1.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
2.
Basketball
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Basketball is a non-contact team sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of five players each. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high that is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket being defended by the opposition team during regular play. A field goal scores three points for the team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line. A team can also score via free throws, which are worth one point, the team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time is mandated when the score is tied at the end of regulation. The ball can be advanced on the court by passing it to a teammate and it is a violation to lift, or drag, ones pivot foot without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling. The game has many techniques for displaying skill—ball-handling, shooting, passing, dribbling, dunking, shot-blocking. The point guard directs the on court action of the team, implementing the coachs game plan, Basketball is one of the worlds most popular and widely viewed sports. Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the Euroleague, the FIBA Basketball World Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for teams, like EuroBasket. The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup features the top womens basketball teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA, whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League, in early December 1891, Canadian Dr. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied, after rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot elevated track. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and these laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable. Eventually a lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith, dribbling was not part of the original game except for the bounce pass to teammates. Passing the ball was the means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a part of the game around the 1950s
3.
Baseball
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Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding. A run is scored when a player advances around the bases, Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates turns batting. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the team records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the team, constitutes an inning. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team with the number of runs at the end of the game wins. Baseball has no clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning. Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century and this game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, in the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League and American League, each with three divisions, East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series, the top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision, a French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly la soule, with similarities to baseball. Other old French games such as thèque, la balle au bâton, consensus once held that todays baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It, A Search for the Roots of the Game, by David Block, suggests that the game originated in England, recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of other. It has long believed that cricket also descended from such games. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, David Block discovered that the first recorded game of Bass-Ball took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford and this early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants
4.
Jamesport, Missouri
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Jamesport is a city in Daviess County, Missouri, United States. The population was 524 at the 2010 census, a post office called Jamesport has been in operation since 1857. The communitys name honors two first settlers with the given name James, namely James Gillilan and James Allen, Jamesport has the largest Amish community in the state of Missouri. Jamesport is located at 39°58′29″N 93°48′8″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.56 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 524 people,230 households, the population density was 935.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 308 housing units at a density of 550.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 0% White,0. 2% Native American,0. 4% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 6% of the population. 32. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.87. The median age in the city was 38.4 years. 27. 5% of residents were under the age of 18,8. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 21% were from 25 to 44,25. 8% were from 45 to 64, and 17% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 5% male and 52. 5% female, as of the Census of 2000, there were 505 people,211 households, and 140 families residing in the city. The population density was 895.0 people per square mile, there were 258 housing units at an average density of 457.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 99. 01% White,0. 59% Native American, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 78% of the population. 29. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.94. In the city the population was out with 23. 6% under the age of 18,10. 1% from 18 to 24,21. 2% from 25 to 44,25. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.7 males, the median income for a household in the city was $29,265, and the median income for a family was $30,556. Males had an income of $38,438 versus $28,167 for females
5.
Lawrence, Kansas
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Lawrence is the sixth largest city in the state of Kansas and the county seat of Douglas County, Kansas. It is in northeastern Kansas next to Interstate 70, along the banks of the Kansas, as of the 2010 census, the citys population was 87,643. Lawrence is a town and the home to the University of Kansas. Lawrence was founded by the New England Emigrant Aid Company and was named for Amos Adams Lawrence who offered financial aid, Lawrence was central to the Bleeding Kansas era and was the site of the Wakarusa War, the sacking of Lawrence, and the Lawrence Massacre. Lawrence began as a center of Kansas politics, prior to Kansas Territory being opened to settlement in May 1854, most of Douglas County was part of the Shawnee Indian Reservation. The Oregon Trail followed the Kansas River through what would become Lawrence and Mount Oread was used as a landmark, dr. Charles Robinson and Charles Branscomb were sent by the New England Emigrant Aid Company to scout for a location for a city. They arrived in the vicinity of Lawrence in July 1854 and noted the beauty of the area, the original “pioneer party” left Massachusetts on July 17,1854 and consisted of 29 men. They arrived at the site Robinson and Branscomb selected on August 1, the second party arrived in Lawrence on September 9 after leaving near the end of August. The town was officially named Lawrence City on October 6, the main street of the town was named Massachusetts to commemorate the origins of the pioneer party. The first post office in Lawrence was established in January 1855, in March 1857, the Quincy School was started in the Emigrant Aid office before moving to the basement of the Unitarian Church in April. The Plymouth Congregational Church was started in September 1854 by Reverend S. Y, lum, a missionary sent to Kansas. Shortly after Lawrence’s founding, two newspapers were started, The Kansas Pioneer and the Herald of Freedom, both touted the Free State mission which caused problems from the people of Lecompton, then the pro-slavery headquarters, about ten miles northwest of Lawrence, and land squatters from Missouri. The Kansas Free State began in early January 1855, on November 21,1855, Charles Dow was shot and killed by Franklin Coleman in Hickory Point about fourteen miles south of Lawrence. Shortly after, an army of Missourians led by Douglas County Sheriff Samuel L. Jones entered Kansas to attack Lawrence. John Brown and James Lane had hustled Lawrence citizens into an army and erected barricades, a treaty was signed and the Missouri army reluctantly left. Harassment by Sheriff Jones and other Southern sympathizers continued unabated, the Herald of Freedom, the Kansas Free State and the Free State Hotel were indicted as “nuisances. ”On April 23,1856 Sheriff Jones was shot while trying to arrest free-state settlers. On May 21, Sheriff Jones and a posse of 800 Southern sympathizers converged on Lawrence, dr. Robinson’s house on Mount Oread was taken by the federal marshal as headquarters and the newspaper printing presses were damaged and thrown in the river. The Free State Hotel was also destroyed, despite the constant presence of impending war, Lawrence continued to grow
6.
Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball
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The Kansas Jayhawks mens basketball program is the intercollegiate mens basketball program of the University of Kansas. It is one of the oldest and is one of the most successful programs in the history of basketball, the program is classified in the NCAAs Division I and the team competes in the Big 12 Conference. The Jayhawks first coach was the inventor of the game, James Naismith, Allen founded the National Association of Basketball Coaches and, with Lonborg, was an early proponent of the NCAA tournament. In 2008, ESPN ranked Kansas second on a list of the most prestigious programs of the college basketball era. The program ranks third in Division I all-time winning percentage and second in Division I all-time wins, following a 19–11 defeat of William Jewell on February 10,1908, the Jayhawks had a winning all-time record for the first time. The Jayhawks havent had a losing record since. Since the opening of Allen Fieldhouse in 1955, the Jayhawks have established a record of 750–109. Under head coach Bill Self, the Jayhawks have a 212–10 record at Allen Fieldhouse, which includes win streaks of 69,33, Kansas ranks second all-time in NCAA Division I wins with 2,198 wins, against 837 losses. This record includes a 750–109 mark at historic Allen Fieldhouse, the Jayhawks are first in NCAA history with 97 winning seasons, and tied for first in NCAA history with 100 non-losing seasons with Kentucky. Kansas has the fewest head coaches of any program that has been around 100 years, every head coach at Kansas since the inception of the NCAA Tournament has led the program to the Final Four. Kansas has had four head coaches inducted into the Naismith Hall of Fame, a perennial conference powerhouse, Kansas leads Division I all-time in regular season conference titles with 60 in 110 years of conference play through the 2016–17 regular season. The Jayhawks have won a record 17 conference titles and a record 10 conference tournament titles in the 21 years of the Big 12s existence. The program also owns the best Big 12 records in both areas with a 274–57 record in conference play and a 41–10 record in tournament play. The mens basketball program began in 1898, following the arrival of Dr. James Naismith to the school. Naismith was not initially hired to coach basketball, but rather to be a chapel director, other common opponents were Haskell Institute and William Jewell College. Under Naismith, the team played just one game against a current Big 12 school, Naismith was, ironically, the only coach in the programs history to have a losing record. Including his years as coach, Naismith served as the Athletic Director, Naismith died in 1939, and his remains are buried in Lawrence, Kansas. The basketball court in Allen Fieldhouse is named James Naismith Court, on December 10,2010, the David Booth family purchased Dr. James Naismiths 13 Original Rules of the game at a Sothebys auction in New York City for the sum of $4.3 million
7.
