1.
Gladys Berejiklian
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Gladys Berejiklian is the 45th Premier of New South Wales and the Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party, offices which she assumed on 23 January 2017 following the resignation of Mike Baird. She has been a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly since 2003 and she was also the Deputy Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party between 2014 and 2017. Berejiklian was born in Sydney, the eldest of three born to Armenian immigrant parents, Krikor and Arsha. Her grandparents were orphaned in the Armenian Genocide in 1915, Berejiklian spoke only Armenian until she was five years old, when she began learning English. She has remained involved in the Armenian-Australian community, serving a term on the Armenian National Committee of Australia, in 2015, she attended a commemoration ceremony in Yerevan for the 100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide. Berejiklian attended North Ryde High School, which became Peter Board High School from 1986 and she was a member of Girl Guides and continues to support the organisation. She has a Bachelor of Arts and a diploma in international studies from the University of Sydney. She joined the Liberal Party in 1993 and was president of the New South Wales Young Liberals from 1997 to 1998, being the third female president in its history. She also served as a Delegate to State Council, Urban Representative of the NSW Liberal Party State Executive, Campaign Director for State seat of Willougby and Chair of Convention Committee. Berejiklian also worked for Peter Collins and Senator Helen Coonan and the Commonwealth Bank as general manager, Youth Retail Banking, Berejiklian supports the Australian republican movement. Following the 2007 State election, she was given the portfolio of Citizenship by Opposition Leader OFarrell. Following the election of the OFarrell government at the 2011 state election, on 3 April 2011 Berejiklian was appointed Transport Minister, Berejiklian has been outspoken against the former NSW Labor Governments handling of trains, buses and ferries. In a subsequent ministerial reshuffle, in addition to her existing responsibilities, as Treasurer, Berejiklian oversaw New South Wales return to surplus. This was the first time New South Wales had been declared debt-free in more than 20 years and she also oversaw the privatization of the states electricity network. Baird endorsed Berejiklian as his successor, declaring that she would be an outstanding Premier, Berejiklian ministry First Baird ministry Second Baird ministry OFarrell ministry List of female heads of government in Australia gladys. com. au Premier. nsw. gov. au
2.
Governor of New South Wales
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The Governor of New South Wales is the viceregal representative of the Australian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, in the state of New South Wales. In an analogous way to the Governor-General of Australia at the national level, the Governor is appointed by the queen on the advice of the Premier of New South Wales, for an unfixed period of time—known as serving At Her Majestys pleasure—though five years is the norm. The current Governor is retired General David Hurley, who succeeded Dame Marie Bashir on 2 October 2014, the office has its origin in the 18th-century colonial governors of New South Wales upon its settlement in 1788, and is the oldest continuous institution in Australia. The office of Governor is required by the New South Wales Constitution Act,1902, besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor-designate. The sovereign will also hold an audience with the appointee and will at that time induct the governor-designate as a Companion of the Order of Australia. The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years, though this is only a convention. The premier may therefore recommend to the Queen that the remain in her service for a longer period of time. A governor may also resign and three have died in office, furthermore, if the Lieutenant Governor becomes incapacitated while serving in the office of Governor, the next most senior judge of the Supreme Court is sworn in as the Administrator. Between 1788 and 1957, all governors were born outside of New South Wales and were members of the Peerage. Taylor once noted that out and governing New South Wales became the British aristocracys abiding consolation. Coincidentally the first Australian-born Governor, Sir John Northcott on 1 August 1946, was also the first Australian-born Governor of any state, the first Governors were all military officers and the majority of governors since have come from a military background, numbering 19. Samuels was the first governor in New South Wales history without either a political, public service or military background, the first woman to hold this position is also the first Lebanese-Australian governor, Dame Marie Bashir. In this capacity, the governor will issue royal proclamations and sign orders in council, the Governor alone is constitutionally mandated to summon parliament. The governor grants Royal Assent in the Queens name, legally, if the governor withholds the Queens assent, the sovereign may within two years disallow the bill, thereby annulling the law in question. No modern viceroy has denied Royal Assent to a bill, with most constitutional functions delegated to Cabinet, the governor acts in a primarily ceremonial fashion. He or she will host members of Australias royal family, as well as foreign royalty, also as part of international relations, the governor receives letters of credence and of recall from foreign consul-generals appointed to Sydney. The governor is also tasked with fostering unity and pride, the governor also traditionally serves as Honorary and Regimental Colonel in the Royal New South Wales Regiment and as Honorary Air Commodore of No.22 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force. Since 1946, the governor has also always made the Chief Scout of New South Wales
3.
