1.
Port of New York and New Jersey
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Considered one of the largest natural harbors in the world, the port is by tonnage the third largest in the United States and the busiest on the East Coast. The port is the nations top gateway for flights and its busiest center for overall passenger. There are two foreign-trade zones within the port, the port handled $208 billion in shipping cargo in 2011, and 3,342,286 containers and 393,931 automobiles in 2014. The port is one of the largest natural harbors globally, encompassing an area within an approximate 25-mile radius of the Statue of Liberty National Monument, the port district comprises all or part of seventeen counties in the region. Abutting sections of Passaic, Middlesex, Monmouth, Morris, and Somerset in New Jersey, the Atlantic Ocean is to the southeast of the port. The sea at the entrance to the port is called the New York Bight, in Lower New York Bay and its western arm, Raritan Bay, vessels orient themselves for passage to the east into Arthur Kill or Raritan River or to the north to The Narrows. To the east lies the Rockaway Inlet, which leads to Jamaica Bay, the Narrows connects to the Upper New York Bay at the mouth of the Hudson River, which is sometimes called the North River. Large ships are able to navigate upstream to the Port of Albany-Rensselaer, to the west lies Kill van Kull, the strait leading to Newark Bay, fed by the Passaic River and Hackensack River, and the northern entrance of Arthur Kill. The Gowanus Canal and Buttermilk Channel are entered from the east, the East River is a broad strait that travels north to Newtown Creek and the Harlem River, turning east at Hell Gate before opening to Long Island Sound, which provides an outlet to the open sea. The port consists of a complex of approximately 240 miles of shipping channels, as well as anchorages, most vessels require pilotage, and larger vessels require tugboat assistance for the sharper channel turns. The Ambrose leads from the sea to the Upper Bay, where it becomes the Anchorage Channel. Connecting channels are the Bay Ridge, the Red Hook, the Buttermilk, the Claremont, the Port Jersey, the Kill Van Kull, the Newark Bay, the Port Newark, the Elizabeth, anchorages are known as Stapleton, Bay Ridge and Gravesend. The natural depth of the harbor is about 17 feet, but it was deepened over the years, by 1891, the Main Ship Channel was minimally 30 feet deep. In 1914, Ambrose Channel became the entrance to the port. During World War II the main channel was dredged to 45 feet deep to accommodate ships up to Panamax size. This has been a source of environmental concern along channels connecting the facilities in Port Newark to the Atlantic. PCBs and other pollutants lay in a blanket just underneath the soil, in June 2009 it was announced that 200,000 cubic yards of dredged PCBs would be cleaned and stored en masse at the site of the former Yankee Stadium and at Brooklyn Bridge Park. In many areas the sandy bottom has been excavated down to rock, dredging equipment then picks up the rock and disposes of it
Port of New York and New Jersey
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Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal on the
Newark Bay is the busiest container terminal on the East Coast of the United States
Port of New York and New Jersey
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The port district lies within a 25-mile (40 km) radius of
Statue of Liberty National Monument
Port of New York and New Jersey
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NASA image of the port district
Port of New York and New Jersey
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Deepening of
Kill van Kull
2.
New York Harbor
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New York Harbor, part of the Port of New York and New Jersey, is at the mouth of the Hudson River where it empties into New York Bay and into the Atlantic Ocean at the East Coast of the United States. It is one of the largest natural harbors in the world, although the United States Board on Geographic Names does not use the term, New York Harbor has important historical, governmental, commercial, and ecological usages. The aboriginal population of the 16th century New York Harbor, the Lenape, used the waterways for fishing and it is fairly firmly held by historians that his ship anchored at the approximate location where the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge touches down in Brooklyn today. He also observed what he believed to be a freshwater lake to the north. He apparently did not travel north to observe the existence of the Hudson River, in 1609 Henry Hudson entered the Harbor and explored a stretch of the river that now bears his name. His journey prompted others to explore the region and engage in trade with the local population, in 1624 the first permanent European settlement was started on Governors Island, and eight years later in Brooklyn, soon these were connected by ferry operation. This prepared New York as a port for the British colonies. In 1686, the British colonial officials gave the municipality control over the waterfront, in 1808, Lieutenant Thomas Gedney of the United States Coast Survey discovered a new, deeper channel through The Narrows into New York Harbor. Because of the difficulty of the required, since 1694. The new channel Gedney discovered was 2 feet deeper, enough of a margin that fully laden ships could come into the harbor even at slack tide. Gedneys Channel, as it came to be called, was shorter than the previous channel, another benefit appreciated by the ship owners. Gedney received the praise of the city, as well as a silver service. In 1824 the first American drydock was completed on the East River, the Morris Canal, carrying anthracite and freight from Pennsylvania through New Jersey to its terminus at the mouth of the Hudson in Jersey City. Portions in the harbor are now part of Liberty State Park, in 1870, the city established the Department of Docks to systematize waterfront development, with George B. McClellan as the first engineer in chief. By the turn of the 20th century numerous railroad terminals lined the banks of the North River in Hudson County. The freight was ferried across by the railroads with small fleets of towboats, barges. New York subsidized this service which undercut rival ports, major road improvements allowing for trucking and containerization diminished the need. The Statue of Liberty National Monument recalls the period of immigration to the United States at the turn of the 20th century
New York Harbor
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A 1981 view looking southwest:
Wallabout Bay and
East River (foreground),
Hudson River (at right),
Upper New York Bay (middlle) and
Newark Bay in the distance.
New York Harbor
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Nieuw Amsterdam, Lower Manhattan: Early East River docks along left bottom; protective wall against the British on right. West is at top. (Castello Plan, 1660)
New York Harbor
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The
Statue of Liberty
New York Harbor
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New York Harbor, oil painting by
George McCord (1848–1909)
3.
