1.
Diameter
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In geometry, a diameter of a circle is any straight line segment that passes through the center of the circle and whose endpoints lie on the circle. It can also be defined as the longest chord of the circle, both definitions are also valid for the diameter of a sphere. In more modern usage, the length of a diameter is called the diameter. In this sense one speaks of the rather than a diameter, because all diameters of a circle or sphere have the same length. Both quantities can be calculated efficiently using rotating calipers, for a curve of constant width such as the Reuleaux triangle, the width and diameter are the same because all such pairs of parallel tangent lines have the same distance. For an ellipse, the terminology is different. A diameter of an ellipse is any chord passing through the midpoint of the ellipse, for example, conjugate diameters have the property that a tangent line to the ellipse at the endpoint of one of them is parallel to the other one. The longest diameter is called the major axis, the word diameter is derived from Greek διάμετρος, diameter of a circle, from διά, across, through and μέτρον, measure. It is often abbreviated DIA, dia, d, or ⌀, the definitions given above are only valid for circles, spheres and convex shapes. However, they are cases of a more general definition that is valid for any kind of n-dimensional convex or non-convex object. The diameter of a subset of a space is the least upper bound of the set of all distances between pairs of points in the subset. So, if A is the subset, the diameter is sup, if the distance function d is viewed here as having codomain R, this implies that the diameter of the empty set equals −∞. Some authors prefer to treat the empty set as a case, assigning it a diameter equal to 0. For any solid object or set of scattered points in n-dimensional Euclidean space, in medical parlance concerning a lesion or in geology concerning a rock, the diameter of an object is the supremum of the set of all distances between pairs of points in the object. In differential geometry, the diameter is an important global Riemannian invariant, the symbol or variable for diameter, ⌀, is similar in size and design to ø, the Latin small letter o with stroke. In Unicode it is defined as U+2300 ⌀ Diameter sign, on an Apple Macintosh, the diameter symbol can be entered via the character palette, where it can be found in the Technical Symbols category. The character will not display correctly, however, since many fonts do not include it. In many situations the letter ø is a substitute, which in Unicode is U+00F8 ø
2.
Column
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A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a compression member, the term column applies especially to a large round support with a capital and a base or pedestal and made of stone, or appearing to be so. A small wooden or metal support is called a post. For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to resist lateral forces, other compression members are often termed columns because of the similar stress conditions. Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the parts of walls or ceilings rest. In architecture, column refers to such an element that also has certain proportional. A column might also be an element not needed for structural purposes, many columns are engaged. All significant Iron Age civilizations of the Near East and Mediterranean made some use of columns, egyptian columns are famously present in the Great Hypostyle Hall of Karnak, where 134 columns are lined up in 16 rows, with some columns reaching heights of 24 metres. Some of the most elaborate columns in the ancient world were those of the Persians and they included double-bull structures in their capitals. The Hall of Hundred Columns at Persepolis, measuring 70 ×70 metres, was built by the Achaemenid king Darius I, many of the ancient Persian columns are standing, some being more than 30 metres tall. The Minoans used whole tree-trunks, usually turned upside down in order to prevent re-growth, stood on a set in the stylobate. These were then painted as in the most famous Minoan palace of Knossos, the Minoans employed columns to create large open-plan spaces, light-wells and as a focal point for religious rituals. These traditions were continued by the later Mycenaean civilization, particularly in the megaron or hall at the heart of their palaces. Being made of wood these early columns have not survived, but their bases have and through these we may see their use. The Greeks developed the classical orders of architecture, which are most easily distinguished by the form of the column and their Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders were expanded by the Romans to include the Tuscan and Composite orders. Columns, or at least large structural exterior ones, became less significant in the architecture of the Middle Ages. Early columns were constructed of stone, some out of a piece of stone. Monolithic columns are among the heaviest stones used in architecture, other stone columns are created out of multiple sections of stone, mortared or dry-fit together
3.
Arch
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An arch is a curved structure that spans a space and may or may not support weight above it. Arch may be synonymous with vault, but a vault may be distinguished as a continuous arch forming a roof, an arch is a pure compression form. It can span an area by resolving forces into compressive stresses and. This is sometimes referred to as arch action, as the forces in the arch are carried to the ground, the arch will push outward at the base, called thrust. As the rise, or height of the arch decreases, the outward thrust increases, in order to maintain arch action and prevent the arch from collapsing, the thrust needs to be restrained, either with internal ties or external bracing, such as abutments. The most common true arch configurations are the arch, the two-hinged arch. The fixed arch is most often used in reinforced concrete bridge and tunnel construction, because it is subject to additional internal stress caused by thermal expansion and contraction, this type of arch is considered to be statically indeterminate. The two-hinged arch is most often used to long spans. This type of arch has pinned connections at the base, unlike the fixed arch, the pinned base is able to rotate, allowing the structure to move freely and compensate for the thermal expansion and contraction caused by changes in outdoor temperature. However, this can result in additional stresses, so the two-hinged arch is also statically indeterminate, the three-hinged arch is not only hinged at its base, like the two-hinged arch, but at the mid-span as well. The additional connection at the mid-span allows the arch to move in two opposite directions and compensate for any expansion and contraction. This type of arch is not subject to additional stress caused by thermal change. The three-hinged arch is said to be statically determinate. It is most often used for structures, such as large building roofs. Another advantage of the arch is that the pinned bases are more easily developed than fixed ones, allowing for shallow. Arches have many forms, but all fall into three categories, circular, pointed, and parabolic. Arches can also be configured to produce vaults and arcades, Arches with a circular form, also referred to as rounded arches, were commonly employed by the builders of ancient, heavy masonry arches. Ancient Roman builders relied heavily on the arch to span large
4.