Term of office
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A term of office is the length of time a person serves in a particular elected office. In many jurisdictions there is a limit on how long terms of office may be before the officeholder must be subject to re-election. Some jurisdictions exercise term limits, setting a number of terms an individual may hold in a particular office. Being the origin of the Westminster system, aspects of the United Kingdoms system of government are replicated in other countries. The monarch serves as head of state until his or her death or abdication, in the United Kingdom Members of Parliament in the House of Commons are elected for the duration of the parliament. Following dissolution of the Parliament, an election is held which consists of simultaneous elections for all seats. For most MPs this means that their terms of office are identical to the duration of the Parliament, an MP elected in a by-election mid-way through a Parliament, regardless of how long they have occupied the seat, is not exempt from facing re-election at the next general election. The Septennial Act 1715 provided that a Parliament expired seven years after it had been summoned, prior to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 parliaments had no minimum duration. Parliaments could be dissolved early by the monarch at the Prime Ministers request, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 mandated that Parliaments should last their full five years. Early dissolution is possible, but under much more limited circumstances. Hereditary peers and life peers retain membership of the House of Lords for life, Lords Spiritual hold membership of the House of Lords until the end of their time as bishops, though a senior bishop may be made a life peer upon the end of their bishopric. The devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are variations on the system of government used at Westminster, the office of the leader of the devolved administrations has no numeric term limit imposed upon it. However, in the case of the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government there are fixed terms for which the legislatures can sit and this is imposed at four years. Elections may be held before this time but only if no administration can be formed, offices of local government other regional elected officials follow similar rules to the national offices discussed above, with persons elected to fixed terms of a few years. Federal judges have different terms in office, however, the majority of the federal judiciary, Article III judges, such as those of the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, and federal district courts, serve for life. The terms of office for officials in state governments according to the provisions of state constitutions. The term for state governors is four years in all states but Vermont and New Hampshire, the National Conference of State Legislatures reported in January 2007 that among state legislatures,44 states had terms of office for the lower house of the state legislature at two years. Five had terms of office at four years,37 states had terms of office for the upper house of the state legislature at four years
4.
Stuart Donaldson
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Sir Stuart Alexander Donaldson was the first Premier of the Colony of New South Wales. Donaldson was born in London, England and he entered his fathers firm at the age of 15 and was sent first to Mexico, for business training. After returning to England in May 1834, Donaldson travelled to Sydney, New South Wales and he returned to London between 1841 and 1844. In 1848, Donaldson was elected a member of the original unicameral Legislative Council of New South Wales, comments made while running for re-election in 1851, led Sir Thomas Mitchell to demand a public apology. While Donaldson complied Mitchell was not satisfied and challenged Donaldson to a duel with pistols, both men missed but they remained antagonised. He supported the development of steam services to Australia and the work of Caroline Chisholm. In 1852 he achieved the carriage of a motion recommending that £10,000 should be applied to supporting Chisholms work and he travelled to England in 1853-1854. From 1 February 1855 to 29 February 1856, Donaldson represented Sydney Hamlets in the Council, in March 1856 Donaldson was elected to the newly created Legislative Assembly of the first Parliament, representing Sydney Hamlets. The first Legislative Assembly had trouble forming a Government, eventually Governor Denison invited Donaldson to be Premier and he took up the offices of Premier and Colonial Secretary on 6 June 1856. Two months and 20 days later, on 25 August 1856, his Government lost a vote and he was criticised for standing down so readily but he said, my colleagues and myself are all too independent of office to cling to it, a somewhat prophetic remark. Donaldson was succeeded as Premier by Charles Cowper and Donaldson served as Colonial Treasurer and was a Commissioner for Railways in 1857 and he was elected unopposed to Cumberland in October 1856, representing it to 1859. He was a member of the Senate of the University of Sydney from 1851–61, Donaldson returned to England for the last time in June 1859 and was knighted there in 1860. Following his return, he sought election to the British House of Commons for Dartmouth in 1860. He had four sons and one daughter, a third son, Sir Hay Frederick Donaldson, who became an eminent engineer, went with Lord Kitchener on a special mission to Russia in 1916 and was drowned in the Hampshire. Stuart Donaldson died at Carleton Hall, near Holmrook, in Cumberland, England on 11 January 1867, tenterfield, New South Wales Donaldson ministry
5.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
6.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
7.
