Pope Clement III
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Pope Clement III, born Paolo Scolari, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 December 1187 to his death in 1191. He ended the conflict between the Papacy and the cit
13th century miniature of Pope Clement III from the Speculum Grandimontis
Pope Innocent III
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Pope Innocent III was the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Papal States from 8 January 1198 until his death in 1216.
Pope Clement III
…into a family of high social level but not noble, son of Giovanni and of his consort Maria and according to some scholars related to the mother of Pope Innocent III. Pope Alexander III appointed him archpriest of the patriarchal Liberian Basilica, cardinal-deacon of Sergio e Bacco, and finally cardinal bishop of…
Detail of a fresco at the cloister Sacro Speco, c. 1219
Bulla of Innocent III
Mosaic of Innocent III, c. 1205–1212
Innocent III launched the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars.