1.
Gas
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Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter. A pure gas may be made up of atoms, elemental molecules made from one type of atom. A gas mixture would contain a variety of pure gases much like the air, what distinguishes a gas from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation usually makes a colorless gas invisible to the human observer, the interaction of gas particles in the presence of electric and gravitational fields are considered negligible as indicated by the constant velocity vectors in the image. One type of commonly known gas is steam, the gaseous state of matter is found between the liquid and plasma states, the latter of which provides the upper temperature boundary for gases. Bounding the lower end of the temperature scale lie degenerative quantum gases which are gaining increasing attention, high-density atomic gases super cooled to incredibly low temperatures are classified by their statistical behavior as either a Bose gas or a Fermi gas. For a comprehensive listing of these states of matter see list of states of matter. The only chemical elements which are stable multi atom homonuclear molecules at temperature and pressure, are hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. These gases, when grouped together with the noble gases. Alternatively they are known as molecular gases to distinguish them from molecules that are also chemical compounds. The word gas is a neologism first used by the early 17th-century Flemish chemist J. B. van Helmont, according to Paracelsuss terminology, chaos meant something like ultra-rarefied water. An alternative story is that Van Helmonts word is corrupted from gahst and these four characteristics were repeatedly observed by scientists such as Robert Boyle, Jacques Charles, John Dalton, Joseph Gay-Lussac and Amedeo Avogadro for a variety of gases in various settings. Their detailed studies ultimately led to a relationship among these properties expressed by the ideal gas law. Gas particles are separated from one another, and consequently have weaker intermolecular bonds than liquids or solids. These intermolecular forces result from interactions between gas particles. Like-charged areas of different gas particles repel, while oppositely charged regions of different gas particles attract one another, transient, randomly induced charges exist across non-polar covalent bonds of molecules and electrostatic interactions caused by them are referred to as Van der Waals forces. The interaction of these forces varies within a substance which determines many of the physical properties unique to each gas. A comparison of boiling points for compounds formed by ionic and covalent bonds leads us to this conclusion, the drifting smoke particles in the image provides some insight into low pressure gas behavior
2.
Petroleum product
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Petroleum products are materials derived from crude oil as it is processed in oil refineries. Unlike petrochemicals, which are a collection of well-defined usually pure chemical compounds, the majority of petroleum is converted to petroleum products, which includes several classes of fuels. According to the composition of the oil and depending on the demands of the market. The largest share of oil products is used as carriers, i. e. various grades of fuel oil. These fuels include or can be blended to give gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, heating oil, heavier fractions can also be used to produce asphalt, tar, paraffin wax, lubricating and other heavy oils. Refineries also produce chemicals, some of which are used in chemical processes to produce plastics. Since petroleum often contains a few percent sulfur-containing molecules, elemental sulfur is also produced as a petroleum product. Carbon, in the form of coke, and hydrogen may also be produced as petroleum products. The hydrogen produced is used as an intermediate product for other oil refinery processes such as hydrocracking. Oil refineries will blend various feedstocks, mix appropriate additives, provide short term storage, and prepare for bulk loading to trucks, barges, product ships, gaseous fuels such as propane, stored and shipped in liquid form under pressure in specialized railcars to distributors. Shipped by barge, rail, and tanker ship, lubricants, usually shipped in bulk to an offsite packaging plant. Paraffin wax, used in the packaging of foods, among others. May be shipped in bulk to a site to prepare as packaged blocks, sulfur, byproduct of sulfur removal from petroleum, which contain percent of organosulfur compounds. Bulk tar shipping for offsite unit packaging for use in tar-and-gravel roofing or similar uses, asphalt - used as a binder for gravel to form asphalt concrete, which is used for paving roads, lots, etc. An asphalt unit prepares bulk asphalt for shipment, Petroleum coke, used in specialty carbon products such as certain types of electrodes, or as solid fuel. Petrochemical are organic compounds that are the ingredients for the industry, ranging from polymers. Representative petrochemicals are ethylene and benzene-toluene-xylenes, o2 Over 6,000 items are made from petroleum waste by-products including, Fertilizer, Linoleum, Perfume, Insecticide, Petroleum Jelly, Soap, Vitamin Capsules. See link to partial list of 144 by-products listed by Ranken Energy
3.