Government of New South Wales
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The Government of New South Wales, also referred to as the New South Wales Government or NSW Government, is the Australian state democratic administrative authority of New South Wales, in Australia. The Government of New South Wales, a constitutional monarchy, was formed in 1856 as prescribed in its Constitution. Since the Federation of Australia in 1901, New South Wales has been a state of the Commonwealth of Australia, under the Australian Constitution, New South Wales ceded legislative and judicial supremacy to the Commonwealth, but retained powers in all matters not in conflict with the Commonwealth. Section 109 of the Australian Constitution provides that, where a State law is inconsistent with a federal law, initially the Australian states retained significant independence. Over time, however, that independence has been eroded by both the proliferation of Commonwealth Law, and the increasing financial domination of the Commonwealth. New South Wales is governed according to the principles of the Westminster system, Executive power rests formally with the Executive Council, which consists of the Governor and senior ministers. The Governor, as representative of the Crown, is the repository of power, which is exercised by him or her on the advice of the Premier of New South Wales. The Premier and Ministers are appointed by the Governor, and hold office by virtue of their ability to command the support of a majority of members of the Legislative Assembly. In 2006, the Sesquicentenary of Responsible Government in New South Wales, the Act was assented to by the Queen on 3 April 2006. The following individuals serve as government ministers, at the pleasure of the Queen, the government ministers are listed in order of seniority, while their opposition counterparts are listed to correspond with the government ministers. All Opposition counterparts are members of the Parliament of New South Wales
8.
Westminster system
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The Westminster system is a parliamentary system of government modelled after that which developed in the United Kingdom. This term comes from the Palace of Westminster, the seat of the British parliament, the system is a series of procedures for operating a legislature. However, some colonies have since adopted either the presidential system or a hybrid system as their form of government. Examples include Queen Elizabeth II, the governors-general in Commonwealth realms, or the presidents of many countries, exceptions to this are Ireland and Israel, whose presidents are de jure and de facto ceremonial, and the latter possesses no reserve powers whatsoever. A head of government, known as the minister, premier. While the head of state appoints the head of government, constitutional convention suggests that a majority of elected Members of Parliament must support the person appointed. If more than half of elected parliamentarians belong to the political party. An exception to this was Israel, in which direct prime-ministerial elections were made in 1996,1999 and 2001, an independent, non-partisan civil service which advises on, and implements, decisions of those ministers. Civil servants hold permanent appointments and can expect merit-based selection processes, a parliamentary opposition with an official Leader of the Opposition. A legislature, often bicameral, with at least one elected house – although unicameral systems also exist, a lower house of parliament with an ability to dismiss a government by withholding Supply, passing a motion of no confidence, or defeating a confidence motion. The Westminster system enables a government to be defeated or forced into a general election independently, a parliament which can be dissolved and snap elections called at any time. Another parallel system of principles also exists known as equity. Exceptions to this include India, Quebec in Canada, and Scotland in the UK amongst others which mix common law with legal systems. Unlike the uncodified British constitution, most countries use the Westminster system have codified the system, at least in part. The pattern of executive functions within a Westminster System is quite complex, in essence, the head of state, usually a monarch or president, is a ceremonial figurehead who is the theoretical, nominal or de jure source of executive power within the system. In practice, such a figure does not actively exercise executive powers, in the United Kingdom, the sovereign theoretically holds executive authority, even though the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the Cabinet effectively implement executive powers. In a parliamentary republic like India, the President is the de jure executive, even though executive powers are essentially instituted by the Prime Minister of India and the Council of Ministers. In Israel, however, executive power is vested de jure and de facto in the cabinet, as an example, the Prime Minister and Cabinet generally must seek the permission of the head of state when carrying out executive functions
9.