Kansas Jayhawks baseball
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The Kansas Jayhawks baseball team represents the University of Kansas and competes in the Big 12 Conference of NCAA Division I. Baseball has been played at the University of Kansas since 1880, the Jayhawks had a 1621-1550-16 all-time record entering the 2009 season. In 1993, Kansas had arguably its best season to date and that year the Jayhawks went to the 1993 College World Series in Omaha, NE. This was their first, and so far, only CWS appearance, the Jayhawks were led by All-Americans Jeff Berblinger, Jeff Neimeier and Jimmy Walker into the Mideast Regional in Knoxville, Tenn. After losing their first game to Fresno State, 7-4, the Jayhawks rebounded against host Tennessee for a 3-2 win, jayhawk Freshman Jamie Splittorff, son of former Kansas City Royal Paul Splittorff, got the win for KU going 8 1⁄3 innings. KU then trounced Rutgers, 8-2, and Clemson, 9-1, jayhawk coach Dave Bingham turned to Walker, who had been a reliever all season for KU, to start the Regional Final. Walker didnt disappoint as he pitched a game and the Jayhawks won in 10 innings. Down 2-1 in the bottom of the ninth with one out, one out later, Berblinger scored on Josh Igous infield hit to force extra innings. In the tenth, Brent Wilhelm scored on Darryl Monroes hot shot to short stop, once in Omaha the joy was short lived, as the Jayhawks lost to Texas A&M, and then Long Beach State for an early exit. The Jayhawks returned to the Regionals in 1994, earning a bid to the Atlantic II Regional in Tallahassee, the Jayhawks would once again find themselves in a regional in the 2006 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament after winning the 2006 Big 12 Baseball Tournament. That year KU traveled to Corvallis, Oregon for the Corvallis Regional, KU went 1-2 and did not advance. The Jayhawks made the 2009 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament as a 3 seed in the Chapel Hill Regional and they went 1-1 against 2-seed Coastal Carolina, defeated 4-seed Dartmouth, and were finally knocked out by 1-seed and regional winner North Carolina in the last game of the regional. In 2014, the Jayhawks made their 5th NCAA tournament appearance, but were eliminated after finished 1-2 in the Louisville Regional
8.
Central Missouri Mules football
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The Central Missouri Mules football program represents the University of Central Missouri in college football and competes in the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. In 1912, Central Missouri was a member of the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association. UCMs home games are played at Audrey J. Walton Stadium in Warrensburg, Central Missouris football program dates back to 1894, and has won eight conference championships, and appeared in the NCAA Division II playoffs twice in 2002, and 2010. Entering the 2015 season, Central Missouris all-time record was 529–507–52, the team is currently coached by Jim Svoboda, who has 50 wins as of April 6,2017. 1912–present, Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association Conference championships The Mules have played their games at Audrey J. Walton Stadium since 1928. The current capacity of the stadium is at 10,000, official record against all current MIAA opponents as of the end of the 2015 season, Jeff Wright – DT – Drafted by the Buffalo Bills in round 8 of the 1988 NFL Draft. Played through 1994 and started at tackle in four Super Bowls. Colston Weatherington – DE – Drafted in the round of the 2001 NFL Draft by the Dallas Cowboys. He was released by the Cowboys in 2003, but signed as an agent with the Dallas Desperados of the Arena Football League. He was named Defensive Lineman of the Year for the AFL in 2006, toby Korrodi – QB – Signed as an undrafted free agent by the Arizona Cardinals immediately after the 2007 NFL Draft. Roderick Green – OLB – Selected by the Baltimore Ravens in the round of the 2004 NFL Draft. Green played with the San Francisco 49ers in 2006, where he had 4.5 sacks as a pass-rush specialist, delanie Walker – TE – Selected as the sixth pick of the sixth round in the 2006 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers. Todd Devoe – WR – Signed onto the Baltimore Ravens practice squad in 2003, also spent time on the practice squads of the Tennessee Titans and Miami Dolphins. In 2005, he signed with the Denver Broncos and had nine catches, dennis Gile – QB- Mules quarterback from 2001 to 2002
9.
Kansas Jayhawks football
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The Kansas Jayhawks football program is the intercollegiate football program of the University of Kansas. The program is classified in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Bowl Subdivision, the head coach is David Beaty, who began his tenure in 2015. The programs first season was 1890, making it one of the football programs established in the United States. The teams home field is Memorial Stadium, which opened in 1921 and is the seventh-oldest college football stadium in the nation, until 2014, Memorial Stadium was one of the few football stadiums in Division I that had a track encircling the field. KUs all-time record is 581–620–58, as of the conclusion of the 2016 season, Kansas has appeared in twelve bowl games, including three trips to the Orange Bowl. Kansas played in the first NCAA-contracted nationally televised regular season football game on September 20,1952. The Big Eight was folded into the Big 12 in 1996, the most successful era for KU football was 1890 to 1932, when the program recorded two undefeated seasons and posted an overall.643 winning percentage.477. From 1969 through the 2016 season KUs winning percentage slipped further to.387, during the 2012 season, the programs all-time winning percentage fell below.500 for the first time since KU finished 1–2 in 1890. Nevertheless, even during these years, the team has had some successful seasons, winning the Orange Bowl in 2008. The University of Kansas fielded its first football team in 1890, Kansas traveled to nearby Baker University to play the first college football game in Kansas to start that season. After playing an abbreviated season in 1890, KU played its first full schedule in 1891 and immediately found success. In 1899, Hall-of-Famer Fielding H. Yost served one season as KUs football coach, posting the first perfect season in school history. After the turn of the century, Hall-of-Famer John Outland, who played at KU in 1895–1896, returned to Kansas to serve as head coach, the 1902 season featured the programs first game of its rivalry against Kansas State, a 16–0 Jayhawk win. The program had ten head coaches in its first 14 seasons, kennedys overall coaching record at Kansas was 52–9–4. This still ranks as the most wins for any Kansas head coach, KU has not had another undefeated season since 1908. Kennedys long tenure was followed by period of rapid turnover in coaches. The most successful of these was Herman Olcott, who had a tenure as head coach from 1915 to 1917. Basketball coach Phog Allen also served one year as head coach during this era
10.
Baker Wildcats
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The Baker University Wildcats are the official sports teams of Baker University located in Baldwin City, Kansas. They participate in the NAIA and in the Heart of America Athletic Conference, wOWZer debuted, as the new mascot, on September 8,2007, at the football home-opener in honor of the Universitys sesquicentennial. Reina Murphy, a freshman from the Kansas City metropolitan area, Baker football game, the first college football game played in the state of Kansas
11.
Haskell Indian Nations Fighting Indians
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Haskell Indian Nations University athletic teams are known as the Fighting Indians. The Fighting Indians are a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics, before July 2015, CCC competed in the Midlands Collegiate Athletic Conference. Haskell fielded their first football team in 1896, but in 1931, a new superintendent made the decision to shift the college football team to high school status following the 1931 season. With fewer teams available to play, Haskell dropped football after the 1938 season, football at Haskell would not be resumed again until 1990. Due to funding shortfalls, Haskell suspended football for the 2015 season, mens basketball at Haskell has brought nationwide attention with its ability to bring Native American talent to the basketball court. Womens basketball at Haskell Indian Nations University has made several post-season appearances including the Indian College National Basketball Tournament, Haskell Indian Nations Fighting Indians fight song is named Onward Haskell. Native American mascot controversy Official website
12.
Central Missouri Mules and Jennies
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The sports teams at the University of Central Missouri are known as the Mules and Jennies. They participate in the NCAAs Division II and in the MIAA Conference, when the 1921–22 school year began, school officials decided Normals and Teachers were no longer appropriate nicknames for Centrals athletic teams. Therefore, the athletic committee established a contest that promised the winner a three-year postgraduate subscription of the school newspaper. More than 80 suggestions were received, but the entry was submitted by John Thomason of Chilhowee, Missouri, Class of 1924. Cynthia Almaguer of Knob Noster, Missouri, Class of 1974, was chosen winner from 34 entries, Almaguer told the contest judges, The reason I picked the name is because of the obvious feminine kinship of the jenny to our mule mascot. It is a fact that a mule is a descendant of a female donkey – the jenny, in truth, however, mules are sired by jack asses mated to mares. A jenny crossed with a produces a hinny. The Mules have been playing basketball since 1905, and are among the top two teams in wins on the NCAA Division II level. The Mules have won four titles, in 1937,1938, in 1984. UCM swept the Division II titles in 1984, entering the 2008–09 season, Central Missouri was second in Division II history in wins, with 1,469. The Mules were under the leadership of Head Coach Kim Anderson until the end of the 2014 year, phog Allen – coached at UCM 1912–1919, compiled 84–31 record before returning to coach his alma mater, the University of Kansas. Tom Scott – coached at UCM from 1939–1942 and 1945–46, Scott was lured away by the North Carolina Tar Heels, where he was head coach from 1946 to 1952, when replaced by Frank McGuire. Joe B. Hall – followed Bartow as coach for the 1964–65 season before going to the University of Kentucky, lynn Nance – came to UCM from Iowa State in time for the 1980–81 season. Nance led the Mules to their national championship in 1984. He stayed at the helm until 1985 and finished with a record of 115–35 and he went on to coach at the University of Washington. Jim Wooldridge – followed Nance, coaching 1985–91, in which he compiled a record of 131–48 and his final three squads made the Sweet Sixteen in Division II. After UCM, Wooldridge coached at several NCAA Division I schools, Kim Anderson – coached from 2002 to 2014, winning the National Championship in 2014 and compiling a record of 274–94. Anderson left to coach for his alma mater, the University of Missouri, the University has sponsored womens basketball since 1970
13.