Petroleum
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Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earths surface, which is commonly refined into various types of fuels. Components of petroleum are separated using a technique called fractional distillation and it consists of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other organic compounds. The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, usually zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock, Petroleum has mostly been recovered by oil drilling. Drilling is carried out studies of structural geology, sedimentary basin analysis. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a variety of materials. Concern over the depletion of the earths finite reserves of oil, the burning of fossil fuels plays the major role in the current episode of global warming. The word petroleum comes from Greek, πέτρα for rocks and Greek, the term was found in 10th-century Old English sources. It was used in the treatise De Natura Fossilium, published in 1546 by the German mineralogist Georg Bauer, Petroleum, in one form or another, has been used since ancient times, and is now important across society, including in economy, politics and technology. Great quantities of it were found on the banks of the river Issus, ancient Persian tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their society. By 347 AD, oil was produced from bamboo-drilled wells in China, early British explorers to Myanmar documented a flourishing oil extraction industry based in Yenangyaung that, in 1795, had hundreds of hand-dug wells under production. The mythological origins of the oil fields at Yenangyaung, and its hereditary monopoly control by 24 families, Pechelbronn is said to be the first European site where petroleum has been explored and used. The still active Erdpechquelle, a spring where petroleum appears mixed with water has been used since 1498, Oil sands have been mined since the 18th century. In Wietze in lower Saxony, natural asphalt/bitumen has been explored since the 18th century, both in Pechelbronn as in Wietze, the coal industry dominated the petroleum technologies. In 1848 Young set up a small business refining the crude oil, Young eventually succeeded, by distilling cannel coal at a low heat, in creating a fluid resembling petroleum, which when treated in the same way as the seep oil gave similar products. The production of oils and solid paraffin wax from coal formed the subject of his patent dated 17 October 1850. In 1850 Young & Meldrum and Edward William Binney entered into partnership under the title of E. W. Binney & Co. at Bathgate in West Lothian, the worlds first oil refinery was built in 1856 by Ignacy Łukasiewicz. The demand for petroleum as a fuel for lighting in North America, edwin Drakes 1859 well near Titusville, Pennsylvania, is popularly considered the first modern well
4.
Port Harcourt
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Port Harcourt is the capital and largest city of Rivers State, Nigeria. It lies along the Bonny River and is located in the Niger Delta, as of 2016, the Port Harcourt urban area has an estimated population of 1,865,000 inhabitants, up from 1,382,592 as of 2006. The area that became Port Harcourt in 1912 was before that part of the farmlands of the Diobu village group of the Ikwerre, an Igbo sub-group. Through the benefits of the Nigerian petroleum industry, Port Harcourt was further developed, with aspects of such as overpasses, city blocks. Oil firms that currently have offices in the city include Royal Dutch Shell, there are a number of institutions of tertiary education in Port Harcourt, mostly government-owned. The current Mayor is Soni Sam Ejekwu, the Ikwerre name for the city is Iguocha, which is loaned from the Igbo word Ụ́gwụ́ Ọ́chá. Port Harcourt was founded in 1912 by Frederick Lugard, governor of both the Northern Nigeria Protectorate and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and its purpose was to export the coal that geologist Albert Ernest Kitson had discovered in Enugu in 1909. The colonial government caused the people of Diobu to cede their land, during the First World War, Port Harcourt was used as a point for military operations against the Central Powers in German Kamerun. After the discovery of oil in Oloibiri in 1956, Port Harcourt exported the first shipload from Nigeria in 1958. Port Harcourt became the centre of the Nigerian oil economy and it subsequently reaped benefits of its associations with the industry by undergoing modernisation and urbanisation. After the Republic of Biafra seceded from Nigeria in 1967 Port Harcourt fell to Nigerian forces on 19 May 1968, from an area of 15.54 km2 in 1914, Port Harcourt grew uncontrolled to an area of 360 km2 in the 1980s. The main city of Port Harcourt is the Port Harcourt City in the Port Harcourt local government area, consisting of the former European quarters now called Old GRA and New Layout areas. The urban area, on the hand, is made up of the local government area itself. Port Harcourt, which is the current capital of Rivers State, is highly congested as it is the major city of the state. The Greater Port Harcourt region, spans eight local government areas that include Port Harcourt, Okrika, Obio-Akpor, Ikwerre, Oyigbo, Ogu–Bolo, Etche and Eleme. Its total population was estimated at 2,000,000 as of 2009, Port Harcourt features a tropical wet climate with lengthy and heavy rainy seasons and very short dry seasons. Only the months of December and January truly qualifies as dry season months in the city, the harmattan, which climatically influences many cities in West Africa, is less pronounced in Port Harcourt. Port Harcourts heaviest precipitation occurs during September with an average of 367 mm of rain, December on average is the driest month of the year, with an average rainfall of 20 mm
5.
