1.
Auckland Council
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The Auckland Council is the local government council for the Auckland Region in New Zealand. The governing body consists of a mayor and 20 councillors, elected from 13 wards, There are also 149 members of 21 local boards who make decisions on matters local to their communities. It is the largest council in Australasia, with a $3 billion annual budget, $29 billion of ratepayer equity, and 9,870 full time staff as of 30 June 2016. The council began operating on 1 November 2010, combining the functions of the regional council. The Council was established by a number of Acts of Parliament, both the means by which the Council was established and its structure came under repeated criticism from a broad spectrum during the establishment period. The initial Council elections in October 2010 returned a mostly centre-left council with Len Brown as mayor, Brown was re-elected in October 2013, again with a largely supportive council. The 2016 mayoral election was won by Labour MP Phil Goff, the Auckland Regional Council was formed in 1989, replacing the Auckland Regional Authority. Until 2010, the Auckland Region had seven City/District authorities, plus one Regional authority, in 2007, the government set up a Royal Commission on Auckland Governance to report on what restructuring should be done. Some recommendations of the Royal Commission which have not been adopted or implemented, 6B The Mayor of Aucklands annual State of the Region address should describe progress towards the attainment of the vision. 19C, Leadership support and development programmes for elected councillors should be strengthened, 21D, Auckland Council CCOs and their statements of intent should be subject to performance review by the proposed Auckland Services Performance Auditor. 21A 22A Two Māori members should be elected to the Auckland Council by voters who are on the parliamentary Māori Electoral Roll, 22B There should be a Mana Whenua Forum, the members of which will be appointed by mana whenua from the district of the Auckland Council. Where appropriate, current structures and/or memoranda of understanding should be transferred to local councils, 24F Auckland Council should consider creating an Urban Development Agency, to operate at the direction of the Auckland Council, with compulsory acquisition powers. The Auckland Council should determine the extent to which responsibilities for the delivery of services are shared between local councils and Watercare Services Limited. 26I Watercare Services Limited should be required by legislation to demand management. 26M Watercare Services Limited should be required to prepare an action plan. 27D The Auckland Council should prepare an e-government strategy as an part of its proposed unified service delivery. B) require Auckland Council CCOs providing council services to adopt the councils ICT infrastructure standards, the role of the Performance Auditor will include a) reviewing the adequacy and relevance of CCO performance targets. B) protecting the interests and advocating for them in respect of the reliability and affordability of council services
2.
Saint Marys Bay, New Zealand
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Saint Marys Bay is an Auckland City suburb. Mid-1840s George Scott farms the land where 3 Lamps is now,1853 For £1100 Catholic Bishop Pompallier purchases 19ha in the area between 3 lamps and the shoreline from James O’Neill christening it Mount St. Mary. 1854 O’Neill’s house becomes St. Anne’s School for Maori Girls run by the Sisters of Mercy, responding to a Maori request for holy women to teach the children, the sisters of Mercy arrived in Auckland from Ireland in 1850 already fluent in the Maori language. Their first school & orphanage was situated near St Patrick’s Cathedral in Federal Street, almost unaided the sisters erect a three story convent building and open it in 1861. The only surviving building from this period is the Kauri St Mary’s Chapel constructed in 1865 by Edward Mahoney for £1100, 1860s Many Roman Catholics buy land in the new Subdivisions in order to be near the Catholic centre with its church, convent and schools. Names such as Dublin & Green reflect this development,1860 Bishop Pompallier returns from Europe with a group of French nuns. They form under his direction, the Congregation of the Holy Family,1861 St. Anne’s boarding school occupies O’Neill’s former house. The new order of the Holy Family takes over teaching at the school, the order now consists of Maori as well as French Sisters. 1862 The Bishop takes over O’Neill’s former house as his official residence,1863 The Bishop sells more land, retaining the 4 acres with the Bishop’s House, The Church of the Holy Family and the Convent of the Holy Family. The Nazareth Institute for Maori and Half-Caste Girls is founded,1866 St. Mary’s Convent, with its dormitories and Chapel is built. 1865-68 The Suffolk Hotel is built on College Hill 1869–70 The Convent of the Holy Family is destroyed by fire, the Catholic Bishop is forced by his mortgagee to sell his remaining land, including the Bishop’s House. The buyer is a Mr. Bennett who demolishes the Church of the Immaculate Conception, the Bishop resigns and leaves, leading to the dissolution of the order he had formed, the Order of the Holy Family. 1873 Bishop Croke, the second Catholic Bishop of Auckland buys back the land with the Bishop’s House on it, in 1874 the wooden house is moved to its present location at 57 St. Mary’s Bay Road. 1874 The farm owned by John Campbell Campbellville is subdivided for suburban development, 1886–87 The Catholic Church of the Sacred Heart is built on the corner of O’Neill St and Ponsonby Road. This takes over the role of Parish Church from St Mary’s Chapel, 1890s The underground mens public toilets at 3 lamps are built- these are possibly the first such public utilities in Auckland. This imposing brick structure is believed to be the first House in Auckland to have electric lighting. 1902 The Ponsonby Fire Station in St Marys Bay Road is built,1905 The Leys Institute at 3 lamps is established by brothers William Leys and Dr Thomas Leys. This splendid Edwardian Baroque building contains a library, lecture hall
3.
Viaduct Basin
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It is located on the site of a formerly run-down area of the Freemans Bay / Auckland CBD waterfront in Auckland City, New Zealand. As a centre of activity of the 2000 Americas Cup hosted by the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron, the area enjoyed considerable popularity with locals and foreign visitors. Designed along the line of the common in London, the Viaduct Basin is so-called because of a failed scheme by the Auckland Harbour Board in the early years of the 20th Century. The shipping companies refused to co-operate and forced the Harbour Board to engage in dredging and this left the partially completed lighter basin without a real purpose, so it was used to berth the various fishing boats and thus tidy up the appearance of the Auckland waterfront further east. Next to the Viaduct Basin a fish market and various warehouses were constructed, including Turners & Growers Ltd, the far side of the area was connected by a mechanical bridge that was able to be raised to allow passage into the basin to the fishing vessels which used it. The redevelopment of the Viaduct Basin in the late 1990s as an area of apartments and restaurants has been an uneven success. Some of the buildings are considered very handsome, and the area was provided with a good selection of public. In the basin itself are moored a colourful array of working boats and yachts, the Auckland City Council has initiated a programme of public artworks for the area. As the area was designed as a setting for ongoing use by crowds of people as it saw during the Americas Cup in 2000 without these people the spaces look very empty. Conversely the success of the hospitality quarter is problematic as well, some local residents have also objected to the high prices charged by the restaurants and shops. But there are ongoing noise and security issues connected with the venues and eateries. Adjacent to the area are the National Maritime Museum, the Tepid Baths pools, Victoria Park, the Auckland CBD and main waterfront areas are directly to the east of the development, while the Northern Motorway a short distance to the west allows connection to parts beyond. This would require securing the Americas Cup bases plus the ports areas to allow public access around the entire viaduct. A2003 proposal to rename the viaduct into Blake Harbour was not successful, Americas Cup Freemans Bay Princes Wharf The Viaduct The Viaduct Tourist reviews and images Photographs of Viaduct Basin held in Auckland Libraries heritage collections
4.
Freemans Bay
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Freemans Bay is the name of a former bay and now inner city suburb of Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand. The bay has been filled in to an extent, with the reclamation area now totally concealing the ancient shoreline. Since the turn of the 20th century, extensive land reclamation has seen Freemans Bay itself disappear, the reclamation of the old bay was finished in 1901, and Victoria Park was created on most of the resulting flat area. It is still public land used mostly for sports purposes, waiatarau was the Māori name for the bay that is now Victoria Park, although other names were used to refer to the area, such as Wai Kōtota and Te Koranga. Freemans Bay is probably named after Captain William Hobson’s secretary, James Stuart Freeman who apparently lived in the area and he was described by Dr John Logan Campbell in 1844 as the most disgustingly immoral swindling scoundrel in town. Local gossip had it that he was not actually married to the woman he was living with and this pained Eleanor Freeman enormously and enraged her husband. Living in a cottage on the wrong side of town certainly couldnt have helped her social status. After her early death at the age of 26 on 17 December 1844 Freeman added to the wagging tongues by remarrying just six weeks later, after his marriage to Mary Ann Miller on 29 January 1845 the Freemans left New Zealand. While settled as one of the earliest parts of the country by Europeans, the rich favoured the other side of Queen Street, clustering around the governors mansion and enjoying views of the harbour and Rangitoto, this was even referred to as the right side of Queen Street. On the wrong side of Queen Street were located most of the smelly and noisy industries including the abattoir and the gasworks of the Auckland Gas Company. As well as brickworks, by 1883 the area was the location of nine shipyards, three sawmills, a brass and iron foundry, a glassworks, a works, as well as several coal. Also found here were several facilities like the city morgue. Around these occupations were gathered some of the more modest houses in 19th century Auckland, two land auctions in 1864 in this area were the Brookville estate and Alma Place. The large number of building sites are probably an indication of the small size of the building sections. These workers cottages were very close together and often poorly constructed. Many of these larger houses became boarding establishments for male workers from the adjacent industries. In 1910 the average house for sale on Franklin Road was advertised for ₤736, while the house in Victoria Road. In 1905 Victoria Park was created which included sports grounds, a sports pavilion, the playground equipment was donated by Mr John Court of the John Court Department Store
5.
Newton, New Zealand
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Newton is a small suburb of Auckland City, New Zealand, under the local governance of the Auckland Council. It had a population of 1,176 in the 2006 census, since the construction of the Central Motorway Junction in 1965–75, Newton has been divided into two parts, and as a result, lost much of its size and coherence. The northern part is centred on Karangahape Road, and the part on Newton Road. Both Karangahape and Newton Roads intersect with Symonds Street to the east, Newton Road joins the Great North/Ponsonby and Karangahape Road intersection to the west. At the southern end of Symonds Street are the Symonds Street Shops, here Upper Symonds Street has two major intersections with other arterial roads, Newton Road and Khyber Pass Road, and Mt Eden Road and New North Road. Symonds Street is named after Captain William Cornwallis Symonds, an officer of the 96th Regiment of Foot of the British Army. He came to New Zealand in the early 1830s as agent of the Waitemata and Manukau Land Company and was instrumental in the founding of Auckland, during 1841 Symonds accompanied the naturalist Ernst Dieffenbach in his survey of the North Island. Capt Symonds died on 23 November 1841 in an accident on the Manukau Harbour. Following his death his brother John Jermyn Symonds continued to live in the colony, from about 1900 to the early 1960s K Road was Aucklands busiest shopping street with a large range of clothing and shoe shops along with several department stores. During the middle of the 20th century Karangahape Road was a shopping centre. In the 19th century Newton was the given to a slightly different area - stretching from what is now called Surrey Crescent to Eden Terrace. The Newton Post Office has always been on Karangahape Road, the first one from 1878 was on the corner of Cobden Street its replacement is located on Karangahape Road at the corner of East Street. From the late Victorian period until 2011, there was a separate Post Office serving Newton and Eden Terrace, historically, the suburb had a fairly dubious reputation. A 1920s newspaper described it as a haunt of many of Aucklands best-known crooks and this reputation was one of the reasons the Ponsonby Police Barracks were built on Ponsonby Road near the intersection with Karangahape and Newton Roads. This was the second most important Police facility in Auckland and was positioned there to enable a mass of Police to be on hand to anything in Freemans Bay or Newton Gully. Virtually across the road from the Police Barracks was the Star Hotel this was a centre of Union Activity, michael Joseph Savage gave some of his early speeches at the Star Hotel. This was in accord with the set by Robert Moses in New York City. Before the 1870s there were brick works in Newton Gully including some which manufactured tiles, pipes
6.
