, from 1889 to 1893 Read was Assistant Professor of Military Science at the University of Iowa, after which he returned to the 5th Cavalry Regiment in Texas. In 1898 Read authored The Automatic Instructor, A Practical System for Home Study, at the start of the Spanish–American War Read was assigned to an Ordnance unit, with which he served in Cuba until 1899. Receiving promotion to Captain, he served in New Mexico from 1901 to 1902, after leaving Cuba, Read served in California and Hawaii. From 1905 to 1909 he served on the Army’s General Staff, promoted to Major, he served in Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines before attending the Army War College, from which he graduated in 1914. Advanced to Lieutenant Colonel after his war college graduation, Read served in Texas and Arizona during the US–Mexico border conflict, from 1915 to 1917 Read again served in Washington, DC as a member of the Army General Staff. In April,1917, Read was appointed to head recruiting as the Army began to mobilize for World War I, in August he was selected to command the 152nd Depot Brigade at Camp Upton, New York. In December Read was promoted to temporary Major General and assigned to command first the 77th Infantry Division, and then the 15th Cavalry Division in El Paso, Texas. The 15th Cavalry Division was disbanded in favor of fielding all Infantry divisions, and in April,1918 Read took command of the 30th Infantry Division, which he led to France. In June he was selected to command the II Corps, consisting of five assigned to the British sector of the Western Front. Read continued to command the II Corps after the Armistice and he was also the final commander of the 42nd Infantry Division as it completed post-war occupation duty in Germany and prepared to depart Europe. In May,1919 Read was assigned to command the US V Corps at Camp Jackson, in March,1921 he received permanent promotion to Major General. In October,1922 Read was appointed commander of the Philippine Department and he assumed command in early 1923, and remained in this assignment until his 1925 retirement. General Reads awards and decorations included the Distinguished Service Medal and the British Order of the Bath, in addition, he received the French Legion of Honor, and French Croix de Guerre with Palm. In retirement Read resided in Upper Providence Township, Pennsylvania and he died at Walter Reed Army Hospital on November 6,1934 and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Section South, Site 1819. In 1886 in El Paso Read married Burton Young, the daughter of General S. B. M Young, who served as the first Army Chief of Staff
18.
William Weigel
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He graduated from the United States Military Academy with the class of 1887, ranking 27th in his class. Upon graduation, Weigel was commissioned a lieutenant in the Eleventh Infantry and posted at Madison Barracks, Sackets Harbor. In September 1893, he and his regiment were transferred to Whipple Barracks near Prescott, Arizona, in April 1894, he joined the military staff at West Point as assistant to the quartermaster. He later served as aide-de-camp to Brigadier General Alexander Pennington, and also established what was to become Camp Wikoff at Montauk Point, in December 1898, he was sent to Havana, Cuba as assistant to the Chief Quartermaster for the Division of Cuba. In January 1900, he returned to the Eleventh Infantry at the army rank of captain as regimental quartermaster. The regiment returned to the United States in December 1900, and was posted at Washington Barracks and he served with this regiment at Camp Keithley, Mindanao from October,1907 to November,1909 when the regiment was sent to Fort Mackenzie, Wyoming. Weigel was promoted to major in March 1910, and assigned to the Second Infantry at Fort Thomas, in September 1910 he was assigned to recruiting duty in Philadelphia. He was then sent to the Twenty-Third Infantry at Fort Benjamin Harrison in April 1912, the regiment was dispatched to Texas City, Texas in response to events in Mexico, and Weigel served there until February 1914. In April 1916, Weigel returned to the Second Infantry, now at Fort Shafter, Hawaii and he took command of the regiment in March 1917, and was promoted to colonel in May 1917. From July to September 1917 he was in command of the First Infantry at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii. On August 5,1917 Weigel was appointed a Brigadier General in the National Army and given command of the 151st Depot Brigade and he commanded the 76th Division from December 17,1917 to March 14,1918. In recognition of his service during this period, Weigel was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, Weigel was promoted to Major General on August 8,1918 and took command of the Eighty-Eighth Division on September 10. The division relieved a French division in a quiet sector of Haute-Alsace before taking part in the Meuse-Argonne Campaign from November 6–11. The division remained in France through May 1919 before returning to the United States and he was promoted to Major General on November 20,1924 and sent to Fort William McKinley in the Philippines to command the Philippine Division. In March 1927 he returned to the United States and served as head of Public Relations for the Army in the headquarters of the Second Corps Area until his retirement on August 25,1927. William Weigel died at Governors Island, New York on March 4,1936 and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery, the USS General William Weigel is named for him. Indian Campaign Medal Spanish War Service Medal Army of Cuban Occupation Medal Spanish Campaign Medal Victory Medal with four campaign clasps Legion of Honor Croix de Guerre William Weigel
19.
Fred Winchester Sladen
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Fred Winchester Sladen was career United States Army officer who rose to the rank of Major General and became Superintendent of the United States Military Academy. He is a son of English-born Joseph Alton Sladen and Martha F. Winchester, Joseph A Sladen met with Cochise in the company of General Oliver Otis Howard, and was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for his service in the American Civil War. Sladen was born on November 24,1867 in Lowell, Massachusetts to Joseph Alton Sladen, Sladen received his appointment to the US Military Academy from the State of Nebraska, graduating 27th out of 54 in his class of 1890. Sladen began his military career commissioned an officer in the Infantry branch upon graduating from the US Military Academy, from 1911 to 1914 he was Commandant of Cadets. During World War, Sladen served as commander of the 5th Infantry Brigade and he was decorated Distinguished Service Cross and Distinguished Service Medal for leading of his brigade. He would serve in the Army until his retirement on November 30,1931 and he achieved the rank of Major General and was the 32nd Superintendent of US Military Academy from 1922 to 1926. He later served as Superintendent of Fort McHenry from 1931 to 1932, Sladen married Ms. Elizabeth Lefferts of New York City on October 8,1903 at the Church of the Holy Incarnation on Madison Avenue. One of Sladens groomsmen was another future West Point Superintendent, William D. Conner, Sladen died in New London, New Hampshire on July 10,1945
20.
Johnson Hagood (general)
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He retired in 1936 after publicly criticizing New Deal funding. Garrison service in Rhode Island, Connecticut, and South Carolina from 1896–1901, instructor in the department of philosophy, U. S. Assistant to chief of artillery, Washington, D. C, member of the General Staff Corps,1908. Aide de camp to Maj. Gen. J. F. Bell, assistant to Major General Leonard Wood, re-detailed to General Staff Corps until 1912. Overseas service in the Philippines, 1913–15, Commander, 7th Regiment, 1st Expeditionary Brigade, Coast Artillery Corps, July 16,1917. He arrived in France on Sept.11,1917, and fought near Soissons and he organized and commanded the advance section Line of Communications, A. E. F. He served in command Neufchateau, Nov.1 to Dec.1 and he was assigned to the General Staff, A. E. F. on Jan. He served as President of the board that reorganized the A. E. F. staff and he served as chief of staff S. O. S. until Armistice. He was in battle sectors along American, French, and British fronts, June–July 1918 and participated in the Meuse-Argonne offensive and he was appointed commander 20th C. A. Brigade and was transferred to the 66th F. A. Brigade and he represented the American Army in replying to address of Marshal Joffre, Paris, May 12,1918. On Dec.31,1918, he crossed the Rhein River and established headquarters at Hohr, commanded army artillery of Third Army and corps artillery of 3d Corps. Served in the Army of Occupation until May 16,1919 and he was assigned to command 30th Brigade, C. A. C. and Camp Eustis, Va. Nov.24,1919. Commanded South Atlantic Coast Artillery District, Commander, 45th, Corps Area, Oct.5,1925 to March 1927. Commander Philippine Division, April 1927 to June 1929, Commander, 7th Corps Area August 1929 to October 1933. Commander, Third Army and 8th Corps Area, 1933–36, among his inventions were the Hagood tripod mount, mortar deflection board, and other apparatus connected with sea-coast defense. Toward the end of the career, Hagood was embroiled in controversy when he criticized President Franklin Delano Roosevelts New Deal. Soon after his comments became public on February 10,1936, Hagood requested a meeting with Roosevelt to explain himself, and was granted three months leave. Just one day after assuming command May 1, he asked for and was granted immediate retirement, after one month of leave, he officially left the U. S. Army on May 31,1936
21.