Kansas Jayhawks
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The Kansas Jayhawks, commonly referred to as KU, are the teams of the athletic department at the University of Kansas. KU is one of three schools in the state of Kansas that participate in NCAA Division I, the Jayhawks are also a member of the Big 12 Conference. The name Jayhawks comes from the Kansas Jayhawker freedom fighter and anti-slavery movement during the Bleeding Kansas era of the American Civil War, the University of Kansas officially sponsors the below sports. In addition, there are also club sports for rugby, ice hockey. The school used to sponsor a team, though the sport was discontinued during the 1960s. The origin of the term Jayhawk is uncertain, the term was adopted as a nickname by a group of emigrants traveling to California in 1849. The origin of the term may go back as far as the Revolutionary War, the term became part of the lexicon of the Missouri-Kansas border in about 1858, during the Kansas territorial period. The term was used to describe militant bands nominally associated with the free-state cause, in September 1861, the town of Osceola, Missouri was burned to the ground by Jayhawkers during the Sacking of Osceola. On the 150th anniversary of that event in 2011, the town asked the University of Kansas to remove the Jayhawk as its mascot, over time, proud of their states contributions to the end of slavery and the preservation of the Union, Kansans embraced the Jayhawker term. The term came to be applied to people or items related to Kansas, when the University of Kansas fielded their first football team in 1890, like many Universities at that time, they had no official mascot. They used many different independent mascots, including a pig, eventually, sometime during the 1890s, the team was referred to as the Jayhawkers by the student body. Over time, the name was supplanted by its shorter variant. The Jayhawk appears in several Kansas cheers, most notably, the Rock Chalk, Jayhawk chant in unison before and during games. In the traditions promoted by KU, the jayhawk is said to be a combination of two birds, the jay, a noisy, quarrelsome thing known to rob other nests, and the sparrow hawk. The link between the term Jayhawkers and any kind of mythical bird, if it ever existed, had been lost or at least obscured by the time KUs bird mascot was invented in 1912. The originator of the mascot, Henry Maloy, struggled for over two years to create a pictorial symbol for the team, until hitting upon the bird idea. As explained by Mr. Maloy, the term ‘jayhawk’ in the school yell was a verb, KUs current Jayhawk tradition largely springs from Frank W. Blackmar, a KU professor. In his 1926 address on the origin of the Jayhawk, Blackmar specifically referenced the blue jay, Big 12 Conference champions have the best conference regular season record, and titles are awarded to the winner of the postseason championship tournament
14.
NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament
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The tournament was created in 1939 by the National Association of Basketball Coaches, and was the idea of Ohio State University coach Harold Olsen. Played mostly during March, it has one of the most famous annual sporting events in the United States. The tournament teams include champions from 32 Division I conferences, and 36 teams which are awarded at-large berths, the 68 teams are divided into four regions and organized into a single-elimination bracket, which pre-determines, when a team wins a game, which team it will face next. Each team is seeded, or ranked, within its region from 1 to 32, after an initial four games between eight lower-ranked teams, the tournament occurs during the course of three weekends, at pre-selected neutral sites across the United States. The Final Four is usually played during the first weekend of April and these four teams, one from each region, compete in a pre-selected location for the national championship. The tournament has been at least partially televised since 1969, currently, the games are broadcast by CBS, TBS, TNT, and truTV under the trade-name NCAA March Madness. Since 2011, all games are available for viewing nationwide and internationally, such as in the Philippines, as television coverage has grown, so too has the tournaments popularity. Currently, millions of Americans fill out a bracket, attempting to predict the outcome of all 67 games of the tournament. With 11 national titles, UCLA has the record for the most NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championships, the University of Kentucky is second, with eight national titles. The University of North Carolina is in place, with six titles, while Duke University. The University of Connecticut is sixth with four national titles, the University of Kansas and University of Louisville are tied with three championships. During that time Villanova, Michigan, UNLV, Duke, Arkansas, Arizona, Connecticut, Maryland, Syracuse, the NCAA has changed the tournament format several times since its inception, most often representing an increase of the number of teams. This section describes the tournament as it has operated since 2011, for changes during the course of its history, and to see how the tournament operated during past years, go to Format history, below. A total of 68 teams qualify for the tournament played during March, thirty-two teams earn automatic bids as their respective conference champions. Of the 32 Division I all-sports conferences, all 32 currently hold championship tournaments to determine which team receives the automatic qualification. The Ivy League was the last Division I conference that did not conduct a tournament, through the 2015–16 season, if two or more Ivies shared a regular-season championship, a one-game playoff was used to decide the tournament participant. Since 2017, the league conducts their own postseason tournament, the committee also determines where all sixty-eight teams are seeded and placed in the bracket. The tournament is divided into four regions and each region has at least sixteen teams, the committee is charged with making each of the four regions as close as possible in overall quality of teams from wherever they come from
15.
Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association
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The Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association is a fourteen-school collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri. It is a member of the NCAAs Division II for all sports and its fourteen members, located in Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and Oklahoma, include eleven public and three private schools. The MIAA is a 501 nonprofit organization incorporated in Missouri, originally named the Missouri Intercollegiate Athletic Association, the conference was established in 1912 with 14 members, two of which are still current members. Six members were removed from the conference in 1924 when it decided to only include the public schools. A majority of the members that left in 1924 have shut down their operations. Over the next century, nearly twenty schools have joined and left the conference, with a few affiliate members, the conferences current 14-campus makeup resulted when Lincoln rejoined from the Heartland Conference after eleven years when the school left due to not fielding a football team. In 2011, Omaha movied up to the NCAA Division I joining the Summit League, in 2012, Lindenwood, Central Oklahoma, Northeastern State, and Nebraska–Kearney joined the conference. Lindenwood was the school to move from the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics in 2012. The current MIAA commissioner is Mike Racy, the MIAA currently sponsors 20 sports – ten mens and ten womens. MIAA schools with additional sports compete independently or as part of a nearby conference, on July 1,1992, the MIAA entered a new era when the conference changed its name from the Missouri Intercollegiate Athletic Association to the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association. The name change originated in 1989, when Pittsburg State University, the MIAA was established in 1912 with 14 member institutions. Only Central Missouri and Northwest Missouri State remain members in the MIAA, in 1924 the conference reorganized to include only public schools, and conference records tend to begin with that date. The schools left behind in the reorganization went on to form the Missouri College Athletic Union. The Missouri School of Mines, joined in 1935 to bring membership to six schools, the membership remained at six until Lincoln University joined in 1970, followed by the University of Missouri–St. In 1986, Southwest Baptist University brought the conference membership back to eight schools, southeast Missouri State left the MIAA following the 1990–91 season to move on to NCAA Division I, and was replaced by Emporia State University in the 1991–92 season. Louis left the MIAA in 1996, as did Missouri–Rolla in 2005, fort Hays State University joined the MIAA in 2006 and the University of Nebraska Omaha entered the league in 2008. On July 3,2007, Southwest Baptist was granted independent status for their football team, on July 8,2009, the MIAA CEO Council voted to remain a 12-team league for the foreseeable future, denying an application by Rockhurst University. The vote ended short term speculation about the League expanding to 16 teams divided into two divisions, in 2012, the schools started to only play each other in football and play no non-conference games
16.