Arch Hill, New Zealand
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Arch Hill is a small suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. Arch Hill is under the governance of the Auckland Council. The area is called Arch Hill due to its natural features, in 1730 this may have been the site of the Broken Calabash, Te Ipu Pakore. This battle between two warring Maori tribes probably happened along this ridge, possibly around the Arch Hill area. It was owned by Joseph and Jane Young who had arrived in Auckland in 1842, Joseph died in 1880 on his Arch Hill property at the age of 78. In 1885 their son, Joseph built a house called Breveg Villa which is located at 47 Western Springs Road, which is now separated from Arch Hill by the 1960s motorway. Most of the houses on the Arch Hill area date from around the turn of the 20th century and many are small workers cottages or wooden villas, sections are often tiny and without off-street parking. As Arch Hill faces south away from the sun it is, some light industrial commercial premises have replaced parts of the housing stock with one & two storey commercial properties and more recently apartment complexes have been built. Now the only through road is Bond Street, the others have become quiet cul-de-sacs, the Arch Hill electorate was created for the 1946 elections, formed out of portions of the Auckland Central, Auckland West, and Grey Lynn electorates. The Arch Hill Hotel was a landmark on the corner of Great North Road, built in the 19th century it still stands on its original site although in a modified state. It closed around 1900 when the residents of the area voted to go dry in a referendum, the local secondary schools are Western Springs College, Mount Albert Grammar School, St Pauls College and St Marys College. Photographs of Arch Hill held in Auckland Libraries heritage collections
7.
Grey Lynn
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Grey Lynn is an inner residential suburb of Auckland City, New Zealand, located three kilometres to the west of the city centre. Originally a separate borough, Grey Lynn amalgamated with Auckland City in 1914, Grey Lynn is centred on Grey Lynn Park, which was not part of the original subdivision of 1883, since the land was too steep and too wet for house construction. In 1914 the land was drained and levelled for playing fields, the park is home to the annual Grey Lynn Park Festival, which attracts around 100,000 visitors on the third Saturday in November. The character of the area is seen as arty, and one of being a traditional home to free-thinkers. The original subdivision was 900 acres, which is still the formal extent of Grey Lynn, most of the houses were built between the 1880s and the beginning of the First World War. Very few of the houses have been replaced by new structures. Williamson Avenue and Crummer Road are two of the streets in Grey Lynn. James Williamson and Thomas Crummer were joint owners of a farm in the area, in 1883 Williamson and Crummer sold the property to the Auckland Agricultural Company. The Surrey Hills farm was subdivided into 272 building sections to form the neighbourhood between Surrey Crescent and the end of Ponsonby Road. Shops are located at the intersection of Great North Road and Williamson Avenue, Grey Lynns streets were largely laid out by the developers as straight roads Several streets are named after early landowners, Williamson, Crummer, Mckelvie, Pollen, Prime etc. But there is a prevalence of cultural personages from Britain, Sir John Millais, Lord Elgin, Alfred Lord Leighton, Coleridge and this was obviously intended to give an artistic ambience to the area. Most of the houses in the area were built between the 1890s and the First World War and they were built quickly and with little variation in layout. Their street facades were differentiated by the application of mass-produced items, wooden fretwork, stained glass panels, turned balusters, the most important feature was the bay window - hence the name Bay Villa - an important feature which marked the owner as middle class. The new inhabitants tended to be young couples, mostly white collar workers such as clerks, the adjacent area north of Richmond Road was probably similar. This was different from the working class area of Freemans Bay or the upper middle class area of Herne Bay. By the 1930s and 40s the original owners were beginning to age, the increased ownership of motorcars meant suburban development was expanding exponentially resulting in the mid 20th century ideal of the quarter-acre section. All the inner suburbs of Auckland became less desirable and areas like Grey Lynn became very rundown, many properties became owned by people who lived elsewhere and often divided into flats or operated as Boarding Houses. Repairs were kept to a minimum and in some houses were not repainted for almost half a century
8.
Herne Bay, New Zealand
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Herne Bay /hɜːrn/ is an extremely affluent suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. It is located on the shore of the Waitemata Harbour to the west of the Auckland Harbour Bridge. It is known for its extensive views, marine villas. Herne Bay is under the governance of the Auckland City Council. According to the 2006 census, Herne Bay has a population of 2,823, the suburb is named after Herne Bay, a fashionable but respectable seaside resort in English county of Kent. From the 1850s onwards it became apparent that Aucklands Herne Bay was quite handy to the centre of town by a boat trip. Herne Bay developed as a commuter suburb and was the location of several large houses belonging to members of the professional classes. Most of these houses were accessible from the water, with their own jetties and boathouses - in some cases there was not any land route to them. Some of these houses still exist, surrounded by later houses which were built as their large properties were subdivided around the turn of the 20th century. Also located in area on the shore of Ponsonby was Kemps Gardens. This was a pleasure resort for Aucklands people during the 1860s. The gardens were complete with pavilion, gardens and illuminations, A free hand was given, drinks were sold, music was provided, later renamed Cremorne Gardens after the fashionable pleasure gardens in London, Kemps gardens boasted a Dancing Pavilion, ten acres of walks and sports grounds. It is remembered in the name Cremorne Street, local secondary schools include Auckland Girls Grammar School, Western Springs College, St Pauls College and Saint Marys College. In late 2008, Herne Bay became New Zealands first $2 million suburb, all 11 properties were sold to low profile businessman Gary Lane in 2005. A wooden building in the Classical style, after that building was demolished and rebuilt on Symonds Street with a new big up-to-date organ this chamber organ made its way into the possession of the Baptist Church here. Corner of Jervois Road and Shelly Beach Road, wooden Gothic Church with impressive interior. Corner of Jervois Road and Curran Street, neo-Classical Apartment Block from around 1915. The main building is an example of the Arts & Crafts style employed for educational facilities just around the First World War
9.
Auckland
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Auckland is a city in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the most populous area in the country. Auckland has a population of 1,495,000, which constitutes 32 percent of New Zealands population, a diverse and multicultural city, Auckland is home to the largest Polynesian population in the world. It has also been called Ākarana, the Māori pronunciation of Auckland, the Auckland urban area ranges to Waiwera in the north, Kumeu in the northwest, and Runciman in the south. It is not contiguous, the section from Waiwera to Whangaparāoa Peninsula is separate from its nearest neighbouring suburb of Long Bay, the surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones. The central part of the area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two major bodies of water. The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich, Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans. After a British colony was established in 1840, the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson and he named the area Auckland for George Eden, Earl of Auckland, British First Lord of the Admiralty. It was replaced as the capital in 1865, but immigration to the new city stayed strong, today, Aucklands Central Business District is the major financial centre of New Zealand. Auckland is classified as a Beta World City because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, education and tourism. Aucklands landmarks such as the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, the Harbour Bridge, the Sky Tower, the isthmus was settled by Māori around 1350, and was valued for its rich and fertile land. Many pā were created, mainly on the volcanic peaks, Māori population in the area is estimated to have been about 20,000 people before the arrival of Europeans. As a result, the region had relatively low numbers of Māori when European settlement of New Zealand began, there is, however, nothing to suggest that this was the result of a deliberate European policy. Auckland was officially declared New Zealands capital in 1841 and the transfer of the administration from Russell in the Bay of Islands was completed in 1842. However, even in 1840 Port Nicholson was seen as a choice for an administrative capital because of its proximity to the South Island. After losing its status as capital, Auckland remained the city of the Auckland Province until the provincial system was abolished in 1876. Each of the four settlements had about 800 settlers, the men being fully armed in case of emergency but spent nearly all their time breaking in the land and establishing roads
10.
Auckland CBD
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The Auckland central business district, sometimes referred to as Central City or Downtown, is the geographical and economic heart of the Auckland metropolitan area. The area is made up of the citys largest concentration of skyscrapers and businesses, the CBD is one of the most densely developed places in New Zealand, with many commercial and some residential developments packed into a space of only 433 hectares. Bounded by several motorways and by the harbour coastline in the north. Located on the shore of a narrow isthmus, the CBD extends from the Auckland waterfront on the Waitemata Harbour southwards along Queen Street. The CBD has an area of 433 hectares, similar to the Sydney CBD, the CBD is to a substantial part located on reclaimed land of the Waitemata Harbour. For a closer discussion of this aspect, see the Commercial Bay, the town of Auckland was created in 1840 with the first European colonisation of the area, marked by an official ceremony on the now non-existent Point Britomart. The initial centre of the new town was focused on what is now the corner of Shortland and Queen Streets, Shortland Street tended to be the location of the more important businesses and most of the luxury shops of the mid 19th century. The 1850s onwards saw a number of businesses, and especially retail, locating further south along Queen Street. During the remainder of the 19th century, Commercial Bay was progressively filled in, allowing an extension of Queen Street and the creation of Fort Street, Customs Street. The part of Queen Street north of Customs Street is today referred to informally as Lower Queen Street, up until the middle of the 20th century the centre of town still contained a large number of small factories including clothing manufacturers. This was mirrored by the development of shopping malls which enticed retailers to vacate the inner city as well. Attempts by the council to halt this pattern by constructing numerous public car parking buildings met with varying success, residential numbers in the inner city were also declining in the 20th century from as early as the 1920s. Around 24,000 apartment units exist as of 2010, the CBD of Auckland has been the leading centre of New Zealands business and economic development for nearly two centuries. The area of todays CBD was the site of the original European settlement of Auckland, oriented along the coastline and then Queen Street, in a southward direction. From those origins, it has grown progressively, and become more densely built-up, now being an area of high-rise buildings mainly used for commercial. It has the highest concentration of arts, culture and higher education institutions, some commentators have noted that the recent decades have not been kind to the aesthetics and the community values of the inner city. In an attempt to reverse the decline of aesthetics in the CBD, previous Auckland City Councils and these include the recent redevelopment of Aotea Square in 2010 and the upgrade of Saint Patricks Square in 2009. The Auckland CBD is one of the few places in New Zealand that has skyscraper-sized buildings, such as the Vero Centre, ANZ Centre or the Metropolis, with the Sky Tower rising above them
11.