Roof
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A roof is part of a building envelope. It is the covering on the uppermost part of a building or shelter which provides protection from animals and weather, notably rain or snow, the word also denotes the framing or structure which supports that covering. In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain, a verandah may be roofed with material that protects against sunlight but admits the other elements. The roof of a garden conservatory protects plants from cold, wind, and rain, a roof may also provide additional living space, for example a roof garden. Old English hrof roof, ceiling, top, summit, heaven, sky, also figuratively, highest point of something, there are no apparent connections outside the Germanic family. English alone has retained the word in a sense, for which the other languages use forms corresponding to OE. In many parts of the ceramic tiles have been the predominant roofing material for centuries. Other roofing materials include asphalt, coal tar pitch, EPDM rubber, Hypalon, polyurethane foam, PVC, slate, Teflon fabric, TPO, and wood shakes and shingles. The construction of a roof is determined by its method of support and how the space is bridged. The pitch is the angle at which the roof rises from its lowest to highest point, most US domestic architecture, except in very dry regions, has roofs that are sloped, or pitched. Although modern construction such as drainpipes may remove the need for pitch, roofs are pitched for reasons of tradition. So the pitch is dependent upon stylistic factors, and partially to do with practicalities. Some types of roofing, for example thatch, require a steep pitch in order to be waterproof, other types of roofing, for example pantiles, are unstable on a steeply pitched roof but provide excellent weather protection at a relatively low angle. In regions where there is rain, an almost flat roof with a slight run-off provides adequate protection against an occasional downpour. Drainpipes also remove the need for a sloping roof, a person that specializes in roof construction is called a roofer. The shape of roofs differs greatly from region to region, the main factors which influence the shape of roofs are the climate and the materials available for roof structure and the outer covering. The basic shapes of roofs are flat, mono-pitched, gabled, hipped, butterfly, there are many variations on these types. Roofs constructed of sections that are sloped are referred to as pitched roofs
5.
Puente Nuevo
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The Puente Nuevo is the newest and largest of three bridges that span the 120-metre -deep chasm that carries the Guadalevín River and divides the city of Ronda, in southern Spain. The architect was José Martin de Aldehuela, who died in Málaga in 1802, the chief builder was Juan Antonio Díaz Machuca. The construction of the newest bridge was started in 1759 and took 34 years to build, there is a chamber above the central arch that was used for a variety of purposes, including as a prison. The chamber is entered through a building that was once the guard-house. It now contains an exhibition describing the history and construction. Unfortunately, this bridge was quickly and poorly built and in 1741 the entire bridge collapsed resulting in the death of 50 people, Puente Viejo Ronda Guadalevín Comprehensive tourist information about Puente Nuevo in English
6.
Bullfighting
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Bullfighting is a physical contest that generally involves humans attempting to publicly subdue, immobilise, or kill a bull, usually according to a set of rules, guidelines, or cultural expectations. Although people commonly think of Spanish-style bullfighting as representative of bullfighting, there are different forms. Some forms involve dancing around or over a cow or bull, Bullfighting is a traditional spectacle of many countries including Spain, Portugal, parts of southern France, India and Tanzania, and some Latin American countries. In some locations, a breed of cattle, the Spanish Fighting Bull, is used for bullfighting. These bulls must be bred in large ranches, and in conditions as similar as possible to the way they would behave in the wild, there are many historic fighting venues in the Iberian Peninsula, France and Latin America. Bullfighting traces its roots to prehistoric bull worship and sacrifice in Mesopotamia, the first recorded bullfight may be the Epic of Gilgamesh, which describes a scene in which Gilgamesh and Enkidu fought and killed the Bull of Heaven. Bull leaping was portrayed in Crete, and myths related to bulls throughout Greece, the killing of the sacred bull is the essential central iconic act of Mithras, which was commemorated in the mithraeum wherever Roman soldiers were stationed. The oldest representation of what seems to be a man facing a bull is on the Celtiberian tombstone from Clunia, Bullfighting is often linked to Rome, where many human-versus-animal events were held as competition and entertainment, the Venationes. These hunting games spread to Africa, Europe and Asia during Roman times, there are also theories that it was introduced into Hispania by the Emperor Claudius, as a substitute for gladiators, when he instituted a short-lived ban on gladiatorial combat. The latter theory was supported by Robert Graves Spanish colonists took the practice of breeding cattle and bullfighting to the American colonies, in the 19th century, areas of southern and southwestern France adopted bullfighting, developing their own distinctive form. Religious festivities and royal weddings were celebrated by fights in the plaza, where noblemen would ride competing for royal favor. In the Middle Ages across Europe, knights would joust in competitions on horseback, in Spain, they began to fight bulls. In medieval Spain bullfighting was considered a sport and reserved to the rich. The bull was released into an arena where a single fighter on horseback was armed with a lance. This spectacle was said to be enjoyed by Charlemagne, Alfonso X the Wise, the greatest Spanish performer of this art is said to have been El Cid knight. According chronicle of the time, in 1128, when Alfonso VII of León and Castile married Berengaria of Barcelona daughter of Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona at Saldaña among other celebrations, there were also bullfights. This type of fighting drew more attention from the crowds, thus the modern corrida, or fight, began to take form, as riding noblemen were replaced by commoners on foot. This new style prompted the construction of dedicated bullrings, initially square, like the Plaza de Armas, the modern style of Spanish bullfighting is credited to Juan Belmonte, generally considered the greatest matador of all time
7.