Big Eight Conference
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The Big Eight Conference was a National Collegiate Athletic Association -affiliated Division I-A college athletic association that sponsored football. Additionally, the University of Iowa was an member of the MVIAA. The conference was dissolved in 1996, the Big Eight kept its headquarters in Kansas City, Missouri. In February 1995, the Big Eight and the Southwest Conference announced that the two leagues had reached an agreement to form a new conference. The eight members of the Big Eight joined with SWC schools Texas, Texas A&M, Baylor, and Texas Tech to form the Big 12 Conference the following year. A vote was conducted on whether to keep the new headquarters in Kansas City. The two Oklahoma schools, all four Texas schools, and Colorado voted for the move while both Kansas schools, Nebraska, Missouri, and Iowa State voted for Kansas City. The University of Iowa who was also a member of the Western Conference was also a joint member of the conference, Iowa only participated in football and outdoor mens track and field. In 1908, Drake University and Iowa Agricultural College joined the MVIAA, Iowa who was a joint member departed in 1911 to only compete in the Western Conference, but Kansas State University joined the conference in 1913. Nebraska left in 1918 to play as an independent for two seasons before returning in 1920, in 1919, the University of Oklahoma and Saint Louis University applied for membership, but were disapproved due to deficient management of their athletic programs. The conference then added Grinnell College in 1919, with the University of Oklahoma applying again, Oklahoma A&M University joined in 1925, bringing conference membership to ten, an all-time high. At a meeting in Lincoln, Nebraska, on May 19,1928, Six of the seven state schools formed a conference that was initially known as the Big Six Conference. Just before the start of practice, the six schools announced they would retain the MVIAA name for formal purposes. However, fans and media continued to call it the Big Six, the three private schools – Drake, Grinnell, and Washington University – joined with Oklahoma A&M, becoming known as the Missouri Valley Conference. For the remainder of the Big Eights run, both conferences claimed 1907 as their date, as well as the same history through 1927. To this day, it has never been established which conference was the original. Conference membership grew with the addition of the University of Colorado on December 1,1947, later that month, Reaves E. Peters was hired as Commissioner of Officials and Assistant Secretary and set up the first conference offices in Kansas City, Missouri. With the addition of Colorado, the unofficial name became the Big Seven Conference, coincidentally
17.
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
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The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is an American history museum and hall of fame, located at 1000 Hall of Fame Avenue in Springfield, Massachusetts. It serves as the sports most complete library, in addition to promoting and preserving the history of basketball, dedicated to Canadian physician and inventor of the sport James Naismith, it was opened and inducted its first class in 1959. As of the induction of the Class of 2016 on September 9,2016, the Naismith Hall of Fame was established in 1959 by Lee Williams, a former athletic director at Colby College. In the 1960s, the Basketball Hall of Fame struggled to raise money for the construction of its first facility. The Basketball Hall of Fames Board named four inductees in its first year, in addition to honoring those who contributed to basketball, the Hall of Fame sought to make contributions of its own. In 1979, the Hall of Fame sponsored the Tip-Off Classic and this Tip-Off Classic has been the start to the college basketball season ever since, and although it does not always take place in Springfield, Massachusetts, generally it returns every few years. In the 17 years that the original Basketball Hall of Fame operated at Springfield College, the popularity of the Basketball Hall of Fame necessitated that a new facility be constructed, and in 1985, an $11 million facility was built beside the scenic Connecticut River in Springfield. As the new hall opened, it also recognized women for the first time, with such as Senda Berenson Abbott. In 2002, the Basketball Hall of Fame moved again—albeit merely 100 yards south along Springfields riverfront—into a $47 million facility designed by renowned architects Gwathmey Siegel & Associates, the buildings architecture features a metallic silver, basketball-shaped sphere flanked by two similarly symmetrical rhombuses. The dome is illuminated at night and features 80,000 square foot, including numerous restaurants, the second Basketball Hall of Fame was not torn down but rather converted into an LA Fitness health clubs. The current Basketball Hall of Fame features Center Court, a basketball court on which visitors can play. Inside the building there are a gallery, many interactive exhibits, several theaters. A large theater for ceremonies seats up to 300, the honorees inducted in 2002 included the Harlem Globetrotters and Magic Johnson, a five-time NBA champion, three-time NBA finals MVP and Olympic gold medalist. As of 2011, the current Basketball Hall of Fame has greatly exceeded attendance expectations, despite the new facilitys success, a logistical problem remains for the Basketball Hall of Fame and the City of Springfield. Urban planners at universities such as UMass Amherst have called for the I-91 to be moved, in 2010, the Urban Land Institute announced a plan to make the walk between Springfields Metro Center and the Hall of Fame easier. Since 2011, the induction process employs a total of seven committees to both screen and elect candidates, since 2011, the Veterans and International Committees also vote to directly induct one candidate for each induction class. Contributor Direct Election Committee Note that other committees may choose to elect contributors, for example, the 2014 class included two contributors. However, each screening committee is limited as to the number of candidates it can put forth to the Honors Committee—10 from the North American Committee, any individual receiving at least 18 affirmative votes from the Honors Committee is approved for induction into the Hall of Fame
18.
National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame
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The National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame, located in Kansas City, Missouri, is a hall of fame and museum dedicated to mens college basketball. The museum is a portion of the College Basketball Experience created by the National Association of Basketball Coaches. The hall is meant as a complement to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, on November 17,2006 the NABC honored around 180 players, coaches and other notable contributors to college basketball by inducting them into the founding class of the Hall of Fame. Oscar Robertson, Bill Russell, Dean Smith, John Wooden, the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield, Massachusetts has indicated it will help with the exhibits. The other interactive portions of the College Basketball Experience are called The Entry Experience, The Fan Experience, the NABC recently renamed the Guardians Classic college tournament the CBE Classic to help promote it
19.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
20.
Olympic Games
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The Olympic Games are considered the worlds foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in changes to the Olympic Games. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, as a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship, World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916,1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games, the Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations, National Olympic Committees, and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, the IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals, gold, silver, the Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to themselves to the world. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat such as wrestling. It has been written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce and this idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus
21.
1952 Summer Olympics
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The 1952 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event held in Helsinki, Finland, in 1952. Helsinki had been selected to host the 1940 Summer Olympics. It is the northernmost city at which a summer Olympic Games have been held and it was also the Olympic Games at which the most number of world records were broken until surpassed by the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. The Soviet Union, the Peoples Republic of China, Indonesia, Israel, Thailand, Helsinki was chosen as the host city over bids from Amsterdam and five American cities at the 40th IOC Session on June 21,1947, in Stockholm, Sweden. Minneapolis and Los Angeles finished tied for second in the final voting, the voting results in chart below, These were the final Olympic Games organised under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström. For the first time, a team from the Soviet Union participated in the Olympics, the first gold medal for the USSR was won by Nina Romashkova in the womens discus throwing event. The Soviet womens gymnastics won the first of its eight consecutive gold medals. The Jewish state had been unable to participate in the 1948 Games because of its War of Independence, a previous Palestine Mandate team had boycotted the 1936 Games in protest of the Nazi regime. Indonesia made its Olympic debut with three athletes, the PRC would not return to the Summer Olympics until Los Angeles 1984. The Republic of China withdrew from the Games on July 20, the Olympic Flame was lit by two Finnish heroes, runners Paavo Nurmi and Hannes Kolehmainen. Nurmi first lit the cauldron inside the stadium, and later the flame was relayed to the tower where Kolehmainen lit it. Only the flame in the tower was burning throughout the Olympics, hungary, a country of 9 million inhabitants, won 42 medals at these games, coming in third place behind the much more populous United States and Soviet Union. Hungarys Golden Team won the tournament, beating Yugoslavia 2–0 in the final. Germany and Japan were invited after being barred in 1948, following the post-war occupation and partition, three German states had been established. Teams from the Federal Republic of Germany and the Saarland participated, though they won 24 medals, the fifth-highest total at the Games, German competitors failed to win a gold medal for the only time. Rules in equestrianism now allowed non-military officers to compete, including women, lis Hartel of Denmark became the first woman in the sport to win a medal. Emil Zátopek of Czechoslovakia won three medals in the 5000 m,10,000 m and the Marathon. The India national field hockey team won its fifth consecutive gold, bob Mathias of the United States became the first Olympian to successfully defend his decathlon title with a total score of 7,887 points
22.
Basketball at the 1952 Summer Olympics
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Basketball at the 1952 Summer Olympics was the third appearance of the sport. The top six teams at the 1948 Summer Olympics qualified automatically, as did the 1950 World Champion, thirteen other nations competed in a preliminary round to determine the last six places in the sixteen-team Olympic tournament. Nations that lost two games in the tournaments were eliminated. When there were two teams left in each group, those teams advanced to the main tournament. In the first round, Cuba and Bulgaria won, switzerland, 69–58 Cuba and Bulgaria played each other, with Bulgarias victory winning it a berth in the main tournament. The losers played each other, with Switzerlands second loss ejecting the nation from the tournament, switzerland, 59–49 The two teams that were 1–1 played each, with the winner receiving a tournament berth and the loser being eliminated. Belgium, 71–63 In the first round, Hungary and the Philippines won, israel, 57–47 Hungary and the Philippines played each other, with the Philippiness victory winning it a berth in the main tournament. The losers played each other, with Israels second loss ejecting the nation from the tournament, israel, 54–52 The two teams that were 1–1 played each, with the winner receiving a tournament berth and the loser being eliminated. Greece, 47–44 In the first round, Italy and Turkey were served their first losses, Turkey, 64–45 Romanias first game was a loss to Canada. Italy and Turkey played each other, with Turkeys second loss eliminating it, Turkey, 49–37 Italy and Romania, who had both lost once, played each other. Romanias second loss eliminated the nation from the tournament, undefeated nations Canada and Egypt played each other, with Egypt being served its first loss. Egypt, 63–57 Italy played its game of the tournament against Egypt. The decisive game ended with Egypt winning a berth to the main competition, Italy, 66–62 The top two teams in each group advanced to the quarterfinal round. Cuba, 66–55 The top two teams in each quarterfinals advanced to the semifinals, the other two teams in each quarterfinals played in the fifth through eighth place classification. Chile, 78–60 Each country was allowed to enter one team of 14 players, a total number of 317 players were entered. Up to now only two reserve player can be named,14 reserve players are unknown
23.