Douglas MacArthur
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Douglas MacArthur was an American five-star general and field marshal of the Philippine Army. He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and he received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign, which made him and his father Arthur MacArthur, Jr. the first father and son to be awarded the medal. He was one of five men ever to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the US Army. During the 1914 United States occupation of Veracruz, he conducted a reconnaissance mission, in 1917, he was promoted from major to colonel and became chief of staff of the 42nd Division. From 1919 to 1922, MacArthur served as Superintendent of the U. S, Military Academy at West Point, where he attempted a series of reforms. His next assignment was in the Philippines, where in 1924 he was instrumental in quelling the Philippine Scout Mutiny, in 1925, he became the Armys youngest major general. He served on the martial of Brigadier General Billy Mitchell and was president of the American Olympic Committee during the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. In 1930, he became Chief of Staff of the United States Army, as such, he was involved in the expulsion of the Bonus Army protesters from Washington, D. C. in 1932, and the establishment and organization of the Civilian Conservation Corps. He retired from the US Army in 1937 to become Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines, MacArthur was recalled to active duty in 1941 as commander of United States Army Forces in the Far East. A series of disasters followed, starting with the destruction of his air forces on 8 December 1941, MacArthurs forces were soon compelled to withdraw to Bataan, where they held out until May 1942. In March 1942, MacArthur, his family and his staff left nearby Corregidor Island in PT boats and escaped to Australia, upon his arrival in Australia, MacArthur gave a speech in which he famously promised I shall return to the Philippines. For his defense of the Philippines, MacArthur was awarded the Medal of Honor, after more than two years of fighting in the Pacific, he fulfilled a promise to return to the Philippines. He officially accepted Japans surrender on 2 September 1945, aboard USS Missouri anchored in Tokyo Bay, as the effective ruler of Japan, he oversaw sweeping economic, political and social changes. He led the United Nations Command in the Korean War until he was removed from command by President Harry S. Truman on 11 April 1951 and he later became Chairman of the Board of Remington Rand. A military brat, Douglas MacArthur was born 26 January 1880, at Little Rock Barracks, Little Rock, Arkansas, to Arthur MacArthur, Jr. a U. S. Army captain, Pinkney came from a prominent Norfolk, Virginia, family. Two of her brothers had fought for the South in the Civil War, Arthur and Pinky had three sons, of whom Douglas was the youngest, following Arthur III, born on 1 August 1876, and Malcolm, born on 17 October 1878. The family lived on a succession of Army posts in the American Old West, conditions were primitive, and Malcolm died of measles in 1883. In his memoir, Reminiscences, MacArthur wrote I learned to ride and shoot even before I could read or write—indeed and this time on the frontier ended in July 1889 when the family moved to Washington, D. C. where Douglas attended the Force Public School
22.
John L. Hines
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John Leonard Hines was an American soldier who served as Chief of Staff of the U. S. Army from 1924 to 1926. His first assignment was to the 2nd Infantry Regiment, Hines served with the regiment in Nebraska and Montana from 1891 to 1898 where he married Harriet Schofield Rita Wherry, one of the daughters of Brigadier General William M. Wherry and Alice Grammer. Hines served in Cuba during the Spanish–American War and in the Philippines during the Philippine–American War, in 1898 he was elected as a Veteran Companion of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of Foreign Wars. He was adjutant of the Mexican Punitive Expedition in 1916–17 under General John J. Pershing and he assumed successively larger commands—from regiment to brigade, division, and finally, corps. On August 16,1918, Hines took command of 4th Division, Hines commanded the 4th ID during the American operations at St. Mihiel and in the Meuse-Argonne until October 11,1918. Hines then took command of III Corps, leading it during the engagements of the war. Hines was promoted to permanent major general in March 1921 and his post-war commands included the 5th Division, the 2nd Division and the VIII Corps Area. In December 1922, he was assigned as Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army, in 1926, after completing his tour as Army Chief of Staff, Hines took command of the IX Corps Area in California, which he led until 1930. In 1930, Hines became commanding general of the Department of the Philippines and he was promoted to the rank of full general on the retired list by a Special Act of Congress on June 15,1940. General Hines died in Washington, DC, at Walter Reed Army Medical Center at age 100 and he is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. The only American generals to have celebrated their 100th birthdays are John L. Hines and James Van Fleet as of 2006, on May 5,2000, the United States Postal Service issued the Distinguished Soldiers stamps in which Hines was honored. Hines son, Col. John L. Hines, Jr. served in World War II with the 6th Armored Division and he was twice decorated with the Distinguished Service Cross and was severely wounded outside Frankfurt, Germany when an 88 mm antitank shell grazed his face. Note that the date indicated is the date of rank, in some cases, the promotion was accepted at a later date
23.
Lucius Roy Holbrook
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Lucius Roy Holbrook was a Major General who commanded the United States Armys Philippine Department from 1936 to 1938. Holbrook was born in Arkansaw, Wisconsin and he was a son of Willard Francis and Mary Holbrook. His father was born at Wrentham, Massachusetts, on April 27,1827, Mary Ames, whom he married, was born November 19,1840, at West Bridgewater, Massachusetts, and died July 12,1889. Holbrook graduated from school in Northfield, Minnesota, in 1892. He entered the United States Military Academy on June 15,1892 and graduated on June 12,1896 and his brother, Willard, would also serve as a major general. His nephew, Willard, Jr. would also serve as a brigadier general, Holbrook served with the 4th Cavalry Brigade at Fort Walla Walla, Washington, until December 22,1896, and at Boise Barracks, Forts Sherman and Wardner, Idaho, until May 1899. During his time at Boise, he met Henrietta Coffin, the daughter of Frank R. Coffin, the couple were married on June 7,1899, at the Presidio of San Francisco in California and would go on to have three sons. Promoted to first lieutenant on January 23,1900, later in the year he was posted to Troop H, 6th Cavalry Brigade and he was promoted to Captain on July 15,1902. He was then assigned to Camp Stotsenburg, in the Philippines and he returned to the US and served at Fort Logan, Colorado, and Fort Huachuca, Arizona, until August 28,1904. Holbrook was a graduate of the Infantry-Cavalry School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas on July 2,1905 and then attended the Staff College. Holbrook was the umpire for maneuvers at Fort D. A. Russell and he then joined the 5th Cavalry Regiment at Fort Wingate, New Mexico until October 24,1907. Holbrook was assigned to the Commissary Department where he commanded the first training school for army bakers, during this time, he wrote the armys first cooking manuals. He was assisted in this endeavor by Color Sergeant, later Major Patrick Dunne and these works include, Handling the Straight Army Ration and Baking Bread. He was then ordered to Paris, France, where he attended the Ecole de LIntendance until December 15,1912, Holbrook was stationed at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii until April 4,1916 and was then a Quartermaster at Fort Riley, until July 1916. In 1916, he served with General John J. Pershings Mexican Expeditionary Forces and this was the first use of the army field oven, which he had invented. He was promoted to major on July 1,1916, when the United States became involved in World War I, this was the first artillery unit to be sent to France, and it fired the first US artillery shell against Germany. Holbrook was promoted to the rank of general on August 16,1918. On July 15,1919, he reverted to the rank of lieutenant colonel, on February 24,1920, he was promoted to colonel
24.
George Grunert
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George Grunert was a United States Army cavalry officer who worked his way up through the ranks from private to retirement as a Lieutenant General. His 47-year career extended from the Spanish–American War to the end of World War II, Grunert, born of German immigrants, was a native of White Haven, Pennsylvania. He enlisted in the Army in 1898 during the Spanish–American War and served in the Philippines, Cuba, as a quartermaster sergeant in an artillery unit at Fort Monroe, Virginia he obtained a commission at second lieutenant in the cavalry in 1901. By 1908 he was stationed in Cuba and at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia and he was sent to France as an observer with British forces in 1917 World War I. During the American build up, he served as assistant chief of staff for I Corps and was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal for his work during the American offensives of 1918. In 1919, he attended the Army War College then at Washington Barracks, now Fort Lesley J. McNair, in Washington, D. C. He served with the 1st Infantry Division at Camp Dix, then to Washington and he returned to the field as a lieutenant colonel of the 10th Cavalry Regiment at Fort Huachuca, Arizona in 1925. After a second tour of duty in the office of the Army Chief of Staff, Grunert attended the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas from 1930 to 1932. In 1933, he was the director of intelligence and espionage division course at the Army War College and in 1935. In 1936, he was posted to the Philippines as commanding officer of the 26th Cavalry Regiment and he received his promotion to brigadier general in December 1936 in preparation for his command of the 23rd Brigade, a brigade of the Philippine Division composed of Philippine Scouts. In November 1938 Grunert succeeded George C. Marshall in command of 5th Brigade at Vancouver Barracks, Grunert was promoted to major general in 1939, and in October returned to the Philippines to command the Philippine Division. MacArthur abolished the Philippine Department as a redundant command echelon in November 1941, drum upon his mandatory retirement at age 64 in October 1943. Grunert held interim command over First Army until January 1944 while Omar N. Bradley completed assembling and staffing its new headquarters in England for the Normandy Invasion. Grunert continued command of Eastern Defense Command, which assumed the duties of Central Defense Command. In June 1944, Grunert was appointed by Secretary of War Henry Stimson as the officer of a secret panel that investigated the Army response to events prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. Marshall and a failure of action by Hawaiian Department commander, Walter C. The panels method of investigation and conclusions are subject to criticism today. Grunert died at Brooke Army Hospital in San Antonio, Texas on January 12,1971 at age 89 and was buried at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery and he was survived by his wife Florence Reynolds, daughter Mary and son-in-law, then U. S
25.