Pedro Romero
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Pedro Romero Martínez was a legendary bullfighter from the Romero family in Ronda, Spain. His grandfather Francisco is credited with advancing the art of using the muleta, his father, as a youth he participated in bullfights in Algeciras and in Seville in 1772, and in Madrid, with his father and Costillares, in 1775. In the following year he killed 285 bulls, establishing his reputation and he allegedly fought 5,558 bulls without incurring serious injury before retiring in 1799. He was known as the first matador to present the bullfight as an art form as well as a display of courage, after retiring, Romero was appointed the head of a bullfighting school in Seville. Although the school lasted only from 1830 to 1832, it had an enormous influence where Romero offered his knowledge to matadors-in-training and he is credited with invention of the classical style of bullfighting in the School of Ronda and Pedro Romeros name is inseparable from the Plaza de Toros. He killed numerous bulls in a bullring in Madrid at the age of eighty, hemingway, in his novel Fiesta, The Sun Also Rises, portrays a beautiful and very artful bullfighter whom he names Pedro Romero, presumably after Pedro Romero Martinez
8.
Bull
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A bull is an intact adult male of the species Bos taurus. Usage of these terms varies considerably with area and dialect, colloquially, people unfamiliar with cattle may refer to both castrated and intact animals as bulls. A wild, young, unmarked bull is known as a micky in Australia, improper or late castration on a bull results in it becoming a coarse steer, also known as a stag in Australia, Canada and New Zealand. In some countries an incompletely castrated male is also as a rig or ridgling. The word bull also denotes the males of other bovines, including bison and water buffalo as well as other species of large animals including elephants, camels, elk, moose. Bulls are much more muscular than cows, with bones, larger feet, a very muscular neck. These features assist bulls in fighting for domination over a herd, the hair is generally shorter on the body, but on the neck and head there is often a mane of curlier, wooly hair. Bulls are usually about the height as cows or a little taller. In horned cattle the horns of bulls tend to be thicker and somewhat shorter than those of cows, and in many breeds they curve outwards in a flat arc rather than upwards in a lyre shape. It is not true, as is believed, that bulls have horns and cows do not. Bulls become fertile at about seven months of age, given the small amount of erectile tissue, there is little enlargement after erection. The penis is quite rigid when non-erect, and becomes more rigid during erection. Protrusion is not affected much by erection, but more by relaxation of the retractor penis muscle, Bulls are occasionally affected by a condition known as corkscrew penis. The penis of a bull is about 3–4 cm in diameter. The bulls glans penis has a rounded and elongated shape, a common misconception widely repeated in depictions of bull behavior is that the color red angers bulls, inciting them to charge. In fact, like most mammals, cattle are red-green color blind, in bullfighting, it is the movement of the matadors cape, and not the color, which provokes a reaction in the bull. Other than the few bulls needed for breeding, the vast majority of cattle are slaughtered for meat before the age of three years. Most of these animals are castrated as calves to reduce aggressive behavior and prevent unwanted mating
9.
Ronda
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Ronda is a city in the Spanish province of Málaga. It is located about 100 km west of the city of Málaga and its population is about 35,000 inhabitants. Around the city are remains of settlements dating to the Neolithic Age. Ronda was, however, first settled by the early Celts, later Phoenician settlers established themselves nearby to found Acinipo, known locally as Ronda la Vieja, Arunda, or Old Ronda. The current Ronda is of Roman origins, having been founded as a fortified post in the Second Punic War, Ronda received the title of city at the time of Julius Caesar. In the fifth century AD, Ronda was conquered by the Suebi, led by Rechila, being reconquered in the century by the Eastern Roman Empire. Later, the Visigoth king Leovigild captured the city, Ronda was part of the Visigoth realm until 713, when it fell to the Arabs, who named it Hisn Ar-Rundah and made it the capital of the Takurunna province. It was the hometown of the polymath Abbas Ibn Firnas, an inventor, engineer, alleged aviator, physician, Muslim poet, and Andalusian musician. After the disintegration of the caliphate of Córdoba, Ronda became the capital of a kingdom ruled by the Berber Banu Ifran. During this period, Ronda received most of its Islamic architectural heritage, in 1065, Ronda was conquered by the taifa of Seville led by Abbad II al-Mutadid. Both the poet Salih ben Sharif al-Rundi and the Sufi scholar Ibn Abbad al-Rundi were born in Ronda, the Islamic domination of Ronda ended in 1485, when it was conquered by the Marquis of Cádiz after a brief siege. Subsequently, most of the old edifices were renewed or adapted to Christian roles, while numerous others were built in newly created quarters such as Mercadillo. The Real Maestranza de Caballería de Ronda was founded in the town in 1572, the Spanish Inquisitions affected the Muslims living in Spain greatly. Many people overtly converted to keep their possessions, while practicing their religion. Muslims who converted only overtly were called Moriscos, Moriscos were required to wear upon their caps and turbans a blue crescent. Traveling without a permit meant a death sentence and this systematic suppression forced the Muslims to seek refuge in mountainous regions of southern Andalusia, Ronda was one such refuge. This led to several rebellions, one of them in Ronda under the leadership of Al-Fihrey, al-Fihreys defeated the Spanish army sent to suppress them under the leadership of Alfonso de Aguilar. The massacre of the Spaniards prompted Phillip II to order the expulsion of all Moriscos in Ronda
10.