Baker University
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Baker University is a private Christian university located in Baldwin City, Kansas, United States. Founded in 1858, it is the first university founded in Kansas and is affiliated with the United Methodist Church. Baker University is made up of four schools, the College of Arts and Sciences and the undergraduate courses in the School of Education are located at the campus in Baldwin City, Kansas. The School of Nursing, which is operated in partnership with Stormont-Vail Health in Topeka, offers Bachelor of Science in Nursing, enrollment in all four schools has grown to a total student population more than 3,000, with more than 900 students on the Baldwin City campus. Baker University was the highest-ranked Kansas university in the Midwest Regional University rankings of the 2017 U. S. News & World Report’s Best Colleges. Universities are evaluated based on graduation and retention rates, peer assessment, student-to-faculty ratio, faculty resources, student selectivity, financial resources, U. S. News & World Report collects data from multiple sources, including the universities. The College of Arts and Sciences offers more than 40 areas of undergraduate study, the School of Education offers several masters degree programs in addition to a doctoral degree in leadership. The School of Professional and Graduate Studies offers masters programs in business, organizational leadership, sports management. Baker University was founded in 1858 and named for Osmon Cleander Baker, the school was the first four-year university in Kansas and funds were raised by local donations and donors from the East. Bakers first president, Rev. Werter R. Davis, a minister and Civil War officer, the original campus building, now known as Old Castle Museum, houses a museum of the University and Baldwin City. Baker University teams, known as the Wildcats, have one official color. The only other school in the country to have orange as their color is Syracuse University. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics Region V competing in the Heart of America Athletic Conference, in 1890 Baker University won a 22–9 victory against the University of Kansas in the first intercollegiate football game to take place in Kansas. Since 1978 women have been competing in sports at Baker. Baker was one of the first NAIA schools to take part in the Champions of Character program, Baker has been a member of the Heart of America Athletic Conference since the organizations inception in 1971. The HAAC conference consists of 10 schools in four states which are located in southwest Iowa, southern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, the athletic programs have garnered three individual national championships,100 All-Americans, and over 100 conference titles. More than 40 Wildcats annually are named NAIA Scholar-Athletes for their success both on the field and in the classroom and a few have been named Capital One Academic All-Americans. Baker University has three halls and two apartment buildings for students living on campus
24.
University of Kansas
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The University of Kansas, often referred to as KU or Kansas, is a public research university in the U. S. state of Kansas. The main campus in Lawrence, one of the largest college towns in Kansas, is on Mount Oread, two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area, the Edwards Campus in Overland Park, and the universitys medical school and hospital in Kansas City. There are also educational and research sites in Parsons, Topeka, Garden City, Hays, and Leavenworth, the university is one of the 62 members of the Association of American Universities. The university overall employed 2,814 faculty members in fall 2015, on February 20,1863, Kansas Governor Thomas Carney signed into law a bill creating the state university in Lawrence. The law was conditioned upon a gift from Lawrence of a $15,000 endowment fund, if Lawrence failed to meet these conditions, Emporia instead of Lawrence would get the university. The site selected for the university was a known as Mount Oread. Robinson and his wife Sara bestowed the 40-acre site to the State of Kansas in exchange for land elsewhere, the philanthropist Amos Adams Lawrence donated $10,000 of the necessary endowment fund, and the citizens of Lawrence raised the remaining cash by issuing notes backed by Governor Carney. On November 2,1863, Governor Carney announced that Lawrence had met the conditions to get the university. The schools Board of Regents held its first meeting in March 1865, work on the first college building began later that year. The university opened for classes on September 12,1866, during World War II, Kansas was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission. KU is home to the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, the Beach Center on Disability, Lied Center of Kansas and radio stations KJHK,90.7 FM, and KANU,91.5 FM. The university is host to several including the University of Kansas Natural History Museum. The University of Kansas is a large, state-sponsored university, with five campuses, the university offers more than 345 degree programs. In its 2017 list, U. S. News & World Report ranked KU as tied for 118th place among National Universities and 56th place among public universities. The city management and urban policy program was ranked first in the nation, uSN&WR also ranked several programs in the top 25 among U. S. universities. The Bachelor of Architecture degree was added in 1920, in 1969, the School of Architecture and Urban Design was formed with three programs, architecture, architectural engineering, and urban planning. In 2001 architectural engineering merged with civil and environmental engineering, the design programs from the discontinued School of Fine Arts were merged into the school in 2009 forming the current School of Architecture, Design, and Planning. S in 2012. The University of Kansas School of Business is a business school on the main campus of the University of Kansas in Lawrence
25.
Haskell Indian Nations University
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Haskell Indian Nations University is a federally operated tribal university located in Lawrence, Kansas, for members of federally recognized Native American tribes in the United States. Enrollment at the campus is nearly 1,000 students per semester, representing approximately 140 Tribal nations, Haskell is funded directly by the Bureau of Indian Education as a U. S. Trust Responsibility to American Indian Tribes, it does not charge tuition. Students are responsible for paying semester fees, twelve campus buildings have been designated as U. S. National Historic Landmarks. Faculty and students built the Haskell Medicine Wheel Earthwork in 1992, the renowned Rinehart Collection is housed in the Haskell Cultural Center. Numerous sculptures and murals are located throughout the campus, the university hosts cultural and academic events that attract visitors from across the country and abroad. Such events include the annual Haskell Indian Art Market, the Stories-n-Motion Film Festival, and these public events are held along with numerous educational conferences, workshops, and presentations. The history of Haskell Indian Nations University reflects both U. S. Indian policy and self-determination efforts by American Indian and Alaska Native communities, Haskell was founded during an era when the federal government believed that Native Americans needed to assimilate to majority culture to survive. Children were sent away from their families to Native American boarding schools and they were cut off from their families and their own cultures. Under harsh standards of the period, children were physically abused. Haskell has since developed into a Tribal-based university whose curriculum serves general Native American, since the late 1960s, some tribes have developed their own tribal colleges, located on their reservations and serving a specific tribal or regional population. Haskells alumni work in areas to serve Indian Country and Alaska Native communities. 1884, Founded as the United States Indian Industrial Training School, the school opened for 22 students, girls studied cooking, sewing and homemaking. Most of the food was produced on the Haskell farm. 1887, Name changed to Haskell Institute to honor Dudley Haskell, representative responsible for the school being in Lawrence. Under a semi-military system, students wore uniforms, marched to classes, 1889-90, Charles T. Meserve was appointed the fifth superintendent in Haskells five-year history. A Special Indian Agent, appointed to investigate, whitewashed the whole situation,1894,606 students from 36 states. 1927, High school classes were accredited by the state of Kansas,1965, Haskell graduated its last high school class. 1970, Haskell developed a college curriculum and associates degree program
26.
University of Central Missouri
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The University of Central Missouri, formerly Central Missouri State University, is a public state university located in Warrensburg, Missouri, United States. It serves more than 12,000 students from 49 states and 59 countries on its 1, UCM offers 150 programs of study, including 10 pre-professional programs,27 areas of teacher certification, and 37 graduate programs. Students also have the ability to study abroad in about 60 different countries in the world through the International Center, the University was founded in 1871 as Normal School No.2 and became known as Warrensburg Teachers College. The name was changed to Central Missouri State Teachers College in 1919, Central Missouri State College in 1945, in 1965, the institution established a graduate school. In 2006, the name was changed to the University of Central Missouri, there are 150 majors and minors,32 professional accreditations and 37 graduate programs. UCM has off-campus locations in Lees Summit, Missouri and provides online courses. College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, UCM students take College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences courses that develop critical-thinking, writing, the current dean is Dr. Gersham Nelson. Accreditations include National Association of Schools of Music and National Council for Social Studies, U. S. News & World Report has cited UCM’s MBA program in America’s Best Graduate Schools. The current dean is Dr. Roger Best, other accreditations include Aviation Accreditation Board International and Council on Social Work Education. The current dean is Dr. Michael Wright, the college’s goal is to prepare students to be competent leaders in the rapidly changing global marketplace and to provide a high-quality work force for the future. The current dean is Dr. Alice Griefe, the Honors College, First-time incoming freshmen must have a minimum ACT score of 25 and a minimum cumulative high school GPA of 3.5 to be considered for admission to The Honors College. Once incoming freshmen have completed a semester at UCM as a student and have a college cumulative GPA of 3.5 or higher. Current UCM students or students transferring to UCM must have achieved a minimum cumulative college GPA of 3.5 or higher. Benefits of being an Honors College student include, but are not limited to, early enrollment, one-on-one advising with the Dean, smaller classes, Honors-only courses, the current dean of the Honors College and International Affairs is Dr. Joseph D. Lewandowski. The University of Central Missouri continues to hold an important role in the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search, the GIMPS project at UCM is a university-wide effort managed by Dr. Curtis Cooper and Dr. Steven Boone. Centrals team is currently the No, the university has more than 200 student organizations with academic, cultural, recreational, community service and special interest clubs and associations. There are also more than 20 intramural sports to compete in, free movie nights on campus, freshman and sophomore students are required to live in one of the 16 residence halls their first year to help ease the adjustment from high school to college. Students can also choose to live in a Special Housing Interest Program, the University of Central Missouri is home to 26 Greek organizations, recruitment takes place in both the spring and fall semesters
27.