United States Army Forces in the Far East
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United States Army Forces in the Far East was a military formation of the United States Army active from 1941 to 1946. The new commands headquarters was created on July 26,1941,1, Calle Victoria, Manila, Luzon, the Philippines, with General Douglas MacArthur as commander. The Chief of Staff was Brigadier General Richard K. Sutherland, the core of this command was drawn from the Office of the Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government. MacArthur explains, It became an administrative echelon and it was analogous to a corps area. MacArthur recommended that Philippine Department commander Major General Grunert be reassigned, on October 23, Grunert returned to the United States and MacArthur was temporarily appointed as the Philippine Departments commander. It does not appear this idea was considered until Douglas MacArthur suggested, to the Army Chief of Staff. On June 6, Acting Chief of the War Plans Division Brigadier General Leonard T. Gerow noted that he saw no need for such a command, as US Forces in the Far East were concentrated in the Philippines. As such, Gerow argued that should a crisis occur, then MacArthur should become the commander of, not some new command, but rather, of the Philippine Department itself. On June 20, Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall informed MacArthur, Both the Secretary of War and your qualifications and experience make you the logical selection for the Army Commander in the Far East should the situation approach a crisis. The Secretary has delayed recommending your appointment as he does not feel the time has arrived for such action, at the proper time, he will recommend to the President that you be so appointed. S. Army reserve officers be sent to the Philippines to assist in mobilization, on July 25, Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson requested that President Roosevelt issue orders calling the military forces of the Commonwealth into active service for the United States. Stimson explains, All practical steps should be taken to increase the strength of the Philippine Islands. The following day, Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets within the United States and that same day, the War Department created the USAFFE command, with jurisdiction over the Philippine Department and the military forces of Commonwealth of the Philippines. At the same time, MacArthur was recalled to duty as the USAFFE commander, from his positions as military advisor to the Philippine government. The short-lived American-British-Dutch-Australian Command was formed on January 1,1942, to control all Allied forces in South East Asia, ABDACOM nominally controlled USAFFE forces, although the latter was effectively an independent force. In March, due to the worsening Allied position in Asia, macArthurs famous speech regarding the Philippines, in which he said, I came out of Bataan and I shall return was made at Terowie, South Australia on March 20. General Jonathan Wainwright officially assumed control of the forces in the Philippines. On April 18,1942, ABDACOM was replaced by General Headquarters, Southwest Pacific Area in Melbourne, Australia, MacArthur was appointed Supreme Commander, SWPA
26.
Corps area
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A Corps area was a geographically-based organizational structure of the United States Army used to accomplish administrative, training and tactical tasks from 1920 to 1942. Each corps area included divisions of the Regular Army, Organized Reserve, the nine corps areas, created by the War Plans Division under authority of War Department General Order No. In addition, the areas took on the responsibilities for post. The composition of the corps areas divided the United States geographically by state lines, each corps area was responsible for organizing two tactical corps consisting of three infantry divisions each. Each corps area also had responsibility for organizing various other field army, General Headquarters Reserve, Zone of the Interior, the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Eighth, and Ninth Corps Areas also organized units to man various fixed coastal defenses. The corps areas were grouped into three army areas of two field armies each. For the century preceding 1920 the U. S. Army was geographically divided into series of Military Divisions, Departments, Departments and divisions were numbered or named for their geographic location. Before the War of 1812 these administrative units were geographically named starting with the Department of the East, about 1815, the areas were numbered until after the Civil War. The last reorganization of departments was done in 1917 after the beginning of World War I, three overseas commands, the Hawaiian Department, Panama Canal Department, and the Philippine Department continued to be identified as departments. The 1920 act was a realization that the mobilization of an army could no longer meet the defense needs of the United States. Yet with its passage, Congress never fully funded the program, the act authorized the establishing new schools to meet modern military educational needs, such as the Army Industrial College in 1924. Thirty-one additional special schools were established or improved to provide training to the various branches of the Army. The act established the division as a basic Army unit, replacing the pre-World War I notion of the regiment in war planning, during times of civil unrest, labor strikes or natural disasters, corps area commanders provided Army resources needed to address the emergency. Each corps area was allocated two type corps and six infantry divisions, the corps were numbered in accord with their corps area designation, i. e. I and XI Corps in the First Corps Area, the lower numbered corps consisted of one Regular Army and two National Guard divisions among the various states of the corps area. The higher numbered corps consisted of three divisions, also assigned by state boundaries, of the newly established Organized Reserve. The amended National Defense Act also grouped three corps areas into an army level mobilization organization whose boundaries were identical for the two type armies located within them. For example, First, Second, and Third Corps Areas, until fully activated with its own headquarters staff, an army area was typically jointly staffed, headquartered and commanded by the most senior corps commander in that area
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Infantry
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Infantry is the general branch of an army that engages in military combat on foot. As the troops who engage with the enemy in close-ranged combat, infantry units bear the largest brunt of warfare, Infantry can enter and maneuver in terrain that is inaccessible to military vehicles and employ crew-served infantry weapons that provide greater and more sustained firepower. In English, the 16th-century term Infantry describes soldiers who walk to the battlefield, and there engage, fight, the term arose in Sixteenth-Century Spain, which boasted one of the first professional standing armies seen in Europe since the days of Rome. It was common to appoint royal princes to military commands, and the men under them became known as Infanteria. in the Canadian Army, the role of the infantry is to close with, and destroy the enemy. In the U. S. Army, the closes with the enemy, by means of fire and maneuver, in order to destroy or capture him, or to repel his assault by fire, close combat. In the U. S. Marine Corps, the role of the infantry is to locate, close with, and destroy the enemy fire and maneuver. Beginning with the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century, artillery has become a dominant force on the battlefield. Since World War I, combat aircraft and armoured vehicles have become dominant. In 20th and 21st century warfare, infantry functions most effectively as part of a combined arms team including artillery, armour, Infantry relies on organized formations to be employed in battle. These have evolved over time, but remain a key element to effective infantry development and deployment, until the end of the 19th century, infantry units were for the most part employed in close formations up until contact with the enemy. This allowed commanders to control of the unit, especially while maneuvering. The development of guns and other weapons with increased firepower forced infantry units to disperse in order to make them less vulnerable to such weapons. This decentralization of command was made possible by improved communications equipment, among the various subtypes of infantry is Medium infantry. This refers to infantry which are heavily armed and armored than heavy infantry. In the early period, medium infantry were largely eliminated due to discontinued use of body armour up until the 20th century. In the United States Army, Stryker Infantry is considered Medium Infantry, since they are heavier than light infantry, Infantry doctrine is the concise expression of how infantry forces contribute to campaigns, major operations, battles, and engagements. It is a guide to action, not a set of hard, doctrine provides a very common frame of reference across the military forces, allowing the infantry to function cooperatively in what are now called combined arms operations. Doctrine helps standardise operations, facilitating readiness by establishing common ways of accomplishing infantry tasks, doctrine links theory, history, experimentation, and practice