North Island
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The North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, separated from the slightly larger but much less populous South Island by Cook Strait. The islands area is 113,729 square kilometres, making it the worlds 14th-largest island and it has a population of 3,596,200. Twelve main urban areas are in the North Island, about 77% of New Zealands population lives in the North Island. Although the island has been known as the North Island for many years, in 2009 the New Zealand Geographic Board found that, along with the South Island, after a public consultation, the board officially named the island North Island or Te Ika-a-Maui in October 2013. In prose, the two islands of New Zealand are called the North Island and the South Island, with the definite articles. It is normal to use the preposition in rather than on, for example Hamilton is in the North Island, maps, headings, tables and adjectival expressions use North Island without the. According to Māori mythology, the North and South Islands of New Zealand arose through the actions of the demigod Māui, Māui and his brothers were fishing from their canoe when he caught a great fish and pulled it from the sea. While he was not looking his brothers fought over the fish and this great fish became the North Island and thus a Māori name for the North Island is Te Ika-a-Māui. The mountains and valleys are believed to have formed as a result of Māuis brothers hacking at the fish. Until the early 20th Century, an alternative Māori name for the North Island was Aotearoa, in present usage, Aotearoa is a collective name for New Zealand as a whole. The sub-national GDP of the North Island was estimated at US$102.863 billion in 2003, the island has an extensive flora and bird population, with numerous National Parks and other protected areas. Nine local government regions cover the North Island and all its adjacent islands, healthcare in the North Island is provided by fifteen District Health Boards. Organised around geographical areas of varying sizes, they are not coterminous with the Local Government Regions
12.
Ridge
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A ridge or mountain ridge is a geological feature consisting of a chain of mountains or hills that form a continuous elevated crest for some distance. Ridges are usually termed hills or mountains as well, depending on size, there are several main types of ridges, Dendritic ridge, In typical dissected plateau terrain, the stream drainage valleys will leave intervening ridges. These are by far the most common ridges and these ridges usually represent slightly more erosion resistant rock, but not always – they often remain because there were more joints where the valleys formed, or other chance occurrences. This type of ridge is somewhat random in orientation, often changing direction frequently. Similar ridges have formed in such as the Black Hills. Sometimes these ridges are called hogback ridges, oceanic spreading ridge, In tectonic spreading zones around the world, such as at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the volcanic activity forming new plate boundary forms volcanic ridges at the spreading zone. Isostatic settling and erosion gradually reduce the moving away from the zone. Crater ridges, Large meteorite strikes typically form large impact craters bordered by circular ridges, volcanic crater/caldera ridges, Large volcanoes often leave behind a central crater/caldera bordered by circular ridges. Fault ridges, Faults often form escarpments, sometimes the tops of the escarpments form not plateaus, but slope back so that the edges of the escarpments form ridges. Dune ridges, In areas of large-scale dune activity, certain types of dunes result in sand ridges, moraines and eskers, Glacial activity may leave ridges in the form of moraines and eskers. An arête is a ridge of rock that is formed by glacial erosion. Volcanic subglacial ridges, Many subglacial volcanoes create ridge-like formations when lava erupts through a glacier or ice sheet. Shutter ridges, A shutter ridge is a ridge which has moved along a fault line, typically, a shutter ridge creates a valley corresponding to the alignment of the fault that produces it
13.
Art museum
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An art museum or art gallery is a building or space for the exhibition of art, usually visual art. Museums can be public or private, but what distinguishes a museum is the ownership of a collection, the term is used for both public galleries, which are non-profit or publicly owned museums that display selected collections of art. On the other hand, private galleries refers to the commercial enterprises for the sale of art, however, both types of gallery may host traveling exhibits or temporary exhibitions including art borrowed from elsewhere. In broad terms, in North American usage, the word gallery alone often implies a private gallery, the term contemporary art gallery refers usually to a privately owned for-profit commercial gallery. These galleries are found clustered together in large urban centers. Smaller cities are home to at least one gallery, but they may also be found in towns or villages. Contemporary art galleries are open to the general public without charge, however. They usually profit by taking a portion of art sales, from 25% to 50% is typical, there are also many non-profit or collective galleries. Some galleries in cities like Tokyo charge the artists a flat rate per day, curators often create group shows that say something about a certain theme, trend in art, or group of associated artists. Galleries sometimes choose to represent artists exclusively, giving them the opportunity to show regularly, a gallerys definition can also include the artist cooperative or artist-run space, which often operates as a space with a more democratic mission and selection process. A vanity gallery is an art gallery that charges fees from artists in order to show their work, the shows are not legitimately curated and will frequently or usually include as many artists as possible. Most art professionals are able to identify them on an artists resume, University art museums and galleries constitute collections of art that are developed, owned, and maintained by all kinds of schools, community colleges, colleges, and universities. This phenomenon exists in both the West and East, making it a global practice, although largely overlooked, there are over 700 university art museums in America alone. This number, in comparison to other kinds of art museums, throughout history, large and expensive works of art have generally been commissioned by religious institutions and monarchs and been displayed in temples, churches, and palaces. Although these collections of art were private, they were made available for viewing for a portion of the public. In classical times, religious institutions began to function as a form of art gallery. Wealthy Roman collectors of engraved gems and other precious objects often donated their collections to temples and it is unclear how easy it was in practice for the public to view these items. At the Palace of Versailles, entrance was restricted to wearing the proper apparel – the appropriate accessories could be hired from shops outside
14.
Nightclub
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A nightclub is an entertainment venue and bar which serves alcoholic beverages that usually operates late into the night. Another distinction is that whereas many pubs and sports bars aim at a market, nightclubs typically aim at a niche market of music and dancing enthusiasts. The upmarket nature of nightclubs can be seen in the inclusion of VIP areas in some nightclubs, for celebrities, nightclubs are much more likely than pubs or sports bars to use bouncers to screen prospective clubgoers for entry. Some nightclub bouncers do not admit people with ripped jeans or other clothing or gang apparel as part of a dress code. The busiest nights for a nightclub are Friday and Saturday night, most clubs or club nights cater to certain music genres, such as house music or gothic rock. A nightclub may also be called a discothèque, disco, or dance club, from about 1900 to 1920, working class Americans would gather at honky tonks or juke joints to dance to music played on a piano or a jukebox. Webster Hall is credited as the first modern nightclub, being built in 1886 and starting off as a hall, originally functioning as a home for dance. During Prohibition in the United States, nightclubs went underground as illegal speakeasy bars, with Webster Hall staying open, with rumors circulating of Al Capones involvement and police bribery. With the repeal of Prohibition in February 1933, nightclubs were revived, such as New Yorks 21 Club, Copacabana, El Morocco, in Germany, possibly the first discothèque was Scotch-Club. These discothèques were also patronized by anti-Vichy youth called zazous, there were also underground discothèques in Nazi Germany patronized by anti-Nazi youth called the swing kids. In Harlem, Connies Inn and the Cotton Club were popular venues for white audiences, before 1953 and even some years thereafter, most bars and nightclubs used a jukebox or mostly live bands. The Whisky à Gogo set into place the elements of the modern post World War II discothèque-style nightclub. At the end of the 1950s, several of the bars in Soho introduced afternoon dancing. In the early 1960s, Mark Birley opened a members-only discothèque nightclub, Annabels, in Berkeley Square, in 1962, the Peppermint Lounge in New York City became popular and is the place where go-go dancing originated. However, the first rock and roll generation preferred rough and tumble bars and taverns to nightclubs, disco has its roots in the underground club scene. It brought together people from all walks of life and backgrounds and these clubs acted as safe havens for homosexual partygoers to dance in peace and away from public scrutiny. Disco allowed patrons to explore sexuality and push the envelope on the dance floor, disco clubs acted as an escape from such depressing environments and acted as the fantasy marginalized peoples could escape to forget oppression and racism. Disco clubs originally functioned as liberated party spaces and were seen as places of political statement, a smooth mix of long single records to keep people dancing all night long
15.
Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
16.
Gentrification
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Gentrification is a process of renovation of deteriorated urban neighborhoods by means of the influx of more affluent residents. This is a common and controversial topic in politics and in urban planning, conversations surrounding gentrification have evolved, as many in the social-scientific community have questioned the negative connotations associated with the word gentrification. Gentrification is typically the result of increased interest in a certain environment, early gentrifiers may belong to low-income artist or boheme communities, which increase the attractiveness and flair of a certain quarter. In addition to these benefits, gentrification can lead to population migration. The term gentrification has come to refer to a phenomenon that can be defined in different ways. Historians say that gentrification took place in ancient Rome and in Roman Britain, the word gentrification derives from gentry—which comes from the Old French word genterise, of gentle birth and people of gentle birth. In England, Landed gentry denoted the social class, consisting of gentlemen and this change has the potential to cause displacement of long-time residents and businesses. When long-time or original neighborhood residents move from an area because of higher rents, mortgages. Gentrification is a housing, economic, and health issue that affects a communitys history and culture and it often shifts a neighborhoods characteristics, e. g. racial-ethnic composition and household income, by adding new stores and resources in previously run-down neighborhoods. German geographers have a more distanced view on gentrification, actual gentrification is seen as a mere symbolic issue happening in a low amount of places and blocks, the symbolic value and visibility in public discourse being higher than actual migration trends. Gerhard Hard assumes that urban flight is more important than inner city gentrification. Volkskunde scholar Barbara Lang introduced the term symbolic gentrification with regard to the Mythos Kreuzberg in Berlin, Lang assumes that complaints about gentrification often come from those who have been responsible for the process in their youth. When former students and bohemians started raising families and earning money in better paid jobs, especially Berlin is a showcase of intense debates about symbols of gentrification, while the actual processes are much slower than in other cities. The citys Prenzlauer Berg district is, however, a child of the capitals gentrification. This leads to mixed feelings amidst the local population, the neologism Bionade-Biedermeier was coined about Prenzlauer Berg. It describes the milieu of the former quartier of the alternative scene. There are several approaches that attempt to explain the roots and the reasons behind the spread of gentrification, bruce London and J. John Palen compiled a list of five explanations, demographic-ecological, sociocultural, political-economical, community networks, and social movements. The first theory, demographic-ecological, attempts to explain gentrification through the analysis of demographics, population, social organization, environment and this theory frequently refers to the growing number of people between the ages of 25 and 35 in the 1970s, or the baby boom generation
17.
