1.
Pale lager
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Pale lager is a very pale-to-golden-coloured lager beer with a well attenuated body and a varying degree of noble hop bitterness. This approach was picked up by brewers, most notably Josef Groll of Bavaria who produced Pilsner Urquell in the city of Pilsen in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The resulting Pilsner beers – pale-coloured, lean and stable beers – were very successful, Bavarian brewers in the sixteenth century were required by law to brew beer only during the cooler months of the year. In order to have beer available during the hot months, beers would be stored in caves and stone cellars. In the period 1820–1830, a brewer named Gabriel Sedlmayr II the Younger, whose family was running the Spaten Brewery in Bavaria, when he returned, he used what he had learned to get a more stable and consistent lager beer. The new recipe of the lager beer spread quickly over Europe. Pale lagers tend to be dry, lean, clean-tasting and crisp, flavours may be subtle, with no traditional beer ingredient dominating the others. Hop character ranges from negligible to a dry bitterness from noble hops, the main ingredients are water, Pilsner malt and noble hops, though some brewers use adjuncts such as rice or corn to lighten the body of the beer. There tends to be no butterscotch flavour from diacetyl, due to the slow, cold fermentation process. In 1842 Josef Groll of Pilsen, a city in western Bohemia in what is now the Czech Republic, used some of these methods to produce Pilsner Urquell and this beer proved so successful that other breweries followed the trend, using the name Pilsner. With the success of Pilsens golden beer, the town of Dortmund in Germany started brewing pale lager in 1873, as Dortmund was a major brewing centre, and the town breweries grouped together to export the beer beyond the town, the brand name Dortmunder Export became known. Today, breweries in Denmark, the Netherlands, and North America brew pale lagers labelled as Dortmunder Export, the earliest known brewing of pale lager in America was in the Old City section of Philadelphia by John Wagner in 1840 using yeast from his native Bavaria. Modern American lagers are usually made by large breweries such as Anheuser-Busch, lightness of body is a cardinal virtue, both by design and since it allows the use of a high percentage of rice or corn. Though all lagers are well attenuated, a fully fermented pale lager in Germany goes by the name Diät-Pils or Diätbier. Because the available sugars are fully fermented, dry beers often have an alcohol content. The first dry beer, Gablingers Diet Beer, was released in 1967, Owades developed an enzyme that could further break down starches, so that the finished product contained fewer residual carbohydrates and was lower in food energy. Since the 2012 revisions to the Diätverordnung, it is no longer permitted to label beer as Diät in Germany, but it may be advertised as suitable for diabetics. Prior to this change, a Diätbier could contain no more than 7.5 g of unfermented carbohydrates per liter, and this was followed by other dry beer brands such as Bud Dry, though the marketing concept was not considered a success
2.
Bohemia
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Bohemia is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic. Bohemia was a duchy of Great Moravia, later an independent principality, a kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire, and subsequently a part of the Habsburg Monarchy, after World War I and the establishment of an independent Czechoslovak state, Bohemia became a part of Czechoslovakia. Between 1938 and 1945, border regions with sizeable German-speaking minorities of all three Czech lands were joined to Nazi Germany as the Sudetenland, in 1990, the name was changed to the Czech Republic, which become a separate state in 1993 with the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. Until 1948, Bohemia was a unit of Czechoslovakia as one of its lands. Bohemia was bordered in the south by Upper and Lower Austria, in the west by Bavaria and in the north by Saxony and Lusatia, in the northeast by Silesia, and in the east by Moravia. In the 2nd century BC, the Romans were competing for dominance in northern Italy, the Romans defeated the Boii at the Battle of Placentia and the Battle of Mutina. After this, many of the Boii retreated north across the Alps, much later Roman authors refer to the area they had once occupied as Boiohaemum. The earliest mention was by Tacitus Germania 28, and later mentions of the name are in Strabo. The name appears to include the tribal name Boi- plus the Germanic element *haimaz home and this Boiohaemum was apparently isolated to the area where King Marobods kingdom was centred, within the Hercynian forest. The Czech name Čechy is derived from the name of the Slavic ethnic group, the Czechs, Bohemia, like neighbouring Bavaria, is named after the Boii, who were a large Celtic nation known to the Romans for their migrations and settlement in northern Italy and other places. Another part of the nation moved west with the Helvetii into southern France, to the south, over the Danube, the Romans extended their empire, and to the southeast in Hungaria, were Sarmatian peoples. In the area of modern Bohemia the Marcomanni and other Suebic groups were led by their king Marobodus and he took advantage of the natural defenses provided by its mountains and forests. In late classical times and the early Middle Ages, two new Suebic groupings appeared to the west of Bohemia in southern Germany, the Alemanni, many Suebic tribes from the Bohemian region took part in such movements westwards, even settling as far away as Spain and Portugal. With them were also tribes who had pushed from the east, such as the Vandals, other groups pushed southwards towards Pannonia. These are precursors of todays Czechs, though the amount of Slavic immigration is a subject of debate. The Slavic influx was divided into two or three waves, the first wave came from the southeast and east, when the Germanic Lombards left Bohemia. Soon after, from the 630s to 660s, the territory was taken by Samos tribal confederation and his death marked the end of the old Slavonic confederation, the second attempt to establish such a Slavonic union after Carantania in Carinthia. Other sources divide the population of Bohemia at this time into the Merehani, Marharaii, Beheimare, Christianity first appeared in the early 9th century, but only became dominant much later, in the 10th or 11th century
3.
Pilsner Urquell
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Pilsner Urquell, is a Czech lager brewed in Plzeň, Czech Republic by Pilsner Urquell Brewery. Pilsner Urquell is the world’s first-ever pilsner type blond lager, making it the inspiration for much of the beer produced in the world today, many of which are named pils, pilsner and pilsener. It is hopped with Saaz hops, a noble hop variety which is a key element in its profile, as is the use of soft water. It is available in 330 ml,355 ml and 500 ml aluminium cans, Pilsner Urquell is exported in bottles and cans to North America and other regions. As the name suggests, Pilsner Urquell is the original pilsner and it is characterised by its golden colour and clarity and was immensely successful – nine out of ten beers produced and consumed in the world are derived from the original Pilsen beer. Before 1840, the beer in Bohemia was top-fermented and characterized by a dark colour, turbidity. Plzeň burghers had not found this satisfying and the Plzeň city council ordered 36 casks to be dumped and they invested in a new, state-of-the art brewery, the Bürgerbrauerei, and commissioned Josef Groll, a Bavarian brewer, to develop a better beer. On 5 October 1842, Groll had a new mash ready and on 11 November 1842. Bürgerbrauerei registered Pilsner Bier B B brand in 1859, Pilsner Urquell is today brewed in two breweries, in the Pilsen brewery and in Kaluga, Russia. It was brewed between 2002 and 2011 in Tychy in Poland
4.
East Germany
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East Germany, formally the German Democratic Republic, was an Eastern Bloc state during the Cold War period. The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin, but did not include it, as a result, the German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet Zone, while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones. East Germany, which lies culturally in Central Germany, was a state of the Soviet Union. Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948, Soviet forces, however, remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Until 1989, the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party, though other parties participated in its alliance organisation. The economy was centrally planned, and increasingly state-owned, prices of basic goods and services were set by central government planners, rather than rising and falling through supply and demand. Although the GDR had to pay war reparations to the USSR. Nonetheless it did not match the growth of West Germany. Emigration to the West was a significant problem—as many of the emigrants were well-educated young people, the government fortified its western borders and, in 1961, built the Berlin Wall. Many people attempting to flee were killed by guards or booby traps. In 1989, numerous social and political forces in the GDR and abroad led to the fall of the Berlin Wall, the following year open elections were held, and international negotiations led to the signing of the Final Settlement treaty on the status and borders of Germany. The GDR was dissolved and Germany was unified on 3 October 1990, internally, the GDR also bordered the Soviet sector of Allied-occupied Berlin known as East Berlin which was also administered as the states de facto capital. It also bordered the three sectors occupied by the United States, United Kingdom and France known collectively as West Berlin. The three sectors occupied by the Western nations were sealed off from the rest of the GDR by the Berlin Wall from its construction in 1961 until it was brought down in 1989, the official name was Deutsche Demokratische Republik, usually abbreviated to DDR. West Germans, the media and statesmen purposely avoided the official name and its abbreviation, instead using terms like Ostzone, Sowjetische Besatzungszone. The centre of power in East Berlin was referred to as Pankow. Over time, however, the abbreviation DDR was also used colloquially by West Germans. However, this use was not always consistent, for example, before World War II, Ostdeutschland was used to describe all the territories east of the Elbe, as reflected in the works of sociologist Max Weber and political theorist Carl Schmitt
5.
Brewing
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Brewing is the production of beer by steeping a starch source in water and fermenting the resulting sweet liquid with yeast. It may be done in a brewery by a brewer, at home by a homebrewer. Brewing has taken place since around the 6th millennium BC, and archaeological evidence suggests that emerging civilizations including ancient Egypt, since the nineteenth century the brewing industry has been part of most western economies. The basic ingredients of beer are water and a starch source such as malted barley. Most beer is fermented with a brewers yeast and flavoured with hops, less widely used starch sources include millet, sorghum and cassava. Secondary sources, such as maize, rice, or sugar, may also be used, sometimes to reduce cost, or to add a feature, the proportion of each starch source in a beer recipe is collectively called the grain bill. Steps in the process include malting, milling, mashing, lautering, boiling, fermenting, conditioning, filtering. There are three main methods, warm, cool and spontaneous. Fermentation may take place in an open or closed fermenting vessel, there are several additional brewing methods, such as barrel aging, double dropping, and Yorkshire Square. Brewing has taken place since around the 6th millennium BC, and archaeological evidence suggests emerging civilizations including ancient Egypt, descriptions of various beer recipes can be found in cuneiform from ancient Mesopotamia. Ethnographic studies and archaeological records indicate that brewing alcohol was primary an activity engaged in by women, chemical tests of ancient pottery jars reveal that beer was produced as far back as about 7,000 years ago in what is today Iran. This discovery reveals one of the earliest known uses of fermentation and is the earliest evidence of brewing to date, in Mesopotamia, the oldest evidence of beer is believed to be a 6, 000-year-old Sumerian tablet depicting people drinking a beverage through reed straws from a communal bowl. A 3900-year-old Sumerian poem honouring Ninkasi, the goddess of brewing, contains the oldest surviving beer recipe. The invention of bread and beer has been argued to be responsible for humanitys ability to develop technology, Beer may have been known in Neolithic Europe as far back as 5,000 years ago, and was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. Ale produced before the Industrial Revolution continued to be made and sold on a scale, although by the 7th century AD beer was also being produced. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, the development of hydrometers and thermometers changed brewing by allowing the brewer more control of the process, and greater knowledge of the results. Today, the industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies. More than 133 billion litres are sold per year—producing total global revenues of $294.5 billion in 2006
6.
German language
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German is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol, the German-speaking Community of Belgium and it is also one of the three official languages of Luxembourg. Major languages which are most similar to German include other members of the West Germanic language branch, such as Afrikaans, Dutch, English, Luxembourgish and it is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English. One of the languages of the world, German is the first language of about 95 million people worldwide. The German speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of publication of new books. German derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, a portion of German words are derived from Latin and Greek, and fewer are borrowed from French and English. With slightly different standardized variants, German is a pluricentric language, like English, German is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects, with many unique varieties existing in Europe and also other parts of the world. The history of the German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the migration period, when Martin Luther translated the Bible, he based his translation primarily on the standard bureaucratic language used in Saxony, also known as Meißner Deutsch. Copies of Luthers Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region that translated words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Roman Catholics initially rejected Luthers translation, and tried to create their own Catholic standard of the German language – the difference in relation to Protestant German was minimal. It was not until the middle of the 18th century that a widely accepted standard was created, until about 1800, standard German was mainly a written language, in urban northern Germany, the local Low German dialects were spoken. Standard German, which was different, was often learned as a foreign language with uncertain pronunciation. Northern German pronunciation was considered the standard in prescriptive pronunciation guides though, however, German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire, which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe. Until the mid-19th century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire and its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Some cities, such as Prague and Budapest, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain, others, such as Pozsony, were originally settled during the Habsburg period, and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest and Bratislava as well as cities like Zagreb, the most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the German language is found within the Deutsches Wörterbuch. This dictionary was created by the Brothers Grimm and is composed of 16 parts which were issued between 1852 and 1860, in 1872, grammatical and orthographic rules first appeared in the Duden Handbook. In 1901, the 2nd Orthographical Conference ended with a standardization of the German language in its written form
7.
Bavaria
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Bavaria is a free state and one of 16 federal states of Germany. Located in the German southeast with an area of 70,548 square kilometres and its territory comprises roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany, and, with 12.9 million inhabitants, it is Germanys second most populous state. Munich, Bavarias capital and largest city, is the third largest city in Germany, the Duchy of Bavaria dates back to the year 555. In the 17th century CE, the Duke of Bavaria became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Bavaria existed from 1806 to 1918, when Bavaria became a republic. In 1946, the Free State of Bavaria re-organised itself on democratic lines after the Second World War, Bavaria has a unique culture, largely because of the states Catholic majority and conservative traditions. Bavarians have traditionally been proud of their culture, which includes such as Oktoberfest. The state also has the second largest economy among the German states by GDP figures, modern Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia, Upper Palatinate and Swabia. The Bavarians emerged in a north of the Alps, previously inhabited by Celts. The Bavarians spoke Old High German but, unlike other Germanic groups, rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, the name Bavarian means Men of Baia which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources circa 520, a 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the diocese was named after an ancient Bohemian king, Boiia, in the 14th century BCE. From about 554 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the Duchy of Bavaria and their daughter, Theodelinde, became Queen of the Lombards in northern Italy and Garibald was forced to flee to her when he fell out with his Frankish overlords. Garibalds successor, Tassilo I, tried unsuccessfully to hold the frontier against the expansion of Slavs. Tassilos son Garibald II seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616, after Garibald II little is known of the Bavarians until Duke Theodo I, whose reign may have begun as early as 680. From 696 onwards he invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and his son, Theudebert, led a decisive Bavarian campaign to intervene in a succession dispute in the Lombard Kingdom in 714, and married his sister Guntrud to the Lombard King Liutprand. At Theodos death the duchy was divided among his sons, at Hugberts death the duchy passed to a distant relative named Odilo, from neighbouring Alemannia. He was defeated near Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748, saint Boniface completed the peoples conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century. Bavaria was in ways affected by the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century
8.
Yeast
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Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom. The yeast lineage originated hundreds of millions of years ago, and 1,500 species are currently identified and they are estimated to constitute 1% of all described fungal species. Yeast sizes vary greatly, depending on species and environment, typically measuring 3–4 µm in diameter, most yeasts reproduce asexually by mitosis, and many do so by the asymmetric division process known as budding. Yeasts, with their growth habit, can be contrasted with molds. Fungal species that can take both forms are called dimorphic fungi and it is also a centrally important model organism in modern cell biology research, and is one of the most thoroughly researched eukaryotic microorganisms. Researchers have used it to information about the biology of the eukaryotic cell. Other species of yeasts, such as Candida albicans, are opportunistic pathogens, yeasts have recently been used to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells, and produce ethanol for the biofuel industry. Yeasts do not form a taxonomic or phylogenetic grouping. The budding yeasts are classified in the order Saccharomycetales, within the phylum Ascomycota, the word yeast comes from Old English gist, gyst, and from the Indo-European root yes-, meaning boil, foam, or bubble. Yeast microbes are probably one of the earliest domesticated organisms, archaeologists digging in Egyptian ruins found early grinding stones and baking chambers for yeast-raised bread, as well as drawings of 4, 000-year-old bakeries and breweries. In 1680, Dutch naturalist Anton van Leeuwenhoek first microscopically observed yeast, but at the time did not consider them to be living organisms, researchers were doubtful whether yeasts were algae or fungi, but in 1837 Theodor Schwann recognized them as fungi. In 1857, French microbiologist Louis Pasteur proved in the paper Mémoire sur la fermentation alcoolique that alcoholic fermentation was conducted by living yeasts and not by a chemical catalyst. Pasteur showed that by bubbling oxygen into the yeast broth, cell growth could be increased, by the late 18th century, two yeast strains used in brewing had been identified, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. carlsbergensis. S. cerevisiae has been sold commercially by the Dutch for bread-making since 1780, while, around 1800, in 1825, a method was developed to remove the liquid so the yeast could be prepared as solid blocks. The industrial production of yeast blocks was enhanced by the introduction of the press in 1867. In 1872, Baron Max de Springer developed a process to create granulated yeast. Yeasts are chemoorganotrophs, as they use organic compounds as a source of energy, carbon is obtained mostly from hexose sugars, such as glucose and fructose, or disaccharides such as sucrose and maltose. Some species can metabolize pentose sugars such as ribose, alcohols, Yeast species either require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration or are anaerobic, but also have aerobic methods of energy production
9.
Lager
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Lager is a type of beer that is conditioned at low temperatures, normally at the brewery. It may be pale, golden, amber, or dark, although one of the most defining features of lager is its maturation in cold storage, it is also distinguished by the use of a specific yeast. On the other hand, German Altbier and Kölsch, brewed with a top-fermenting yeast at a warm temperature, until the 19th century, the German word Lagerbier referred to all types of bottom-fermented, cool-conditioned beer, in normal strengths. In Germany today however, the term is reserved for the prevalent lager beer styles of southern Germany, Helles. Pilsner, a heavily hopped pale lager, is most often known as Pilsner, Pilsener. Other lagers are Bock, Märzen, and Schwarzbier, in the United Kingdom, the term lager commonly refers specifically to pale lagers, many of which are derived from the Pilsner style. Worldwide, pale lager is the most widely consumed and commercially available style of beer and it is often known primarily by its brand name, and labeled simply as beer. Well-known brands include Miller, Stella Artois, Becks, Brahma, Budweiser, Corona, Snow, Tsingtao, Kirin Company, Heineken, Carling, Fosters, and Carlsberg. In 2011, a team of researchers claimed to have discovered that Saccharomyces eubayanus is responsible for creating the hybrid yeast used to make lager. To further protect the cellars from the heat, they would plant chestnut trees. The practice of serving beer at these sites evolved into the beer garden. The first large-scale refrigerated lagering tanks were developed for Gabriel Sedelmayrs Spaten Brewery in Munich by Carl von Linde in 1870, Lager beer uses a process of cool fermentation, followed by maturation in cold storage. The German word Lager means storeroom or warehouse, the yeast generally used with lager brewing is Saccharomyces pastorianus. It is a relative of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast used for warm fermented ales. While prohibited by the German Reinheitsgebot tradition, lagers in some countries often feature large proportions of adjuncts, adjuncts entered United States brewing as a means of thinning out the body of U. S. beers, balancing the large quantities of protein introduced by six-row barley. Adjuncts are often used now in beermaking to introduce a large quantity of sugar, there are however cases in which adjunct usage actually increases the cost of manufacture. The examples of lager beers produced worldwide vary greatly in flavour, colour, composition, pale lager Helles Pilsner — Pilsner Urquell, Stella Artois Märzen Bock Dark lager Dunkel Dopplebock Schwarzbier The most common lager beers in worldwide production are pale lagers. The flavor of these lighter lagers is usually mild, and the producers often recommend that the beers be served refrigerated, pale lager is a very pale to golden-coloured lager with a well attenuated body and noble hop bitterness
10.