Parliament of New South Wales
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The Parliament of New South Wales, located in Parliament House on Macquarie Street, Sydney, is the main legislative body in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is a parliament elected by the people of the state in general elections. The parliament shares law making powers with the Australian Federal Parliament, the New South Wales Parliament follows the Westminster parliamentary traditions of dress, Green–Red chamber colours and protocol. The Parliament derives its authority from the Queen of Australia, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, represented by the Governor of New South Wales and it consists of a lower house, the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, and an upper house, the New South Wales Legislative Council. Each house is elected by the people of New South Wales at elections held approximately every four years. The Parliament of New South Wales is Australias oldest legislature and it had its beginnings when New South Wales was a British colony under the control of the Governor. A small, appointed Legislative Council began meeting in 1824 to advise the Governor on legislative matters, by 1843, this had been enlarged with two-thirds of its members elected by adult males who met certain property requirements. The right to vote was extended to all males in 1858. In 1850 the Australian Colonies Government Act was passed by the Imperial Parliament and this expanded the New South Wales Legislative Council so that by 1851 there were 54 members – again, with two-thirds elected. In 1853, a committee chaired by William Wentworth began drawing up a Constitution for responsible self-government. The Committee’s proposed Constitution was placed before the Legislative Council in August that year and, for the most part, the Constitution, with an upper house whose members were appointed for life, was sent to the Imperial Parliament and was passed into law on 16 July 1855. The new Parliament of New South Wales was to be a bicameral legislature, on 22 May 1856, the newly constituted New South Wales Parliament opened and sat for the first time. With the new 54-member Legislative Assembly taking over the council chamber, in 1859 Queensland was made a colony separate from New South Wales. The Legislative Assembly was reduced from 80 to 72 members by the loss of the Queensland seats, in 1901, New South Wales became a state of the Commonwealth of Australia and many government functions were transferred to the new Commonwealth government. The current Constitution of New South Wales was adopted in 1902, women gained the right to vote in Commonwealth elections in April 1902 and in New South Wales state elections in August 1902. In 1918, reforms permitted women to be Members of Parliament and that same year, a proportional representation system was introduced for the Legislative Assembly with multiple representatives from each electorate, this system lasted until it was abolished in 1926. In 1925,1926 and 1929, Premier Jack Lang made attempts at abolishing the Legislative Council, following the example of the Queensland Legislative Council in 1922, in 1962 Indigenous Australians gained the right to vote in all state elections. In 1978, the Council became an elected body in a program of electoral reform introduced by the Wran Labor government
10.
Federation of Australia
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Fiji and New Zealand were originally part of this process, but they decided not to join the federation. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, on 1 January 1901, the efforts to bring about federation in the mid-19th century were dogged by the lack of popular support for the movement. A number of conventions were held during the 1890s to develop a constitution for the Commonwealth, Sir Henry Parkes, Premier of New South Wales, was instrumental in this process. The election returned Barton as prime minister, though without a majority and this period has lent its name to an architectural style prevalent in Australia at that time, known as Federation architecture, or Federation style. A serious movement for Federation of the colonies arose in the late 1880s, a time there was increasing nationalism amongst Australians. The idea of being Australian began to be celebrated in songs and this was fostered by improvements in transport and communications, such as the establishment of a telegraph system between the colonies in 1872. The Australian colonies were influenced by other federations which had emerged around the world, notably in Argentina, Canada, Switzerland. Sir Henry Parkes, then Colonial Secretary of New South Wales, the Federation had the potential to ensure that throughout the continent, trade, and interstate commerce would be unaffected by protectionism and measurement and transport would be standardised. The final push for the Federal Council came at a conference in 1883, called to debate the strategies needed to counter the activities of the German and French in New Guinea, Sir Samuel Griffith, the Premier of Queensland, drafted a bill to constitute the Federal Council. The conference successfully petitioned the Imperial Parliament to enact the bill as the Federal Council of Australasia Act 1885, as a result, a Federal Council of Australasia was formed, to represent the affairs of the colonies in their relations with the South Pacific islands. New South Wales and New Zealand did not join, the self-governing colonies of Queensland, Tasmania and Victoria, as well as the Crown Colonies of Western Australia and Fiji, became involved. South Australia was briefly a member between 1888 and 1890, furthermore, the absence of the powerful colony of New South Wales weakened its representative value. Nevertheless, it was the first major form of inter-colonial co-operation and it provided an opportunity for Federalists from around the country to meet and exchange ideas. The means by which the Council was established endorsed the continuing role that the Imperial Parliament would have in the development of Australias constitutional structure, the individual colonies, Victoria excepted, were somewhat wary of Federation. Queensland, for its part, worried that the advent of national legislation would restrict the importing of kanaka labourers and these were not the only concerns of those resistant to federation. Smaller colonies also worried about the abolition of tariffs, which would deprive them of a proportion of their revenue. New South Wales, traditionally free-trade in its outlook, wanted to be satisfied that the federations tariff policy would not be protectionist, Victorian Premier James Service described fiscal union as the lion in the way of federation. A further fundamental issue was how to distribute the excess customs duties from the government to the states
11.