Dacrydium cupressinum
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Dacrydium cupressinum, commonly known as rimu, is a large evergreen coniferous tree endemic to the forests of New Zealand. It is a member of the conifer group, the podocarps. The former name red pine has fallen out of common use, rimu grows throughout New Zealand, in the North Island, South Island and Stewart Island/Rakiura. Although the largest concentration of trees is now found on the West Coast of the South Island, a typical North Island habitat is in the Hamilton Ecological District, where Fuscospora truncata and rimu form the overstory. Associate ferns on the forest floor are Blechnum discolor, Blechnum filiforme, rimu is a slow-growing tree, eventually attaining a height of up to 50 m, although most surviving large trees are 20 to 35 m tall. It typically appears as an emergent from mixed broadleaf temperate rainforest, there are historical accounts of exceptionally tall trees,61 m, from dense forest near National Park in the central North Island, now destroyed. Its lifespan is approximately 800 to 900 years, the straight trunk of the rimu is generally 1.5 m in diameter, but may be larger in old or very tall specimens. The leaves are arranged, awl-shaped, up to 7 mm long on juvenile plants, and 1 mm wide. It is dioecious, with male and female cones on separate trees, the mature cones comprise a swollen red fleshy scale six to ten mm long bearing one apical seeds 4 mm long. Historically, rimu and other trees such as kauri, matai and totara were the main sources of wood for New Zealand, including furniture. Pinus radiata has now replaced rimu in most industries, although rimu remains popular for the production of high quality wooden furniture, there is also limited recovery of stump and root wood, from trees felled many years before, for use in making bowls and other wood turned objects. The inner bark can also be used to treat burns and cuts, although slow to establish, with a long juvenile period and fairly high moisture requirements, rimu is widely grown as an ornamental tree in New Zealand. It is attractive at all stages, usually quite narrow when young. While rimu does exhibit some variation in the wild, garden cultivars are largely unknown except for one recent introduction, Charisma, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature
18.
Karangahape Road
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Karangahape Road is one of the main streets in the central business district of Auckland, New Zealand. Now considered to be one of the centres of Auckland, since the 1980s–1990s it has been undergoing a slow process of gentrification. It runs west–east along a ridge at the edge of the Auckland CBD, perpendicular to Queen Street. At its intersection with Ponsonby Road in the west, Karangahape Road becomes Great North Road, Karangahape is a word from the Maori language. Before Europeans appeared Auckland was occupied by several Maori Iwi each of whom used the same name for the Karangahape Ridge. The original meaning and origin of the word is uncertain, there are several interpretations – ranging from winding ridge of human activity to calling on Hape, Hape was a Māori chief of some importance living over on the Manukau Harbour in a place also called Karangahape. As the ridge was a route and was known as Te Ara o Karangahape – The Path of Karangahape – the name possibly indicates the route that was taken to visit him. Until the mid 20th century Karangahape Road was the street in central Auckland with a Maori name. In 1908 there was a movement to replace the long Maori name with something more urbane, European, although there were several public meetings and much discussion in the Newspapers at the time, the City Council was unmoved and the name survived. The topic re-emerged in 1913 but was unsuccessful, probably because of the advent of the First World War. Just before the Royal Tour in 1953 there was another push to rename the road, from the early 20th century it has become widely known as K Road even outside of Auckland. As it was a route used by the pre-European Māori, Karangahape Road is an older thoroughfare than Queen Street. The land was part of the parcel of 3000 acres sold by a local Māori to the government in 1841, the Karangahape ridge was the formal southern edge of Auckland City in the 19th century. In 1882 the ratepayers of Newton voted to part of Auckland City. From about 1900 to the early 1960s K Road was Aucklands busiest shopping street with a range of clothing. Most retail chain stores had branches here, often in preference to Queen Street, during the interwar period most of Aucklands main shops selling furniture, musical instruments, radios and household appliances were located here. In 1908 the gas lighting was replaced with electric lamps. In 1935 the whole street was lit by electric lights under the shop awnings to create a Community Lighting project referred to as the Great White Way
19.
Freeman's Bay
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Freemans Bay is the name of a former bay and now inner city suburb of Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand. The bay has been filled in to an extent, with the reclamation area now totally concealing the ancient shoreline. Since the turn of the 20th century, extensive land reclamation has seen Freemans Bay itself disappear, the reclamation of the old bay was finished in 1901, and Victoria Park was created on most of the resulting flat area. It is still public land used mostly for sports purposes, waiatarau was the Māori name for the bay that is now Victoria Park, although other names were used to refer to the area, such as Wai Kōtota and Te Koranga. Freemans Bay is probably named after Captain William Hobson’s secretary, James Stuart Freeman who apparently lived in the area and he was described by Dr John Logan Campbell in 1844 as the most disgustingly immoral swindling scoundrel in town. Local gossip had it that he was not actually married to the woman he was living with and this pained Eleanor Freeman enormously and enraged her husband. Living in a cottage on the wrong side of town certainly couldnt have helped her social status. After her early death at the age of 26 on 17 December 1844 Freeman added to the wagging tongues by remarrying just six weeks later, after his marriage to Mary Ann Miller on 29 January 1845 the Freemans left New Zealand. While settled as one of the earliest parts of the country by Europeans, the rich favoured the other side of Queen Street, clustering around the governors mansion and enjoying views of the harbour and Rangitoto, this was even referred to as the right side of Queen Street. On the wrong side of Queen Street were located most of the smelly and noisy industries including the abattoir and the gasworks of the Auckland Gas Company. As well as brickworks, by 1883 the area was the location of nine shipyards, three sawmills, a brass and iron foundry, a glassworks, a works, as well as several coal. Also found here were several facilities like the city morgue. Around these occupations were gathered some of the more modest houses in 19th century Auckland, two land auctions in 1864 in this area were the Brookville estate and Alma Place. The large number of building sites are probably an indication of the small size of the building sections. These workers cottages were very close together and often poorly constructed. Many of these larger houses became boarding establishments for male workers from the adjacent industries. In 1910 the average house for sale on Franklin Road was advertised for ₤736, while the house in Victoria Road. In 1905 Victoria Park was created which included sports grounds, a sports pavilion, the playground equipment was donated by Mr John Court of the John Court Department Store
20.
Henry Ponsonby
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Major General Sir Henry Frederick Ponsonby GCB was a British soldier and royal court official who served as Queen Victorias Private Secretary. Born in Corfu, he was the son of the British Army general and he entered the army on 27 December 1842 as an ensign in the 49th Regiment of Foot. Transferred to the Grenadier Guards, he became a lieutenant on 16 February 1844, captain on 18 July 1848, from 1847 to 1858 he was aide-de-camp to Lord Clarendon and Lord St. Germans, successively lord-lieutenants of Ireland. After the peace he was appointed equerry to Albert, Prince Consort, on 6 March 1868 he became a major-general. Ponsonby embellished letters to his children at Eton with a series of illustrations in which he concealed the schools address and it was a family quirk continued by his son, Arthur Ponsonby, and recently revived by descendant Harriet Russell. His letters bore addresses appearing as doodled signposts in snowstorms or as huge envelopes shouldered by tiny people and he served as Keeper of the Privy Purse and Private Secretary to Queen Victoria. Both Arthur and Mary Ponsonby contributed pseudonymously to magazines and newspapers of the day, on 6 January 1895 he was attacked by paralysis, in May he retired from his offices, and on 21 November he died at East Cowes on the Isle of Wight. On 30 April 1861, he married Hon. Mary Elizabeth Bulteel, Maid of Honour to Queen Victoria, in Mrs. Brown, he was portrayed by Geoffrey Palmer whose close friend and frequent co-star, Dame Judi Dench played Queen Victoria. The Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire as at Present Existing and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Ponsonby, Frederic Cavendish
21.
Ponsonby Peacocke
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Captain Stephen Ponsonby Peacocke, was a British officer of the Bombay Army and an artist notable for his 17 paintings of historic landscape views in the Nilgiri Hills in South India. Tinted lithographs were made of these views and published in folio in London by the lithographer Paul Gauci in 1847. Peacockes lithographs reflect the romantic escape to a hilly area that all Britishers in the plains yearned for in those days. Peacocke s career culminated as a member of the New Zealand Legislative Council from 1866 until his death in 1872. Captain Peacockes parents, Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Peacocke Sr. of the Buffs and Louisa Tottenham Peacocke were married at Bath, Somerset, in the west of England, there is fine miniature portrait of Stephen Peacocke Sr. c. There is a note from Louisa to Stephen in the back of the miniature, My beloved, my adored, Stephen, my idolised and matchless husband. Louisa Peacocke Their eldest child, Stephen Ponsonby Peacocke Jr. the artist, was born in 1813 and he was known by his middle name. There was/is supposedly a monument there erected to his memory by his brother officers, in 1837, Stephen Ponsonby Peacocke Jr. and Isabella Anne Louisa Brydges born 1815, the daughter of a Baronet, were married, probably while he was on leave in England. Stephen and Isabella Peacocke had four sons and two daughters and at least ten grandchildren, three of the sons and one daughter were residents of Auckland, and the fourth son settled in New South Wales They are,1. Georgina Elizabeth Emma Peacocke, of Devonport, New Zealand, born c.1844, Poet, author of a book of verse, Rays from the Southern Cross, died 14 May 1892, at Devonport, NZ.2. John FitzRoy Beresford Peacocke, of Remuera, New Zealand, Born Switzerland, male issue living - aged 36,33,28,26. Female issue living - aged 40,38,34,30, hilary m 1st Evelyn Wood 2nd Edna. Cyril Loftus DeQuincey Peacocke killed in action WW I, muriel Charlotte Anne Peacocke, born 1881. Egerton Francis Joseph Peacocke, born 1880, died 1960, florence Blanche Mary Peacocke, born 1876. Gerald Loftus Torin Peacocke, a Madeira-born English barrister, later editor of the New Zealand Farmer, reginald Thomas Stephen Peacocke b 1854, went to Australia and married Elizabeth Crook. Ines Eva Isabel Peacocke, married Thomas Lindesay, of Howick, Peacocke joined the Kings Own Scottish Borderers infantry regiment as an Ensign on 25 October 1833. He was in India in the 1830s with his regiment and was in Ootacamund convalescing from an illness for some time during this period and he was promoted to Lieutenant on 15 September 1837 and Captain 23 August. Peacock was furloughed for 3 months to Bombay, in April,1843 he was furloughed to England for nine months for the purpose of effecting an exchange or retiring, either on half-pay or by the sale of his commission
22.