Shelf life
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Shelf life is the length of time that a commodity may be stored without becoming unfit for use, consumption, or sale. In other words, it refer to whether a commodity should no longer be on a pantry shelf. It applies to cosmetics, foods and beverages, medical devices, medicines, explosives, pharmaceutical drugs, chemicals, tires, batteries, in some regions, an advisory best before, mandatory use by or freshness date is required on packaged perishable foods. Most expiration dates are used as based on normal and expected handling. Use prior to the date does not guarantee the safety of a food or drug. According to the USDA, canned foods are safe indefinitely as long as they are not exposed to freezing temperatures, if the cans look ok, they are safe to use. Discard cans that are dented, rusted, or swollen, high-acid canned foods will keep their best quality for 12 to 18 months, low-acid canned foods for 2 to 5 years. Sell by date is an ambiguous term for what is often referred to as an expiration date. Most food is edible after the expiration date. A product that has passed its shelf life might still be safe, Shelf life depends on the degradation mechanism of the specific product. Most can be influenced by several factors, exposure to light, heat, moisture, transmission of gases, mechanical stresses, product quality is often mathematically modelled around a parameter. For some foods, health issues are important in determining shelf life, bacterial contaminants are ubiquitous, and foods left unused too long will often be contaminated by substantial amounts of bacterial colonies and become dangerous to eat, leading to food poisoning. However, shelf life alone is not an indicator of how long the food can safely be stored. For example, pasteurized milk can remain fresh for five days after its sell-by date if it is refrigerated properly, in contrast, if milk already has harmful bacteria, the use-by dates become irrelevant. The expiration date of pharmaceuticals specifies the date the manufacturer guarantees the full potency, most medications continue to be effective and safe for a time after the expiration date. A rare exception is a case of renal tubular acidosis purportedly caused by expired tetracycline, a study conducted by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration covered over 100 drugs, prescription and over-the-counter. The study showed that about 90% of them were safe and effective as long as 15 years past their expiration dates. One major exception is the Shelf Life Extension Program of the U. S. Department of Defense, which commissioned a major study of drug efficacy from the FDA starting in the mid-1980s
11.
Brno
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Brno is the second largest city in the Czech Republic by population and area, the largest Moravian city, and the historical capital city of the Margraviate of Moravia. Brno is the center of the South Moravian Region in which it forms a separate district. The city is also a significant administrative centre and it is the seat of a number of state authorities, including the Ombudsman, and the Office for the Protection of Competition. Brno is also an important centre of education, with 33 faculties belonging to 13 institutes of higher learning. Brno Exhibition Centre ranks among the largest exhibition centres in Europe, the complex opened in 1928 and established the tradition of large exhibitions and trade fairs held in Brno. Brno hosts motorbike and other races on the Masaryk Circuit, an established in 1930. Another cultural tradition is a fireworks competition, Ignis Brunensis. The other large preserved castle near the city is Veveří Castle by the Brno Dam Lake and this castle is the site of a number of legends, as are many other places in Brno. Another architectural monument of Brno is the functionalist Villa Tugendhat which has been included on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites, one of the natural sights nearby is the Moravian Karst. The etymology of the name Brno is disputed and it perhaps comes from Old Czech brnie muddy, swampy. Alternative derivations are from a Slavic verb brniti or a Celtic language spoken in the area before it was overrun by Germanic peoples, throughout its history, Brnos locals also referred to the town in other languages, including Brünn in German, ברין in Yiddish and Bruna in Latin. The city was referred to as Brunn in English. The Asteroid 2889 Brno was named after the city, as well as the Bren light machine gun, one of the most famous weapons of World War II. In the early 11th century Brno was established as a castle of a prince from the House of Přemyslid. Brno was first mentioned in Cosmas Chronica Boëmorum dated to year 1091, seats of these rulers and thus capitals of these territories were castles and towns of Brno, Olomouc, and Znojmo. In the late 12th century, Moravia began to reunify, forming the Margraviate of Moravia, since then, until the mid of the 17th century, it was not clear which town should be the capital of Moravia. Political power was therefore divided between Brno and Olomouc, but Znojmo also played an important role. The Moravian Diet, the Moravian Land Tables, and the Moravian Land Court were all seated in both cities at once, however, Brno was the official seat of the Moravian Margraves, and later its geographical position closer to Vienna also became important
12.
Josef Groll
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Josef Groll was a Bavarian brewer, best known for his invention of Pilsener beer, is known by some as the Father of the Pils. The worlds first-ever pale lager, his Pilsner Urquell was highly successful, the citizens of Pilsen, Bohemia were no longer satisfied with their top-fermented Oberhefenbier. They publicly emptied several casks of beer in order to draw attention to its low quality and it was decided to build a new brewery capable of producing a bottom-fermented beer with a longer storage life. At the time, this was termed a Bavarian beer, since bottom-fermentation first became popular in Bavaria, for bottom-fermentation it is necessary to keep the fermentation tanks cool between 4 and 9 degrees Celsius. The climate in Bohemia is similar to that in Bavaria making it possible to store winter ice, Bavarian beer had an excellent reputation, and Bavarian brewers were considered the masters of their trade. Thus, the citizens of Pilsen not only built a new brewery, but also hired Josef Groll, Josef Grolls father owned a brewery in Vilshofen in Lower Bavaria and had long experimented with new recipes for bottom-fermented beer. On 5 October 1842, Groll produced the first batch of Urquell beer, which was characterized by the use of soft Bohemian water, very pale malt, and Saaz hops. It was first served in the public houses Zum Goldenen Anker, Zur weißen Rose and Hanes on 11 November 1842, Josef Grolls contract with the Bürgerliches Brauhaus in Pilsen expired on 30 April 1845 and was not renewed. Groll returned to Vilshofen and later inherited his fathers brewery, the Pilsen brewery was directed by Bavarian brewers for nearly sixty years until 1900. Josef Groll died on 22 November 1887, aged 74, of an attack in the house of his daughter Kathi Hutter in Vilshofen. The Groll brewery no longer exists, parts of the brewery, however, were acquired by Wolferstetter, another brewery located in Vilshofen. Wolferstetter still produces a Josef Groll Pils
13.
Malt
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Malt is germinated cereal grains that have been dried in a process known as malting. The grains are made to germinate by soaking in water, and are then halted from germinating further by drying with hot air and it also develops other enzymes, such as proteases, which break down the proteins in the grain into forms that can be used by yeast. Depending on when the process is stopped one gets a preferred starch enzyme ratio. Malt also contains amounts of other sugars, such as sucrose and fructose. Further conversion to fermentable sugars is achieved during the mashing process, Malted grain that has been ground into a coarse meal is known as sweet meal. Various cereals are malted, though barley is the most common, a high-protein form of malted barley is often a label-listed ingredient in blended flours typically used in the manufacture of yeast breads and other baked goods. Malted grains have probably been used as an ingredient of beer since ancient times, for example in Egypt, Sumeria and China. In Persian countries a sweet paste made entirely from germinated wheat is called Samanū in Iran, Samanak, or Sümölök, a plate or bowl of Samanu is a traditional component of the Haft sin table symbolising affluence. Traditionally, women take a party for it during the night. In Tajikistan and Afghanistan they sing, Samanak dar Jūsh u mā Kafcha zanēm - Dīgarān dar Khwāb u mā Dafcha zanēm, in modern times, making samanu can be a family gathering. It originally comes from the Great Persian Empire, Mämmi, or Easter Porridge, is a traditional Finnish Lenten food. Cooked from rye malt and -flour, mämmi has a resemblance to Samanū. Today, this product is available in shops from February until Easter, a survey in 2013 showed that almost no one cooks mämmi at home in modern-day Finland. The cereal is spread out on the floor in a layer of 8 to 12 cm depth. The malting process starts with drying the grains to a content below 14%. When ready, the grain is immersed or steeped in water two or three times two or three days to allow the grain to absorb moisture and to start to sprout. When the grain has a content of around 46%, it is transferred to the malting or germination floor. The grain at this point is called green malt, the green malt is then dried and pre-toasted in an oven to the desired colour and specification
14.
Hops
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Hops are the flowers of the hop plant Humulus lupulus. The hop plant is a vigorous, climbing, herbaceous perennial, usually trained to grow up strings in a called a hopfield, hop garden. Many different varieties of hops are grown by farmers around the world, the first documented use of hops in beer is from the 9th century, though Hildegard of Bingen,300 years later, is often cited as the earliest documented source. Before this period, brewers used gruit, composed of a variety of bitter herbs and flowers, including dandelion, burdock root, marigold, horehound, ground ivy. Early documents include mention of a hop garden in the will of Charlemagnes father, historically, traditional herb combinations for beers were believed to have been abandoned when beers made with hops were noticed to be less prone to spoilage. The first documented hop cultivation was in 736, in the Hallertau region of present-day Germany, however, in a will of Pepin the Short, the father of Charlemagne,768 hop gardens were left to the Cloister of Saint-Denis. Not until the 13th century did hops begin to start threatening the use of gruit for flavoring, gruit was used when taxes were levied by the nobility on hops. Whichever was taxed made the then quickly switch to the other. In Britain, hopped beer was first imported from Holland around 1400, yet hops were condemned as late as 1519 as a wicked, in 1471, Norwich, England, banned use of the plant in the brewing of ale. In Germany, using hops was also a religious and political choice in the early 16th century, there was no tax on hops to be paid on the Catholic church, unlike on gruit, for which the Protestant preferred hopped beer. Therefore, in the hop industry there are words which originally were Dutch words. Hops were then grown as far north as Aberdeen, near breweries for infrastructure convenience, in England there were many complaints over the quality of imported hops, the sacks of which were often contaminated by stalks, sand or straw to increase their weight. Hop cultivation was begun in the present-day United States in 1629 by English, before national alcohol prohibition, cultivation was mainly centered around New York, California, Oregon, and Washington. Problems with powdery mildew and downy mildew devastated New Yorks production by the 1920s, Hops production is concentrated in moist temperate climates, with much of the worlds production occurring near the 48th parallel north. Historically, hops were not grown in Ireland, but were imported from England, in 1752 more than 500 tons of English hops were imported through Dublin alone. Important production centers today are the Hallertau in Germany, the Yakima and Willamette valleys, the principal production centers in the UK are in Kent which produces Kent Goldings hops, Herefordshire and Worcestershire. Essentially all of the hops are used in beer making. Although hops are grown in most of the continental United States and Canada, as hops are a climbing plant, they are trained to grow up trellises made from strings or wires that support the plants and allow them significantly greater growth with the same sunlight profile
15.
Glass production
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Glass production involves two main methods – the float glass process that produces sheet glass, and glassblowing that produces bottles and other containers. Broadly, modern glass container factories are three-part operations, the house, the hot end. The batch house simply houses the raw materials in large silos, some batch systems include material processing such as raw material screening/sieve, drying, or pre-heating. Whether automated or manual, the house measures, assembles, mixes, and delivers the glass raw material recipe via an array of chutes, conveyors. The batch enters the furnace at the dog house or batch charger, different glass types, colors, desired quality, raw material purity / availability, and furnace design will affect the batch recipe. The hot end of a glassworks is where the glass is formed into glass products, beginning when the batch is fed into the furnace at a slow. The furnaces are natural gas- or fuel oil-fired, and operate at temperatures up to 1,575 °C, the temperature is limited only by the quality of the furnace’s superstructure material and by the glass composition. Types of furnaces used in glass making include end-port, side-port. Typically, furnace size is classified by metric tons per day production capability, the gob is of predetermined weight just sufficient to make a bottle. Both processes start with the gob falling, by gravity, and guided, through troughs and chutes, into the blank moulds, compressed air is then blown again at the second stage to give final shape. Containers are made in two major stages, the first stage moulds all the details around the opening, but the body of the container is initially made much smaller than its final size. These partly manufactured containers are called parisons, and quite quickly, referring to the mechanism, the rings are sealed from below by a short plunger. After the settleblow finishes, the plunger retracts slightly, to allow the skin thats formed to soften, counterblow air then comes up through the plunger, to create the parison. The baffle rises and the blanks open, the parison is inverted in an arc to the mould side by the neckring arm, which holds the parison by the finish. As the neckring arm reaches the end of its arc, two halves close around the parison. The neckring arm opens slightly to release its grip on the finish, final blow, applied through the blowhead, blows the glass out, expanding into the mould, to make the final container shape. In the press and blow process, the parison is formed by a metal plunger which rises up and presses the glass out, in order to fill the ring. The process then continues as before, with the parison being transferred to the mould
16.
History of glass
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Other archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coastal north Syria, Mesopotamia or Egypt. Glass remained a luxury material, and the disasters that overtook late Bronze Age civilizations seem to have brought glass-making to a halt, indigenous development of glass technology in South Asia may have begun in 1730 BC. In ancient China, though, glassmaking seems to have a start, compared to ceramics. In the Roman Empire, glass objects have been recovered across the Roman Empire in domestic, industrial, Anglo-Saxon glass has been found across England during archaeological excavations of both settlement and cemetery sites. Glass in the Anglo-Saxon period was used in the manufacture of a range of objects including vessels, beads, but in general, archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coastal north Syria, Mesopotamia or ancient Egypt. Because of Egypts favorable environment for preservation, the majority of well-studied early glass is found there, during the Late Bronze Age in Egypt and Western Asia there was a rapid growth in glass-making technology. Archaeological finds from this period include colored glass ingots, vessels, the alkali of Syrian and Egyptian glass was soda ash, sodium carbonate, which can be extracted from the ashes of many plants, notably halophile seashore plants. The earliest vessels were core-formed, produced by winding a ductile rope of glass round a core of sand and clay over a metal rod. Threads of thin glass of different colors made with admixtures of oxides were subsequently wound around these to create patterns, the vessel would then be rolled smooth on a slab in order to press the decorative threads into its body. Handles and feet were applied separately, the rod was subsequently allowed to cool as the glass slowly annealed and was eventually removed from the center of the vessel, after which the core material was scraped out. Glass shapes for inlays were also created in moulds. Much early glass production, however, relied on grinding techniques borrowed from stone working and this meant that the glass was ground and carved in a cold state. Glass workers in other areas relied on imports of pre-formed glass. Glass remained a luxury material, and the disasters that overtook Late Bronze Age civilizations seem to have brought glass-making to a halt. It picked up again in its former sites, in Syria and Cyprus, in the 9th century BC, the first glassmaking manual dates back to ca.650 BC. Instructions on how to make glass are contained in cuneiform tablets discovered in the library of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal, in Egypt glass-making did not revive until it was reintroduced in Ptolemaic Alexandria. Core-formed vessels and beads were still produced, but other techniques came to the fore with experimentation. During the Hellenistic period many new techniques of production were introduced and glass began to be used to make larger pieces
17.
Bohemian glass
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Bohemian glass, chiefly referred to as Bohemia crystal, is glass produced in the regions of Bohemia and Silesia, now parts of the Czech Republic. It has a long history of being internationally recognised for its high quality, craftsmanship, beauty. The Czech Republic is home to numerous studios and schools attended by local. Oldest archaeological excavations of glass-making sites date to around 1250 and are located in the Lusatian Mountains of Northern Bohemia, most notable Czech sites of glass-making throughout the ages are Skalice, Jablonec nad Nisou, Železný Brod, Poděbrady, Karlovy Vary, Kamenický Šenov and Nový Bor. Several of these towns have their own glass museums with many items dating since around 1600, Jablonec nad Nisou in particular is famous for the local tradition of manufacturing glass costume jewellery. Its long history is documented by large collections in the Museum of Glass, the meaning of crystal versus glass changes according to the country. The word crystal means, in most of the western world, in the European Union, labeling of crystal products is regulated by Council Directive 69/493/EEC, which defines four categories, depending on the chemical composition and properties of the material. Only glass products containing at least 24% of lead oxide may be referred to as lead crystal, products with less lead oxide, or glass products with other metal oxides used in place of lead oxide, must be labeled crystallin or crystal glass. In the United States it is the opposite - glass is defined as if it contains only 1% lead. In the Czech Republic, the crystal is used for any exquisite. Leaded crystal means crystal containing more than 24% lead oxide, the presence of lead in crystal softens the glass and makes it more accessible for cutting and engraving. Lead increases the weight of the glass and causes the glass to diffract light, Glass can contain up to 40% lead, if maximum hardness is desired. On the other hand, crystal can contain less than 24% lead if it has a proportion of barium oxide. Bohemia, a part of the Czech Republic, became famous for its beautiful and colourful glass during the Renaissance, the history of Bohemian glass started with the abundant natural resources found in the countryside. Bohemian glass-workers discovered potash combined with chalk created a clear glass that was more stable than glass from Italy. In the 16th century the term Bohemian crystal emerged for the first time in history to distinguish its qualities from the coming from other places. This glass contained no lead as is commonly suspected and this Czech glass could be cut with a wheel. In addition, resources such as wood for firing the kilns, there were also copious amounts of limestone and silica
18.