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Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays
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The Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays were a Harbor Defense Command, part of the Philippine Department of the United States Army from circa 1910 through early World War II. The Board of Fortifications chaired by William H. Taft recommended that key harbors of territories acquired after the Spanish–American War be fortified, from 1922 parts of the defenses were garrisoned by units of the Philippine Scouts, units primarily composed of Filipino enlisted men and US officers. In July 1941 these units were commanded by Major General George F. Moore, whose Philippine Coast Artillery Command was headquartered at Fort Mills, on Corregidor. This command included Fort Hughes, Fort Drum, and Fort Frank at the entrance to Manila Bay, at this time there were 4,967 troops assigned to the Harbor Defenses. Harbor defense units were engaged against the Japanese invasion in 1941–42, particularly Battery Way and Battery Geary on Corregidor. However, the coast defense installations were vulnerable to air and high-angle artillery attack, and Corregidor, chief of Coast Artillery Major General Joseph A. Green had recommended reassigning elements of the Harbor Defenses to anti-aircraft duty, but this proposal was rejected. The War Department had been intending to send three additional AA regiments and two headquarters, however this was not accomplished before the Japanese invasion in December 1941. With the exception of areas covered by the 60th and 200th Coast Artillery Regiments. Manila and Subic Bays had Army-operated mine defenses and these minefields were designed to stop all vessels except submarines and shallow-draft surface craft. Military History of the Philippines Fort Drum, Concrete Battleship of the Philippines
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Luzon
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Luzon (/luːˈzɒn/, Tagalog pronunciation, is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. It is ranked 15th largest in the world, with a population of 52.99 million as of 2015, it is the fourth most populous island in the world, containing about 53% of the countrys total population. Luzon may also refer to one of the three island groups in the country. The name Luzon is thought to derive from the Tagalog word lusong, from just before the first millennium, the Tagalog and Kapampangan peoples of south and central Luzon had established several Indianized kingdoms, notably among them those of Tundok and Namayan. The Laguna Copperplate Inscription, the first Philippine document written in 900AD, names places in and these kingdoms were based on leases between village rulers and landlords or Rajahs, to whom tributes and taxes were levied. These kingdoms were coastal thalassocracies based on trade with neighboring Asian political entities at that time, some parts of Luzon were Islamized when the Sultanate of Brunei expanded its realms from Borneo to the Philippines and set up the Kingdom of Maynila as its puppet-state. In addition, other kingdoms like the Wangdom of Pangasinan had become tributary states to China and were largely Sinified kingdoms, certain kilns were renowned over others and prices depended on the reputation of the kiln. Of this flourishing trade, the Burnay jars of Ilocos are the large clay jar manufactured in Luzon today with origins from this time. The Yongle Emperor instituted a Chinese Governor on Luzon during Zheng Hes voyages, China also had vassals among the leaders in the archipelago. China attained ascendancy in trade with the area in Yongles reign, in the 1500s, people from Luzon were called Lucoes and were actively employed in trading, seafaring and military campaigns across Southeast Asia. The Portuguese were the first European explorers who recorded it in their charts as Luçonia or Luçon, edmund Roberts, who visited Luzon in the early 19th century, wrote that Luzon was discovered in 1521. Many people from Luzon had active-employment in Portuguese Malacca and his father and wife carried on his maritime trading business after his death. Another important Malacca trader was Curia de Raja who also hailed from Luzon, the surname of de Raja or diraja could indicate that Regimo and Curia, and their families, were of noble or royal descent as the term is an abbreviation of Sanskrit adiraja. Pinto noted that there were a number of Lucoes in the Islamic fleets that went to battle with the Portuguese in the Philippines during the 16th century, the Sultan of Aceh gave one of them the task of holding Aru in 1540. Pinto also says one was named leader of the Malays remaining in the Moluccas Islands after the Portuguese conquest in 1511, pigafetta notes that one of them was in command of the Brunei fleet in 1521. However, the Luções did not only fight on the side of the Muslims, pinto says they were also apparently among the natives of the Philippines who fought the Muslims in 1538. On Mainland Southeast Asia, Lusung/Lucoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD, at the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya. Scholars have thus suggested that they could be valued by all sides
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Philippine Department
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The Philippine Department was a regular United States Army unit whose mission was to defend the Philippine Islands and train the Philippine Army. On April 9,1942, during World War II, the unit surrendered to the Japanese, the primary force of this Department was the Philippine Division. Of the 22,532 troops,10,473 were members of the Philippine Division itself. All units of the Department wore the Philippine Department shoulder sleeve insignia, with the exception of the Philippine Division, which wore their own patch, a golden carabao on a red shield. Officially, the Philippine Department’s insignia featured the Philippine Sea Lion, in white, the Sea Lion is derived from the coat of arms of Manila. The Philippine Department and Philippine Division insignia were approved on July 8,1922. Following the creation of USAFFE, the Philippine Department became, in effect, tactical command was thenceforth under USAFFEs control. At the time of USAFFEs formation the unit consisted of 22,532 troops, of the 1,340 officers,775 were reservists. 7,293 troops were assigned to the infantry and 4,967 were assigned to the Harbor Defenses of Manila, ~2,500 troops served in a service or supply position, mainly quartermaster or medical units. The majority of the troops were stationed on Luzon. S. Ships Sunk or Damaged 1939 to 1941, usmm. org Far East Air Force Military History of the Philippines Military History of the United States
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Fort Bonifacio
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Fort Bonifacio, is the national headquarters of the Philippine Army and is located in southeastern Metro Manila in an area disputed between Taguig, Makati and Pateros. It is located near the headquarters of the Philippine Air Force. The camp is named after Andres Bonifacio, the leader of the Katipunan during the revolutionary period of the Philippines against Spain - Philippine Revolution. Fort William McKinley, now Fort Bonifacio, was established during the Philippine–American War in 1901 and this expropriation was later challenged by then President Ferdinand E. Marcos and the US agreed to compensate, through him, in trust deposits. In 1916, the 3rd Battalion of the 31st Infantry Regiment was formed here, until December 1920, this was the home of the 31st Infantry Regiment. During World War II, the USAFFE headquarters for the Philippine Department, the bulk of the Philippine Division was stationed there and this was where, under the National Defense Act of 1935, specialized artillery training was conducted. On May 14,1949, Fort McKinley was turned over to the Philippine government, the facility became the home of the Philippine Army and later the Philippine Navy and was renamed Fort Bonifacio. It lies in the cities of Pasay, Parañaque, Makati, the Manila American Cemetery and Memorial was established here. Later, it was turned into a real estate development area called Bonifacio Global City, Military History of the Philippines Military History of the United States
32.