College basketball
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The history of basketball is traced back to a YMCA International Training School, known today as Springfield College, located in Springfield, Massachusetts. The date of the first formal basketball game played at the Springfield YMCA Training School under Naismiths rules is generally given as December 21,1891, Basketball began to spread to college campuses by 1893. Governing bodies in Canada include U Sports and the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association, each of these various organizations are subdivided into from one to three divisions based on the number and level of scholarships that may be provided to the athletes. The first basketball games in the United States were played at YMCAs in 1891 and 1892, by 1893, the game was being played on college campuses. The original rules for basketball were very different from todays modern rules of the sport, in the beginning James Naismith established 13 original rules, The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands, but never with the fist, a player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, the ball must be held by the hands. The arms or body must not be used for holding it, no shouldering, holding, pushing, striking, or tripping in any way of an opponent is allowed. A foul will be called when a player is seen striking at the ball with the fist, or when violations of rules 3 and 4, if either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count as a goal for the opponents. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stays there, if the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal. When the ball out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field. In case of dispute the umpire shall throw it straight into the field, the thrower-in is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent, if any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on them. The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and he shall have power to disqualify men according to rule 5. The referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in bounds, to side it belongs. He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the goals, the time shall be two fifteen-minute halves, with five minutes rest between. The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner, the following is a list of some of the major NCAA Basketball rule changes with the year they went into effect. The first known college to field a team against an outside opponent was Vanderbilt University
28.
James Naismith
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James Naismith was a Canadian-American physical educator, physician, chaplain, sports coach and innovator. He invented the game of basketball at age 30 in 1891 and he wrote the original basketball rule book and founded the University of Kansas basketball program. Seven years after inventing basketball, Naismith received his degree in Denver in 1898. He then arrived at the University of Kansas, later becoming the Kansas Jayhawks athletic director, while a coach at Kansas, Naismith coached Phog Allen, who later became the coach at Kansas for 39 seasons, beginning a lengthy and prestigious coaching tree. Allen then went on to coach legends including Adolph Rupp and Dean Smith, among others, Naismith was born in 1861 in Almonte, Ontario, Canada to Scottish immigrants. He never had a name and never signed his name with the A initial. The A was added by someone in the administration at the University of Kansas, orphaned early in his life, Naismith lived with his aunt and uncle for many years and attended grade school at Bennies Corners near Almonte. Then he enrolled in Almonte High School, in Almonte, Ontario, in the same year, Naismith entered McGill University in Montreal. He played center on the team, and made himself some padding to protect his ears. It was for use, not team use. He won multiple Wicksteed medals for outstanding gymnastics performances, Naismith earned a BA in Physical Education and a Diploma at the Presbyterian College in Montreal. At Springfield YMCA, Naismith struggled with a class that was confined to indoor games throughout the harsh New England winter. In his attempt to think up a new game, Naismith was guided by three main thoughts, firstly, he analyzed the most popular games of those times, Naismith noticed the hazards of a ball and concluded that the big soft soccer ball was safest. Secondly, he saw that most physical contact occurred while running with the ball, dribbling or hitting it, finally, Naismith further reduced body contact by making the goal unguardable, namely placing it high above the players heads. To score goals, he forced the players to throw a soft lobbing shot that had proven effective in his old favorite game duck on a rock, Naismith christened this new game Basket Ball and put his thoughts together in 13 basic rules. The first game of Basket Ball was played in December 1891, stubbins brot up the peach baskets to the gym I secured them on the inside of the railing of the gallery. This was about 10 feet from the floor, one at end of the gymnasium. I then put the 13 rules on the board just behind the instructors platform, secured a soccer ball
29.
College football
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It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States. No minor league farm organizations exist in American football and it is in college football where a players performance directly impacts his chances of playing professional football. The best collegiate players will declare for the professional draft after 3 to 4 years of collegiate competition. Those not selected can still attempt to land an NFL roster spot as a free agent. Even after the emergence of the professional National Football League, college football remained extremely popular throughout the U. S, in many cases, college stadiums employ bench-style seating, as opposed to individual seats with backs and arm rests. This allows them to more fans in a given amount of space than the typical professional stadium. College athletes, unlike players in the NFL, are not permitted by the NCAA to be paid salaries, colleges are only allowed to provide non-monetary compensation such as athletic scholarships that provide for tuition, housing, and books. Modern North American football has its origins in various games, all known as football, by the 1840s, students at Rugby School were playing a game in which players were able to pick up the ball and run with it, a sport later known as Rugby football. The game was taken to Canada by British soldiers stationed there and was soon being played at Canadian colleges, the first documented gridiron football match was a game played at University College, a college of the University of Toronto, November 9,1861. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. In 1864, at Trinity College, also a college of the University of Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, modern Canadian football is widely regarded as having originated with a game played in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians. The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, early games appear to have had much in common with the traditional mob football played in England. The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when games of football began to be played on college campuses. Each school played its own variety of football, Princeton University students played a game called ballown as early as 1820. A Harvard tradition known as Bloody Monday began in 1827, which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes, in 1860, both the town police and the college authorities agreed the Bloody Monday had to go. The Harvard students responded by going into mourning for a figure called Football Fightum. The authorities held firm and it was a dozen years before football was again played at Harvard. Dartmouth played its own version called Old division football, the rules of which were first published in 1871, all of these games, and others, shared certain commonalities
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Allen Fieldhouse
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Allen Fieldhouse is an indoor arena on the University of Kansas campus in Lawrence, Kansas. It is home of the Kansas Jayhawks mens and womens basketball teams, the arena is named after Dr. Forrest C. Phog Allen, a coach of the Jayhawks whose tenure lasted 39 years. President Bill Clinton in 2004, U. S. presidential candidate Senator Robert F. Kennedy in 1968, ESPN The Magazine named Allen Fieldhouse the loudest college basketball arena in the country. The arena broke the Guinness World Record for loudest indoor arena on February 13,2017 against West Virgina at 130.4 dB. The prior record of 126.4 dB at Kentuckys Rupp Arena which lasted less than three weeks also had many Kansas fans present as the Jayhawks beat the #4 Wildcats 79-73. The Mens basketball program at the University of Kansas has a current record at Allen Fieldhouse, since 1994, the Jayhawks have gone 296–15 at home. Since 2007, they have gone 140–3, making Allen Fieldhouse the statistically greatest home-court advantage in all of sports during this time. The construction of Allen Fieldhouse began in 1952, but quickly ground to a halt because of a federal mandate restricting steel consumption following the Second World War and during the Korean War. However, university officials were able to find a loophole, by adding some rooms for gun and weapons storage, Allen Fieldhouse was dedicated on March 1,1955. Handicapped seating was moved courtside behind both baskets in 2001, the concourse was originally an indoor track. At times the Fieldhouse has been home to mens and womens basketball, indoor track and field, volleyball, since additional facilities were constructed to accommodate many of those needs, it is now used primarily for basketball. Max Falkenstien was a figure in the radio booth, working every home game in Allen Fieldhouse from its construction to his retirement in 2006,51 years later. Interior renovations include a new court, new windows. After 2006, new banners for the jerseys and conference. Renovations completed in 2009 include an expansion of the Booth Family Hall of Athletics and the creation of an atrium, as well as improved concessions, wider concourses. The building also received brand new locker rooms, training rooms, film rooms, a pedestrian bridge connecting the fieldhouse to the existing facility parking garage was also constructed. The improvements cost approximately $7.8 million, in December 2010, the Booth family announced they had purchased the founding document of the game of basketball, Dr. Naismiths original 13 Rules of Basketball
31.