North River (Hudson River)
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North River is an alternate name for the southernmost portion of the Hudson River in the vicinity of New York City and northeastern New Jersey in the United States. The colonial name for the entire Hudson was given to it by the Dutch in the seventeenth century. However it still retains currency as an alternate or additional name among local mariners and others as well as appearing on some nautical charts and maps. The term is used for infrastructure on and under the river, such as the North River piers, North River Tunnels, the names for the lower portion of the river appear to have remained interchangeable for centuries. In 1909, construction of two projects was under way, one was called the North River Tunnels, the other. The origin of the name North River is generally attributed to the Dutch, in describing the major rivers in the New Netherland colony, they called what is now the Hudson the North River, the Connecticut the Fresh River, and the Delaware the South River. Another theory is that the North River and East River were so named for the direction of travel they permitted once having entered the Upper New York Bay. In 1808 the Secretary of the Treasury, Albert Gallatin, issued his report of proposed locations for transportation and communication internal improvements of national importance and this peculiarity distinguishes the North River from all the other bays and rivers of the United States. The tide in no other ascends higher than the ridge or comes within thirty miles of the Blue Ridge or eastern chain of mountains. In the North River it breaks through the Blue Ridge at West Point, a few miles above Troy, and the head of the tide, the Hudson from the north and the Mohawk from the west unite their waters and form the North River. The Hudson in its course upwards approaches the waters of Lake Champlain, hagstrom Maps, formerly the leading mapmaker in the New York metropolitan area, has labeled all or part of the Hudson adjacent to Manhattan as North River on several of its maps. On a 2000 map of Northern Approaches to New York City, Piers along the Hudson shore of Manhattan were formerly used for shipping and berthing ocean-going ships. In shipping notices, they were designated as, for example, Pier 14, most of the piers that once existed in lower Manhattan fell into disuse or were destroyed in the last half of the 20th century, although a number have been adapted to new uses. As with the river, the name North River piers has largely supplanted by Hudson River piers, or just by a pier and number. The remaining piers are Pier A at the Battery and piers ranging from Pier 25 at North Moore Street to Pier 99 at 59th Street, many of these piers and the waterfront between them are part of the Hudson River Park which stretches from 59th Street to the Battery. Several piers are being rebuilt as part of the park project, Piers above Pier 40 have addresses approximately that of Manhattans numbered streets plus 40 – thus, for example North River Pier 86 is at West 46th Street. Pier A is a national and New York City landmark. The building on the dates to 1886, and was used by the citys Department of Docks, Harbor Police
North River (Hudson River)
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North River in red, if defined as portion between New Jersey and Manhattan.
North River (Hudson River)
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Looking south from atop the
Hudson Palisades
North River (Hudson River)
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Revolutionary-era map using both names
North River (Hudson River)
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Lower Manhattan circa 1931. East River piers are in the foreground; the North River and North River piers stretch off into the background.
4.
East River
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The East River is a salt water tidal estuary in New York City. The waterway, which is not a river despite its name. It separates the borough of Queens on Long Island from the Bronx on the North American mainland, and also divides Manhattan from Queens and Brooklyn, because of its connection to Long Island Sound, it was once also known as the Sound River. The tidal strait changes its direction of flow frequently, and is subject to fluctuations in its current. The waterway is navigable for its length of 16 miles. Technically a drowned valley, like the other waterways around New York City, the distinct change in the shape of the strait between the lower and upper portions is evidence of this glacial activity. The upper portion, running perpendicular to the glacial motion, is wide, meandering. The lower portion runs north-south, parallel to the glacial motion and it is much narrower, with straight banks. The bays that exist, as well as those used to exist before being filled in by human activity, are largely wide. The stretch has since been cleared of rocks and widened, washington Irving wrote of Hell Gate that the current sounded like a bull bellowing for more drink at half tide, whilte at full tide it slept as soundly as an alderman after dinner. He said it was like a peaceable fellow enough when he has no liquor at all, or when he has a skinful, but who, the river is navigable for its entire length of 16 miles. Why the river turns to the east as it approaches the three lower Manhattan bridges is currently geologically unknown, in the stretch of the river between Manhattan Island and the borough of Queens, lies Roosevelt Island, a narrow 2-mile long island consisting of 147 acres. Politically part of Manhattan, it begins at around the level of East 46th Street of that borough and it is connected to Queens by the Roosevelt Island Bridge, to Manhattan by the Roosevelt Island Tramway, and to both by a subway station. The Queensboro Bridge runs across Roosevelt Island, but no longer has an elevator connection to it. The abrupt termination of the island on its end is due to an extension of the 125th Street Fault. The Bronx River drains into the East River in the section of the strait. North of Randalls Island, it is joined by the Bronx Kill. Along the east of Wards Island, at approximately the midpoint, it narrows into a channel called Hell Gate
East River
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East River and the
headquarters of the United Nations in
Manhattan, as seen from
Roosevelt Island.
East River
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The East River is shown in red on this satellite photo of New York City.
East River
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A map from 1781
East River
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Exposition display showing cross-section of East River railroad tunnel to Pennsylvania Station
5.
Upper New York Bay
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Upper New York Bay, or Upper Bay, is the traditional heart of the Port of New York and New Jersey, and often called New York Harbor. It is enclosed by the New York City boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Staten Island and it is fed by the waters of the Hudson River, as well as the Gowanus Canal. It is connected to Lower New York Bay by the Narrows, to Newark Bay by the Kill Van Kull, and to Long Island Sound by the East River and it provides the main passage for the waters of the Hudson River as it empties through the Narrows. The channel of the Hudson as it passes through the harbor is called the Anchorage Channel and is approximately 50 feet deep in the midpoint of the harbor. A project to two water mains between Brooklyn and Staten Island which will eventually allowing for dredging of the channel to nearly 100 feet was begun in April 2012. Historically it has played an important role in the commerce of the New York metropolitan area. The Statue of Liberty National Monument recalls the immigrant experience during the late 19th, Liberty State Park opened in 1976. In recent years, it has become a site for recreation sailing and kayaking. NY Waterway operates routes across the bay and through The Narrows to locations near Sandy Hook, the Upper Bay supports a very diverse population of marine species, allowing for recreational fishing, most commonly for striped bass and bluefish
Upper New York Bay
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New York Harbor, showing Upper New York Bay in red. It is connected to Lower New York Bay on the south by
The Narrows. Ellis Island (north) and Liberty Island (south) are shown in the northwest corner of the bay.
Upper New York Bay
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Manhattan, across the bay from
Liberty State Park
Upper New York Bay
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Robbins Reef Light,
MOTBY, and
Port Jersey
Upper New York Bay
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Liberty Weekend 1986
6.