Fossil fuel
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Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Other commonly used derivatives include kerosene and propane, Fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon, hydrogen ratios like methane, to liquids like petroleum, to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal. Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields either alone, associated with oil, non-fossil sources in 2006 included nuclear 8. 5%, hydroelectric 6. 3%, and others amounting to 0. 9%. World energy consumption was growing about 2. 3% per year, the use of fossil fuels raises serious environmental concerns. The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide per year and it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year. Carbon dioxide is a gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming. A global movement towards the generation of energy is underway to help reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. Over geological time, this matter, mixed with mud. Despite these heat driven transformations, the energy is still photosynthetic in origin. There is a range of organic, or hydrocarbon, compounds in any given fuel mixture. The specific mixture of hydrocarbons gives a fuel its characteristic properties, such as boiling point, melting point, density, viscosity, some fuels like natural gas, for instance, contain only very low boiling, gaseous components. Others such as gasoline or diesel contain much higher boiling components, terrestrial plants, on the other hand, tend to form coal and methane. Many of the coal fields date to the Carboniferous period of Earths history, terrestrial plants also form type III kerogen, a source of natural gas. Fossil fuels are of importance because they can be burned. The use of coal as a fuel predates recorded history, coal was used to run furnaces for the melting of metal ore. Semi-solid hydrocarbons from seeps were also burned in ancient times, commercial exploitation of petroleum, largely as a replacement for oils from animal sources, for use in oil lamps began in the 19th century. Natural gas, once flared-off as an byproduct of petroleum production, is now considered a very valuable resource
6.
Lewis Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt
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Lewis Vernon Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt, PC was a British Liberal Party politician who held the Cabinet post of Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1910 to 1915. Harcourt was born at Nuneham Courtenay, Oxfordshire, the surviving son of politician Sir William Vernon Harcourt. He never knew his mother who died only a day giving birth to him. His elder brother, Julian Harcourt, had died the previous year and he inherited the lordships of the manor of Stanton Harcourt, Nuneham Courtenay, North Hinksey, Coggs, Northmoor and Shifford in Oxfordshire. He was also a Knight of Malta, Harcourt was private secretary to his father, Sir William, as Home Secretary from 1880 to 1885. In this role he authorised the placement in Kensington Gardens of the Peter Pan statue, sculpted by George Frampton, between 1910 and 1915 he was Secretary of State for the Colonies under Asquith. Harcourt received an Honorary DCL from Oxford University, and was raised to the peerage as Viscount Harcourt, of Stanton Harcourt in the County of Oxford, in 1917. ”Harcourt acted as a Trustee of the British Museum, Wallace Collection, the London Museum, and the National Portrait Gallery, which has a portrait of him. Port Harcourt, capital of Rivers State in southern Nigeria, is named after him, when the port was established in 1912, there was much controversy about the name it should receive. Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery served as Liberal Prime Minister from 1894–1895 and his main rival was Harcourts father William. Loulous attempts to have his father appointed were so fervent that many Liberal politicians criticised him and he helped to wreck Roseberys administration, wrongly believing that his father would then succeed to the premiership. However, the Liberal Party was instead thrown into opposition for 10 years, little credence is given to this report, in view of the many years which would have passed from the time of the marriage until Harcourt recorded it. Harcourt was known as a sexual predator attracted to both sexes and he attempted to rape Dorothy Brett, the daughter of Lord Esher, and followed this by an attempt to seduce his son. Dorothy Brett wrote of him that it is so tiresome that Loulou is such an old roué and he is as bad with boys as with girls. He is simply a sex maniac and it isnt that he is in love. It is just ungovernable Sex desire for both sexes and his criminal perversion was known and tolerated in certain private quarters. After, however, he attempted to rape a 12-year-old boy, faced with public exposure, Harcourt committed suicide by taking an overdose of a sedative at his London home in Brook Street on 24 February 1922, aged 59. On 1 July 1899, Harcourt married Mary Ethel, daughter of Anglo-American banker Walter Hayes Burns and his wife Mary Lyman, through her, the family acquired the famous Harcourt emeralds. His wife Mary, Viscountess Harcourt, was appointed a Lady of Grace of the Order of St John and then Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire in 1918, she died 7 January 1961
7.