New Zealand Legislative Council
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The Legislative Council of New Zealand was the first legislature of New Zealand from 1841 and upper house of the General Assembly of New Zealand from 1853 until 1950. Unlike the lower house, the New Zealand House of Representatives, originally, the Legislative Council consisted of the Governor, Colonial Secretary and Colonial Treasurer. The Legislative Council had the power to issue Ordinances, statutory instruments, with the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, the Legislative Council became the upper house of the General Assembly in 1853. The Legislative Council was intended to act as a revising chamber and it could not initiate bills, and was prohibited from amending money bills. The model for the Legislative Councils role was the House of Lords in the United Kingdom, the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 provided for councillors to be appointed for life terms by the Governor. In 1891, life membership was replaced by a term by the new Liberal Party government of John Ballance. Ballance had considerable difficulty in achieving his reform of the Council, ballances victory is seen as establishing an important precedent in the relationship between Governor and Prime Minister. The structure of the Legislative Council prior to 1891 was therefore similar to that of the Canadian Senate, the title The Honourable could be retained from 1894 by a councillor with not less than ten years service if recommended by the Governor. This privilege was extended to one member, William Montgomery, in 1906, and it was specified in the Constitution Act 1852 that the Council would consist of at least ten members. Although not actually a part of the Act, instructions were issued that the number of members should not exceed fifteen, one member was to be selected as Speaker of the Legislative Council, corresponding roughly to the position of Speaker of the House of Representatives. A quorum of five members was established, the first appointments to the Legislative Council were made in 1853, when twelve members were called to the upper house. Gradually, the number of members was raised, and the limit was eventually abolished. The Council reached a peak of 53 members in 1885 and 1950, the Legislative Council was generally less representative of the New Zealand public than was the House of Representatives. Women were not eligible to serve as councillors until 1941, two, Mary Anderson and Mary Dreaver, were appointed in 1946 by the First Labour Government. In 1950 when the First National Government appointed the suicide squad to vote the council out of three women were included, Cora Louisa Burrell, Ethel Marion Gould and Agnes Louisa Weston. The first two Māori councillors were appointed in 1872, not long after the creation of the Māori electorates in the House, Mokena Kohere, a convention was established that there should always be Māori representation on the Council. A number of proposals were made that the Legislative Council should be elected, in 1914, a reform proposal to establish a 42 or 43 member council elected by proportional representation for six years was introduced by the Liberals, but postponed due to World War I. In 1920 it was no longer favoured by the Reform government then in power, but the 1914 Act remained like a sword of Damocles suspended above the nominated upper house, available at will or whim to any succeeding government
23.
William Ponsonby (British Army officer)
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Major-General Sir William Ponsonby KCB, styled The Honourable from 1806, was an Irish politician and British Army officer who served in the Peninsula War and was killed at the Battle of Waterloo. He was the son of William Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Imokilly. Educated at Kilkenny and Eton, he married Hon. Georgiana FitzRoy, youngest daughter of Charles FitzRoy, between 1796 and 1798, Ponsonby sat as a Member of Parliament in the Irish House of Commons and represented Bandonbridge. Subsequently, he stood for Fethard and held this seat until the Act of Union in 1801 and he entered the British House of Commons in 1812, sitting for Londonderry until his death. In 1815, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, when Ponsonbys command, the 5th Dragoon Guards, arrived in the Peninsula in October 1811, it became part of John Le Marchants heavy cavalry brigade. For the rest of the war, this included the 5th Dragoon Guards. Ponsonby took part in Le Marchants famous charge at the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812, on that occasion, the British heavy dragoons rode down one French infantry division and part of a second before being repulsed. Upon Le Marchants death in the battle, Ponsonby took over the brigade, in 1813, Ponsonby led his 1, 200-strong cavalry brigade at the Battle of Vitoria. During the Battle of the Pyrenees and the campaigns in the mountains. On 25 January 1814, Ponsonby took leave of his brigade and in the battles in France. Ponsonbys part in the Battle of Waterloo is remembered because it highlights some pertinent points about cavalry charging, Ponsonby was in command of the Union Brigade, so-called because it included an English, a Scottish and an Irish regiment. The brigade consisted of the 1st Royal and 6th Inniskilling Regiments of Dragoons in the first line and it had counter-attacked to great effect against the disorganised French columns of dErlons I Corps. Carried away by their success, however, the brigade failed to rally. The Scots Greys in particular, forgetting their supporting role and ignoring the “recall”, charged on in disordered groups, by this time their horses were exhausted and a swift retribution followed in the form of a counter-attack by the French lancers. The brigade suffered heavy losses and played no further part in the battle. Ponsonby, who was mounted on a horse of less value than the best one in his stable, rode too far, recognising his rank and worth as a prisoner, the French gestured to him, urging him to surrender. Myths growing up after the battle turned this into a guardsman from the Red Lancers, following Ponsonbys death, command of the Union Brigade devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Clifton of the 1st Royal Dragoons. Ponsonby has a marble monument at the west end of the crypt of St Pauls Cathedral in London
24.
Western Park, Auckland
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Western Park is a midsized public park located in the suburb of Freemans Bay, west of the CBD of Auckland, New Zealand. It is situated in two merging gullies which run downhill to the sea from what was once called Te Rimu Tahi ridge, originally, the Tuna Mau stream used to run through the parks area. The park has several walkways, public toilets, a childrens playground, the park dates back to the late-19th century, and is considered one of the citys most distinguished open spaces. It may be considered Aucklands oldest Municipal park as the Auckland Domain was created by Central Government and this was land on each side of the stream, which in pre-European times had been called Tuna-Mau by the local Māori, meaning the trapping of eels. The stream was one of several which emptied into Freeman Bay, in 1873, the City Council decided to call for a new park design, and declared that the sum of ten guineas/pounds would be awarded as prize money to the creator of the winning design. Out of 11 different concepts that were submitted, the Lily of the Valley design of Hammond and Blackmore was chosen for the new City Park. The grounds were out in accordance with the lay of the land. The top of the park enjoyed views of the Waitemata Harbour, the parks expansive planting scheme of trees made it an arboretum, a popular and fairly new concept at the time. Many of the trees were gifts of prominent citizens, in particular Sir George Grey. The park was vested with the City Council in 1875 and in 1879 the Auckland Star reported the city following the example of the world with the official opening on November 17. The eastern edge is almost largely bounded by the grounds of Auckland Girls Grammar School which has occupied that site since 1909 taking the place of earlier educational, visually the two areas of greenery merge into one another. On the western edge of the park are private residences, mostly late 19th century and their presence goes unnoted for the most part as they are largely obscured by mature trees. The park was enlarged in the 1970s when the two adjacent portions of land on the Ponsonby Road frontage were incorporated into the park. This required the demolition of a block of shops on the corner of Hepburn Street called the Western Stores, at the bottom of the park the flat playing field has been augmented by the addition of ashpalt tennis courts, formed out of a portion of a decommissioned public road. Another portion of land on Hopetoun Street was added in the 1980s and was re-landscaped in the early 2000s creating a platform from where a view of the harbour can be enjoyed. Ironically the large trees planted in the 19th century have largely obscured the view of the harbour once obtainable from Ponsonby Road. Around 1910 a Band Rotunda was built as a piece for the park - no longer in existence it stood near the centre entrance on Ponsonby Road. Recently various works have been undertaken, including planting
25.
Jane Franklin
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Jane Franklin, known as Lady Franklin after her husbands knighthood, was the second wife of the English explorer Sir John Franklin. During her husbands period as Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemens Land, she became known for her philanthropic work, after John Franklins disappearance, she sponsored or otherwise supported several expeditions to determine his fate. Jane was the daughter of John Griffin, a liveryman and later governor of the Goldsmiths Company. There was Huguenot ancestry on both sides of her family and she was born in London, where she was raised with her sisters Frances and Mary at the family house,21 Bedford Place, just off Bedford Square. She was well educated, and her father being well-to-do had her education completed by much travel on the continent and her portrait was chalked when she was 24 by Amelie Romilly at Geneva. As a young woman, Jane was strongly attracted to a London physician and scientist, Dr. Peter Mark Roget and she once said he was the only man who made her swoon, but nothing ever came of the relationship. Jane had been a friend of John Franklins first wife, the poet Eleanor Anne Porden, in 1828, he and Jane Griffin became engaged. They married on 5 November 1828, and in 1829 he was knighted, during the next three years she spent lengthy periods apart from her husband while he served in the Mediterranean. In 1836 he was appointed lieutenant-governor of Van Diemens Land, disembarking from the immigrant ship Fairlie on 6 January 1837, Lady Franklin at once began to take an interest in the colony and did a good deal of exploring along the southern and western coast. In 1839, she became the first European woman to travel overland between Port Phillip and Sydney, with her husband, she encouraged the founding of secondary schools for both boys and girls, including Christs College. In 1841, she visited South Australia and persuaded the governor, Colonel George Gawler and this was set up later in the year. In 1842, she was the first European woman to travel overland from Hobart to Macquarie Harbour and she had much correspondence with Elizabeth Fry about the female convicts, and did what she could to ameliorate their lot. She was accused of using undue influence with her husband in his official acts, when Franklin was recalled at the end of 1843, they went first to Melbourne by the schooner Flying Fish and then to England by way of New Zealand on board the barque Rajah. In 1842 she commissioned a temple, and named it Ancanthe. She intended the building to serve as a museum for Hobart, a century of apathy followed, with the museum used as an apple shed among other functions, but in 1949 it was made the home of the Art Society of Tasmania, who rescued the building. It is now known as the Lady Franklin Gallery and her husband started on his last voyage in May 1845, and when it was realized that he must have come to disaster, Lady Franklin devoted herself for many years to trying to ascertain his fate. Until shortly before her own death, Lady Franklin travelled extensively, generally accompanied by her husbands niece Sophia Cracroft, who remained her secretary and companion until her death. Lady Franklin travelled to Out Stack in the Shetland Islands of Scotland, by means of sponsorship, use of influence and by offering sizeable rewards for information about him, she instigated or supported many other searches
26.
John Franklin
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Rear-Admiral Sir John Franklin KCH FRGS RN was an English Royal Navy officer and explorer of the Arctic. Franklin also served as Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemens Land from 1837 to 1843 and he disappeared on his last expedition, attempting to chart and navigate a section of the Northwest Passage in the Canadian Arctic. The icebound ships were abandoned and the crew perished from starvation, hypothermia, tuberculosis, lead poisoning. Franklin was born in Spilsby, Lincolnshire, in 1786 and educated at King Edward VI Grammar School and he was the ninth of twelve children born to Hannah Weekes and Willingham Franklin, the descendant of a long line of country gentlemen. One of Johns sisters, Sarah, was the mother of Emily Tennyson and his father initially opposed Franklins interest in a career at sea and reluctantly allowed him to go on a trial voyage with a merchant ship. This confirmed his decision, so when he was 14, his father secured him a Royal Navy appointment on HMS Polyphemus. He also accompanied Captain Dance on the East India Companys ship the Earl Camden, in 1819, Franklin was chosen to lead an expedition overland from Hudson Bay to chart the north coast of Canada eastwards from the mouth of the Coppermine River. On his 1819 expedition, Franklin fell into the Hayes River at Robinson Falls and was rescued by a member of his expedition about 90 metres downstream, between 1819 and 1822, he lost 11 of the 20 men in his party. Most died of starvation, but there were also at least one murder, the survivors were forced to eat lichen and even attempted to eat their own leather boots. This gained Franklin the nickname of the man who ate his boots, in 1823, after returning to England, Sir John Franklin married the poet Eleanor Anne Porden. Their daughter, Eleanor Isabella, was born the following year, Eleanor died of tuberculosis in 1825. In 1825 he left for his second Canadian and third Arctic expedition, with him was John Richardson who would follow the coast east from the Mackenzie to the mouth of the Coppermine River. At the same time, William Edward Parry would try to sail west from the Atlantic, supplies were better organized this time, in part because they were managed by Peter Warren Dease of the Hudsons Bay Company. He erected a flagpole with buried letters for Parry and he returned to winter at Fort Franklin on the Great Bear Lake. Next summer he went downriver and found the ocean frozen and he worked his way west for several hundred miles and gave up on 16 August 1826 at Return Reef when he was about 150 miles east of Beecheys Point Barrow. He reached safety at Fort Franklin on 21 September and he left Fort Franklin on 20 February 1827 and spent the rest of the winter and spring at Fort Chipewyan, Alberta. He reached Liverpool on the first of September 1827, richardsons eastward journey was more successful. On 5 November 1828, he married Jane Griffin, a friend of his first wife, on 29 April 1829, he was knighted by George IV and the same year awarded the first Gold Medal of the Société de Géographie of France
27.