Jameson, Missouri
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Jameson is a village in Daviess County, Missouri, United States. The population was 133 at the 2010 census, Jameson was originally named Feurt Summit, and under the latter name was laid out in 1871. A post office called Jameson has been in operation since 1871, Jameson is located at 40°0′19″N 93°59′12″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 0.22 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 133 people,50 households, the population density was 604.5 inhabitants per square mile. There were 63 housing units at a density of 286.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 88. 0% White,2. 3% Native American,0. 8% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 0% of the population. 34. 0% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.19. The median age in the village was 35.5 years. 34. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,3. 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24,24. 9% were from 25 to 44,26. 4% were from 45 to 64, and 11. 3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 46. 6% male and 53. 4% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 125 people,56 households, and 37 families residing in the town. The population density was 541.7 people per square mile, there were 70 housing units at an average density of 316.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 99. 17% White,32. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the family size was 2.54. In the town the population was out with 20. 0% under the age of 18,20. 0% from 18 to 24,21. 7% from 25 to 44,22. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 71.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 71.4 males, the median income for a household in the town was $21,750, and the median income for a family was $26,250. Males had an income of $22,189 versus $14,688 for females
32.
Independence, Missouri
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Independence is the fifth-largest city in the state of Missouri. It lies within Jackson County, of which it is the county seat, Independence is a satellite city of Kansas City, Missouri, and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. In 2010, it had a population of 116,830. Independence is known as the Queen City of the Trails because it was a point of departure for the California, Oregon and Santa Fe Trails. Independence was also the hometown of U. S. President Harry S. Truman, the Truman Presidential Library and Museum is located in the city, and Truman and First Lady Bess Truman are buried here. The city is also sacred to many Latter Day Saints, with Joseph Smiths 1831 Temple Lot being located here, Independence was originally inhabited by Missouri and Osage Indians, followed by the Spanish and a brief French tenure. It became part of the United States with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, Lewis and Clark recorded in their journals that they stopped in 1804 to pick plums, raspberries, and wild apples at a site that would later form part of the city. Named after the Declaration of Independence, Independence was founded on March 29,1827, Independence immediately became a jumping-off point for the emerging fur trade, accommodating merchants and adventurers beginning the long trek westward on the Santa Fe Trail. In 1831, members of the Latter Day Saint movement began moving to the Jackson County, Missouri area. Shortly thereafter, founder Joseph Smith declared a spot west of the Courthouse Square to be the place for his temple of the New Jerusalem. Tension grew with local Missourians until the Latter Day Saints were driven from the area in 1833, several branches of this movement gradually returned to the city beginning in 1867, with many making their headquarters there. These include the Community of Christ, the Church of Christ, the Church of Jesus Christ, Independence saw great prosperity from the late 1830s through the mid-1840s, while the business of outfitting pioneers boomed. Between 1848 and 1868, it was a hub of the California Trail, on March 8,1849, the Missouri General Assembly granted a home-rule charter to the town and on July 18,1849, William McCoy was elected as its first mayor. In the mid-19th century an Act of the United States Congress defined Independence as the start of the Oregon Trail. The war took its toll on Independence and the town was never able to regain its previous prosperity, United States President Harry S. Truman grew up in Independence, and in 1922 was elected judge of the county Court of Jackson County, Missouri. Although he was defeated for reelection in 1924, he won back the office in 1926 and was reelected in 1930 and he would later return to the city after two terms as President. His wife, First Lady Bess Truman, was born and raised in Independence, the Harry S. Truman National Historic Site and the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum are both located in Independence, as is one of Trumans boyhood residences. Independence is located at 39°4′47″N 94°24′24″W and it lies on the south bank of the Missouri River, near the western edge of the state
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William Chrisman High School
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William Chrisman High School is a high school located in Independence, Missouri, United States, as part of the Independence School District. The school was founded in 1888 and was known as Independence High School, the first building was located at the intersection of Pleasant and Truman Road, the current location of the Palmer/Central Office Building. It is from this location that President Harry S. Truman, First Lady Bess Truman, in 1917 the Independence School District passed a levy and bond to build a new high school building. Margaret Chrisman Swope offered to sell the land for the new school at the southeast corner of Union and Maple for $1 in exchange for naming the school after her father. Chrisman had served as a member of the first school board in 1866 and was also a prominent lawyer and banker in the community, the new building opened in 1918 as William Chrisman High School. Since that time the building has undergone numerous additions, William Chrisman is home to 1491 students from Independence, Missouri and part of Sugar Creek, Missouri. The student populations racial breakdown is,72. 5% white,12. 6% black,9. 1% Hispanic,0. 7% Asian, as of the 2007–2008 school year, all high schools in the Independence School District started a “house system”. The house system is a classification of students into five houses, at the end of the 2009-2010 year, it was announced the school would only have four houses. In the fall of 2010 the school adopted bear names for the houses, House One became the Grizzly House. House Two became the Panda House, House Three became the Kodiak House. And House Five became the Polar House, House Four was dissolved at the end of the 2009-2010 school year. William Chrisman is a member of the Suburban Kansas City- White, a division of the Greater Kansas City Suburban Conference League, which realigns/changes every two years. The William Chrisman Bears compete in the fall sports, Boys, cross country, football, soccer, swimming, Girls, volleyball, cross country, golf, softball. The William Chrisman Bears compete in the winter sports, Boys, basketball, wrestling, Girls, basketball. The William Chrisman Bears compete in the art sports, Boys & Girls. The dance team, initially created as a team, is still traditionally called the Beartrackers. The William Chrisman Bears compete in the spring sports, Boys, baseball, golf, tennis, track & field, Girls, soccer. The William Chrisman Bears compete in the year round sports and activities, Competitive Debate and Forensics
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Warrensburg, Missouri
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Warrensburg is a city in Johnson County, Missouri, United States. The population was 18,838 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Johnson County. The Warrensburg Micropolitan Statistical Area consists of Johnson County and it is home to the University of Central Missouri. Warrensburg was founded in 1835 by European-American settlers John and Martin D. Warren, a post office called Warrensburg has been in operation since 1837. The phrase Mans best friend is based on a trial over the killing of Old Drum. Warrensburg is located at 38°45′47″N 93°44′06″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.92 square miles, of which,8.85 square miles is land and 0.07 square miles is water. The current mayor is Casey Renfrow, as of the census of 2010, there were 18,838 people,6,803 households, and 3,400 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,128.6 inhabitants per square mile, there were 7,450 housing units at an average density of 841.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 85. 3% White,7. 5% African American,0. 5% Native American,2. 8% Asian,0. 2% Pacific Islander,0. 7% from other races, and 3. 1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 1% of the population,31. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the family size was 2.96. The median age in the city was 23.7 years. 17. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,36. 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24,21. 8% were from 25 to 44, 15% were from 45 to 64, and 9. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49. 5% male and 50. 5% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 16,340 people,5,951 households, and 3,035 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,938.5 people per square mile, there were 6,380 housing units at an average density of 756.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 90% White,6. 46% African American,0. 64% Native American,2. 79% Asian,0. 14% Pacific Islander,0. 78% from other races, and 2. 28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 44% of the population,30. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the family size was 2.93
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Varsity letter
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A varsity letter is an award earned in the United States for excellence in school activities. A varsity letter signifies that its winner was a varsity team member. The award letter is made in the colors and initials representing the school that the recipient attends. The letter patch is primarily constructed of chenille and felt materials, standard sizes range from 4 inches to 8 inches. While 4 inches and 5 inches usually denote Junior Varsity achievements,6 inches to 8 inches would denote full Varsity, the stitching style used for creating the chenille look is called a moss stitch, while the outlining sew down is called a chain stitch. With the advent of organized sports, there was a need for uniforms, there was an additional need for identifications which was satisfied by the use of emblems or letters. In 1865, the Harvard baseball team added an Old English H, the H was embroidered on the gray flannel shirt. The football team started to use the H in 1875, if a player did not play in an important game, the player had to return the jersey at the end of the season. Awarding the H jersey may have been the birth of the varsity letter as an award, the letterman sweater was first regularly used by the 1891 Nine and was black with a small Crimson H on the left breast. It is not known when the letter came to high schools. The earliest known example of a sweater in a high school is found in the 1911 yearbook of Phoenix Union High School. A student in a photo is pictured, not in football uniform. The sweater seems to be the home of the letter from the 1890s until the 1930s. Another award during the 1920s and 1930s was a stadium style blanket given as an award, in the 1930s, the letter award started to appear on leather sleeved, wool-bodied jackets. The jackets from the 1930s were different in design than todays modern jacket, as a decorative clothing item, the varsity letter has a huge number of variations and no set standard is made to any school on how it should look. Chenille letters come in different forms and shapes. Some institutions use Old English or script style, two or three letter monogram, 3D shading, chenille bordered or the traditional straight block style, students generally receive only one actual letter, but can win the distinction multiple times. These additional designations are shown by adding embroidered sport insignias, modeled metal insert pins, some schools may embroider non-athletic letters with their award title, such as Academics or Arts”
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Kansas City Athletic Club
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The Kansas City Athletic Club is an athletic club and gentlemens club in downtown Kansas City, Missouri. Notable members have included President Harry S. Truman and others, the club was founded in 1887 by Arthur E. Stillwell as the Fairmount Cycling Club, a bicycling club in Fairmount Park in Kansas City. In 1893, the changed its name to the Kansas City Athletic Club. In the early 20th century, it was known for fielding championship Amateur Athletic Union teams. Phog Allen was one of the teams star players. The Blue Diamonds defeated both the University of Kansas in its 1898-99 inaugural season and the University of Missouri in its 1906-07 inaugural season, in March 1917, the board proposed a merger with the Kansas City Club. But after a joint board meeting of the two clubs, the Kansas City Clubs board rejected the proposal, instead, in 1923, the club acquired an unfinished, 22-story building at Eleventh Street and Baltimore Avenue in Downtown Kansas City. The club hired architect firm Hoit, Price & Barnes, in 1932, however, during the Great Depression, the Continental Hotel Company took over the 22-story clubhouse, leaving only the six topmost floors devoted to the club itself. For a period in the 1960s, the hotel contained a branch of the Playboy Club, in 1982, the building was remodeled and renamed as the Mark Twain Tower, an office building. The club retaining the rights to the top six floors, lee Talbott, track & field athlete Harry S
37.
