Political aspects of the religion of Islam are derived from its religious scripture, as well as elements of political movements and tendencies followed by Muslims or Islamic states throughout its hist
Sasanid style coins in circulation during Rashidun, (Pahlavi scripts, crescent-star, fire altar, depictions of Khosrow II, bismillāh in margin). Unlike known historical figures such as Ibn Zubayr and Mu'awiya I, there are no coins minted in the names of caliphs titled rashidun that could be evidence of official dominancy.
A "Pseudo-Byzantine" coin with depictions of the Byzantine Emperor Constans II holding the cross-tipped staff and globus cruciger. There was no specific Islamic-religious identity and political stance with sharp boundaries in the early Islamic period.
Muhammad's widow, Aisha, battling the fourth caliph Ali
The Salafi methodology or Salafism emerged in the late 19th century and has been influential in the Islamic world to this day. The name "Salafiyyah" is a self-designation that claims a return to the t
Syro-Egyptian Sunni thinker Sayyid Rashid Rida (d. 1935), leader of the Arab Salafiyya movement
Teachings of the influential Yemeni traditionalist theologian Muhammad ibn Ali al-Shawkani (d. 1834) have profoundly influenced generations of Salafi scholarship.
Tahir al-Jazai'ri (1920), one of the early leaders of the Salafi movement
Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi (d. 1914), a major scholar of the Syrian Salafiyya movement