Seville
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Seville is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville, Spain. It is situated on the plain of the river Guadalquivir, the inhabitants of the city are known as sevillanos or hispalenses, after the Roman name of the city, Hispalis. Its Old Town, with an area of 4 square kilometres, the Seville harbour, located about 80 kilometres from the Atlantic Ocean, is the only river port in Spain. Seville is also the hottest major metropolitan area in the geographical Western Europe, Seville was founded as the Roman city of Hispalis. It later became known as Ishbiliya after the Muslim conquest in 712, in 1519, Ferdinand Magellan departed from Seville for the first circumnavigation of the Earth. Spal is the oldest known name for Seville and it appears to have originated during the Phoenician colonisation of the Tartessian culture in south-western Iberia and, according to Manuel Pellicer Catalán, meant lowland in the Phoenician language. During Roman rule, the name was Latinised as Hispalis, nO8DO is the official motto of Seville. It is popularly believed to be a rebus signifying the Spanish No me ha dejado, meaning It has not abandoned me, the eight in the middle represents a madeja, or skein of wool. The emblem is present on the flag and features on city property such as manhole covers. Seville is approximately 2,200 years old, the passage of the various civilisations instrumental in its growth has left the city with a distinct personality, and a large and well-preserved historical centre. The city was known from Roman times as Hispalis, important archaeological remains also exist in the nearby towns of Santiponce and Carmona. The walls surrounding the city were built during the rule of Julius Caesar. Following Roman rule, there were successive conquests of the Roman province of Hispania Baetica by the Vandals, the Suebi, Seville was taken by the Moors, Muslims from North of Africa, during the conquest of Hispalis in 712. It was the capital for the kings of the Umayyad Caliphate, the Moorish urban influences continued and are present in contemporary Seville, for instance in the custom of decorating with herbaje and small fountains the courtyards of the houses. However, most buildings of the Moorish aesthetic actually belong to the Mudéjar style of Islamic art, developed under Christian rule and inspired by the Arabic style. Original Moorish buildings are the Patio del Yeso in the Alcázar, the city walls, in 1247, the Christian King Ferdinand III of Castile and Leon began the conquest of Andalusia. The decisive action took place in May 1248 when Ramon Bonifaz sailed up the Guadalquivir, the city surrendered on 23 November 1248. The citys development continued after the Castilian conquest in 1248, Public buildings constructed including churches, many of which were built in the Mudéjar style, and the Seville Cathedral, built during the 15th century with Gothic architecture
11.
Museum
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Most large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in smaller cities, towns and even the countryside. Museums have varying aims, ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the general public, the goal of serving researchers is increasingly shifting to serving the general public. There are many types of museums, including art museums, natural history museums, science museums, war museums, the city with the largest number of museums is Mexico City with over 128 museums. According to The World Museum Community, there are more than 55,000 museums in 202 countries, the English museum comes from the Latin word, and is pluralized as museums. The first museum/library is considered to be the one of Plato in Athens, however, Pausanias gives another place called Museum, namely a small hill in Classical Athens opposite to the Akropolis. The hill was called Mouseion after Mousaious, a man who used to sing on the hill, the purpose of modern museums is to collect, preserve, interpret, and display items of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the education of the public. The purpose can also depend on ones point of view, to a family looking for entertainment on a Sunday afternoon, a trip to a local history museum or large city art museum could be a fun, and enlightening way to spend the day. To city leaders, a healthy museum community can be seen as a gauge of the health of a city. To a museum professional, a museum might be seen as a way to educate the public about the museums mission, Museums are, above all, storehouses of knowledge. In 1829, James Smithsons bequest, that would fund the Smithsonian Institution, stated he wanted to establish an institution for the increase, Museums of natural history in the late 19th century exemplified the Victorian desire for consumption and for order. Gathering all examples of classification of a field of knowledge for research. As American colleges grew in the 19th century, they developed their own natural history collections for the use of their students, while many large museums, such as the Smithsonian Institution, are still respected as research centers, research is no longer a main purpose of most museums. While there is a debate about the purposes of interpretation of a museums collection, there has been a consistent mission to protect. Much care, expertise, and expense is invested in efforts to retard decomposition in aging documents, artifacts, artworks. All museums display objects that are important to a culture, as historian Steven Conn writes, To see the thing itself, with ones own eyes and in a public place, surrounded by other people having some version of the same experience can be enchanting. Museum purposes vary from institution to institution, some favor education over conservation, or vice versa. For example, in the 1970s, the Canada Science and Technology Museum favored education over preservation of their objects and they displayed objects as well as their functions. One exhibit featured a printing press that a staff member used for visitors to create museum memorabilia
12.
Take a Bow (Madonna song)
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Take a Bow is a song by American singer Madonna from her sixth studio album Bedtime Stories. It was released as the second single on November 29,1994. It is a pop ballad written and produced by Madonna. The song also appears on her compilation albums Something to Remember, GHV2, following the sexually explicit persona portrayed by Madonna on her previous album, Erotica, the singer wanted to tone down her image for Bedtime Stories. She started collaborating with Babyface, whose work with other musicians had impressed her, Take a Bow was developed from this collaboration, after Madonna listened to the beat and the chords of the demo structure of the song. Recorded at The Hit Factory Studios in New York, Take a Bow was backed by a full orchestra and it was also the first time that Babyface had worked with live strings, per Madonnas suggestion. Containing oriental pentatonic strings, giving the impression of Chinese or Japanese opera, Take a Bow lyrically talks about unrequited love and it received favorable reviews from music critics, who praised the songs soulful, poetic lyrics. It was a success in the United States, becoming Madonnas eleventh number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100. It also reached number one in Canada, and the top ten in Italy, Switzerland, the single had moderate success in the United Kingdom, reaching number 16 on the UK Singles Chart, ending Madonnas record-holding string of 35 consecutive top-ten hits there. The music video for Take a Bow was directed by Michael Haussman, the video depicts Madonna as a bullfighters neglected lover, yearning for his love. It won the Best Female Video award at the 1995 MTV Video Music Awards, in order to promote Bedtime Stories, Madonna performed Take a Bow on a few occasions, including live with Babyface at the 1995 American Music Awards. In 2016, she added the song to the setlist of the Asian and Oceanian legs of her Rebel Heart Tour and her one-off Sydney concert Madonna, Madonna wanted to tone down her explicit image. Her first attempt was to release the tender ballad Ill Remember from the soundtrack of the film With Honors, musically, she wanted to move in a new musical direction and started exploring new-jack R&B styles with a generally mainstream, radio-friendly sound. It was included on her studio album, Bedtime Stories. I began the process by meeting with the hip-hop producers whose work I most admired and it was important, if I were to use a variety of collaborators, that the end product sound cohesive and thematically whole. I wasnt interested in the variety pack approach and she was also fond of Babyfaces song, When Can I See You from his third studio album For the Cool in You. The singers management called Babyface to set up a meeting and see if they wanted to work together, once met, both were surprised by their camaraderie and wanted to write songs. Madonna came over to Babyfaces house and after a couple of days they came up with two songs, One of them was based on a piece of music composed by Babyface, but he was not sure about its musical direction
13.
Anderson Cooper
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Anderson Hays Cooper is an American journalist, television personality, and author. He is the anchor of the CNN news show Anderson Cooper 360°. The program is normally broadcast live from a New York City studio, however, Cooper often broadcasts live from CNNs studios in Washington, in addition, he is a major correspondent for 60 Minutes. From September 2011 to May 2013, he served as host of his own eponymous syndicated daytime talk show. Cooper was born in New York City, the son of the writer Wyatt Emory Cooper and the artist, fashion designer, writer. He is also a descendant, through his mother, of Civil War brevet Major General Hugh Judson Kilpatrick, through his Vanderbilt line, he is a second cousin, once removed, of screenwriter James Vanderbilt. As a baby, he was photographed by Diane Arbus for Harpers Bazaar, at the age of three, Cooper was a guest on The Tonight Show on September 17,1970, appearing with his mother. At the age of nine, he appeared on To Tell the Truth as an impostor, from age 10 to 13, Cooper modeled with Ford Models for Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein and Macys. Coopers father suffered a series of attacks while undergoing open-heart surgery. Cooper considers his fathers book Families to be sort of a guide on. how he would have wanted me to live my life, and so I feel very connected to him. Coopers older brother, Carter Vanderbilt Cooper, committed suicide on July 22,1988, at age 23, Anderson cites Carters suicide for sparking his interest in journalism. Loss is a theme that I think a lot about, I think when you experience any kind of loss, especially the kind I did, you have questions about survival, Why do some people thrive in situations that others can’t tolerate. Would I be able to survive and get on in the world on my own, Cooper was educated at the Dalton School, a private co-educational university preparatory day school in New York City. At age 17, after graduating from Dalton a semester early and he contracted malaria on the trip and was hospitalized in Kenya. Describing the experience, Cooper wrote Africa was a place to forget, Cooper went on to attend Yale University, where he resided in Trumbull College, and was inducted into the Manuscript Society, majoring in political science and graduating with a B. A. in 1989. During college, Cooper spent two summers as an intern at the Central Intelligence Agency, after Cooper graduated from Yale University, he tried to gain entry-level employment with ABC answering telephones, but was unsuccessful. Finding it hard to get his foot in the door of on-air reporting, Cooper then entered Myanmar on his own with his forged press pass and met with students fighting the Burmese government. He was ultimately able to sell his home-made news segments to Channel One, after reporting from Burma, Cooper lived in Vietnam for a year to study the Vietnamese language at the University of Hanoi
14.