Abbreviation
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An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. It consists of a group of letters taken from the word or phrase, a contraction is an abbreviation, but an abbreviation is not necessarily a contraction. Acronyms and initialisms are regarded as subsets of abbreviations and they are abbreviations that consist of the initial letters or parts of words. Abbreviations have a history, created so that spelling out a whole word could be avoided. This might be done to time and space, and also to provide secrecy. Shortened words were used and initial letters were used to represent words in specific applications. In classical Greece and Rome, the reduction of words to single letters was common, in Roman inscriptions, Words were commonly abbreviated by using the initial letter or letters of words, and most inscriptions have at least one abbreviation. However, some could have more than one meaning, depending on their context, Abbreviations in English were frequently used from its earliest days. Manuscripts of copies of the old English poem Beowulf used many abbreviations, for example 7 or & for and, the standardisation of English in the 15th through 17th centuries included such a growth in the use of abbreviations. At first, abbreviations were sometimes represented with various suspension signs, for example, sequences like ‹er› were replaced with ‹ɔ›, as in ‹mastɔ› for master and ‹exacɔbate› for exacerbate. While this may seem trivial, it was symptomatic of an attempt by people manually reproducing academic texts to reduce the copy time, an example from the Oxford University Register,1503, Mastɔ subwardenɔ y ɔmēde me to you. And wherɔ y wrot to you the last wyke that y trouyde itt good to differrɔ thelectionɔ ovɔ to quīdenaɔ tinitatis y have be thougħt me synɔ that itt woll be thenɔ a bowte mydsomɔ. The Early Modern English period, between the 15th and 17th centuries, had abbreviations like ye for Þe, used for the word the, hence, by later misunderstanding, during the growth of philological linguistic theory in academic Britain, abbreviating became very fashionable. The use of abbreviation for the names of J. R. R. Tolkien and his friend C. S. Lewis, but before that, many Britons were more scrupulous at maintaining the French form. In French, the period follows a abbreviation if the last letter in the abbreviation is not the last letter of its antecedent. Like many other cross-channel linguistic acquisitions, many Britons readily took this up and followed this rule themselves, while the Americans took a simpler rule and applied it rigorously. Over the years, however, the lack of convention in some style guides has made it difficult to determine which two-word abbreviations should be abbreviated with periods and which should not. The U. S. media tend to use periods in two-word abbreviations like United States, many British publications have gradually done away with the use of periods in abbreviations
8.
Oil
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An oil is any neutral, nonpolar chemical substance that is a viscous liquid at ambient temperatures and is both hydrophobic and lipophilic. Oils have a carbon and hydrogen content and are usually flammable. The general definition of oil includes classes of compounds that may be otherwise unrelated in structure, properties. Oils may be animal, vegetable, or petrochemical in origin and they are used for food, fuel, medical purposes, lubrication, and the manufacture of many types of paints, plastics, and other materials. Specially prepared oils are used in religious ceremonies and rituals as purifying agents. First attested in English 1176, the oil comes from Old French oile, from Latin oleum, which in turn comes from the Greek ἔλαιον, olive oil, oil. The earliest attested forms of the word are the Mycenaean Greek
9.
Sosoliso Airlines Flight 1145
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Sosoliso Airlines Flight 1145 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight between the Nigerian cities of Abuja and Port Harcourt. At about 14,08 local time on 10 December 2005, the plane, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 with 110 people on board slammed into the ground and burst into flames. In the end, two people survived and it was the second air disaster occurred in Nigeria in less than three months, after Bellview Airlines Flight 210 which crashed in 22 October 2005 with reason unknown, killing all 117 people on board. It was the companys first and only fatal accident, the aircraft departed Abujas Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport at 12,25 p. m UTC. The route would take a total time of 2 hours and 40 minutes. About 90 miles from the airport, the aircraft contacted the airport for initial descent clearance, the aircraft continued its descent until 13,00, when the crews asked the tower about the weather condition in the airport. Control tower told the aircraft that rain didnt occur, however, scattered Cumulonimbus were present at the time. The aircraft then followed its glide path, ATC then contacted the aircraft that precipitation approaching the airport. The controller then cleared the aircraft to land at Runway 21, unable to make out the unlit runway through the rain, the captain called for a go around at an altitude of about 200 ft. This call was made about 100 ft below the decision altitude, the DC-9 then slammed to a grass strip between the runway and the taxiway. 60 meter from the first impact point, the empennage struck a drainage culvert. The aircraft disintegrated and burst into flames, the cockpit and the forward fuselage broke off from its main body and slid along the taxiway, creating a total trail of wreckage of 1.120 meter. The McDonnell Douglas DC-9 was manufactured in 1973 and it entered the Nigerian registration on 12 June 2003. It was owned by JAT Airways, and operated by Sosoliso Airlines Ltd, the aircraft certificate was released on 17 March 2005 and would have been due to another check on 27 June 2006. The aircraft was described as airworthy at the time of the accident, the captain was Benjamin Adekunle Adebayo, a 48 year old Nigerian with a total flying experience of 10.050 hours with 1.900 of them were on the DC-9. He had his last simulator training at Pan Am International Flight Academy in Miami on 7 July 2005, all seven crew members and 101 of the 103 passengers died in the crash, or later from their injuries. The two surviving passengers were seriously injured, many passengers survived the initial impact and died in the resulting fire. Port Harcourt Airport had one truck and no ambulances