Prague
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Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. It is the 14th largest city in the European Union and it is also the historical capital of Bohemia. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city has a temperate climate, with warm summers and chilly winters. Prague has been a political, cultural, and economic centre of central Europe with waxing and waning fortunes during its history and it was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire. Prague is home to a number of cultural attractions, many of which survived the violence. Main attractions include the Prague Castle, the Charles Bridge, Old Town Square with the Prague astronomical clock, since 1992, the extensive historic centre of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. The city has more than ten major museums, along with theatres, galleries, cinemas. An extensive modern public transportation system connects the city, also, it is home to a wide range of public and private schools, including Charles University in Prague, the oldest university in Central Europe. Prague is classified as an Alpha- global city according to GaWC studies, Prague ranked sixth in the Tripadvisor world list of best destinations in 2016. Its rich history makes it a popular tourist destination, and the city more than 6.4 million international visitors annually. Prague is the fifth most visited European city after London, Paris, Istanbul, the region was settled as early as the Paleolithic age. In the last century BC, the Celts were slowly driven away by Germanic tribes, around the area where present-day Prague stands, the 2nd century map of Ptolemaios mentioned a Germanic city called Casurgis. In the following century, the Czech tribes built several fortified settlements in the area, most notably in Levý Hradec, Butovice and in the Šárka valley. The construction of what came to be known as the Prague Castle began near the end of the 9th century, the first masonry under Prague Castle dates from the year 885 at the latest. The other prominent Prague fort, the Přemyslid fort Vyšehrad, was founded in the 10th century, Prague Castle is dominated by the cathedral, which was founded in 1344, but completed in the 20th century. The legendary origins of Prague attribute its foundation to the 8th century Czech duchess and prophetess Libuše and her husband, Přemysl, legend says that Libuše came out on a rocky cliff high above the Vltava and prophesied, I see a great city whose glory will touch the stars. She ordered a castle and a town called Praha to be built on the site, a 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the city was founded as Boihaem in c.1306 BC by an ancient king, Boyya. The region became the seat of the dukes, and later kings of Bohemia, under Roman Emperor Otto II the area became a bishopric in 973
19.
Vienna
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Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austrias primary city, with a population of about 1.8 million, and its cultural, economic and it is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin, Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city is located in the part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region, along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, apart from being regarded as the City of Music because of its musical legacy, Vienna is also said to be The City of Dreams because it was home to the worlds first psycho-analyst – Sigmund Freud. The citys roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city and it is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre, from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens, Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first for the worlds most liveable cities, between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne, Australia. Monocles 2015 Quality of Life Survey ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world to make a base within, the UN-Habitat has classified Vienna as being the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the worlds number-one destination for international congresses and it attracts over 3.7 million tourists a year. The English name Vienna is borrowed from the homonymous Italian version of the name or the French Vienne. The etymology of the name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from Vedunia, meaning forest stream, which produced the Old High German Uuenia. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech and Slovak names of the city, the name of the city in Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian and Ottoman Turkish has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city Dunaj, which in other Central European Slavic languages means the Danube River, evidence has been found of continuous habitation since 500 BC, when the site of Vienna on the Danube River was settled by the Celts. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north
20.
Carl von Linde
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Carl Paul Gottfried Linde was a German scientist, engineer, and businessman. He discovered a refrigeration cycle and invented the first industrial-scale air separation and these breakthroughs laid the backbone for the 1913 Nobel Prize in physics. He was knighted in 1897 as Ritter von Linde, born in Berndorf, as the son of a minister, Linde was expected to follow in his fathers footsteps, but took another direction entirely. In 1861, he started a course in engineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Switzerland, where his teachers included Rudolf Clausius, Gustav Zeuner and Franz Reuleaux. In 1864, he was expelled before graduating for participating in a student protest, Linde stayed only a short time before moving first to Borsig in Berlin and then to the new Krauss locomotive factory in Munich, where he worked as head of the technical department. Von Linde married Helene Grimm in September 1866, their marriage lasted 53 years, in 1868 Linde learned of a new university opening in Munich and immediately applied for a job as a lecturer, he was accepted—at the age of 26—for the position. He became a professor of mechanical engineering in 1872. In 1870 and 1871, Linde published articles in the Bavarian Industry, Lindes first refrigeration plants were commercially successful, and development began to take up increasing amounts of his time. In 1879, he gave up his professorship and founded the Gesellschaft für Lindes Eismaschinen Aktiengesellschaft, now Linde AG, in Wiesbaden, after a slow start in a difficult German economy, business picked up quickly in the 1880s. The efficient new refrigeration technology offered big benefits to the breweries, in addition to the breweries, other uses for the new technology were found in slaughterhouses and cold storage facilities all over Europe. In 1890, Linde moved back to Munich where he took up his professorship once more, in 1895, Linde first achieved success, and filed for patent protection of his process. In 1901, Linde began work on a technique to obtain oxygen and nitrogen based on the fractional distillation of liquefied air. By 1910, coworkers including Carls son Friedrich had developed the Linde double-column process and he then obtained oxygen and nitrogen from the liquid air by slow warming. In 1897, Linde was appointed to the Merit Order of the Bavarian Crown, in addition to Lindes technical and engineering abilities, he was a successful entrepreneur. He formed many successful partnerships in Germany and internationally, working effectively to exploit the value of his patents and knowledge through licensing arrangements. In 1906, Linde negotiated a stake in Brins Oxygen Company in exchange for rights to Lindes patents in the UK and other countries, and held a board position until 1914. Linde also formed the Linde Air Products Company in the USA in 1907, from around 1910 Linde started transferring responsibility for the companys operation to his sons Friedrich and Richard and to his son-in-law Rudolf Wucherer. He continued with supervisory board and advisory duties until his death, carl von Linde died in Munich in November 1934 at the age of 92
21.
Barrel
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A barrel, cask, or tun is a hollow cylindrical container, traditionally made of wooden staves bound by wooden or metal hoops. Traditionally, the barrel was a size of measure referring to a set capacity or weight of a given commodity. For example, in the UK a barrel of beer refers to a quantity of 36 imperial gallons, wine was shipped in barrels of 119 litres. Modern barrels and casks can also be made of aluminum, stainless steel, someone who makes barrels is called a barrel maker or cooper. Barrels are only one type of cooperage, other types include, but are not limited to, buckets, tubs, butter churns, hogsheads, firkins, kegs, kilderkins, tierces, rundlets, puncheons, pipes, tuns, butts, pins, and breakers. An aging barrel is used to age wine, distilled spirits such as whiskey, brandy, or rum, beer, tabasco sauce, when a wine or spirit ages in a barrel, small amounts of oxygen are introduced as the barrel lets some air in. Oxygen enters a barrel when water or alcohol is lost due to evaporation, in an environment with 100% relative humidity, very little water evaporates and so most of the loss is alcohol, a useful trick if one has a wine with very high proof. Most beverages are topped up from other barrels to prevent significant oxidation, although others such as vin jaune, beverages aged in wooden barrels take on some of the compounds in the barrel, such as vanillin and wood tannins. The presence of these depends on many factors, including the place of origin, how the staves were cut and dried. After roughly three years, most of a barrels flavor compounds have been leached out and it is well on its way to becoming neutral, barrels used for aging are typically made of French or American oak, but chestnut and redwood are also used. Some Asian beverages use Japanese cedar, which imparts an unusual, in Peru and Chile, a grape distillate named pisco is either aged in oak or in earthenware. Some wines are fermented on barrel, as opposed to in a container like steel or wine-grade HDPE tanks. Wine can also be fermented in large tanks, which—when open to the atmosphere—are called open-tops. Other wooden cooperage for storing wine or spirits range from smaller barriques to huge casks, the tastes yielded by French and American species of oak are slightly different, with French oak being subtler, while American oak gives stronger aromas. To retain the desired measure of oak influence, a winery will replace a certain percentage of its barrels every year, some winemakers use 200% new oak, where the wine is put into new oak barrels twice during the aging process. Bulk wines are more cheaply flavored by soaking oak chips in them instead of being aged in a barrel. Sherry is stored in 600-litre casks made of North American oak, the casks, or butts, are filled five-sixths full, leaving the space of two fists empty at the top to allow flor to develop on top of the wine. NOTE, This section uses both the U. S. –Irish typical spelling whiskey and the British–Canadian typical spelling whisky, laws in several jurisdictions require that whiskey be aged in wooden barrels
22.
Wine cellar
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A wine cellar is a storage room for wine in bottles or barrels, or more rarely in carboys, amphorae, or plastic containers. In an active wine cellar, important factors such as temperature, in contrast, passive wine cellars are not climate-controlled, and are usually built underground to reduce temperature swings. An aboveground wine cellar is often called a room, while a small wine cellar is sometimes termed a wine closet. The household department responsible for the storage, care and service of wine in a mediaeval house was termed the buttery. Large wine cellars date back over 3700 years, wine cellars protect alcoholic beverages from potentially harmful external influences, providing darkness, constant temperature, and constant humidity. Wine is a natural, perishable food product, left exposed to heat, light, vibration or fluctuations in temperature and humidity, all types of wine can spoil. When properly stored, wines not only maintain their quality but many actually improve in aroma, flavor, wine can be stored satisfactorily between 7–18 °C as long as any variations are gradual. A temperature of 13 °C, much like that found in the used to store wine in France, is ideal for both short-term storage and long-term aging of wine. Note that wine generally matures differently and more slowly at a lower temperature than it does at a higher temperature, when the temperature swings are significant,14 degrees or more, it will cause the wine to breathe through the cork which significantly speeds up the aging process. Between 10–14 °C, wines will age normally, wine cellars can be either active or passively cooled. Active wine cellars are highly insulated and need to be properly constructed and they require specialized wine cellar conditioning and cooling systems to maintain the desired temperature and humidity. In a very dry climate, it may be necessary to actively humidify the air, passive wine cellars must be located in naturally cool and damp areas with minor seasonal and diurnal temperature variations—for example, a basement in a temperate climate. Passive cellars may be predictable, but cost nothing to operate and are not affected by power outages. Some wine experts debate the importance of humidity for proper wine storage, however, Alexis Lichine says that low humidity can be a problem because it may cause organic corks to dry prematurely. An inch of gravel covering the floor periodically sprinkled with a little water was recommended to retain the desired humidity, storage of wine Aging of wine CellarTracker
23.