Hundred (county division)
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It is still used in other places, including South Australia. Other terms for the hundred in English and other languages include wapentake, herred, herad, hérað, härad or hundare, Harde, Satakunta or kihlakunta, kihelkond and cantref. In Ireland, a subdivision of counties is referred to as a barony. The name hundred may be derived from the number 100, it may once have referred to an area liable to provide 100 men under arms and it was a traditional Germanic system described as early as AD98 by Tacitus. Similar systems were used in the traditional administrative regimes of China, the term hundred is first recorded in the laws of Edmund I as a measure of land and the area served by a hundred court. The Hundred Ordinance, which dates to the middle of the century, provides that the court is to meet monthly, the name of the hundred was normally that of its meeting-place. During Norman times, the hundred would pay geld based on the number of hides. To assess how much everyone had to pay, a clerk and a knight were sent by the king to each county, they sat with the shire-reeve, of the county, there would be two knights from each hundred. After it was determined what geld had to be paid, the bailiff and knights of the hundred were responsible for getting the money to the sheriff, above the hundred was the shire, under the control of a sheriff. Hundred boundaries were independent of both parish and county boundaries, although often aligned, meaning that a hundred could be split between counties, or a parish could be split between hundreds. Exceptionally, in the counties of Kent and Sussex, there was a sub-division between that of the hundred and the shire, several hundreds were grouped together to form lathes in Kent and rapes in Sussex. At the time of the Norman conquest of England, Kent was divided into seven lathes, the system of hundreds was not as stable as the system of counties being established at the time, and lists frequently differ on how many hundreds a county had. In many parts of the country, the Domesday Book contained a different set of hundreds from that which later became established. The numbers of hundreds in each county varied wildly, Leicestershire had six, whereas Devon, nearly three times the size, had 32. Over time, the functions of the hundred became the administration of law. By the 12th century, the court was held twelve times a year. This was later increased to fortnightly, although an ordinance of 1234 reduced the frequency to every three weeks. In some hundreds, courts were held at a place, while in others
28.
Auckland City Council
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Auckland City Council was the local government authority for Auckland City, New Zealand, from 1871 to 1 November 2010, when it was amalgamated into the Auckland Council. It was a body representing the 404,658 residents of the city. It was chaired by the Mayor of Auckland City, in the financial year ending June 2007, Auckland City Council had operating revenue of NZ$552 million, of which 68% came from Council rates, which were NZ$859 per ratepayer on average. Another 7% were spent on arts and culture and 2% on zoo, recreational facilities, the operating surplus was NZ$40.3 million. The councillors and the mayor of Auckland City were elected every three years, in the 2007 elections, the voter turnout was 39. 4%, down from 48% in 2004 and 43% in 2001. Amongst its other functions, the city council administered more than 700 parks and reserves throughout the country.5 million to $5.7 million, in 2002 then mayor John Banks announced plans to sell 1570 of its 1700 pensioner flats. A coalition called Council Housing Action Group fought the privatisation, initially Banks sought to sell the flats on the private market, and the coalition protests included disrupting private auctions. While the coalition was unable to prevent the sell-off, they achieved a substantial “compromise” where the flats were not sold off privately, all 1542 pensioner flats and 129 residential houses owned by Auckland City Council were sold to Housing NZ for $83million in 2002-3. The book value for all was $132million at the time of sale, City of sails, the history of Auckland City Council 1989-2010. Advance in order, the Auckland City Council from centenary to reorganisation, 1971-1989
29.
William Jervois
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Lieutenant General Sir William Francis Drummond Jervois GCMG CB FRS was a British military engineer and diplomat. After joining the British Army in 1839, he saw service, from 1875 to 1888 he was, consecutively, Governor of the Straits Settlements, Governor of South Australia and Governor-General of New Zealand. Born on 10 September 1821 in Cowes in the Isle of Wight, Jervois was the son of General William Jervois, belonging to a military family of Huguenot descent, he was educated at Dr. Burneys Academy, Gosport, before entering the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. Upon graduating from Woolwich, Jervois was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Royal Engineers in March 1839. From then until 1841, Jervois was trained at the School of Military Engineering at Chatham, in 1842, having been promoted to lieutenant the year before, Jervois was sent to South Africa where he served as a brigade major. As a second captain he saw service in the 7th Xhosa War, following a visit by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert to inspect the progress of the fortifications in 1854, he was promoted to the rank of major. Jervois became Secretary of a Royal Commission set up on 20 August 1859 to examine the state and it was specifically tasked to consider Portsmouth, Spithead, the Isle of Wight, Plymouth, Portland, Pembroke Dock, Dover, Chatham and the Medway. The commissions report was published on 7 February 1860, amongst other things, it proposed several options for a ring of defences around London, none of which were adopted, although elements were used in the later London Defence Scheme. Jervois went on to oversee the design of the fortifications that became known as the Palmerston Forts. He then lectured about iron fortifications, and inspected and provided advice regarding the defences of various British colonies including Gibraltar and he was promoted to colonel in 1867. In 1871 he was sent to India, and then worked on the defences of Cork harbour, following the withdrawal of British garrison troops from Australia in 1870, Jervois and Lieutenant Colonel Peter Scratchley were commissioned by a group of colonies to advise on defence matters. They inspected each colonys defences and produced the Jervois-Scratchley reports of 1877 and 1878 and these emphasised the importance of shore-based fortifications to defend against naval attack and also led to the establishment of local infantry and artillery units. Jervois was raised to the rank of general in 1877. In April 1875, Jervois was appointed the Governor of the Straits Settlements and he took office in Singapore on 8 May 1875, and served until 3 April 1877. Decisions he made during his tenure cemented Britains foothold on the Malay peninsula, he was instrumental in the formation of a local militia and the quelling of a Malay uprising. Although distrustful of Malays, he was sympathetic to the Chinese, during an 1877 inspection of Australian maritime defences, Jervois was appointed Governor of South Australia. He was given notice of his promotion while in Melbourne in June, Jervois arrived in South Australia on HMS Sapphire on 2 October 1877. Jervois arrived in the colony during a time of political crisis, later in October, the Colton Ministry resigned over a disagreement with the Legislative Council about the new Parliamentary buildings
30.
Governor-General of New Zealand
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The Governor-General of New Zealand is the viceregal representative of the monarch of New Zealand, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The office is mandated by letters patent and the officeholder is formally titled the Governor-General, when travelling abroad, the governor-general is seen as the representative of New Zealand, and of the Queen of New Zealand. For this reason, the governor-general is viewed by some as the de facto head of state, under the Niue Constitution Act, the governor-general also represents the monarch in Niue. The governor-general initially represented the British monarch and the government of the United Kingdom, therefore, many officeholders have been British statesmen. In 1972, Sir Denis Blundell became the first New Zealand resident to be appointed to the office, governors-general are not appointed for a specific term, but are generally expected to serve for five years. The current Governor-General is Dame Patsy Reddy, who has served since 28 September 2016, administrative support for the governor-general is provided by the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Appointment to the Office is made by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of New Zealand, the Prime Ministers advice has sometimes been the result of a decision by Cabinet, although there is no requirement for this. The appointment of Anand Satyanand met with the approval of every leader in the House of Representatives, by convention the Leader of the Opposition is also consulted on the appointment, however this too has not always been the case. This suggestion was in turn criticised by the Government, as Sir Edmund had backed Labour in 1975 as part of the Citizens for Rowling campaign, however, the right granted by the convention was not exercised directly by a New Zealand Prime Minister until 1967. Although non-partisan while in office, there have been a number of appointments of Governors-General to the office that have attracted considerable controversy, despite their political backgrounds, neither of these appointments could be said to have discharged their duties in a partisan way. There has often been speculation that a member of the Royal Family might take up the position, before the Governor-General enters office, his or her commission of appointment is publicly read in the presence of the Chief Justice of New Zealand and the members of the Executive Council. The Governor-General must take the Oath of Allegiance and the oath for the due execution of the office, from time to time, there have been proposals to elect the Governor-General. When first drafted by then Governor George Grey, the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 contained provision for the Governor to be elected by New Zealands Parliament. This provision was removed from the enactment, probably because the Colonial Office wanted to keep a check on New Zealands colonial government. In 1887 Sir George Grey, by then also a former Premier, the Bill was narrowly defeated 46–48, being opposed by the government of Harry Atkinson. In 2006 political commentator Colin James suggested that the Governor-General could be elected by a 60% majority of votes cast in Parliament, James argued that the New Zealand public should be given the ability to choose the Queens representative, and that the current system is undemocratic and not transparent. National MP Nikki Kaye queried whether several one-member parties in parliament could veto the decision, the Republican Movement responded that the method would ensure appointments were made that most MPs and parties found acceptable. The Governor-General holds office at the pleasure of the Queen, under clause II of the Letters Patent
31.
Windsor Castle
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Windsor Castle is a royal residence at Windsor in the English county of Berkshire. It is notable for its association with the English and later British royal family. The original castle was built in the 11th century after the Norman invasion of England by William the Conqueror, since the time of Henry I, it has been used by the reigning monarch and is the longest-occupied palace in Europe. Inside the castle walls is the 15th-century St Georges Chapel, considered by the historian John Martin Robinson to be one of the achievements of English Perpendicular Gothic design. Gradually replaced with stone fortifications, the castle withstood a siege during the First Barons War at the start of the 13th century. Edwards core design lasted through the Tudor period, during which Henry VIII and Elizabeth I made increasing use of the castle as a royal court and centre for diplomatic entertainment. Windsor Castle survived the period of the English Civil War, when it was used as a military headquarters for Parliamentary forces. At the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Charles II rebuilt much of Windsor Castle with the help of the architect Hugh May, Queen Victoria made a few minor changes to the castle, which became the centre for royal entertainment for much of her reign. Windsor Castle was used as a refuge for the family during the Luftwaffe bombing campaigns of the Second World War. It is a popular tourist attraction, a venue for hosting state visits, today, more than 500 people live and work in Windsor Castle, making it the largest inhabited castle in the world. Windsor Castle occupies 13 acres, and combines the features of a fortification, a palace, the present-day castle was created during a sequence of phased building projects, culminating in the reconstruction work after a fire in 1992. It is in essence a Georgian and Victorian design based on a medieval structure, since the 14th century, architecture at the castle has attempted to produce a contemporary reinterpretation of older fashions and traditions, repeatedly imitating outmoded or even antiquated styles. Although there has some criticism, the castles architecture and history lends it a place amongst the greatest European palaces. At the heart of Windsor Castle is the Middle Ward, a formed around the motte or artificial hill in the centre of the ward. The motte is 50 feet high and is made from chalk originally excavated from the surrounding ditch, the Round Tower is in reality far from cylindrical, due to the shape and structure of the motte beneath it. The western entrance to the Middle Ward is now open, the eastern exit from the ward is guarded by the Norman Gatehouse. Wyatville redesigned the exterior of the gatehouse, and the interior was later converted in the 19th century for residential use. The Upper Ward of Windsor Castle comprises a number of major buildings enclosed by the bailey wall
32.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
33.
Augustus Welby Pugin
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Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin was an English architect, designer, artist, and critic who is principally remembered for his pioneering role in the Gothic Revival style of architecture. His work culminated in designing the interior of the Palace of Westminster in Westminster, London, Pugin designed many churches in England and some in Ireland and Australia. He was the son of Auguste Pugin, and the father of Edward Welby and Peter Paul Pugin, Augustus was born at his parents house in Bloomsbury, London, England. As a child, his mother took Pugin each Sunday to the services of the fashionable Scottish Presbyterian preacher Edward Irving, at his chapel in Cross Street, Hatton Garden, Camden, London, Pugin learned drawing from his father, and for a while attended Christs Hospital. After leaving school he worked in his fathers office, and in 1825 and 1827 accompanied him on visits to France, in 1831, at the age of 19, Pugin married the first of his three wives, Anne Garnet. Anne died a few months later in childbirth, leaving him a daughter and he had a further six children, including the architect Edward Welby Pugin, with his second wife, Louisa Button, who died in 1844. His third wife, Jane Knill, kept a journal of their life, from their marriage in 1848 to Pugins death. Their son was Peter Paul Pugin, following his second marriage in 1833, Pugin moved to Salisbury, Wilshire, England with his wife, and in 1835 bought half an acre of land in Alderbury, circa one and a half miles outside the town. On this he built a Gothic Revival style house for his family, of it, Charles Locke Eastlake said he had not yet learned the art of combining a picturesque exterior with the ordinary comforts of an English home. In 1834, Pugin converted to the Roman Catholic Church and was received into it the following year, a number of reforms in the early 19th century relieved these restrictions, the most important of which was the Roman Catholic Relief Act of 1829, which specifically abolished the restrictions. After 1829 it became, at least theoretically, possible for Roman Catholics to have a successful career, however, his conversion also acquainted him with new patrons and employers. Shrewsbury commissioned him to build St, in 1836, Pugin published Contrasts, a polemical book which argued for the revival of the medieval Gothic style, and also a return to the faith and the social structures of the Middle Ages. Each plate in the book selected a type of urban building, each structure was the built expression of a particular view of humanity, Christianity versus Utilitarianism. Pugins biographer, Rosemary Hill, wrote, The drawings were all calculatedly unfair, but the cumulative rhetorical force was tremendous. In 1841 he published his illustrated The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture and he conceived of Christian architecture as synonymous with medieval, Gothic, or pointed, architecture. In the work he wrote that contemporary craftsmen seeking to emulate the style of medieval workmanship should reproduce its methods. In 1841 he left Salisbury, having found it an inconvenient base for his architectural practice. He sold St. Maries Grange at a financial loss
34.
Palace of Westminster
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The Palace of Westminster is the meeting place of the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Commonly known as the Houses of Parliament after its occupants, the Palace lies on the bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster. The palace is owned by the monarch in right of the Crown and for ceremonial purposes, the building is managed by committees appointed by both houses, which report to the Speaker of the House of Commons and the Lord Speaker. The first royal palace was built on the site in the 11th century, part of the New Palaces area of 3.24 hectares was reclaimed from the Thames, which is the setting of its nearly 300-metre long façade, called the River Front. Barry was assisted by Augustus Pugin, an authority on Gothic architecture and style. The Palace is one of the centres of political life in the United Kingdom, Westminster has become a metonym for the UK Parliament, the Palace of Westminster has been a Grade I listed building since 1970 and part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1987. The Palace of Westminster site was important during the Middle Ages. Known in medieval times as Thorney Island, the site may have been first-used for a residence by Canute the Great during his reign from 1016 to 1035. St Edward the Confessor, the penultimate Anglo-Saxon monarch of England, Thorney Island and the surrounding area soon became known as Westminster. Neither the buildings used by the Anglo-Saxons nor those used by William I survive, the oldest existing part of the Palace dates from the reign of William Is successor, King William II. The Palace of Westminster was the principal residence in the late Medieval period. The predecessor of Parliament, the Curia Regis, met in Westminster Hall, simon de Montforts parliament, the first to include representatives of the major towns, met at the Palace in 1265. The Model Parliament, the first official Parliament of England, met there in 1295, in 1512, during the early years of the reign of King Henry VIII, fire destroyed the royal residential area of the palace. In 1534, Henry VIII acquired York Place from Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, renaming it the Palace of Whitehall, Henry used it as his principal residence. Although Westminster officially remained a royal palace, it was used by the two Houses of Parliament and by the various law courts. Because it was originally a residence, the Palace included no purpose-built chambers for the two Houses. Important state ceremonies were held in the Painted Chamber which had originally built in the 13th century as the main bedchamber for King Henry III. The House of Commons, which did not have a chamber of its own, the Commons acquired a permanent home at the Palace in St Stephens Chapel, the former chapel of the royal palace, during the reign of Edward VI
35.
Auckland Gas Company
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The Auckland Gas Company is a company providing gas for residential or commercial customers in the Auckland area, New Zealand. It is one of the oldest still existing brand names in New Zealand and it is owned since 2004 by Nova Energy. The Auckland Gas Company was formed in 1862 as the first joint stock company in New Zealand and it was also the first private services provider in Auckland. In the 1870s, the company bought and developed a site in Freemans Bay to build a gasworks, with further buildings. This led to most of the buildings in the Freemans Bay are being demolished
36.
Victoria Park, Auckland
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Victoria Park is a park and sports ground in Auckland City, New Zealand. It was opened in 1905 and named after the queen who had died four years earlier and it lies on reclaimed bay land in Freemans Bay, a suburb directly west of the Auckland CBD. However, it not have direct connection to the foreshore anymore, as the Western Reclamation. The bay started to be filled in as early as the 1870s although the bulk of the reclamation appears to have happened after 1901, the Park was finished around 1912, the area to the north dates from after that. For this reason the park was not laid out in a manner, neither has it ever had decorative flower beds. As a sports facility for the adjacent working areas and industrial zones it was provided with a sports pavilion. These are London plane trees, which provide a frame for the sports fields in the middle. Asphalt sealed tennis courts were created in 1909, on the north side of the park was constructed a caretakers residence designed as an Arts & Crafts cottage, a cricket pavilion and a band rotunda. As well as being home to cricket and rugby clubs, newer activities have found a place in the park, in the 1990s a skateboard park was created along with a petanque court. On the south side space was found a line of small commercial buildings facing towards the Municipal Incinerator. Not far from the Kindergarten was created a playground for children in 1912. The original equipment was imported from America and paid for by John Court the proprietor of a well known Queen Street department store and this facility has been recently renovated with up-todate modern equipment. All of these industries produced noise and pollution, releasing toxic fumes, dust and dangerous chemicals & acids into the air, on the reclaimed land north of the park created in the 1920s were more sources of pollution. Here were located fish processing plants, more timber and ship yards, moreover, the earth used to fill in the bay to create the park was not clean. Over the years this material has undoubtedly been inundated with leakage of chemicals from the adjacent industries, arsenic and this means the ground soil of the park is itself contaminated. To mitigate this the playground was reconstructed over an impermeable layer to stop emissions of toxic gasses from the ground. Major close-by attractions are the Victoria Park Market, the former City rubbish incinerator built in 1905 and now housing an arts & crafts market, the market has received a major makeover, which has seen many of the older buildings of the complex restored. There are plans to relocate the carpark on the end of the site underground
37.
John Logan Campbell (politician)
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Sir John Logan Campbell was a prominent New Zealand public figure. He was the son of Doctor John Campbell and his wife Catherine and grandson of the 3rd baronet of Aberuchil and Kilbryde Castle, near Dunblane and he was described by his contemporaries as the father of Auckland. John Logan Campbell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 3 November 1817 the third and he had four sisters but his two elder brothers had died by the time he reached the age of 2. Campbell graduated in medicine from the University of Edinburgh in 1839 and later that year sailed for the antipodes, New South Wales, as a surgeon on the emigrant ship Palmyra. In 1840, he came to New Zealand, arriving first in Coromandel and then the capital of New Zealand, Auckland. Campbell and William Brown who arrived at the time, were the first Europeans to settle in the area. Campbell and Brown built the first house in Auckland, and opened the first shop, John Logan Campbell quickly became prominent in Auckland, both in business circles and in public life. He was a director of the Bank of New Zealand, the New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Company, Campbell was appointed to the Auckland Executive Council on 20 March 1855, and he served until 15 September of that year. He was then Superintendent of Auckland Province from 25 November 1855 to 17 September 1856, Campbell entered the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, representing the electorates of the City of Auckland 1855–1856. He was elected unopposed on 4 August 1860 in the Suburbs of Auckland electorate, Campbell retired at the end of the 2nd Parliament in later in 1860. He was a minister without portfolio in the government of Edward Stafford between June and November 1856, Campbell was a successful businessman and had entered into a partnership with William Brown in 1840 beginning operations as Aucklands first merchant firm, Brown and Campbell. By 1856 Campbell and Brown decided that their enterprises and properties, now worth £110,000, could be entrusted to a salaried manager, Brown and his family left early in the year, but Campbells departure was delayed. These earthly baubles he gladly resigned in September, on 20 November 1856 he left the colony, he hoped for good. While travelling abroad he married, Emma Wilson on 25 February 1858, on his return early in 1871 Campbell took over full control. Two years later he bought out Browns partnership share for over £40,000 and he founded Aucklands first school of art in 1878 and supported it for 11 years. When depression overwhelmed Auckland in 1885 and the Stock Market collapsed in 1886 there began a struggle for financial survival. Campbell sold several businesses and properties concentrating his energies on Brown Campbell and Company, Campbell retained his properties at One Tree Hill partly because he wanted to create a suitable residence for his family. He envisaged an Italianate mansion similar to James Williamsons at Hillsborough and he set about planting trees to create a suitable landscape garden
38.