Claude Lorrain
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Claude Lorrain was a French painter, draughtsman and engraver of the Baroque era. He spent most of his life in Italy, and is one of the earliest important artists, apart from his contemporaries in Dutch Golden Age painting, to concentrate on landscape painting. His landscapes are usually turned into the more prestigious genre of paintings by the addition of a few small figures. By the end of the 1630s he was established as the leading landscapist in Italy and these gradually became larger, but with fewer figures, more carefully painted, and produced at a lower rate. He was not generally an innovator in painting, except in introducing the sun into many paintings. His patrons were also mostly Italian, but after his death he became popular with English collectors. He was a creator of drawings in pen and very often monochrome watercolour wash, usually brown. Chalk is sometimes used for under-drawing, and white highlighting in various media may be employed and these fall into three fairly distinct groups. Firstly there are numbers of sketches, mostly of landscapes, and apparently very often done at the scene, these have been greatly admired. Then there are studies for paintings, of various degrees of finish, many clearly done before or during the process of painting and this was certainly the case for the last group, the 195 drawings recording finished paintings collected in his Liber Veritatis. He produced over 40 etchings, often simplified versions of paintings and these served various purposes for him, but are now regarded as much less important than his drawings. He painted frescoes in his career, which played an important part in making his reputation. The earliest biographies of Claude are in Joachim von Sandrarts Teutsche Academie, both Sandrart and Baldinucci knew the painter personally, but at periods some 50 years apart, respectively at the start of his career and shortly before his death. Sandrart knew him well and lived with him for a while, while Baldinucci was probably not intimate with him, and derived much of his information from Claudes nephew, who lived with the artist. Claudes tombstone gives 1600 as his year of birth, but contemporary sources indicate a later date and he was born in the small village of Chamagne, Vosges, then part of the Duchy of Lorraine. He was the third of five sons of Jean Gellée and Anne Padose, according to Baldinucci, Claudes parents both died when he was twelve years old, and he then lived at Freiburg with an elder brother. Jean was an artist in inlay and taught Claude the rudiments of drawing, Claude then travelled to Italy, first working for Goffredo Wals in Naples, then joining the workshop of Agostino Tassi in Rome. Sandrarts account of Claudes early years, however, is quite different, according to Sandrart, Claude did not do well at the village school and was apprenticed to a pastry baker
Claude Lorrain
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Claude Lorrain
Claude Lorrain
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The Roman Campagna (1639), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Claude Lorrain
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Sunrise (1646–47), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Claude Lorrain
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Worship of the Golden Calf
7.
Shanghai Port
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The Port of Shanghai, located in the vicinity of Shanghai, comprises a deep-sea port and a river port. In 2010, Shanghai port overtook the Port of Singapore to become the worlds busiest container port, Shanghais port handled 29.05 million TEUs, whereas Singapores was a half million TEUs behind. In 2016, Shanghai port set a record by handling over 37 million TEUs. The Port of Shanghai faces the East China Sea to the east and it includes the confluences of the Yangtze River, Huangpu River, and Qiantang River. The Port of Shanghai is managed by Shanghai International Port which superseded the Shanghai Port Authority in 2003, Shanghai International Port Company Limited is a public listed company, of which the Shanghai Municipal Government owns 44.23 percent of the outstanding shares. During the Ming dynasty, what is now the city of Shanghai was a part of Jiangsu Province, while Shanghai had become a county seat in the Yuan dynasty, it remained relatively a small town. Its location at the mouth of the Yangtze River led to its development as coastal trade developed during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor in the Qing dynasty. Gradually, the port of Shanghai surpassed the port of Ningbo, in 1842, Shanghai became a treaty port, thus developing into an international commercial city. By the early 20th century, it was the largest city in the Far East, in 1949, with the Communist takeover in Shanghai, overseas trade was cut dramatically. The economic policy of the Peoples Republic had an effect on Shanghais infrastructure. In 1991, the government allowed Shanghai to initiate economic reform. Since then, the port of Shanghai has developed at an increasing pace, by 2005, the Yangshan deep water port was built on the Yangshan islands, a group of islands in Hangzhou Bay, linked to Shanghai by the Donghai Bridge. This development allowed the port to overcome shallow water conditions in its current location, and to rival another deep-water port and it serves the Yangtze economically developed hinterland of Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Henan provinces with its dense population, strong industrial base and developed agricultural sector. Container transport SIPG, Shanghai International Port Co
Shanghai Port
–
Yangshan Deep-water Port
Shanghai Port
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Donghai Bridge
8.
Port of Hamburg
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The Port of Hamburg is a sea port on the river Elbe in Hamburg, Germany,110 kilometres from its mouth on the North Sea. It is Germanys largest port and is named the countrys Gateway to the World, in terms of TEU throughput, Hamburg is the second-busiest port in Europe and 15th-largest worldwide. In 2014,9.73 million TEUs were handled in Hamburg, the harbour covers an area of 73.99 km², of which 43.31 km² are land areas. The location is naturally advantaged by a branching Elbe, creating a place for a port complex with warehousing. The extensive free port enabled toll-free storing, but this was abandoned in 2013, the port is almost as old as the history of Hamburg itself. With discovery of the Americas and the transatlantic trade, Hamburg exceeded all other German ports. During the second half of the 19th century, Hamburg became Central Europes main hub for passenger and freight travel. In her time the Hamburg America Line was the largest shipping company in the world, since 1888, the HADAG runs a scheduled ferry service across various parts of the port and the Elbe. The Free Port, established on 15 October 1888, enabled traders to ship and store goods without going through customs, the Moldauhafen has a similar arrangement, though related to the Czech Republic exclusively. Deepening of the river Elbe for large vessels is controversial for ecological reasons, Hamburg is a major cruise destination and one of Europes largest ports of call for cruise passengers traveling the Atlantic, or the Norwegian and Baltic Seas. The port is also a location for shipbuilder and shipyards, designing, building and reconditioning yachts. The Port of Hamburg is also one of Hamburgs largest attractions, both as a living, industrial and logistic center but also as a backdrop for modern culture and the ports history. Among these are museum ships, musical theaters, bars, restaurants and hotels -. The annual celebration of the harbours birthday during the first weekend of May is one of Hamburgs biggest public events, national and international visitors come to experience the festivities. Tugboats perform ballets, old galleons and new ships are open for tours. Tour guides on boat tours in the harbour are called he lüchts after an often used call of dock workers when they overheard the stories told to tourists
Port of Hamburg
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Landungsbrücken (“Jetties”), in
St. Pauli quarter
Port of Hamburg
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Satellite image of Hamburg. The Port of Hamburg stretches along the Southern shore of the River Elbe and branches into numerous natural river arms.