Bullring
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A bullring is an arena where bullfighting is performed. Bullrings are often associated with Spain, but they can also be found in neighboring countries, bullrings are often historic and culturally significant centres that bear many structural similarities to the Roman amphitheatre. The classic bullring is an enclosed, roughly circular amphitheatre with tiered rows of stands that surround a central space. The open space forms the arena or ruedo, a field of densely packed crushed rock that is the stage for the bullfight, also on the ground level, the central arena is surrounded by a staging area where the bullfighters prepare and take refuge, called the callejón. The callejón is separated from the arena by a wall or other structure, usually made of wood and roughly 140 cm high. The partition wall has doors for the entrance and exit of the bull and human participants, although the form, number, and placement of these doors will vary from one bullring to another. In regular places, the wall is pushed outwards leaving splits that allow the bullfighters to go in the arena, nevertheless, on rare occasions the bull jumps the wall causing havoc in the corridor. The arena is surrounded by climbing rows of seats, the seats are priced differently according to the position of the sun during the show, normally in the afternoon. The hot sol, sun, is cheaper than the fresher sombra, bullrings evolved as specialized sporting arenas hand-in-hand with the sport that demanded them. Back when bullfighting festivals were conducted principally on horseback, the spectacle was a public affair that took place in the citys open plaza area. It was only later, when bullfights were conducted principally by men on foot, in these early days, the circular form was not to be taken for granted. Another circular plaza was begun in Ronda in 1754, and it featured its first bullfights in 1782, in the change from the 19th to the 20th century, the Neo Mudéjar style became in vogue for plazas, involving decoration in visible brickwork. Since the 1990s, new technology allows some rings to be covered permanently or temporarily. The primary purpose of the ring is bullfighting, but it is limited to some festival weeks in the year. In other times, it may be used as a venue as in the Rock en el ruedo tour of Miguel Ríos or the live record Diamonds & Rust in the Bullring, featuring a Joan Baez concert in the Bilbao plaza. Before the diffusion of modern sports premises, bullrings were used in the Basque Country for traditional sports similar to challenges of resistance running, the public made bets on the number of laps the runner could make. The most famous bullrings in the world are Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas in Madrid, widely regarded as the most prestigious one, La Maestranza in Seville, Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas, Madrid. Plaza de Toros de Valencia, Valencia, les Arenes, Barcelona, now a shopping mall
15.
La Monumental
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The Plaza Monumental de Barcelona, often known simply as La Monumental, was a bullring in the city of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It was the last bullfighting arena in commercial operation in Catalonia and it was inaugurated in 1914 under the name Plaza de El Sport and was immediately expanded and renamed in 1916 with its current name. It is situated at the confluence of the Gran Via and Carrer Marina in the Eixample district and it had a capacity of 19,582 within 26 rows of lines, boxes, and bleachers on the first floor inside and a superior barrage surrounding the building. It was the last place in Catalonia where bullfights were held and it is owned by the Balañá family, who placed it under the control of the Casa Matilla, an organisation which manages a number of bullrings. The plaza is used for sporting, musical and circus events, The building originally had a noucentista architectural style. The expansion work was done by Ignasi Mas i Morell and Domènec Sugrañes i Gras to give it its current facade, strongly influenced by Mudéjar and Byzantine architecture. It is one of the public arenas in Barcelona, with a capacity of 19,582 for bullfights or about 25,000 for events such as rock concerts. Monumental, the station serving the arena Info from barcelona. com
16.
Plaza de Toros de Vista Alegre
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Plaza de Toros de Vista Alegre is a bullring in Bilbao, Spain. It is currently used for bull fighting
17.
Plaza de Toros de los Califas
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Plaza de Toros de los Califas is a building in Córdoba, Spain. It is currently used for bull fighting, the stadium holds 14,000 people after the installation of red seats. Media related to Plaza de toros de Los Califas at Wikimedia Commons
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Las Ventas
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Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas is a famous bullring located in Madrid, Spain. Situated in the Guindalera quarter of the district of Salamanca, it was inaugurated on June 17,1931 and it has a seating capacity of 25,000. This bullring was designed by the architect José Espeliú in the Neo-Mudéjar style with ceramic incrustations, the seats are situated in ten tendidos. The price of the seats depends upon how close they are to the arena, the bullfighting season starts in March and ends in October, bullfights are held every day during the San Isidro Fiesta, and every Sunday or holiday during the season. Bullfights start at 6 or 7pm and last for two to three hours, Las Ventas is located in the east of Madrid. From 1913 to 1920, the national passion gained such an important status that Madrids former main bullring in Carretera de Aragón was not big enough. It was José Gómez Ortega Joselito who declared that a new monumental bullring had to be built, to open this part of Spains heritage and his friend the architect José Espeliú began to work on the project. A family called Jardón donated the land to the Madrid Provincial Council, the deputation accepted the proposal on November 12,1920. On March 19,1922, in the center of the prospective arena. The construction of the bullring would cost 12 million pesetas, Las Ventas was finished in 1929 and two years later, June 17,1931, a charity bullfight was held with a full-capacity crowd to inaugurate it. Bullfighting stopped during the