World Beer Cup
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The World Beer Cup is an international beer competition organized by the Brewers Association, a trade group representing Americas small and independent craft brewers. It was founded by Association of Brewers president Charlie Papazian and it is held every two years in conjunction with the Craft Brewers Conference & BrewExpo America. In 2016 there were 6,596 beers from 1,907 breweries from 55 countries, entries were judged by an international panel of 253 judges from 31 countries. The World Beer Cup recognizes brewing excellence in more than 90 categories but does not automatically award the top three entries in a particular category. When judges determine that a category contains three excellent examples of the style, they present gold, silver and bronze awards for the first, second and third place beers, respectively. Judges may choose not to designate any awards in a category if all beers entered in that category are significantly out of style or have major defects, the competition manager will cancel judging in any one category if fewer than three entries are received. Also, judges may grant an award in any one or more of the three award places without granting awards in all three places, for example, judges may recognize a beer as a silver or bronze award winner, yet not grant a gold award. All World Beer Cup entries must be available, fermented malt beverages, conforming to the trade understanding of “beer”. “Commercially available” means available for sale at retail at the time of registration, for the 2016 World Beer Cup, the entry fee was $160 per beer, in addition to a $160 application fee. Worldbeercup. org World Beer Cup 2010 Winners List World Beer Cup 2012 Winners List World Beer Cup 2014 Winners List World Beer Cup 2016 Winners List
24.
Jever (beer)
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Jever is a German beer brand, named after the town of Jever where it is brewed. It has been brewed by the Friesisches Brauhaus zu Jever since 1848, when the Friesisches Brauhaus zu Jever was founded by Diedrich König in 1848, it was only one of several breweries in the region. König, however, was convinced from the beginning that his beer was something special, after his death in 1867, his son sold the brewery. Theodor Fetköter took over the brewery and he began by developing the small family business into a large brewery operation, started to advertise and developed special bottles. In 1848, he played an important part in installing the first water system in Jever. The First World War was a time for the brewery. Theodor Fetköters son, who had taken over the business, was killed at the front, the brewery was sold once again, in 1922, to the Bavaria - St. Pauli Brewery brewery, based in Hamburg. Today the Bavaria - St. Pauli Brewery is owned by the Danish Carlsberg Group, by then, beer from Jever had become known outside the region where it was produced. Since 1934, it has sold under the name Jever Pilsener. After World War II, the once again found itself experiencing difficult times. Due to a shortage, beer could only be sold from the brewery gates directly to customers. It was also necessary to scour the regions farms for malt, after the post-war period, the situation in Jever improved once again. The top-selling beer was Jever Export, which was brewed until 1990, during the 1960s, Pilsener beer became more and more popular and sales figures for Jever Pilsener increased. During this period the brewery was expanded, since 1994, the brewery has belonged to the Dortmunder Brau und Brunnen Group, which was acquired by Radeberger Group, at the beginning of 2005. From 2002 to 2005, Borussia Mönchengladbach was sponsored by Jever. official website Fansite and documentation project
25.
Beck's Brewery
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Becks Brewery, also known as Brauerei Beck & Co. is a brewery in the northern German city of Bremen. In 2001, Interbrew agreed to buy Brauerei Beck for 1.8 billion euro, US manufacture of Becks Brew has been based in St. Louis, Missouri, since early 2012 but some customers have rebelled against the US market version. Since 2008, it has been owned by the Interbrew subsidiary of Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV, the Becks Art Label Campaign has offered artists the opportunity to provide designs to replace the brands label. It started in London in 1987 with Gilbert and George, the artists created an art label, because Becks sponsored their retrospective at the Hayward Gallery. The labels of the 2000 limited edition Becks bottles were matching their exhibition poster, other participants of the Art Label Campaign are members of the loose group Young British Artists and nominees or winners of the Turner Prize. Damien Hirst for example, designed a label for Becks in 1995, in 2000, Tracey Emin created a label, which shows herself, posing in a bathtub. Furthermore, Rachel Whiteread designed a label in 1993, presenting her artwork house, the Art Label Campaign has also been parodied by Matthew Higgs, who is a member of the British art collective Bank. In the Bank exhibition The Charge of the Light Brigade in 1995, he brewed a beer, in 2012, Becks started giving young and independent musicians the opportunity to design a label for the Becks bottle. Becks summer 2009 limited-edition labels were designed by the musical groups Hard-Fi, official international site Heinrich Brugsch 1876 trip to the city of Philadelphia, Becks Bier wins top prize Vintage Becks Beer Advertisement from 1921 Beer portal Companies portal Germany portal
26.
Bitburger Brewery
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Bitburger brewery is a large German brewery founded in 1817 by Johann Wallenborn. Bitburger is headquartered in Bitburg, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, Bitburger ranks No.3 among Germanys best selling beers with annual sales of 3.8 million hectolitres in 2015 and once again remains Germanys Draft Beer no.1, which is advertised on most products. Johann Peter Wallenborn founded the brewery in Bitburg in 1817 at the age of 33 and his father owned a brewery in Kyllburg. Three years after Wallenborns death in 1839, Ludwig Bertrand Simon married Wallenborns daughter Elisabeth and became owner of the brewery and their son, Theobald Simon, took over the brewery in 1876 at the age of 29. The company slogan is, Bitte ein Bit and this is literally, Please, a Bit, or A Bit, please. In the 1970s, a slogan was introduced, Abends Bit. During that time either of the slogans could be found on Bitburger glasses, the brand sponsors the German Football Association from 1992 until 2018. Also it sponsored Benetton Formula in 1994 and 1995, where German driver Michael Schumacher winning the Formula One championship both seasons, Bitburger is a 4. 8% abv Pilsner with annual sales of 1.2 million hectolitres. The popularity of Bitburger extends beyond the area of Bitburg. In Germany, there are variations of the original beer, mostly beermixes. Bit Sun, Cola Libre, Bit Copa and Bit Passion, there is also a malzbier called Kandimalz and Bitburger Alkoholfrei, a non-alcoholic version of the normal Bitburger where the alcohol is removed after the fermentation process rather than before. It is exported throughout the world and it is also available in Mini Kegs in some countries such as Australia. In the US, its available in 16. 9oz cans,11. 2oz bottles, the 5L Mini Keg and it was featured in the movie X-men, First Class. List of brewing companies in Germany Beer portal Companies portal Germany portal Official site
27.
Flensburger Brauerei
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Flensburger Brauerei is a brewery located in Flensburg in the Bundesland of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is one of the last country-wide operating breweries not being part of a brewery group. The company was founded on September 6,1888 by five citizens of Flensburg, today it is still mainly held by the founder families Petersen and Dethleffsen. The brewery is operating its own water well, which is supplied by an underground vein of very old Ice Age melting water coming from Scandinavia. The company has about 120 employees and is known for running technically advanced, all Flensburger products are bottled in glass bottles with a traditional flip-top closure. This demands several complicated mechanisms for production, bottle cleaning and recycling processes. The range of beers and other products includes the following, the flip-top stopper makes a plopp sound when opening, which has become part of the corporate identity. Since running a campaign emphasizing the stereotype of the stoic, blunt. Being sited next to the campus the annual visit of the brewery has become an event for the process engineering students of Flensburg
28.
Holsten Brewery
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Holsten Brewery is a brewing company founded in 1879 in what is now Hamburgs Altona-Nord quarter. The group now has seven breweries in Germany and its nationally distributed premium brand is the pale lager Holsten Pilsener. The company was acquired by the Carlsberg Group in 2004, in the late 19th Century Holsten Brauerei first began trading in the UK when they purchased a brewery in Wandsworth, London. Holsten Pils was first imported into the UK in 1952 thus creating the premium packaged lager market, in 1979 the first of many award winning TV ad campaigns was launched featuring actor Donald Pleasence. In the mid-1980s Holsten became the UKs number one selling premium packaged lager, in 2003 Holsten Brewery absorbed the Bavaria-St. Pauli brewery with their main brand Astra. The Holsten group subsidiary Hansa-Brunnen AG has two plants producing mineral water and carbonated drinks, mainly for distribution in northern Germany. The present-day Holsten brewery in Altona has a capacity of 320 million litres. Its biggest-selling product is the premium brand Holsten Pilsener sold on the German market, the beers exported by the Holsten group are also brewed in Altona. In 2004 Holsten-Brauerei was acquired by Carlsberg, Holsten produces both Tuborg and Carlsberg for the German market. Holsten is specially produced in Germany, but it may be produced by other Carlsberg companies around the world, on November 6,2014, there was a strike at the brewery with 200 employees involved. Holsten Pilsener is a 5% abv pale lager first produced in 1953, the Hamburg brewery exports beer to the whole world. Holsten Premium is sold in five continents and Holsten Pils goes to the United Kingdom where it is sold through the groups own subsidiary, Holsten sponsored Tottenham Hotspur football team from 1983 to 1995, and again from 1999 until 2002. They were sponsors of Tottenham at the time of their last FA Cup win in 1991 and they were also the title sponsor of Premier League Darts in 2006 and 2007
29.