Port of Hamburg
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Container Terminal Altenwerder
Port of Hamburg
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Panoramic view of Hamburg Harbour as seen from atop of Dockland Hamburg
9.
Piraeus
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Piraeus is a port city in the region of Attica, Greece. Piraeus is located within the Athens urban area,12 kilometres southwest from its city center, the municipality of Piraeus and several other suburban municipalities within the regional unit of Piraeus form the greater Piraeus area, with a total population of 448,997. Piraeus has a recorded history, dating to ancient Greece. During the Golden Age of Athens the Long Walls were constructed to connect Athens with Piraeus, the port of Piraeus is the chief port in Greece, the largest passenger port in Europe and the second largest in the world, servicing about 20 million passengers annually. With a throughput of 1.4 million TEUs, Piraeus is placed among the top ten ports in container traffic in Europe, the city hosted events in both the 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics held in Athens. The University of Piraeus is one of the largest universities in Greece, Piraeus, which roughly means the place over the passage, has been inhabited since the 26th century BC. Consequently, it was called the Halipedon, meaning the salt field, through the centuries, the area was increasingly silted and flooding ceased, and thus by early classical times the land passage was made safe. In the late 6th century BC, the area caught attention due to its advantages, in 511 BC, the hill of Munichia was fortified by Hippias and four years later Piraeus became a deme of Attica by Cleisthenes. The Athenian fleet played a role in the battle of Salamis against the Persians in 480 BC. From then on Piraeus was permanently used as the navy base, the citys fortification was farther reinforced later by the construction of the Long Walls under Cimon and Pericles, with which Piraeus was connected to Athens. Meanwhile, Piraeus was rebuilt to the grid plan of architect Hippodamus of Miletus, known as the Hippodamian plan. As a result, Piraeus flourished and became a port of high security and great commercial activity, during the Peloponnesian War, Piraeus suffered its first setback. In the second year of the war, the first cases of the Athens plague were recorded in Piraeus, in 404 BC, the Spartan fleet under Lysander blockaded Piraeus and subsequently Athens surrendered to the Spartans, putting an end to the Delian League and the war itself. As a result, the tattered and unfortified port city was not able to compete with prosperous Rhodes, the destruction was completed in 395 AD by the Goths under Alaric I. Piraeus was led to a period of decline which lasted for fifteen centuries. During the Byzantine period the harbour of Piraeus was occasionally used for the Byzantine fleet and it was also called Porto Drako by Greeks, drako meaning not just dragon, but any monster. When Piraeus was taken by the Ottoman Empire in 1456, it known as Aslan Liman. The Piraeus Lion itself was looted in 1687 by Francesco Morosini during his expedition against Athens and was carried to the Venetian Arsenal, a copy of the lion statue is on display at the Archaeological Museum of Piraeus
Piraeus
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View of Mikrolimano, Piraeus.
Piraeus
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Funerary relief for a girl, flanked by her parents (330/320 BC);
Archaeological Museum of Piraeus.
Piraeus
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The
Long Walls connecting the ancient city of
Athens to its port of Piraeus.
Piraeus
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One of several streets of the Hippodamian grid that was applied to the hill of Munichia and re-used for the modern city of Piraeus.
10.
Port of Seattle
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The Port of Seattle is a port district that runs Seattles seaport and airport. Its creation was approved by the voters of King County, Washington, on September 5,1911 and it is run by an elected five-member commission. The commissioners terms run four years, in 2015, Sea-Tac Airport handled a record 42.3 million passengers and the seaport division handled over 3.5 million containers, making them combined the 3rd largest container gateway in North America. In 2015, over 898,000 cruise passengers passed through the ports facilities, the Port of Seattle employs just under 1,800 employees. The port has three operating divisions, as well as development and corporate divisions. The Port of Seattle also controls recreational and commercial moorage facilities, the Port of Seattle celebrated its centennial in 2011. To mark the anniversary, the created a historical filled with photos and information about the ports. The work of the commission for the first six months was confined almost entirely to the preparation of projects which were approved by the people at a special election held on March 5,1912. A Porsche 959 was stored for 13 years by the Customs Service at the Port of Seattle, gates and Allen both helped pass the Show and Display law. In 1949 the U. S. Department of Commerce designated a zone in the port. Recent years have brought significant changes to the Port of Seattle, in 2007, Tay Yoshitani joined the organization as CEO. Just after his tenure began, two significant scandals occurred, the port police department uncovered a significant problem with racist and pornographic emails. The organization refused to pay and the claim was dropped, though the situation led to a recall of one commissioner. Finally, in December of that year, the State Auditors Office issued a report on the ports contracting practices. The audit report sparked an investigation by the Department of Justice, Yoshitani also brought a heightened commitment to environmental practices. The port has many programs, including shore power for cruise ships. But increased container and cruise traffic have increased community concerns, just as the new runway did, in 2012, port commissioners began outreach on the Century Agenda, a strategic plan for the ports next 25 years. In 2012, the Port became one of the most vocal opponents of the proposal to build a new arena in the Stadium District, in 2015, an agreement to berth Royal Dutch Shell semi-submersible offshore drilling rigs at the Ports Terminal 5 led to protests against Arctic drilling
Port of Seattle
Port of Seattle
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Coast Guard ISC
Port of Seattle
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A ship at Pier 86 Grain Terminal
Port of Seattle
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Grain Terminal Sign
11.