26th Cavalry Regiment
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The 26th Cavalry Regiment was part of U. S. Army Forces Far Easts Philippine Department, during World War II. The 26th engaged in the last cavalry charge in the history of the U. S. cavalry, the American Battle Monuments Commission list 301 dead who were members of this regiment interred at Manila American Cemetery and Memorial. The 26th Cavalry was formed in 1922, at Fort Stotsenburg, from elements of the 25th Field Artillery Regiment, the regiment was based there, with the exception of Troop F. In addition to horse mounted troops, the regiment had a HQ Troop, machine gun troop, and a platoon of six Indiana White M1 scout cars, and trucks for transporting service elements. On 30 November 1941, the regiment had 787 enlisted men and 55 officers, following the 1941 Japanese invasion, the 26th participated in the Allied withdrawal to the Bataan Peninsula. In doing so, the unit conducted a delaying action that allowed other, less mobile. For instance, during the landings the regiment alone delayed the advance of four enemy infantry regiments for six hours at Damortis. However, the resistance was not without cost, as by the end of 24 December the regiment had been reduced down to 450 men, the 26th Cavalry Regiment, consisting mostly of Philippine Scouts, was the last U. S. cavalry regiment to engage in horse-mounted warfare. They drove off the surprised Japanese, in January 1942, the unit, with assistance from 71st Infantry and elements of the 11th Infantry, raided Tuguegarao Airfield, destroying several planes, and killing multiple Japanese soldiers. Eventually the unit was supplemented by other soldiers and guerrillas, the remnants of Troop C would later be integrated into the United States Army Forces in the Philippines-Northern Luzon, which due to deaths and captures would be led by Russell W. Volckmann. Other guerrilla organizations were led by officers of the regiment, who ignored the surrender orders, however, those organizations did not have a direct connection to the regiment, as the Cagayan-Apayao Forces did. The regiment was deactivated in 1946 and completely disbanded in 1951, the regiment, as the 110th Cavalry, was relieved from the 26th Infantry Division in 1993. 173rd Infantry Detachment of the Rhode Island Army National Guard states that it was formed from the troops of Troop D. 26 Cav at philippine-scouts. org Edwin Price Ramsey Web site Lt. Ramsey led the charge at Morong
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43rd Infantry Regiment (United States)
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The 43d Philippine Scout Infantry Regiment was part of USAFFEs Philippine Division, during World War II. The 43d Infantry Regiment was formed in June 1917, at Fort Douglas, in April 1921, it became a Philippine Scout unit and joined the Philippine Division, on 22 October. In 1922, the unit was deactivated, the 1st Battalion was reactivated on 1 April 1941, formed from troops transferred from the 45th Infantry Regiment, and the 329 troops of the 1st Battalion served at Pettit Barracks and Camp John Hay. The 1st Battalion surrendered to the Japanese on 9 April 1942. However, elements of Troop C, 26th Cavalry, and Companies C and E, 43d Infantry, all isolated in Northern Luzon, became the core of guerrilla units which continued to resist until the end of the war. Another account, from Louis Mortons The Fall of the Philippines, place C and E companies on Mindanao where they staffed an infantry school and these instructors were organized into a reserve force for Colonel William P. Morses 102nd Division. They continue to serve in this role during the defense of Mindanao town of Dalirig in the Cagayan Sector. The Scouts stood their ground until they were surrounded on three sides by Japanese troops from the Kawamura Detachment, at that point they fell back before they were completely cut off by pursuing Japanese forces. These units were dispersed with the rest of the Dalirig force and were surrendered with the rest of General Sharpes command on 10 May. The unit was reorganized following the war, but disbanded a year later, Military History of the Philippines Military History of the United States
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60th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 60th Air Defense Artillery Regiment is an air defense unit of the United States Army. The 60th Coast Artillery, during the World War II era, was part of USAFFEs Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays and this anti-aircraft unit was to provide air defense over Manila Bay and the southern tip of the Bataan Peninsula. The 60th CA was equipped with 3-inch guns, 37mm Guns. 50-caliber machine guns, one battery, with a platoon of searchlights, was located at Fort Wint, in Subic Bay. Demobilized 24 February 1919 at Ft. Washington, Maryland Reconstituted 26 October 1922 in the Regular Army as the 60th Artillery Battalion, Antiaircraft and organized at Fort Crockett, expanded, reorganized and redesignated 1 July 1924 as the 60th Coast Artillery. Surrendered 6 May 1942 to the Japanese forces on Corregidor Island, inactivated 2 April 1946 at Fort Mills, Philippine Islands. Redesignated 1 August 1946 as the 60th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion and activated at Fort Bliss, redesignated 7 December 1949 as the 60th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion Automatic Weapons Battalion, Mobile. Redesignated 27 July 1950 as the 60th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, inactivated 17 June 1957 at Southampton, England. Reorganized and redesignated 31 July 1959 as the 60th Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, redesignated 1 September 1971 as the 60th Air Defense Artillery. Blazon Shield, Per fess embattled Sable and Gules fimbriated Or a pile in bend of the third the lower portion obscured by the second tincture, crest, On a wreath of the colors Or and Sable a carabao skull Sable horned Or. Symbolism Shield, The shield is divided horizontally into two parts, the line being embattled to represent defense. The lower half is red for Artillery, the upper half bears the colors of black and gold, a searchlight beam pierces the darkness of this portion of the shield signifying the never ending vigilance which this organization exercises in searching for enemy aircraft. The star has a double significance and it is symbolic of the state of Texas, the Lone Star State, where the unit was reorganized after World War I, and its battleground in the heavens. Crest The carabao horns are symbolic of service in the Philippine Islands where the 60th Battalion, background, The coat of arms was originally approved for the 60th Coast Artillery Regiment on 1924-05-21. It was amended to change the blazon of the shield and correct the motto on 1924-10-03 and it was redesignated for the 60th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion and amended to correct the description on 1949-11-16. The insignia was redesignated for the 60th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on 1954-09-08 and it was redesignated for the 60th Artillery Regiment on 1958-12-15. It was redesignated for the 60th Air Defense Artillery Regiment effective 1971-09-01, attached below and to the sides a Red scroll inscribed “COELIS IMPERAMUS” in Gold letters. Symbolism, The insignia is divided horizontally into two parts, the line being embattled to represent defense. The lower half is red for Artillery, the upper half bears the colors of black and gold, a searchlight beam pierces the darkness of this portion, signifying the never ending vigilance which this organization exercises in searching for enemy aircraft
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Philippine Army Air Corps
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The Philippine Army Air Corps was created in 1935 as the air component of the Philippine Army. It was the predecessor of the Philippine Air Force, created in 1947, the Air Corps was created by the Philippine National Assemblys National Defense Act of 1935 in its first legislative act. Holbrook who had directed that his most important peace time mission was assisting MacArthur in forming a Philippine force capable of defending the islands. MacArthur selected Majors Dwight D. Eisenhower and James B, the air corps was targeted to have by independence in 1946 approximately 100 bombers and additional tactical support aircraft to be used with the Off Shore Patrol of torpedo boats in coastal defense. When war came the corps had around 40 aircraft and 100 pilots,500 personnel, in August 1941, the PAAC was inducted into the United States Army and incorporated into the Far East Air Force. The first Philippine Army airfield was built outside of Manila, Luzon in 1935, at this time only three pilot trainers were available in the Philippines. Courses in flying and technical training were given in the mainland United States to selected students, after the war the airfield was closed and became Camp Emilio Aguinaldo
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8th Infantry Regiment (United States)
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The 8th Infantry Regiment of the United States, also known as the Fighting Eagles, is an infantry regiment in the United States Army. The 8th Infantry participated in the Mexican War, American Civil War, Philippine Insurrection, Moro Rebellion, World War I, World War II, Vietnam War and Iraq Campaign. Crest, On a wreath of the colors Argent and Azure out of a mural coronet a dexter arm in armor embowed the hand grasping a flagstaff with tassel all Proper, shield, The shield is white with a blue bend, the Infantry colors. The arrow and tomahawk represent the Indian campaigns in which the regiment has participated, the claw representing the maimed strength of the Prussian eagle alludes to the regiments part in the Occupation of Germany after World War I. Crest, The crest symbolizes service in the Mexican War, the 8th was the first United States Regiment to plant its colors on the fort at Churubusco, the coat of arms was approved on 1923-07-06. It was amended to correct the spelling of the motto on 1963-10-01, the overall height of the insignia is 1 5/32 inches. The shield is silver with a bend, the Infantry colors. The arrow and tomahawk represent the Indian campaigns in which the regiment has participated, the claw representing the maimed strength of the Prussian eagle alludes to the regiments part in the Occupation of Germany after World War I. The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 1923-11-25 and it was amended to correct the description on 1925-04-28. Decorations of the Fighting Eagles Battalion include three presidential unit citations, the first citation was awarded to the regiment during World War II on 6 June 1944, for action on the beaches of Normandy. Two other presidential unit citations were awarded to the battalion for actions in Pleiku Province, a co and C co were awarded another presidential unit citation for Kontum Province in the Republic of Vietnam. In World War II, the 8th Infantry Regiment was cited twice in the order of the day by the Belgian Army – the first for action in the Belgian Campaign, the Belgian Government subsequently awarded the regiment the Belgian Fourragère. The Vietnamese Government awarded the battalion the Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry with Palm, alpha and Charlie Companies were awarded an Oakleaf Cluster to their Presidential Unit Citation for extraordinary heroism in the Republic of Vietnam. A-1-4 engineers took much of the brunt blast of automatics and mortar fire from human waves charging and retreating many times and they received A Company 4th Engineers Battalion, Combat U. S. Army. The regiment had seven Medal of Honor recipients, a few of the famous past commanders include former General of the Army George C. Marshall, and General James Van Fleet, who led the regiment ashore on D-Day, the 1st Battalion, 8th Infantry Regiment was originally organized on 1 July 1838 as a detachment of recruits at Detroit, Michigan. It was designated on 5 July 1838 as Company A, 8th Infantry and it was consolidated in May 1869 with Company A, 33rd Infantry, with the consolidated unit being designated as Company A, 8th Infantry. The 8th Infantry was assigned on 17 December 1917 to the 8th Division and relieved on 2 March 1923 from its assignment to the 8th division before being reassigned to the 4th Division
37.
