Pork barrel, or simply pork, is a metaphor for the appropriation of government spending for localized projects secured solely or primarily to direct spending to a representative's district.
1917 cartoon from the New York World
In political science, political particularism is the ability of policymakers to further their careers by catering to narrow interests rather than to broader national platforms.
Protest against pork barrel politics at the 2013 Million People March in Luneta