Port of Haifa
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The Port of Haifa is the largest of Israels three major international seaports, which include the Port of Ashdod, and the Port of Eilat. It has a deep water harbor which operates all year long. It is one of the largest ports in the eastern Mediterranean in terms of freight volume, the port employs over 1,000 people, with the number rising to 5,000 when cruise ships dock in Haifa. Haifa Bay has been a refuge for mariners since prehistoric times, when the Crusaders conquered Haifa in the year 1100, it became an important town and the main port for Tiberias, the capital of the Galilee. The port fell into disrepair during the Mamluk reign, and acquired the reputation of a lair in the 18th century. Until the beginning of the 20th century, Acre served as the port for the region. However, the port eventually became clogged with silt, and was unable to accommodate large ships, Construction of the port began in 1922, and it was officially opened on October 31,1933 by Lieut. Sir Arthur Wauchope, the British High Commissioner for Palestine, the port allowed Haifa to blossom, and in 1936, the city had over 100,000 inhabitants. The port was a gateway for thousands of immigrants to Israel after the Second World War, today the port brings both passenger and cargo traffic to a bustling metropolis, much as Theodor Herzl predicted over a century ago. The port has been the scene of two fatal sinkings, the Patria disaster in 1940 killed 267 people, the loss of Shelly in 2007 killed two. The Port of Haifa contains many cargo terminals, and is capable of servicing many ships at once, a railroad freight terminal is inside the port and is used for transporting goods across the country. The port also features a terminal, fishing wharf, yacht club, sports marina. In 2013, the port processed about 26 million tons of cargo including 1.36 million TEUs, the new facilities will expand the ports annual container handling capacity by 500,000 TEU. Construction of this new terminal cost NIS1.8 billion and took five years to complete, the Port maintains facilities for the United States Sixth Fleet. On 4 January 2013, the MSC Chicago docked at the ports Carmel terminal, MSC Chicago has a capacity of 9,200 containers. The previous record ship visit was the MSC Maeva which had visited two months before, Israel Shipyards is nearby the port and provides heavy ship repair facilities. The company also operates a port on its premises which in 2013 handled approximately 1.7 million tons of cargo. The port contains a passenger terminal serving cruise and ferry passengers
Port of Haifa
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The Port of Haifa
Port of Haifa
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Containers in The Port of Haifa
Port of Haifa
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Port of Haifa, viewed from the harbor
12.
Port of Barcelona
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The Port of Barcelona has a 2000-year history and great contemporary commercial importance as one of Europes ports in the Mediterranean, as well as Catalonias largest port, tying with Tarragona. It is also Spains third and Europes ninth largest container port, the port is managed by the Port Authority of Barcelona. Its 7.86 km2 are divided into three zones, Port Vell, the port, and the logistics port. The port is undergoing an enlargement that will double its size by diverting the mouth of the Llobregat River 2 km to the south and slightly pushing back the Llobregat Delta Nature Reserve. This is not the port in Barcelona, as there are also two additional yacht harbors/marinas, Port Olímpic and Port Fòrum Sant Adrià to the north. Because it is located in a designated tourist zone, the Maremagnum is the commercial mall in the city that can open on Sundays. Next to the Maremagnum area are the Golondrines, small ships that take tourists for a visit around the port area, in common with much of Western Europe, the older traditional industries in Spain, such as textiles, declined in the face of foreign competition. The surviving companies closed their factories in the city or along the rivers, in many cases within Spain, these industries moved to the Zona Franca. The free trade area was constructed in two phases, the first phase covered an area of 70 hectares, the second phase, covering an area of 140 hectares, started construction in 1995. The free trade zone is located within the area, not far away from downtown Barcelona. It is 5 kilometres away from the Barcelona International Airport and connected via highway and railway, business investors here rent offices or bonded warehouses. They can also elect to purchase land to erect their own buildings, the free trade zone offers a series of services. It is divided into a service area, truck/lorry area, reception area. It has a customs service, bonded warehousing service, advanced telecommunication and computer system, security system, combined multiple transport system
Port of Barcelona
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Port of Barcelona
Port of Barcelona
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Port of Barcelona in 1879 by the painter Gaietà Benavent
Port of Barcelona
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Port Vell as viewed from the
Monument a Colom at the end of La Rambla.
Port of Barcelona
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Front view of the central building of the Port of Barcelona. Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
13.
Spain
–
By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
Spain
–
Lady of Elche
Spain
–
Flag
Spain
–
Altamira Cave paintings, in
Cantabria.
Spain
–
Celtic castro in
A Guarda,
Galicia.
14.
Korea
–
Korea is a historical state in East Asia, since 1945 divided into two distinct sovereign states, North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by China to the northwest and it is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan. Korea emerged as a political entity after centuries of conflict among the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Later Silla divided into three states during the Later Three Kingdoms period. Goryeo, which had succeeded Goguryeo, defeated the two states and united the Korean Peninsula. Around the same time, Balhae collapsed and its last crown prince fled south to Goryeo, Goryeo, whose name developed into the modern exonym Korea, was a highly cultured state that created the worlds first metal movable type in 1234. However, multiple invasions by the Mongol Yuan Dynasty during the 13th century greatly weakened the nation, following the Yuan Dynastys collapse, severe political strife followed, and Goryeo eventually fell to a coup led by General Yi Seong-gye, who established Joseon in 1388. The first 200 years of Joseon were marked by peace and saw the creation of the Korean alphabet by Sejong the Great in the 14th century. During the later part of the dynasty, however, Koreas isolationist policy earned it the Western nickname of the Hermit Kingdom, by the late 19th century, the country became the object of imperial design by the Empire of Japan. Despite attempts at modernization by the Korean Empire, in 1910 Korea was annexed by Japan and these circumstances soon became the basis for the division of Korea by the two superpowers, exacerbated by their incapability to agree on the terms of Korean independence. To date, both continue to compete with each other as the sole legitimate government of all of Korea. Korea is the spelling of Corea, a name attested in English as early as 1614. It is a derived from Cauli, Marco Polos transcription of the Chinese 高麗. This was the Hanja for the Korean kingdom of Goryeo or Koryŏ, Goryeos name was a continuation of the earlier Goguryeo or Koguryŏ, the northernmost of the Samguk, which was officially known by the shortened form Goryeo after the 5th-century reign of King Jangsu. The original name was a combination of the go with the name of a local Yemaek tribe. The name Korea is now used in English contexts by both North and South Korea. In South Korea, Korea as a whole is referred to as Hanguk, the name references the Samhan—Ma, Jin, and Byeon—who preceded the Three Kingdoms in the southern and central end of the peninsula during the 1st centuries BC and AD. It has been linked with the title khan used by the nomads of Manchuria
Korea
Korea
–
Anapji (Anap Pond) in
Gyeongju Historic Areas.
Korea
–
The
Gyeongbokgung Palace
15.
Maersk
–
A. P. Moller–Maersk Group, also known as Maersk, is a Danish business conglomerate. A. P. Møller – Maersk Group has activities in a variety of sectors, primarily within the transport. It has been the largest container ship operator and supply vessel operator in the world since 1996, as of September 2016 the company is in the process of splitting its shipping and energy interests into separate divisions. It ranked 148 on the Forbes Global 2000 list for 2015, a. P. Møller – Maersk Group started as the shipping company Dampskibsselskabet Svendborg founded by captain Peter Mærsk-Møller and his son Arnold Peter Møller in Svendborg, April 1904. A. P. Møller had four children, all by his first wife Chastine Estelle Roberta Mc-Kinney, a. P. Møllers second child was Arnold Mærsk Mc- Kinney Møller. In 1939, Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller became a partner in the company, following the death of A. P. Møller in June 1965, he became CEO of the company and held this post until 1993, when he was succeeded by Jess Søderberg. Beginning in 1965, Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller also served as chairman and did not relinquish this position until December 2003. Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller was until his one of the managing owners of the company and was chairman of Odense Steel Shipyard until 2 May 2006. Møller, who was a deeply religious Christian, attached a banner with a white seven pointed star on both sides of the black chimney on the steamship Laura when his wife recovered from illness. In a letter to his wife, P. M, the same star later became the emblem of the Maersk Group. In May 2014 the company lifted its first-quarter net profit to $1. 02bn as a result of Maersk Line improving its operations. Container shipping and related activities is the largest business area for A. P. Moller – Maersk and it comprises worldwide container services, logistics and forwarding solutions and terminal activities under the brand names, Maersk Line, Safmarine, and Damco. Since 1996, Mærsk is the largest container shipping company in the world, the largest operating unit in A. P. Moller – Maersk by revenue and staff is Maersk Line. In 2013 the company described itself as the worlds largest overseas cargo carrier, as per September 2015, being still the largest container fleet, it holds 15. 1% of the global TEU. In 2006, the largest container ship in the world to that date, the E-class vessel Emma Maersk, was delivered to Maersk Line from Odense Steel Shipyard. Seven other sisterships have since been built, and on 21 February 2011, Maersk ordered 10 even larger ships from Daewoo. The first were delivered in 2013 and it held options for 10–20 more, and in June 2011 placed follow-on orders for a second batch of ten sisterships with the same shipyard, but cancelled its option for a third batch of ten. As of February 2010, Maersk had a book for new ships totalling 857000TEU
Maersk
–
Maersk head office
Maersk
–
Laura ship (cpt. Maersk) in
Svendborg, Denmark
Maersk
–
Mærsk Kalamata in Seattle harbor
Maersk
–
Eleonora Mærsk, one of the E-class vessels
16.
Quebec
–
Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language. Quebec is Canadas largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division and it also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is Canadas second-most populous province, after Ontario, most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, the Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples. Even in central Quebec at comparatively southerly latitudes winters are severe in inland areas, Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995, in 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within Canada, early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq and Kébec. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the seat for the French colony of New France. The province is sometimes referred to as La belle province, the Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, the Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada and Upper Canada, with each being granted an elected legislative assembly, in 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867, each became one of the first four provinces. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the aboriginal peoples. This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Located in the part of Canada, and part of Central Canada. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the composition of the ground, the climate. The Saint Lawrence Lowland and the Canadian Shield are the two main regions, and are radically different
Quebec
–
The arrival of
Samuel de Champlain, the father of
New France, on the site of
Quebec City.
Quebec
–
Flag
Quebec
–
Michel's falls on
Ashuapmushuan River in
Saint-Félicien,
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean.
Quebec
–
View of
Jacques-Cartier River from Andante mountain.
17.
Twin Ports
–
The Twin Ports of Duluth, Minnesota and Superior, Wisconsin, are located at the western part of Lake Superior and together are considered the largest freshwater port in the world. They are twin cities and seaports, connected to the Atlantic Ocean through the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Twin Ports are at the core of the U. S. Census Bureaus Duluth, MN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area, which all of Wisconsins Douglas County. With a 2010 census population of 279,771, the Duluth MSA ranked as the 165th largest metropolitan area in the United States, the area is home to two very long bridges, the Richard I. Bong Memorial Bridge and the John Blatnik Bridge, while their central spans are not notably lengthy, the overall lengths are very impressive, with each reaching across more than 1.5 miles of water. However, when visitors to the come to see bridges. It must be raised and lowered whenever ships enter or exit the Duluth side of the harbor, together, the cities rank as the 19th-busiest port in the country overall as of 2002, though the area is the 7th-busiest port when measured on foreign exports alone. List of ports in the United States Superior WI Community Links Page Twin Ports Commonwealth regional community cooperative
Twin Ports
–
The
Duluth Aerial Lift Bridge in 1990
Twin Ports
–
Duluth–Superior U.S. Census Bureau Areas
18.
Freshwater
–
Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. The term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water although it does include mineral-rich waters such as chalybeate springs, the term sweet water has been used to describe fresh water in contrast to salt water. The term fresh water does not have the meaning as potable water. Much of the fresh water and ground water is unsuitable for drinking without some form of purification because of the presence of chemical or biological contaminants. It may also be in contact with the underlying underground water. The majority of water on Earth is in ice caps. The source of almost all water is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain. Fresh water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea, in some cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers. In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the rain-bearing clouds. This can give rise to elevated concentrations of sodium, chloride, magnesium, significant quantities of iron may be transported in this way including the well-documented transfer of iron-rich rainfall falling in Brazil derived from sand-storms in the Sahara in north Africa. Water is an issue for the survival of all living organisms. Some can use water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants. Out of all the water on Earth, saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up about 97% of it. Freshwater lakes contain about 87% of this surface water, including 29% in the African Great Lakes, 20% in Lake Baikal in Russia, 21% in the North American Great Lakes. Swamps have most of the balance only a small amount in rivers. In areas with no water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density. Most of the fresh water is frozen in ice sheets. Many areas suffer from lack of distribution of water, such as deserts
Freshwater
–
Earth seen from
Apollo 17 — the
Antarctic ice sheet at the bottom of the photograph contains 61% of the fresh water, or 1.7% of the total water, on Earth.
Freshwater
–
The surface of a fresh water lake.
Freshwater
–
Water fountain found in a small
Swiss village. They are used as a drinking water source for people and cattle. Almost every Alpine village has such a water source.
Freshwater
–
Air
19.
Port of Karachi
–
The Port of Karachi is one of South Asias largest and busiest deep-water seaports, handling about 60% of the nations cargo located in Karachi, Pakistan. It is located between the Karachi towns of Kiamari and Saddar, close to the business district and several industrial areas. The geographic position of the places it in close proximity to major shipping routes such as the Strait of Hormuz. The administration of the port is carried out by the Karachi Port Trust, the history of the port is intertwined with that of the city of Karachi. Several ancient ports have been attributed in the area including Krokola, Morontobara, Barbarikon (the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and it warns sailors about whirlpools and advises them to seek safety in Kaurashi harbour if they found themselves drifting dangerously. There is a legend of a coastal town called Kharak in the estuary of the Hub River in the late 17th. In 1728 heavy rains silted up the harbour and resulted in the merchants of Kharak relocating to the area of modern Karachi. In 1729, they built a new fortified town called Kolachi on high ground north of Karachi bay, surrounded by a 16-foot high mud and timber-reinforced wall with gun-mounted turrets, the gate facing the sea was called Kharadar, and the gate facing the was called Mithadar. The modern neighbourhoods around the location of the gates are called Mithadar and Kharadar. Surrounded by mangrove swamps to the east, the sea to the southwest, and the Layari river to the north, from 1729 to 1783 the strategic location of Kolachi saw the town change hands several times between the Khans of Kalat and the rulers of Sind. In 1783, after two prolonged sieges the town fell to the Talpur Mirs of Sind, who constructed a fort mounted with cannons on Manora island at the harbour entrance. The British were concerned about Russian expansion towards the Arabian Sea, so in 1839 they occupied Karachi, the port served as a landing point for troops during the First Afghan War. The river Indus was an important artery of communication between Karachi and Jhirk Near Kotri Sindh, was an important river port, the Indus flotilla used large quantities of firewood and it was kept to fuel steamboats. A number of British companies opened offices and warehouses in Karachi, by 1852, Karachi was an established city with a population of 14,000 and a prosperous overseas trade. The modern port began to shape in 1854, when the main navigation channel was dredged. This was followed by construction of Manora breakwater, Keamari Groyne, the Napier Mole Bridge, another major export was oil brought by rail from the Sui region in Balochistan. Karachis importance as a gateway to British India increased in 1911 when the capital was moved from Calcutta to Delhi, in 1936 the Sindh district of the Bombay Presidency was reorganised as a new province with Karachi as the capital instead of the traditional capital of Hyderabad. This led to new services and buildings, thus increasing its population
Port of Karachi
–
Karachi Port in 1906 - Farewell arch erected by the Karachi Port for the Royal visit of King George V
Port of Karachi
–
Administrative building of Karachi Port Trust
Port of Karachi
–
A freightliner at the dock
Port of Karachi
–
Far view of Karachi Port from
Port Grand Food and Entertainment Complex
20.
Hilo
–
Hilo is the largest settlement and census-designated place in Hawaii County, Hawaii, which encompasses the Island of Hawaiʻi. The population was 40,759 at the 2000 census, the population increased by 6. 1% to 43,263 at the 2010 census. Hilo is the county seat of the County of Hawaiʻi and is located in the District of South Hilo, the majority of human settlement in Hilo stretches from Hilo Bay to Waiākea-Uka, on the flanks of Mauna Loa. Hilo is also home to the Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation and it is served by Hilo International Airport, located inside the CDP. Around 1100 AD, the first Hilo inhabitants arrived, bringing with them Polynesian knowledge, although archaeological evidence is scant, oral history has many references to people living in Hilo, along the Wailuku and Wailoa Rivers during the time of ancient Hawaii. Oral history also gives the meaning of Hilo as to twist, originally, the name Hilo applied to a district encompassing much of the east coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi, now divided into the District of South Hilo and the District of North Hilo. When William Ellis visited in 1823, the settlement in the Hilo district was Waiākea on the south shore of Hilo Bay. Missionaries came to the district in the early-to-middle 19th century, founding Haili Church, Hilo expanded as sugarcane plantations in the surrounding area created new jobs and drew in many workers from Asia, making the town a trading center. A breakwater across Hilo Bay was begun in the first decade of the 20th century, on April 1,1946, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake near the Aleutian Islands created a fourteen-meter high tsunami that hit Hilo 4.9 hours later, killing 160 people. In response an early warning system, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, was established in 1949 to track these killer waves and provide warning. This tsunami also caused the end of the Hawaii Consolidated Railway, and instead the Hawaii Belt Road was built north of Hilo using some of the old railbed. On May 23,1960, another tsunami, caused by a 9.5 magnitude earthquake off the coast of Chile the previous day, claimed 61 lives, allegedly due to the failure of people to heed warning sirens. Low-lying bayfront areas of the city on Waiākea peninsula and along Hilo Bay, previously populated, were rededicated as parks, Hilo expanded inland beginning in the 1960s. The downtown found a new role in the 1980s as the cultural center with several galleries and museums being opened. Closure of the plantations during the 1990s led to a downturn in the local economy. Hilo in recent years has seen commercial and population growth, as the neighboring District of Puna became the region in the state. Hilo is located at 19°42′20″N 155°5′9″W, Hilo features a tropical rainforest climate, with substantial rainfall throughout the course of the year. An average of around 126.72 inches of rain fell at Hilo International Airport annually between 1981 and 2010, with 272 days of the year receiving some rain
Hilo
–
Top:
S. Hata Building. Upper Left: Hilo Masonic Lodge Hall. Upper Right:
Hilo Bay with
Mauna Kea. Lower Left:
Rainbow Falls (Hawaii). Lower Right:
Federal Building, United States Post Office and Courthouse (Hilo, Hawaii). Bottom:
Liliuokalani Park and Gardens.
21.
Hawaii
–
Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21,1959. Hawaii is the only U. S. state located in Oceania and it is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U. S. state not located in the Americas, the state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles. At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are—in order from northwest to southeast, Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaiʻi. The last is the largest island in the group, it is called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania, Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U. S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U. S. states. It is the state with an Asian plurality. The states coastline is about 750 miles long, the fourth longest in the U. S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida, the state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that was named for Hawaiʻiloa and he is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled. The Hawaiian language word Hawaiʻi is very similar to Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, cognates of Hawaiʻi are found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori, Rarotongan and Samoan. According to linguists Pukui and Elbert, lsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaiʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the home, but in Hawaii. A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as an official state language. The title of the constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii, diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949, predates the use of the okina and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the government recognized Hawaii as the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length
Hawaii
–
Hawaii from space, January 26, 2014
Hawaii
–
Flag
Hawaii
–
Nā Pali coast, Kaua ʻ i
Hawaii
–
The main islands and undersea terrain of Hawaii
22.