Spanish Civil War and did not resume until May 1939, there is a Pasodoble called Plaza de las Ventas and the composer Maestro Manuel Lillo dedicated to this arena. Las Ventas is divided into a ring or arena, and a group of zones called patios and its architecture is Neo-Mudéjar, with ceramic representations of the heraldic crests of the different Spanish provinces. The arena has a diameter of 60 meters, the seating capacity is divided into 10 tendidos, some of them in the shade and the rest in the sun. The president of the corrida sits in the 10th Tendido, the Royal Box is of outstanding design, with its Mudéjar architecture, a complete bathroom and a lift. Opposite to the Royal Box, in the grandstand roof, is the clock. The bullring has five gates, plus three more called toriles, from where the bulls enter the arena, the gate of the cuadrillas, between tendidos 3 and 4, has access to the horse yard. Inside this door, the starts and the picadores come out from here to the arena. The dragging gate, that leads to the room, is between tendidos 1 and 2
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Plaza de toros de La Malagueta
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La Malagueta is the bullring at Málaga which since 1876 has been denominated a cultural asset of Spain. It is located in the district of Málaga, alongside the Paseo de Reding. The first event was held in 1876, the current operator is Coso de Badajoz SL, a company owned by José Cutiño. The style of the building is neomudéjar and it takes the form of a 16-sided hexadecagon, after a refurbishment carried out in 2010 the arena now has a capacity for 9,032 spectators. La Malagueta hosts top-class events during the Spanish-style bullfighting season, la Corrida de la Prensa is held in June for the feast of Málaga towns duo of patron saints Ciriaco and Paula, who were martyred in Málaga in 303 AD. There is a famous August festival and the final bullfight of the season is held in the month of September in honour of Our Lady of Victory, the patron saint of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Málaga
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Maestranza (Sevilla)
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The Plaza de toros de la Real Maestranza de Caballería de Sevilla is a 12, 000-capacity bullring in Seville, Spain. During the annual Seville Fair in Seville, it is the site of one of the most well-known bullfighting festivals in the world and it is a part of the Real Maestranza de Caballería de Sevilla, a noble guild established for traditional cavalry training. The ring itself is considered one of the citys most enjoyable tourist attractions and is one of the most visited. Construction began in 1749 of a ring on Baratillo hill to take the place of the rectangular bullring that was previously located there. Later, in 1761, the construction began to incorporate ochavas, at this early stage, the construction supervisors were Francisco Sánchez de Aragón and Pedro y Vicente de San Martín. The topmost part is composed of four arches over which is built a vault, whose topmost portion is covered by white. The sculptural group that concludes the composition is the work of the Portuguese sculptor Cayetano de Acosta, the Palco was built for the Infante de España, Felipe de Borbón, son of Felipe V and Isabel de Farnesio. When Carlos III prohibited bullfighting celebrations in 1786, work on the sculptures was halted, the old Palco de la Diputación is also from this period and is situated over the toriles gate and in front of the Palco del Príncipe. The construction of five balconies to each side of the Palco de la Diputación was also added where the clock is currently situated. The construction of the ring was completed in 1881, two thirds were constructed in stone, the rest in wood, between 1914 and 1915 the stone grandstands were redone in brick under the direction of Sevillian architect Aníbal González. All the rows were reconstructed with a smoother slope, ten to twelve rows of shaded seating were constructed as well as fourteen rows in the sun and three rows of barrier. A row of armchairs were built in the part of the shaded area. Bullfights in Seville during the Feria de Abril are the most important event of the citys bullfighting calendar, the regular season goes from March or April until late September. Every year the Real Maestranza commissions a painter to produce a poster announcing the season in its Royal Bullring. Regular tours are conducted of the Bullring and the Museum
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Plaza de Toros de Valencia
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Plaza de Toros de Valencia is a bullring in València, Spain. It was built between 1850 and 1859 and it follows the neoclassical style and it was inspired in the civil roman architecture, the Flavian Amphitheatre Colosseum or the Arena of Nîmes. It was built by the valencian architect Sebastián Monleón Estellés and its structure is formed by a 48-sides polygon,384 external arches. It follows the so-called Neo-Mudéjar style, at the moment of its construction the bullfighting arena was outside the city walls, specifically, near the Ruzafa gate. The architect designed the building with 48 sides and 17,50 meters high, originally the bullring had 52 meters on its inside diameter, which was reduced later on. It is important to emphasise the use of the cast iron columns that provide with a remarkable transparency of the boxes. Without a doubt, it is one of the most beautiful bullrings in Spain, with its 108 meters outside diameter and these dimensions make it one of the largest bullrings in Spain. As reflected in the media at that time, It was inaugurated on June 20,1859, currently, and since 1625, is owned by the Hospital General and it is administered by the Provincial Council of Valencia and Simon Casas Productions company. Over the years, it has managed both by private companies and by direct-management by the Council of Valencia itself. The bullfighting arena is situated in the Centro district of the city and it is located next to the North Station and also close to the Plaza del Ayuntamiento. Right in front of the bullring, there is a station called Játiva/Xàtiva with the lines number 3,5 and 9. The stadium holds around 12.000 people
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Plaza de Toros de Albacete
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The Plaza de Toros de Albacete is a bullring in the town of the Albacete, in the region of Castilla-La Mancha. Popularly known as La Chata, a member of the Royal Academy, José Maria de Cossio, the city of Albacete has a tradition of bullfighting that goes back centuries. According to the minutes of the city council of 29 May 1564 bullfights were to be held in the plaza del Altozan on 24 June in honour of John the Baptist, the second Albacete bullring was built to accommodate the growing interest and expanding population of the town. It was inaugurated on 9 September 1829 by Juan Jiménez “El Morenillo” y Manuel Lucas Blanco, the bulls were provided by Fernando Freire y Gil Flore. The leading torero of the time, the building was circular, measuring 34 meters in diameter and comprising two floors. While the first was intended for standing spectators with a few rows of seats, the materials used in its construction were stone, earth and brick. In a time when Albacete had a population just over 17,000 and it had four doors for public use leading to 10 stairways to the stands. It also had units around the outside that were rented, in 1916, the then mayor, Francisco Fontecha, proposed building a new plaza because of the advanced state of deterioration. The positive response of many attending the meeting the proposal was accepted by general acclamation. The subscriptions subsequently raised 338,250 pesetas despite the economic situation of the time. For the building of the arena a corporation called Taurine Albacete was created, construction began on 17 February 1916 and concluded in record time, on 9 September 1917. For the opening spectacle, the bulls were furnished by Don Fernando Villalon In 1918, the stands were refurbished with Novelda stone, in 1921, they changed the roofing and in the late 1980s expanded the capacity, which the currently can accommodate 12,000 people
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Aranjuez
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Aranjuez, also called the Royal Estate of Aranjuez, is a city and municipality, capital of the Las Vegas district, in the southern part of the Community of Madrid, Spain. It is located at the confluence of the Tagus and Jarama rivers,42 kilometres south of Madrid, as of 2009, it had a population of 54,055. It is the 17th-largest city in the Community of Madrid and the communitys largest and most populous urban center outside Greater Madrid Area. It has been one of the Royal Estates of the Crown of Spain since the times of Philip II in 1560, until 1752, only the royalty and nobility were allowed to dwell in the town. The Cultural Landscape of Aranjuez was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2001, there are several theories about the origin of the name. The most widely accepted one states that it comes from the Basque language, however the pre-Roman derivation is generally preferred. In 1178, the area was acquired by the Order of Santiago, Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic monarchs, converted Aranjuez into a royal site. It was the Spring residence of the kings of Spain from the late 19th century. During the reign of Philip II of Spain, in the half of the 16th century, the royal palace was constructed. The site was designed by Juan Bautista de Toledo and completed by Juan de Herrera. Since the mill was visible from the palace, it was architecturally attractive, in the 20th century it was renovated to generate power, and was finally dismantled after a fire about 1950. As of 2014 only the mill races remained,1758, Queen Barbara de Braganza, wife of Ferdinand VI, died in Aranjuez 1761, King Carlos III builds the so-called Long Bridge over the river Jarama. This stone construction remains largely intact and now supports the M-305 service road about 5 km north of the town,1765, Carlos III, a keen physiocrat orders the construction of Real Cortijo de San Isidro, a model farm which was abandoned by his successor and later commercialized. During the time of Francoist Spain it served as a womens prison, an uprising on 17 March 1808, when the royal family and the government were staying at Aranjuez while on their way south, anticipating a French invasion from the north. Soldiers, peasants and members of the general public assaulted Godoys quarters, the mutineers made King Charles dismiss Godoy, and two days later the court forced the King himself to abdicate in favor of his son and rival, who became Ferdinand VII. 1833 Queen Isabella II of Spain acceded to the throne and finally Aranjuez was reached by a line to Madrid in 1851. This was the railway line in Spain, after that of Barcelona-Mataró. In 1939, Joaquín Rodrigo composed the Concierto de Aranjuez, which would make Aranjuez famous all over the world, the city was declared Conjunto Histórico-Artístico in 1983
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Plaza de toros de El Puerto
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The Real Plaza de Toros de El Puerto de Santa María is a bullring in El Puerto de Santa María, Spain. Dating from the 19th century, it has an architectural style and was completed in 1880. It is the work of Manuel Portillo de Avila y Herrera, the arena is 99 metres in diameter and the central ruedo measures 60 m. It is estimated to hold 12,186 spectators, making it one of the largest rings in Spain behind Madrids Las Ventas and the ring in Valencia
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Plaza de Toros de El Bibio
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The Plaza de Toros de El Bibio is a bullring located in Gijón, Asturias, Spain. Situated in the neighbourhood of El Bibio, it was inaugurated on August 12,1888, with a bullfighting with Luis Mazzantini and Rafael Guerra, the bullring was destroyed in the Spanish Civil War and it was renovated in 1997. On March 20,1992, it was declared Bien de Interés Cultural, apart from bullfighting, the ring is also used for music concerts. Profile at Mundotoro Profile at Tauroweb
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Palacio Vistalegre
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The Palacio Vistalegre is a multipurpose arena located in Madrid, Spain. It was built on the site of the bullring, Plaza de toros de Vista Alegre, built in 1906. The venue is composed of three spaces, The Arena, The Center and the Sala San Miguel. In 1980, the original bullring closed, and the site stood empty until plans were unveiled in 1996 for the modern arena, the arena was opened in 2000, offering a seating capacity of 14,000 and has 1,015 parking places