Krombacher Brauerei
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Krombacher Brauerei is one of the largest privately owned breweries in Germany and ranks number 2 among Germanys best selling beers. The brewery was founded on 4 February 1803 by Johannes Haas and his father Johann Eberhard Haas was running a tavern in Krombach. According to a regulation of 25 July 1618 the sale of beer was permitted only to restaurants having their own brewery, therefore, John Haas established the brewery within the family business. The water for the brewery was first brought in barrels from a spring at the foot of Grumberg in the west of the village by ox cart to the brewery. In 1854, the brewery owner Haas had to pay annually 17 guilders to the church, the relocation to its current site is estimated to have occurred between 1858 and 1879/82. In that time, two caverns were created that served as beer cellars, in 1896, Hermann Haas sold the brewery for 360.000 marks to Otto Eberhardt. Eberhardt ran the brewery as a partnership called Hasbrauerei Eberhardt and Co. At the beginning of the 20th Century, Crombacher Pilsener was introduced which led to a rapid recovery, in October 1922, Bernhard Schadeberg assumed the management of the company, which has been running as a family business to this day. The current owners are Friedrich Schadeberg and his sister Barbara Lambrecht-Schadeberg, his son Bernhard Schadeberg, the Krombacher Rock Spring supplying the water for the brewery, was discovered by the mountain inspector Fresenius in 1722. The soft, low water is the basis for the brewed beer. The brewery is one of the largest employers in the city, on the emblem of the brewery the Kindelsbergturm and among the Littfe creek is visible. Krombach is a suburb of Kreuztal near Siegen, a city in a part of Germany called Siegerland. The small town of Krombach is located at the foot of the Rothaargebirge, Krombacher Brewery produces the most consumed Pilsener in Germany, the Krombacher Pils. An alcohol free variant is also produced, Krombacher Radler is a mixture of 50% Krombacher Pils and 50% lemonade. Krombacher brews Krombacher Weizen, a beer, since 2007 in response to market research. Targeted at young adults, Cab is a brand of beer-based mix drinks, initially meaning Cola and Beer, three variants are now produced, Cab Cola and Beer, Cab Banana and Beer, Cab Cherry and Beer. All variants are flavored with dragon fruit, Krombacher Brewery also produces Rhenania Alt, a dark beer and distributes Schweppes in Germany. All Schweppes products are manufactured by the Krombacher Brauerei under license from Schweppes Germany, Schweppes Germany both control the German and Austrian licenses for Snapple, Dr. Pepper and Orangina
30.
Radeberger Brewery
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Radeberger started in 1872 when the brewery was founded as Zum Bergkeller, in Radeberg, a town in the vicinity of Dresden. Radeberger ranks No.9 among Germanys best selling beers, Radeberger also ownsTucher Bräu brewery in Fürth, Germany. This beer was brewed for a period for the King of Saxony. It was the first brewery in Germany to brew beer exclusively in the Pilsner style, Radeberger elected to change its name to the present name of Radeberger Exportbierbrauerei. This change came in 1885 when they began shipping across the borders, by the late 1880s the brewers numbers had risen to 300,000 cases per year. The first German chancellor, Otto von Bismarck elevated Radeberger Pilsner to Kanzler-Bräu in 1887, the brewery takes pride in the fact that in 1905, Radeberger Pilsner became the favourite drink of king Frederick Augustus III of Saxony. Also that same year Radeberger began to export to the USA, in 1946, the communist East German government took control of the brewery. In 1954, the company began to export worldwide, in 1990, after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Binding Brauerei purchased the company and returned its sales to West Germany. After the purchase, the brewery underwent comprehensive renovations to bring their brewery up to speed with modern brewing, by 1994, it expanded to 1 million Hectoliter production rate. In 2004 Oetker Gruppe, purchased the company and removed them from the stock market, Radeberger was made the favourite beer of the character Charlie Harper in the TV series Two and a Half Men due to a cooperation with the brewery. Vladimir Putin, during his days as a KGB agent in Dresden in 1980s and they also brew Uberbrau for Wesfarmers in the Australian market. Henninger Brewery List of brewing companies in Germany Official Homepage of the Brewery Radeberger Brewery tour
31.
Veltins
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Brauerei C & A Veltins is a brewery in the west German city of Meschede-Grevenstein. Veltins ranks No.7 among Germanys best selling beers, the small guesthouse brewery of Franz Kramer opened its simple wooden gates in 1824. Clemens Veltins took over the brewery in 1852, the new name, Brauerei C & A Veltins, came from the twins Carl and Anton Veltins who took over the company from their father in 1893. Veltins brewery produces the well known and highly regarded Veltins Pilsener beer, susanne Veltins has directed the company since 1994. Veltins owns the rights to the football stadium Veltins-Arena of German Bundesliga club FC Schalke 04 in Gelsenkirchen. It is one of the most modern stadiums in Europe, the stadium hosted the 2004 UEFA Champions League Final and five matches in the 2006 FIFA World Cup. The Kriesel curve at the Winterberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track is named after the brewery, list of brewing companies in Germany Beer portal Companies portal Germany portal Veltins Brewery Website
32.
Warsteiner
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Warsteiner beer is brewed in the Arnsberg Forest Nature Park outside of Warstein, North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany. Warsteiner has been owned by the Cramer family since 1753, Warsteiner is Germanys largest privately owned brewery, its most popular beer is Warsteiner Premium Verum. Warsteiner ranks fifth among Germanys best selling breweries, the history of the brewing family begins in 1753, when farmer Antonius Cramer had to pay a tax of 1 thaler,19 guilders on beer he brewed and sold himself. His son Johannes Vitus followed in his footsteps and brought the selling of home-brewed beer into his house and his company benefited from its central location. However, in 1802 a devastating fire left Warstein in ruins, at the same time, they rebuilt their house as a guest accommodation and became through the establishment of the St. Pancras Church the centre of the town. The headquarters of the Warsteiner Brewery, the Domschänke, still today in the historic core of Warstein. Breweries in the Rhine valley were bombed during World War II, the newly remodelled brewery can fill and package 5,000 bottles per hour. To appeal to German young adults, Warsteiner began a beer-mix drink campaign that includes a Premium Cola, furthermore, Warsteiner has created a long-neck beer bottle and a limited club edition clear-glass bottle to target club-goers. All beers are brewed in accordance with the Germany Purity Law of 1516. Premium Verum, a pilsener beer, is Warsteiners most popular beer. The ingredients are forest spring water, two-row malted summer barley, the alcohol content is 4.8 percent. Premium Dunkel is Warsteiners second most popular beer, Dunkel is a traditional style, dark beer with an alcohol content of 4.8 percent. Warsteiners only non-alcoholic beer, brewed exactly like the Premium Verum, the beer contains 80 calories per 12 oz. bottle. Royal Bavarian is a golden hefeweizen style beer and it is brewed with natural yeast and Bavarian ingredients, and has an alcohol content of 5.5 percent. Warsteiner has been exporting its beers internationally since the 1980s, furthermore, Warsteiner founded and acquired shares in other international breweries like Isenbeck brewery in Argentina and breweries in Africa. Warsteiner in the United States is also friendly to homebrewers in that its bottles are pry-offs, all North American Warsteiner products are brewed under license in the United States. Warsteiner makes a seasonal beer entitled Oktoberfest for the Bavarian celebrations each year, Warsteiner Owner Albert Cramer has been a staunch advocate of competitive ballooning and Warsteiner is the sponsor of the German Hot Air Balloon National Team. Cramer and Warsteiner received the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, Air Sports Federation Award in 2001 and continue to be involved in Air Sports sponsorships and activities
33.
St Pauli Girl
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St. Pauli Girl beers are brewed and bottled by the St. Pauli Brauerei, which is located within the Becks brewery in Bremen, Germany. The brand derives its name from the fact that the original brewery, there are currently three brands of beer brewed, St. Pauli Girl Lager, St. Pauli Girl Special Dark and St. Pauli Non-Alcoholic Malt Beverage. The beer is produced for export and is not sold in Germany. The distinctive label depicting a woman wearing traditional outfits was introduced in the 19th century with the advent of the bottled beer, the local artist commissioned for the label drew his inspiration from the waitresses at the time. St Pauli Girls Beers were first introduced into select US markets in 1965, St. Pauli Non-Alcoholic was first sold in the United States in 1991. The St Pauli Girl website claims that their beer is the number two selling German beer in the United States, since 1982, St. Pauli Girl Beer has chosen a model to represent the beer brand nationally each year and appear on the popular St. Pauli Girl poster
34.
Budweiser Budvar Brewery
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A dispute has been ongoing since 1907 with American brewer Anheuser-Busch InBev over the name Budweiser. In the United States, Canada, Mexico, Panama, Brazil and Peru, in other countries, it is sold as Budweiser Budvar. Budweiser Budvar is one of the highest selling beers in the Czech Republic in 2014 and it is the best selling imported beer in Germany and the best selling Czech beer in Austria and Great Britain. The history of brewing in České Budějovice, dates back to the 13th century Kingdom of Bohemia, the original Budweiser Bier or Budweiser Bürgerbräu, was founded here in 1785. The company began exporting to the United States in 1871, in the U. S. Anheuser-Busch started using the Budweiser brand in 1876 and registered it two years later. A second company was established in 1895 in same town by mainly Czech brewers and these exports into the US market led to the Budweiser trademark dispute. After the fall of communism, both local breweries tried to secure rights to traditional names, on 29 July 2010, Anheuser-Busch lost its last-instance appeal, which means that Anheuser-Busch may not register the name Budweiser as an EU-wide trademark for beer. On 6 April 2007, Czech Agriculture Minister Petr Gandalovič, whose ministry is in charge of the state-owned company, Gandalovič repeated the possible privatization process would depend on the outcome of the trademark dispute with Anheuser-Busch. The company did not later go through privatization, Budweiser Budvar Czech Premium Lager / Czechvar, The classic Budějovický Budvar lager. Budweiser Budvar Pale Beer, Marketed as a more accessible beer than the red label, Budweiser Budvar Premium Dark Lager, This beer is brewed in the same style as the red label, but is brewed from three different kinds of barley malts. Budweiser Budvar non-alcoholic beer, A non-alcohol version, contains a maximum of 0. 5% alcohol by volume. Bud Super Strong, This beer is marketed as the member of the Budvar family. Budweiser Budvar Yeast Lager, Unlike the other Budvar beers, Yeast Lager is served in kegs, Pardál, Budvar calls Pardál the perfect beer for sharp and full bitter flavoured beer lovers. For the start of the 2002–03 Scottish football season, Budweiser Budvar began sponsoring Scottish First Division side Falkirk F. C, in the 2002–2003, Falkirk won the First Division but were denied entry to the Scottish Premier League as the member clubs voted out their groundsharing proposals. Budweiser Budvar UK Ltd subsequently released a statement confirming their continued sponsorship of Falkirk in spite of this setback showing support for the club, as for domestic awards, it has been six times Beer of the Year in Beer courier magazine. King, Jeremy, Budweisers into Czechs and Germans,2002, has a few pages on the two breweries, archived from the original on 8 March 2008. Official Budvar Brewery Website Website about the original Budweiser Budvar lager Official Czechvar Website
35.