Harbor
–
A harbor or harbour, or haven, is a body of water where ships, boats and barges seek shelter from stormy weather, or are stored for future use. Ports are often located in harbors, harbors can be natural or artificial. An artificial harbor can have deliberately constructed breakwaters, sea walls, or jettys, or they can be constructed by dredging, in contrast, a natural harbor is surrounded on several sides by prominences of land. Examples of natural harbors include Sydney Harbour, Australia and Trincomalee Harbour in Sri Lanka, artificial harbors are frequently built for use as ports. The oldest artificial harbor known is the Ancient Egyptian site at Wadi al-Jarf, on the Red Sea coast, the largest artificially created harbor is Jebel Ali in Dubai. The Ancient Carthaginians constructed fortified, artificial harbors called cothons, a natural harbor is a landform where a part of a body of water is protected and deep enough to furnish anchorage. Natural harbors have long been of great strategic naval and economic importance, having a protected harbor reduces or eliminates the need for breakwaters as it will result in calmer waves inside the harbor. For harbors near the North and South Poles, being ice-free is an important advantage, the worlds southmost harbor, located at Antarcticas Winter Quarters Bay, is potentially ice-free, depending on the summertime pack ice conditions. Although the worlds busiest port is a hotly contested title, in 2006 the worlds busiest harbor by cargo tonnage was the Port of Shanghai
Harbor
–
Capri harbor,
Italy seen from
Anacapri
Harbor
–
A natural harbor in
Vizhinjam,
India
Harbor
–
The tiny harbor at the village of
Clovelly,
Devon,
England
Harbor
–
Old Harbor in
Lüneburg,
Germany.
23.
Navigability
–
A body of water, such as a river, canal or lake, is navigable if it is deep, wide and slow enough for a vessel to pass or walk. Preferably there are few such as rocks or trees to avoid. High water speed may make a channel unnavigable, waters may be unnavigable because of ice, particularly in winter. Navigability depends on context, A small river may be navigable by craft, such as a motor boat or a kayak. Shallow rivers may be navigable by the installation of locks that increase and regulate water depth. Inland Water Transport Systems have been used for centuries in countries including India, China, Egypt, the Netherlands, the United States, Germany, China, and Bangladesh. In the Netherlands, IWT handles 46% of the nations inland freight, 32% in Bangladesh, 14% in the United States, what constitutes navigable waters can not be separated from the context in which the question is asked. Numerous federal agencies define jurisdiction based on navigable waters, including admiralty jurisdiction, pollution control, to the licensing of dams, the numerous definitions and jurisdictional statutes have created an array of case law specific to which context the question of navigability arises. Some of the most commonly discussed definitions are listed here, section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, approved 3 March 1899, prohibits the unauthorized obstruction of a navigable water of the U. S. For the purpose of establishing which river is public and therefore state-owned, if a river was considered navigable at the time of statehood, the land below the navigable water was conveyed to the state as part of the transportation network in order to facilitate commerce. Most states retained title to these rivers in trust for the public. Some states divested themselves of title to the land below navigable rivers, title to the lands submerged by smaller streams are considered part of the property through which the water flows and there is no public right to use private property. The scope of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission authority was granted under the Federal Power Act,1941, such authority is based on congressional authority to regulate commerce, it is not based exclusively on title to the riverbed or even navigability. Therefore, FERCs permitting authority extends to the flow from non-navigable tributaries in order to protect commerce downstream, also, the Clean Water Act has introduced the terms traditional navigable waters, and waters of the United States to define the scope of Federal jurisdiction under the Clean Water Act. The Clean Water Act expands a more limited jurisdiction beyond navigable waters sometimes extending limited federal jurisdiction under the Act over private property. S, Supreme Court decisions, Carabell v. United States and Rapanos v. United States. Finally, a water-body is presumed non-navigable with the burden of proof on the party claiming it is navigable, the U. S. Forest Service considers a waterbody not navigable until is adjudicated otherwise. See Whitewater v. Tidwell 770 F. 3d 1108, therefore, and public rights associated with navigability cannot be presumed to exist without a finding of navigability. Navigability is a term of art, which can lead to considerable confusion
Navigability
–
Navigation markers, entrance of
Fremantle harbour and the
Swan River, Western Australia
Navigability
–
Sunset on the
Intracoastal Waterway
Navigability
–
Port of Bratislava (Slovakia) at night.
24.
Red Sea
–
The Red Sea is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait, to the north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez. The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion, the sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley. The Red Sea has an area of roughly 438,000 km2, is about 2250 km long and. It has a depth of 2211 m in the central median trench. However, there are also extensive shallow shelves, noted for their marine life, the sea is the habitat of over 1,000 invertebrate species, and 200 soft and hard corals. It is the worlds northernmost tropical sea, the International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Red Sea as follows, On the North. The Southern limits of the Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba, a line joining Husn Murad and Ras Siyyan. Red Sea is a translation of the Greek Erythra Thalassa, Latin Mare Rubrum, Arabic, البحر الأحمر. Al-Baḥr Al-Aḥmar, Somali Badda Cas and Tigrinya Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī, the name of the sea may signify the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured Trichodesmium erythraeum near the waters surface. A theory favored by modern scholars is that the name red is referring to the direction south. The basis of this theory is that some Asiatic languages used color words to refer to the cardinal directions, herodotus on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably. Historically, it was known to western geographers as Mare Mecca. Some ancient geographers called the Red Sea the Arabian Gulf or Gulf of Arabia. C, in that version, the Yam Suph is translated as Erythra Thalassa. The Red Sea is one of four seas named in English after common color terms — the others being the Black Sea, the White Sea and the Yellow Sea. The direct rendition of the Greek Erythra thalassa in Latin as Mare Erythraeum refers to the part of the Indian Ocean. The earliest known exploration of the Red Sea was conducted by ancient Egyptians, one such expedition took place around 2500 BC, and another around 1500 BC. Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea, historically, scholars argued whether these trips were possible
Red Sea
–
Red Sea
Red Sea
–
Tihama on the Red Sea near Khaukha,
Yemen
Red Sea
–
Annotated view of the Nile and Red Sea, with a dust storm
Red Sea
–
Dust storm over the Red Sea