13th Infantry Regiment (United States)
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The 13th Infantry Regiment is a United States Army infantry regiment whose battalions are currently tasked as basic training battalions. During the first post-war expansion of the United States Army following independence, a 13th Regiment of Infantry was formed on 16 July 1798, the second 13th Infantry was constituted 11 January 1812. Following the War of 1812 the 13th Infantry was consolidated on 7 May 1815, with the 4th, 9th, 21st, 40th, a new, third 13th Infantry Regiment was constituted in May 1861 when the Army expanded the Regular Army during the Civil War. General William Tecumseh Sherman was the colonel of the regiment and Philip Sheridan was one of its captains, during the American Civil War, the unit earned its motto First at Vicksburg. It participated in the battles of Hayes Bluffs, Champion Hill, Black River, the 13th Regiment was the only Union unit to plant its colors on the Confederate positions. The 1st Battalion retained the designation of the 13th Infantry, while the 2nd Battalion became the 22nd Infantry, from 1867–71 the regiment fought in the Indian Wars in Montana and North Dakota. In 1897 the 13th US Infantry had been filmed at Fort Jay on Governors Island, in June 1898 the regiment was sent to Cuba and led the 1st Infantrys attack on San Juan Hill, capturing the Spanish flag. The regiment saw combat in the Philippines during the Philippine–American War, as a member of this organization, the regiment did not participate in World War I. In 1939 the regiment was ordered to the Panama Canal Zone, the regiment found itself fighting through the hedgerows of France in July 1944 as a member of the 8th Infantry Division and led the drive to the Aa River. The regiment spent ten months in combat in Northern France, The Rhineland and it occupied a position on the Siegfried Line and was involved in the Battle of Hurtgen Forest. Private First Class Walter C. Wetzel was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for sacrificing his life to save his comrades, following World War II the unit was inactivated at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri on 18 November 1945. On 17 August 1949 the regiment was activated again at Fort Jackson. The 8th Infantry Division was transferred to Fort Carson, Colorado, in 1955 the 8th ID was designated an Operation Gyroscope division and as part of the division the 13th completed its last training cycle in December,1955. In January the regiment began to get permanent party personnel and new recruits, Basic training for these recruits began in mid February, both training blocks were completed by mid June and the regiment achieved combat ready status. The regiment under the command of Ellis W. Williamson left Fort Carson for its, new assignment in Germany where it replaced the 47th Infantry Regiment, regimental headquarters and the 3rd Battalion were stationed at Wiley Barracks in Neu Ulm. In January,1958 the 1st BG, 13th Infantry Regiment moved from Neu Ulm to Sandhofen, on 27 February 1988, the 13th Infantry Regiment was transferred to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command and reorganized at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. Currently, the 1st, 2d, and 3d Battalions of the 13th Infantry Regiment, as part of the 193d Infantry Brigade, conduct Basic Combat Training at Fort Jackson, the regiments motto that became a greeting by members of the unit originated during the American Civil War. A soldier of the 13th was asked what his Corps badge was that was worn on the kepi
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24th Infantry Regiment (United States)
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The 24th Infantry Regiment was a unit of the United States Army, active from 1869 until 1951, and again from 1995 until 2006 and was primarily made up of African-American soldiers. The 24th Infantry Regiment was organized on 1 November 1869 from the 38th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, all the enlisted soldiers were black, either veterans of the U. S. From its activation to 1898, the 24th Infantry served throughout the Western United States and its missions included garrisoning frontier posts, battling American Indians, protecting roadways against bandits, and guarding the border between the United States and Mexico. The year 1898 saw the 24th Infantry deployed to Cuba as part of the U. S. Expeditionary Force in the Spanish–American War, elements of the 24th participated in the storming of the Spanish fortress in the Battle of El Caney. In 1899 the regiment deployed to the Philippine Islands to help suppress a guerrilla movement in the Philippine–American War, the regiment returned to the Islands in 1905 and 1911. Though the 24th fought a number of battles in the Philippines, one of the most notable occurred on 7 December 1899, in 1916 the 24th Infantry guarded the Mexico–United States border to keep the Mexican Revolution from spilling onto U. S. soil. When it did, the 24th joined the Punitive Expedition under General Pershing, in 1919, rebels and troops of the Mexican government fought in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, which borders the U. S. city of El Paso, Texas. The 24th Infantry crossed over again to engage the rebels, ensuring that no violence erupted across the U. S. border. When white police arrested a black infantryman who tried to prevent their detaining a drunk woman, then beat up and shot at a black corporal sent to inquire after him. The Houston Riot was a mutiny by 150 black soldiers of the Twenty-fourth United States Infantry, sergeant Vida Henry of I Company, 3rd Battalion led about 150 black soldiers in a two-hour march on Houston because they had suffered racial discrimination in the city. The soldiers were met by local policemen and a crowd of Houston residents. When the soldiers killed Captain J. W. Mattes of the Illinois National Guard, Henry shot himself, distraught over having killed another serviceman. In their two-hour march on the city, the battalion killed 15 armed whites, including four policemen, and seriously wounded 12 others, one of whom, two were accidentally shot by their own men, one in camp and the other on San Felipe Street. The riot lasted one afternoon, and resulted in the deaths of four soldiers and 15 civilians, the rioters were tried at three courts-martial. Fourteen were executed, and 41 were given life sentences, at the start of World War II, the 24th Infantry was stationed at Fort Benning as school troops for the Infantry School. They participated in the Carolina Maneuvers of October – December 1941, during World War II, the 24th Infantry fought in the South Pacific Theatre as a separate regiment. Deploying on 4 April 1942 from the San Francisco Port of Embarkation, the 24th moved to Guadalcanal on 28 August 1943, and was assigned to the US XIV Corps. 1st Battalion deployed to Bougainville, attached to the 37th Infantry Division, from March to May 1944 for perimeter defense duty
39.
6th Weapons Squadron
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The 6th Night Fighter Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with Seventh Air Force, being inactivated at Yokota Airfield, the unit was one of the initial Aero Squadrons established by the United States Army Signal Corps, its origins dating to 13 March 1917 prior to the United States entry into World War I. It was the first Air Service squadron assigned to Hawaii and it was part of the islands defenses until entering into combat during World War II in the Southwest Pacific Area as a night fighter interceptor squadron in 1944. The origins of the date to 29 June 1913 when Lieutenant Harold Geiger, along with about 12 enlisted men. Purington, left the Army aerodrome at North Island, San Diego, California to establish, neither did he want the planes to take part in maneuvers. The planes were sold in November 1913 and Geiger and most of his detachment left Hawaii for the United States, in December 1916, the Signal Corps decided to expand the number of Aero Squadrons from two to seven because of World War I. At the time, the Army would not officially activate a unit until it was manned, equipped and trained. At Rockwell Field, the still un-designated squadron was equipped with Curtiss JN-4s, captain Curry was informed that the aircraft being sent to Hawaii to equip the squadron would be flying boats, and he was to find a location near the water. Curry chose Ford Island in Pearl Harbor as the permanent base for the 6th Aero Squadron for several reasons, “It had excellent approaches and plenty of water for landings and take-offs. It faced into the wind and a land airdrome could be easily made. Curry’s recommendations to situate the 6th Aero Squadron at Ford Island were approved then, also. The Oahu Sugar Company surrendered its leasehold to Ford Island in late 1917 to complete the sale and it was understood by the War Department that both the Navy and the Army would use Ford Island. On 25 September 1917 the 6th Aero Squadron abandoned Fort Kamehameha and they began clearing the land to establish the first Army Air Service Station in Hawaii. The squadron remained in Hawaii throughout the United States involvement in World War I, after the end of World War I, the 6th Aero Squadron was retained by the Army on the active list of Air Service squadrons. The airfield on Ford Island was officially renamed Luke Field in 1919 after World War I fighter pilot Frank Luke who was killed in action over the Western Front. On 15 August 1919, the 2d Group was formed in Hawaii by the Air Service and it was joined by the 4th Aero Squadron on 24 January 1920. With the establishment of the United States Army Air Service in 1921, the squadron was re-designated as the 6th Squadron, the first inter-island flight occurred in February 1919, and by 1920 inter-island flights were used for training purposes. Also, the first night flight over Oahu took place on 30 June 1920, in the early 1920s, air power began to take its place in the Hawaiian Departments military maneuvers
40.
21st Field Artillery Regiment
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The 21st Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery regiment of the United States Army first formed in 1916. A parent regiment under the U. S. Army Regimental System, the regiments last active element, 1st Battalion 21st Field Artillery Regiment, inactivated on 12 June 2014. The 1st Battalion, 21st Field Artillery served in Vietnam with the 1st Cavalry Division, battery A, 21st Field Artillery served in Operation Desert Storm as the 1st Cavalry Divisions general support MLRS battery. On a sinister canton of the second a demi-sun Gold charged with an Aztec banner Vert garnished of the field, symbolism The regiment was formed from the 3rd Field Artillery which is shown on the canton. The red bend denotes artillery support, the eagle with collar, one of the supporters of the arms of St. Mihiel, symbolizes the most important engagement in which the regiment participated. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 21st Field Artillery Regiment on 27 November 1939. It was redesignated for the 21st Field Artillery Battalion on 13 December 1940, the insignia was redesignated for the 21st Artillery Regiment on 30 August 1957. Effective 1 September 1971, the insignia was redesignated for the 21st Field Artillery Regiment, blazon Shield, Argent a bend Gules, in base an eagle close of the last gorged with a collar Or bearing a Lorraine cross of the second. On a sinister canton of the second a demi-sun Gold charged with an Aztec banner Vert garnished of the field, crest, On a wreath of the colors Argent and Gules, a dolphin embowed Argent. Symbolism Shield, The regiment was formed from the 3rd Field Artillery which is shown on the canton, the red bend denotes artillery support. The eagle with collar, one of the supporters of the arms of St. Mihiel, crest, The dolphin represents overseas service. Background, The coat of arms was approved for the 21st Field Artillery Regiment on 5 February 1921. It was amended to correct the blazon on 20 May 1921 and it was redesignated for the 21st Field Artillery Battalion on 13 December 1940. The insignia was redesignated for the 21st Artillery Regiment on 30 August 1957, effective 1 September 1971, the insignia was redesignated for the 21st Field Artillery Regiment. 4th Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment 5th Battalion, 21st Field Artillery Regiment 6th Battalion, Artillery Regiments This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document 21st Field Artillery Regiment
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24th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)
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The 24th Philippine Scout Field Artillery Regiment was part of the US Armys Philippine Division, formed in 1922 and active until April 1942. Antecedent units dated back to 1899, the 24th FA was organized in 1922 at Fort Stotsenburg, in the Philippines, from the 1st Philippine Artillery Regiment. During the Battle of the Philippines against the Japanese, the 24th FA participated in the withdrawal, on Luzon, the 24th surrendered in April 1942. The 1st Philippine Artillery Regiment had been formed, in 1917, at Fort Stotsenburg, from the 11th and 12th Philippine Scout Battalions. In 1922, this unit was reorganized as the 24th Field Artillery Regiment, the 11th and 12th Philippine Scout Battalions had been formed in the Philippines in 1901. They were primarily composed of men from various provisional infantry companies, of Philippine Scouts, both battalions were involved in combat at Samar, Mindanao, and Jolo. The regiment was awarded the Philippines Islands Campaign Streamer, members of the 24th Field Artillery Regiment included Juan Reyes Fabia, Lieutenant General Edward H. Brooks, and Elias Coloma. This regiment consisted of 2 battalions of truck-drawn British 75 mm guns, in July 1941, there were 843 troops assigned to the 24th FA. Symbolism The white portion of the shield is symbolic of the old Infantry alluding to the fighting of the scouts, the red charges refer to Artillery. The base is the outline of Mt. Arayat and the red six-pointed stars, the canton with the yellow pack mule and mountain gun is from the arms of the Second Field Artillery. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 12 September 1923 and it was rescinded on 21 April 1959. Symbolism Shield- The white portion of the shield is symbolic of the old Infantry alluding to the fighting of the scouts, the red charges refer to Artillery. The base is the outline of Mount Arayat and the red six-pointed stars, the canton with the yellow pack mule and mountain gun is from the arms of the Second Field Artillery. Background- The coat of arms was approved on 27 July 1922 and it was rescinded on 21 April 1959. Field Artillery Branch Coats of arms of U. S, Artillery Regiments This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document 24th Field Artillery Regiment. 24th Fd Arty Regt within Philippine Division 8 December 1941
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31st Engineer Battalion
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The unit was reorganized, expanded and redesignated on 15 December 1941 as the 31st Engineer Combat Battalion. On 29 April 1942 the unit was reorganized and redesignated as the 1st Battalion, 31st Engineers, the 31st Engineer Combat Battalion remained at Fort Belvoir until 10 June 1944 and then served for four months at Camp Butner, North Carolina. The 31st Engineer Combat Battalion departed New York Port of Embarkation on 22 October 1944 aboard the General William Black for overseas service and they arrived in England on 2 November 1944 and landed in France on 31 December 1944 and were assigned to Seventh Army. It then moved to Bouxwiller in the French Alsace and installed defense against a possible renewed German attack in the region, the battalion entered Germany in late March 1945 and crossed the Rhine near Mannheim on the last day of that month. It encountered its toughest fighting of the war on 4–8 April as it sought to bridge the Neckar River near Heilbronn, the battalion then swung south, crossing the Danube at Ulm and entering Austria on 9 May. After serving for a time on duty in Vienna, the 31st Sailed back from Le Havre, France, on 26 February 1946. Two days later, the 31st Engineer Combat Battalion inactivated at Camp Kilmer, on 10 March 1951, the battalion activated at Camp McCoy, Wisconsin, during the Korean War. It served there for two years before it was redesignated on 8 June 1953 as the 31st Engineer Battalion and moved to Fort Carson, on 15 December 1956, the battalion inactivated. The unit was activated on 17 June 1963 at Fort Chaffee. The battalion was responsible for III CTZ airmobile equipment support and construction support under the 159th and 79th Engineer Groups just north of Saigon. The unit moved to Phước Vĩnh on 20 October 1968 and to Long Binh in mid-1971 where it remained until it departed Vietnam for return to the United States. After nearly four years of service in Vietnam, the returned to Fort Lewis, Washington. On 20 August 1990, the 132nd Engineer Brigade inactivated, the 31st Engineer Battalion then became part of the 1st Engineer Brigade. The battalion was reassigned from the 1st Engineer Brigade to the 3rd Training Brigade on 6 May 1991, along with the 35th and 589th Engineer Battalion, the 31st joined the five battalions of the 10th Infantry Regiment. In January 1992, Delta Company was inactivated, and Echo Company was redesignated as Delta Company, in June 1993, Alpha Company was redesignated E/35th, Bravo and Charlie Companies turned provisional and fell under the control of the 35th Engineer Battalion on 1 October 1993. Delta Company inactivated with the battalion on 15 October 1993, today the 31st Engineer Battalion once again is based at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri under the 1st Engineer Brigade. This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document 31st Engineer Battalion
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45th Infantry Regiment (United States)
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The 45th Infantry Regiment was a unit of the Philippine Scouts in the Philippine Division. The 45th along with the 57th Infantry Regiment were the first two regiments of the Philippine Scouts which were formed after World War I. They were most well known for their participation in the Battle of the Philippines during World War II, attached above the shield from a wreath Argent and Azure a demi-lion Or grasping in his dexter paw a burning torch Argent, fire Proper. Symbolism The Regiment was organized in 1917 at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, the shield is blue for the Infantry and the parentage of the Regiment is shown by the canton. The early station of the Regiment was the Philippines, this is indicated by the tree which is a source of great wealth in the Islands. The star in the base of the shield is the star of the old First Philippine Infantry. The crest of the Harrison family, General and President William Henry and General and this is also the upper body of the crest of the Philippines, a sea lion. The device of the State of Indiana is a torch and these are combined to form the crest of the Regiment. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 12 September 1923 and it was rescinded on 19 August 1975. Crest- From a wreath Argent and Azure a demi-lion Or grasping in his paw a burning torch Argent. Symbolism Shield- The Regiment was organized in 1917 at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, the shield is blue for the Infantry and the parentage of the Regiment is shown by the canton. The early station of the Regiment was the Philippines, this is indicated by the tree which is a source of great wealth in the Islands. The star in the base of the shield is the star of the old First Philippine Infantry. Crest- The crest of the Harrison family, General and President William Henry and General and this is also the upper body of the crest of the Philippines, a sea lion. The device of the State of Indiana is a torch and these are combined to form the crest of the Regiment. Background- The coat of arms was approved on 10 April 1922 and it was rescinded on 19 August 1975. Military History of the Philippines Coats of arms of U. S, Infantry Regiments This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document 45th Infantry Regiment
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6th Field Artillery Regiment
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The 6th Field Artillery Regiment is a Field Artillery regiment of the United States Army first activated in 1907 from numbered companies of artillery. It was first organized with 2 battalions, note that the lineage of the 6th Regiment of Artillery constituted 8 March 1898 is carried by the 6th Air Defense Artillery Regiment. The regiment currently has five battalions, assigned to the 3rd Brigade Combat team of the 1st Infantry Division and headquartered in Bamberg, Germany, 1–6 FA was only a short distance away from the wars in the former Yugoslavia. In 1997, 1st Battalion, 6th Field Artillery deployed to Bosnia, the excellence displayed by 1–6 FA resulted in the reception of the Army Superior Unit award upon return to Bamberg, Germany. In November 1999 the battalion was again deployed, this time to Kosovo. They later deployed to Iraq as part of Multi-National Force - Iraq, 1-6 FA Deployed to Afghanistan June 2008 in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. They are expected to back to Fort Hood, Texas in mid to late 2009. After redeployment 1–6 FA along with the rest of 3rd BDE will move to Fort Knox and it was organized 5 October 1901 at Fort Douglas, Utah Reorganized and redesignated 11 June 1907 as Battery B, 6th Field Artillery. It was inactivated 31 March 1930 at Fort Hoyle, Maryland, activated 1 July 1940 at Fort Hoyle, Maryland Reorganized and redesignated 4 January 1941 as Battery B, 6th Field Artillery Battalion. Reorganized and redesignated 25 June 1958 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 3d Howitzer Battalion, the 3rd of 6th Artillery was deployed to the Republic of Vietnam during the Vietnam War in 1966 equipped with the M108 Self-Propelled Howitzer. Between 1966 and 1970, the 3d Battalion, 6th Field Artillery participated in some of the most memorable & decisive events of the War in Vietnam, attached below and to the sides of the shield a Gold scroll inscribed “CELER ET AUDAX” in Red letters. The symbolism and pictorial content of the coat of arms of the former 6th Field Artillery. The order on the shield represents oldest service at the top, the rattlesnake is for service in the Mexican War by the 6th Field Artillery. The six rattles represent the numerical designation of both units, the crossed sabers represent Civil War service in the Army of the Potomac. The star represents service in the Philippine Insurrection, being taken from the banner of Katipunan, the two fleurs-de-lis are used to represent service in World Wars I and II. The motto is appropriate both to the horse and snake and is used as belonging to the arms of service and translates to “Swift. It was cancelled on 15 May 1959, the insignia was restored effective 1 September 1971. The coat of arms was approved for the 6th Field Artillery Regiment on 29 August 1921
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20th Air Base Group
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The 20th Air Base Group is a disbanded unit of the United States Air Force. It was part of the Far East Air Force, during World War II, the 20th ABG was based at Nichols Field, in the Philippines. It surrendered to the Japanese in the spring of 1942, but was kept on the rolls as a unit until April 1946. 20th Air Base Group Authorized on 2 June 1921 as Air Park No
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31st Infantry Regiment (United States)
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The 31st Infantry Regiment of the United States Army was formed on 13 August 1916, and was part of USAFFEs Philippine Division during World War II. The unit is rare in that it was formed and has spent most of its life on non-American soil, however that units existence was short-lived, being consolidated with its sister regiment the 22nd Infantry in the 1869 reorganization. The current 31st Infantry has no relation by lineage to the first regiment, the 31st Infantry Regiment was formed at Fort William McKinley, Philippine Islands on 13 August 1916 from cadre from the 8th, 13th, 15th, and 27th Infantry Regiments. The 1st Battalion was formed at Regan Barracks, the 2d at Camp McGrath, and it bears the distinction of being the first organization created under expansion of the US Army under the National Defense Act of 1916. During the Russian Revolution, on 13 August 1918, the 31st moved from Manilas tropics to the cold of Siberia as part of the American Expeditionary Force Siberia. Its mission was to prevent allied war material left on Vladivostoks docks from being looted, the 31st moved from Fort William McKinley to Manila, and there set sail for Vladivostok, Siberia, arriving on 21 August. The regiment was broken into various detachments and used to guard the Trans-Siberian railway. They also dissuaded their 40,000 Japanese allies from taking control of Russian territory, the regiment suffered its first battle casualties on 29 August 1918, in action near Ugolnaya. During the Siberian deployment,30 soldiers of the 31st Infantry were killed, in addition, a large number of troops lost limbs due to frostbite. During this deployment, the regiment recommended one Medal of Honor and 15 Distinguished Service Crosses, for its service in Siberia, the 31st Infantry became known as the Polar Bear regiment, adopting a silver polar bear as its insignia. In April 1920, the regiment returned to Fort McKinley and, the 31st garrisoned the old walled city of Manila until Japanese troops invaded China. On 1 February 1932, the regiment was ordered to Shanghai, China, there, the unit guarded a section of the International Settlement, during a period of considerable fighting between Japanese and Chinese troops. Reinforcing the 4th Marine Regiment and a predominantly British International Force, although adjacent parts of Shanghai were demolished by fierce fighting between Japanese and Chinese troops, the International Settlement remained an island of security. By April, some officers sent for their families from Manila, on 5 July 1932, when the crisis passed, the unit returned to the Philippines. For their service in Shanghai, they received the Yangtze Service Medal, on 8 December 1941, Japanese planes attacked U. S. military installations in the Philippines. A 31st Infantry sergeant on detail at Camp John Hay became the campaigns first fatality, after landing in northern and southern Luzon, the Japanese pushed rapidly toward Manila, routing hastily formed Philippine Army units that had little training and few heavy weapons. The 31st Infantry covered the withdrawal of American and Philippine forces to the Bataan Peninsula, when MG King announced he would surrender the Bataan Defense Force on 9 April 1942, the 31st Infantry buried its colors and the cherished Shanghai Bowl to keep them out of enemy hands. Some of the 31sts survivors escaped to continue resisting, but most underwent brutal torture and humiliation on the Bataan Death March, roughly half of the 1600 members of the 31st Infantry who surrendered at Bataan perished while prisoners of the Japanese
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59th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 59th Coast Artillery Regiment is a regiment in the United States Army. Redesignated 20 February 1924 as the 59th Coast Artillery, Concurrently batteries C, D, E, remainder of regiment activated 30 May 1941 at Fort Mills. Surrendered 6 May 1942 to the Japanese forces on Corregidor Island, inactivated 2 April 1946 at Fort Mills. Redesignated 26 December 1947 as the 59th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion and activated 1 January 1948 at Fort Bliss, redesignated 24 February 1953 as the 59th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion. Inactivated 1 September 1958 at Fort Bliss, reorganized and redesignated 31 July 1959 as the 59th Artillery a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System. Description A Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches in height consisting of a shield blazoned, Per fess vair and Argent. Attached above from a wreath Argent and Azure a demi-lion rampant Gules grasping in dexter claw a sword Or, attached above and to the sides of the shield a Gold scroll inscribed “DEFENDIMUS” in Red letters. Symbolism The vair on the shield is from the arms of the Coast Defenses of New York, the crest it taken from the arms of St. Menehould in red for Artillery. The motto translates to “We Defend. ”Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 59th Artillery Regiment on 15 August 1930. It was redesignated for the 59th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on 23 November 1953, the insignia was redesignated for the 59th Artillery Regiment on 5 December 1958. It was redesignated effective 1 September 1971, for the 59th Air Defense Artillery Regiment, shield Per fess vair and Argent, in base a thistle Proper. Crest On a wreath Argent and Azure a demi-lion rampant Gules armed and langued of the second grasping in dexter claw a sword Or. Shield The vair on the shield is from the arms of the Coast Defenses of New York, crest The crest it taken from the arms of St. Menehould in red for Artillery. The coat of arms was approved for the 59th Artillery Regiment on 1 April 1921. It was amended to correct the motto on 28 April 1927 and it was redesignated for the 59th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion on 21 April 1949. The insignia was redesignated for the 59th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on 23 November 1953 and it was redesignated for the 59th Artillery Regiment on 5 December 1958. It was redesignated effective 1 September 1971, for the 59th Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Artillery Regiments This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document 59th Air Defense Artillery. Historical register and dictionary of the United States Army, from, volume 1 By Francis Bernard Heitman Encyclopedia of United States Army insignia and uniforms By William K. Emerson