Gambrinus (beer)
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Gambrinus is a beer brewed in the Czech Republic at the Plzeňský Prazdroj brewery. It is one of the most popular beers in the Czech Republic, the beer is named after Gambrinus, a legendary king of Flanders known for his mythical brewing abilities. Gambrinus sponsors Gambrinus liga, the premier Czech football league, the company was founded in 1869. Two major brews of Gambrinus beer are sold in the Czech Republic. Both the above versions of Gambrinus are derived from the same 13 degree wort, Gambrinus Original 10° is the most widely spread brew of Gambrinus in the Czech Republic which is 4, 3% alcohol by volume. Gambrinus Premium is a typical 12° pale lager which is 5% ABV, additionally to the two major beers supplied by Plzeňský Prazdroj, two special brews are available, Gambrinus Dry - special brew with lowered amounts of sugar. Gambrinus Excellent 11° - a new type of brew made with caramel malt and this brand is used by many other breweries in Germany and Denmark and has been used in the United States. In Mendig the Gambrinusfest beer festival is held two years. In Columbus, Ohio, United States Czech beer Gambrinus, patron saint of beer
36.
Svijany Brewery
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Established in 1564, Svijany is one of the oldest Czech breweries. It is located in the village of Svijany, the brewery produces an extensive range of unpasteurised lagers, mostly light in color and ranging in strength between 3. 2% and 6. 5% ABV. In common with the breweries in Náchod and Rohozec, Svijany is owned by the Liberec Investment Fund, Svijany are available as a 10°-15°, dark and as a special variant. Svijanská Desítka is a deeply fermented 10° pale beer which is 3, svijanský Máz a flagship product, it is an 11° typical pale lager which is 4. 8% ABV. Svijanský Fanda is a special 11° lager, it is mixed dark, svijanský Rytíř is a 12° pale lager which is 5, 0% ABV. Svijanská Kněžna is a dark 13° beer which is 5, 2% ABV, svijanský Kvasničák is a 13° unfiltered beer. Svijanský Kníže is a 13° pale beer which is 5, 5% ABV, svijanský Baron is a special 15° pale beer which is 6, 5% ABV. Svijanský Fitness is a light beer which is 3, 2% ABV. Svijanský Vozka is a non-alcoholic beer, svijanský Weizen is a 12° wheat beer. The first mention of Svijany dates from 1345, when the village was owned by a Cistercian monastery located in Mnichovo Hradiste, upon Jaroslavs death in 1602, the village, fortress, and brewery all passed to Jachym Ondrej Slik. As a rebel against Habsburg rule of Bohemia, he was executed in 1621, in 1820, Svijany passed to control of the Rohan family. They sold the brewery to their tenant, Antonin Kratochvile, whose family continued to operate it until 1939, later threatened with closure due to a sales crisis, Svijany was sold to the newly established Pivovar Svijany in 1998. This was converted to a company in 1992 and incorporated into Pražské Pivovary in 1997. At that time Pražské Pivovary had come under control of the English brewer Bass company, in 2002, Pražské Pivovary became part of the Belgium-based Interbrew group, changing their name in 2003 from Pražské Pivovary to Pivovary Staropramen. In 2004, Interbrew merged with AmBev to form Inbev, in 2009, the private equity fund CVC Capital Partners bought all of Anheuser–Busch InBevs holdings in Central Europe, renaming the operation StarBev. In 2010, Svijany came under ownership of the Liberec Investment Fund
37.
Staropramen Brewery
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Staropramen Brewery is the second largest brewery in the Czech Republic, and is situated in the Smíchov district of Prague. It was founded in 1869 and the brand name Staropramen, literally meaning “old spring”, was registered in 1911 and it is owned by Molson Coors and its products are exported to 37 different countries, mostly in Europe and North America. Staropramen Brewerys history begins in 1869 when shares for a Joint Stock Brewery in Smíchov were offered for sale, the brewery building was completed and beer first brewed in 1871. The Ostravar Brewery opened in 1898 followed a year later by the Braník brewery, due to competition from other Prague breweries, the brand name Staropramen, which translates as “old spring, was registered in 1911. After the First World War, all three breweries saw a period of sustained growth, and by the 1930s Staropramen was the largest brewery in Czechoslovakia, with socialism after the Second World War, all Czechoslovakian breweries were nationalised, including Staropramen. After socialism ended in 1989, the brewery, along with the Braník and Měšťan breweries, became in 1992 part of the Prague Breweries group, which by 1996 came under control of the Bass company. Bass brought Ostravar into the group in 1997, then in 2000 sold its operations to Interbrew. Staropramen has seen growth and is currently the Czech Republics second largest beer producer with a 15. 3% share of the domestic market. In mid October 2009, private equity fund CVC Capital Partners bought all of Anheuser–Busch InBevs holdings in Central Europe for €2.23 billion, in April 2012, Molson Coors bought StarBev. The brewerys flagship product is Staropramen, a ležák or premium beer lager of 12 degrees Plato or 5% abv. Other beers produced under this brand are Černý - a 4. 4% dark lager, Granát - a 4. 8% red lager, the company also produces beers under the Braník and Ostravar brands. Staropramen beers are produced under licence in several other European countries. According to Henric Byström at Carlsberg, two complaints had been received where the containers of beer had contained a highly corrosive cleaning agent instead of beer
38.
Radegast (beer)
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Radegast is a Czech beer brewed in Nošovice, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic since 1970. The beer is named after the god Radegast, stemming from the name for the beer is the slogan, Život je hořký, Bohudík, a Czech phrase which translates into English as Life is bitter, Thank God. The brewery is owned by Pilsner Urquell, which is, in turn, Radegast Premium – beer with 5% alc. vol. Radegast Original – beer with 4% alc. vol, Birell – non-alcoholic beer Birell Polotmavý – Semi-dark non-alcoholic beer Radegast company pages Radegast Birell official pages
39.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
40.
Amstel Brewery
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Amstel Brewery is a Dutch brewery founded in 1870 on the Mauritskade in Amsterdam, Netherlands. It was taken over by Heineken International in 1968, and the plant closed down in 1982. The brewery was founded on 11 June 1870 in Amsterdam and named after the Amstel River, by 1872, Amstel was annually producing 10,000 hectoliters. For the purpose of storing the beer, winter ice from canals was kept in special double-walled cellars, originally, the beer was mostly drunk in Amsterdam. From 1883, it was exported to Great Britain and the Dutch East Indies. The Beiersche Bierbrouwerij de Amstel was created in 1892 as a joint stock company, in 1915 the production of Amstel had increased twenty-fold and in 1926, Amstel consisted of a third of the Dutch beer exports. In 1941, Amstel, together with Heineken, bought up the Amsterdam brewery Van Vollenhovens Bierbrouwerij, in 1954, Amstel built a brewery in Dutch Guiana. A few years later, Amstel was the first Dutch brewery to export beer in cans, at this time, the total exports of Amstel beer amounted to 101,000 hectoliters. In 1958 a subsidiary of Amstel produced its first beer in Jordan, in 1960, the third subsidiary of Amstel was opened in Curaçao. 1963 saw the opening of two new breweries, one in Puerto Rico and one in Greece, Amstel was bought out by Heineken International in 1968. In 1972 the Amstel Brewery in Amsterdam was closed and production was relocated to the main Heineken plant in Zoeterwoude, the building on the Mauritskade was torn down. Only the former building was kept and has since become part of the Hogeschool van Amsterdam. At the end of the 20th century, in Spain, Heineken International decided to replace the local centennial brand El Águila, Heineken offers several beers under the Amstel brand. Amstel Lager uses predominantly light pilsner malt, although some dark malt is also used and it is sold in 75 countries. Amstel Light is a 3. 5% Alcohol by Volume pale lager in the USA, Amstel 1870 is a slightly dark 11% abv lager. In France a beer called Amstel Free, with alcohol content – about one per cent ABV – is produced. A non-alcoholic version, Amstel Zero, can also be purchased in the Netherlands, Greece, Egypt, Amstel also markets a shandy called Amstel Radler in several countries. It contains 2% alcohol and it is a mix of lager beer and lemonade