Phi Kappa Psi
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There are over 100 chapters and colonies at accredited four year colleges and universities throughout the United States. More than 119,000 men have initiated into Phi Kappa Psi since its founding. Phi Kappa Psi and Phi Gamma Delta, both founded at the college, form the Jefferson Duo. In the winter of 1850, a fever epidemic hit Jefferson College in Canonsburg. Among those who remained were William Henry Letterman and Charles Page Thomas Moore and they chose to care for their classmates who were stricken with the contagious disease, and a strong bond was formed. In the following year, Letterman and Moore decided to found a fraternity based on the great joy of serving others that they experienced during the epidemic. On February 19,1852, Phi Kappa Psi was founded, the Executive Council of Phi Kappa Psi is composed of the President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, and 6 Archons. Since its founding, Phi Kappa Psi has been controlled by undergraduates and this unique system of governance is achieved by a governing body, the Executive Council, which is made up of a majority of elected undergraduates. These undergraduates, known as Archons, represent the six Districts of Phi Kappa Psi, Archons are elected during meetings of each District during Woodrow Wilson Leadership Schools, held during odd-numbered years. Four alumni also serve on the Executive Council and are elected at Grand Arch Councils, Phi Kappa Psis first form of government centered on a Grand Chapter. One chapter at a time was designated the Grand Chapter, and this lasted until 1886 when a new constitution changed to the current form of government. In 1992, Phi Kappa Psi began to award one exceptional chapter with the Grand Chapter Award and its name is derived from the fraternitys first form of government. This award was initially granted biennially at Grand Arch Councils,2001 marked the first time that this award was granted in an odd-numbered year, and it has been an annual award ever since. William Henry Letterman was born in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania and he was twenty years old when Phi Kappa Psi was founded by him and his colleague Charles Page Thomas Moore. William graduated from Jefferson College and then went on to receive his M. D. from Jefferson Medical College in 1856 and his father was the physician to the town of Canonsburg and died early in Williams life. He died on May 23,1881, and was buried in the cemetery at Duffau, Charles Page Thomas Moore was a co-founder of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity in 1852 at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. He was born in Virginia in a portion of the state along the Ohio River now located in West Virginia, Moore was a justice of the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals, and died in West Virginia. Officers may vary from each chapter with some chapters not using certain positions, the duties of each officer may vary from each chapter as well
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Fraternities and sororities
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Fraternities and sororities are social organizations at colleges and universities. A form of the fraternity, they are prominent in the United States, and the Philippines, with smaller numbers existing in France, the United Kingdom, Canada. Similar organizations exist in countries as well, including the Studentenverbindungen of German-speaking countries. Similar, but much less common, organizations also exist for secondary school students, in modern usage, the term Greek letter organization is often synonymous with the terms fraternity and sorority. Traditional fraternities of the type described in this article are often called social fraternities, generally, membership in a fraternity or sorority is obtained while an undergraduate student but continues, thereafter, for life. Some of these organizations can accept graduate students as well as undergraduates, the first fraternity in North America to incorporate most of the elements of modern fraternities was Phi Beta Kappa, founded at the College of William and Mary in 1775. The founding of Phi Beta Kappa followed the establishment of two other secret student societies that had existed at that campus as early as 1750. In 1779 Phi Beta Kappa expanded to include chapters at Harvard, by the early 19th century, the organization transformed itself into a scholastic honor society and abandoned secrecy. In 1825 Kappa Alpha Society, the oldest extant fraternity to retain its characteristic, was established at Union College. In 1827, Sigma Phi and Delta Phi were also founded at the same institution, the foundation of this triad established Union College as the Mother of Fraternities. Fraternities represented the intersection between dining clubs, literary societies, and secret initiatory orders such as Freemasonry, as fraternity membership was punishable by expulsion at many colleges at this time, the house was located deep in the woods. The first residential home to be built by a fraternity is believed to have been Alpha Delta Phis chapter at Cornell. Alpha Tau Omega became the first fraternity to own a house in the South when, in 1880. Chapters of many fraternities followed suit, purchasing and less often, Phi Sigma Kappas chapter home at Cornell, completed in 1902, is the oldest such house still occupied by its fraternal builders. The term sorority was invented by a professor of Latin who felt the word fraternity was inappropriate for a group of ladies, the first organization to use the term sorority was Gamma Phi Beta, established in 1874. The development of fraternities for women during this time was an accomplishment in the way of womens rights. By mere existence these organizations were defying the odds, the women were able to advance their organizations despite many factors working against them. Today both social and multicultural sororities are present on more than 650 college campuses across the United States, the National Panhellenic Conference serves as the umbrella organization for 26 national sororities, representing over 4 million women at both the collegiate level and in alumni associations
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Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
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Osteopathic medicine in the United States
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Osteopathic Medicine is a branch of the medical profession in the United States. Frontier physician Andrew Taylor Still founded the profession as a rejection of the system of medical thought of the 19th century. Stills techniques relied on manipulation of joints and bones, to diagnose and treat illness, by the middle of the 20th century, the profession had moved closer to mainstream medicine, adopting modern public health and biomedical principles. American osteopaths became osteopathic medical doctors, ultimately achieving full practice rights as medical doctors in all 50 states, in the 21st century, the training of osteopathic medical physicians in the United States is equivalent to the training of Doctors of Medicine. Osteopathic medical physicians attend four years of medical school followed by an internship and they use all conventional methods of diagnosis and treatment. Though still trained in osteopathic manipulative treatment, the derivative of Stills techniques. An osteopathic physician is a licensed, patient-centered medical doctor. DO has full medical practice rights throughout the United States and in 44 countries abroad, discussions about the future of modern medicine frequently debate the utility of maintaining separate, distinct pathways for educating physicians in the United States. Physicians and surgeons who graduate from medical schools are known as physicians or osteopathic medical doctors. Upon graduation, they are conferred a doctorate, the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine. Osteopathic curricula in other countries differ from those in the United States, while it was once common for D. O. Currently, there are 30 accredited osteopathic medical schools offering education in 42 locations across the United States and 141 accredited U. S. M. D. medical schools, in 1960, there were 13,708 physicians who were graduates of the 5 osteopathic medical schools. In 2002, there were 49,210 physicians from 19 osteopathic medical schools, between 1980 and 2005, the number of osteopathic graduates per year increased over 250 percent from about 1,000 to 2,800. This number is expected to approach 5,000 by 2015, in 2015, there were 31 colleges of osteopathic medicine in 45 locations. One in four students in the United States is enrolled in an osteopathic medical school. As of 2015, there are more than 96,000 osteopathic medical physicians in the United States, by 2020, the number of osteopathic medical physicians will be over 100,000, say expert predictions, according to the American Medical Association. Osteopathic physicians are not evenly distributed in the United States, States with the highest concentration of osteopathic medical physicians are Oklahoma, Iowa, and Michigan where osteopathic medical physicians comprise 17-20% of the total physician workforce. The state with the greatest number of osteopathic medical physicians is Pennsylvania, the states with the lowest concentrations of DOs are Louisiana, Massachusetts and Vermont where only 1–3% of physicians have an osteopathic medical degree