John Campbell (architect)
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John Campbell was a Scottish architect, responsible for many government buildings in New Zealand. Born in Scotland, he travelled to New Zealand in 1882 after training in Glasgow under John Gordon, from 1883 to his retirement in 1922 he worked for the government, holding the title of Government Architect from 1909 onwards. He is most widely known for post offices, including those of Auckland and Wellington, in New Zealand he first lived and worked in Dunedin. He died in Wellington in 1942, media related to John Campbell at Wikimedia Commons
39.
New Zealand Muslim Association
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New Zealand Muslim Association established in 1950 is the oldest Islamic institution in New Zealand. In 1959 it purchased a house in Ponsonby, central Auckland, in 1960 the NZMA invited Maulana Said Musa Patel from the Gujarat to become New Zealands first Imam. In 1967 this house was sold and another bought, in 1972 this too was sold and another acquired at 17 Vermont Street, in 1979 the house on this site was removed and construction work began to build New Zealands first real mosque. Also in 1979 the NZMA was a constituent member of the Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand. Former presidents of the NZMA include Kosovo-born Mazhar Krasniqi and Nazmi Mehmeti from the Republic of Macedonia, the longest serving Executive Committee member between 1956 and 1981 was Hajji Avdo Musovich, originally from Montenegro. The current president of the Association is Imtiaz Ali and the current Secretary is Feroze Ali, berryman, Warren, and Draper, John, “Meat exporters resist costly Islamic crusade” in The National Business Review, Volume 9, No.16, p.1. “A History of the Muslim Community in New Zealand to 1980”, “Growing Support For Queen St Protest March” in The Auckland Star, p.3. 3000 stage city protest” in The Auckland Star, p.1, “City Mosque For Muslims” in The New Zealand Herald, p.1. De Graaf, Peter, “The Kiwi Kosovars” in Metro, pp. 89–93, Drury, Abdullah, “A Short History of the Ponsonby Mosque, New Zealand” in Al-Nahdah, Vol.19, No.3, pp. 36–38. Drury, Abdullah, “A Short History, New Zealand’s First Mosque” in The Muslim World League Journal, Vol.28, No.11, pp. 45–48. Drury, Abdullah, “A Short History of the Ponsonby Mosque, Auckland” in Da’wah Highlights, Vol. XII, Issue 6, Drury, Abdullah, “A Tribute to the Illyrian Pioneers” in Al Mujaddid, Vol.1, No.16, p.10. Drury, Abdullah, Islam in New Zealand, The First Mosque ISBN 978-0-473-12249-2 Drury, Abdullah, “Mazhar Krasniqi Now QSM” in Al Mujaddid, Drury, Abdullah, “Mazharbeg” in Al Mujaddid, Vol.1, p.14. “Eastern Dome For Skyline” in The New Zealand Herald, p.2, “Islamic Meat Trade” in The Otago Daily Times, p.1. Krasniqi, Mazhar, “Message” in Al Mujaddid, p.4, macIntyre, Dave, “$3m Being Sent To NZ For Building Of Two Mosques” in The Evening Post, p.44. Mannion, Robert, “Moslems Caught in Classic Dilemma” in The Dominion Sunday Times, middleton, Julie, “NZ Muslim leader honoured” in The New Zealand Herald, p.10. “Mohammad Sharif Madhavi Hojatol Islam spends most of his time supervising halal killing in freezing works. ”In The Auckland Star, moore, Leanne, “Muslims and Catholics in single salute” in The New Zealand Herald, p.24. “Moslem Group Form NZ Federation” in The New Zealand Herald, p.10, “Muslims begin the holy month of Ramadan” in The New Zealand Herald, p.17. “Muslims plan mosque for city” in The Auckland Star, p.5, “Muslims Raising Funds for a Mosque” in The New Zealand Herald, p.8
40.
Mosque
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A mosque is a place of worship for followers of Islam. There are strict and detailed requirements in Sunni jurisprudence for a place of worship to be considered a mosque, many mosques have elaborate domes, minarets, and prayer halls, in varying styles of architecture. Mosques originated on the Arabian Peninsula, but are now found in all inhabited continents, the mosque serves as a place where Muslims can come together for salat as well as a center for information, education, social welfare, and dispute settlement. The imam leads the congregation in prayer, the first mosque in the world is often considered to be the area around the Kaaba in Mecca now known as the Masjid al-Haram. Others regard the first mosque in history to be the Quba Mosque in present-day Medina since it was the first structure built by Muhammad upon his emigration from Mecca in 622. The Islamic Prophet Muhammad went on to another mosque in Medina. Built on the site of his home, Muhammad participated in the construction of the mosque himself and helped pioneer the concept of the mosque as the focal point of the Islamic city. The Masjid al-Nabawi introduced some of the still common in todays mosques, including the niche at the front of the prayer space known as the mihrab. The Masjid al-Nabawi was also constructed with a courtyard, a motif common among mosques built since then. Mosques had been built in Iraq and North Africa by the end of the 7th century, the Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala is reportedly one of the oldest mosques in Iraq, although its present form – typical of Persian architecture – only goes back to the 11th century. The shrine, while operating as a mosque, remains one of the holiest sites for Shia Muslims, as it honors the death of the third Shia imam. The Mosque of Amr ibn al-As was reportedly the first mosque in Egypt, serving as a religious, like the Imam Husayn Shrine, though, nothing of its original structure remains. With the later Shia Fatimid Caliphate, mosques throughout Egypt evolved to include schools, hospitals and it was the first to incorporate a square minaret and includes naves akin to a basilica. Those features can also be found in Andalusian mosques, including the Grand Mosque of Cordoba, still, some elements of Visigothic architecture, like horseshoe arches, were infused into the mosque architecture of Spain and the Maghreb. The first mosque in East Asia was reportedly established in the 8th century in Xian, however, the Great Mosque of Xian, whose current building dates from the 18th century, does not replicate the features often associated with mosques elsewhere. Indeed, minarets were initially prohibited by the state, mosques in western China were more likely to incorporate elements, like domes and minarets, traditionally seen in mosques elsewhere. In turn, the Javanese style influenced the styles of mosques in Indonesias Austronesian neighbors—Malaysia, Brunei, Muslim empires were instrumental in the evolution and spread of mosques. Although mosques were first established in India during the 7th century, reflecting their Timurid origins, Mughal-style mosques included onion domes, pointed arches, and elaborate circular minarets, features common in the Persian and Central Asian styles
41.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
42.
Victoria Park Market
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Victoria Park Market up until April 2016 the precinct was a craft, souvenir and clothing market and retail complex in Auckland, New Zealand. It is housed in a waste depot and incinerator complex. The Market was located in Freemans Bay and took its name from the adjacent Victoria Park which was created in 1905, the area has undergone a $22M refurbishment allowing for the earthquake proofing of the historic buildings and the introduction of some new building. The precinct is now Victoria Park Village The Victoria Park Village is a cluster of galleries, workshops, studios, offices, eateries and retail stores as well as a gym, the site of the Victoria Park Market buildings was originally part headland and part foreshore of Freemans Bay. In the late 1870s the bay began to be reclaimed, the street directly behind and above the market runs along the top of the ancient Seacliff. From 1905 to 1918 a series of buildings were constructed on the site. These included a 38m tall chimney, in 1907 work began on a power generator building to use the heat produced by the Destructor. Further additions were made from 1914 to 1918, including double storeyed stabling for the 94 horses used to pull the citys rubbish carts, and council administration offices. From 1952 the stables were no longer used for their purpose. The Auckland City Council originally planned to demolish the complex, and it was converted into a market and retail complex, and alterations were made for this purpose in 1983 and 1990. The complex is a Category I Historic Places under the Historic Places Act 1993, a further redevelopment was delayed by the financial crisis of 2008 but a NZ$20 million refurbishment began in 2012 and was complete by mid-2013
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Grafton, New Zealand
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Grafton is a suburb of Auckland City, New Zealand. The suburb is named for the Duke of Grafton, a patron of the first Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson, once known as Grafton Heights, denoting its history as a well-off suburb in Aucklands earliest decades. According to the 2001 census, Grafton has a population of 2,052, the suburb is characterised by its many historic buildings, many of them essentially unchanged from the early decades of the 20th century. Grafton has a residents association, abbreviated as the GRA. Grafton Bridge, Spanning Grafton Gully and connecting the Auckland CBD with Grafton, when it was completed in 1910 it was the largest reinforced concrete arched bridge in the world, spanning almost 300 metres. Basley-Bush House,123 Grafton Road, was built c.1882 for George William Basley, during and after the construction of Grafton Bridge in 1908-1910 the house was the residence of the City Engineer Walter Ernest Bush who was supervising the completion of the bridge. The first buildings of the 1850s and 1860s were wooden and have long disappeared, the main building was designed by Philip Herepath in 1878 in the Italianate style. It was demolished in the early 1960s and replaced by a 10 story modernist block which stands on the hill. In the 1880s and 1890s new brick buildings of some size were built including the Costley block which was the legency of local benefactor Edward Costley, close by are several other specialist blocks from before and after the first world war. In 2003, a new hospital was completed adjacent to the existing one, acute Paediatric services are delivered by the adjoining Starship Childrens Hospital. By bringing all these services on to one campus, Auckland City Hospital gained the status of being the largest hospital in New Zealand, huia Lodge - cnr Grafton and Park Road. In the 1960s a highrise Nurses residence replaced an Edwardian Mansion retaining several of the trees on the property, designed in the brutalist style by this complex dates from 1967 and is connected to the hospital by a pedestrian tunnel under the road. This is part of the Grafton Campus, The Medical School of the University of Auckland, Ernest Adams House -72 Seafield View Road. The founder of the Baking Empire lived here, note that although this end of the street is geographically closer to the central Post Office and the harbour the street numbering actually starts at the far end of the street. This is probably because Khyber Pass Road was created in the 1860s,1971 high rise building built as ecumenical student Accommodation. Auckland Domain, This park, set aside by Governor William Hobson in the 1840s as a domain, is one of the citys greatest assets. The Auckland War Memorial Museum and Cenotaph are perhaps its most dominant features, the Elliot Memorial Entrance Gates, These gates form the entrance to the Auckland Domain and are a fine example of the Art Deco style. William Elliot was an Auckland businessman who was Chairman of the 1913 Auckland Exhibition, the exhibition made a profit which was used to pay for the Wintergardens