Prime Minister of Australia
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The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the head of government of Australia. The individual who holds the office is the most senior Minister of the Crown, the leader of the Cabinet, the office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and exists only through longstanding political convention and tradition. Despite this, in practice it is the most powerful position in Australia. The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the Governor-General of Australia, almost always and according to convention, the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives. However, there is no requirement that the prime minister sit in the House of Representatives. The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed minister was John Gorton. Malcolm Turnbull has held the office of Prime Minister since 15 September 2015, the Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement. Before being sworn in as a Minister of the Crown, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable for life, the senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia. The Prime Minister is, like ministers, normally sworn in by the Governor-General. When defeated in an election, or on resigning, the Prime Minister is said to hand in the commission, in the event of a Prime Minister dying in office, or becoming incapacitated, the Governor-General can terminate the commission. Despite the importance of the office of minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail them. The formal title of the portfolio has always been simply Prime Minister, except for the period of the Fourth Deakin Ministry, Page was the leader of the smaller party in the governing coalition, the Country Party. He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected a new leader, Robert Menzies, in August 1941 Menzies resigned as prime minister. In July 1945 John Curtin died suddenly and his deputy, Frank Forde, was sworn in the next day as prime minister, although the Labor Party had not had an opportunity to meet and elect a new leader. Forde served for eight days until Ben Chifley was elected leader, Chifley was then sworn in, replacing Forde, who became Australias shortest-serving prime minister. Harold Holt disappeared while swimming on 17 December 1967 and was declared presumed dead on 19 December, the governor-general, Lord Casey, commissioned the Leader of the Country Party, John McEwen, to form a government until the Liberal Party elected a new leader
12.
Mike Baird
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Baird represented the electoral district of Manly in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for the Liberal Party of Australia from 2007 to 2017. Before becoming Premier, he was the Treasurer of New South Wales in the OFarrell government between 2011 and 2014, on 19 January 2017, Baird announced his intention to step down and on 23 January he resigned as Premier and member for Manly. Born in Melbourne, Baird is the son of Judy and Bruce Baird, Baird attended The Kings School, Parramatta, and spent time living in the United States of America while his father served as head of the Australian trade commission in New York City. Baird graduated with a Bachelor of Economics from the University of Sydney, Baird also studied at Regent College in Vancouver, Canada, initially intending to enter the Anglican ministry, but while there decided to pursue a career in investment banking and later politics. In 1999, he unsuccessfully sought preselection for the seat of Manly, Baird then returned to investment banking, working for the National Australia Bank for a time in London, before returning to Sydney to work for HSBC Australia. Baird again sought, this successfully, Liberal Party preselection for the seat of Manly. After initially serving in a range of junior shadow ministries, Baird was promoted to the position of Shadow Treasurer in 2008 and he is strongly in favour of Australia becoming a republic. Baird immediately reshuffled the ministry elevating Andrew Constance into the Treasury portfolio, in October, Stoner resigned as Leader of the NSW Nationals and Deputy Premier of New South Wales and was replaced by Troy Grant. The Sydney Morning Herald described Bairds government as the most devout in living memory, with a concentration of powerful religious figures in its upper echelons. Bairds chief of staff, Bay Warburton, once said that in his role as chief of staff he is serving Jesus and he believes that he has a great opportunity to help people by making responsible decisions about the money from this state. On the morning of 15 December 2014, a gunman, Man Haron Monis, held hostage ten customers and eight employees of a Lindt chocolate café located at Martin Place. Baird addressed the media during the stand-off, and stated we are being tested today, the police are being tested, the public is being tested, but whatever the test we will face it head on and we will remain a strong democratic, civil society. I have full confidence in the Police Commissioner and the work of the NSW police force. On 20 March 2015, Baird met with staff at the re-opened café, stating the staff and company. Are saying that they want to be strong for their friends, they want to be strong for this city and state. At the 2015 election, Baird led the Liberals and Nationals Coalition to a second term, coal Seam Gas was a likewise major regional issue in northern New South Wales. Since replacing Barry OFarrell as Premier in April 2014, Baird initially fared well in opinion polls. From December 2015 to September 2016, Bairds satisfaction rating fell by 46 points—the biggest fall in net satisfaction of any mainland state premier in the history of Newspoll. Baird has publicly advocated for the tough Sydney lockout laws and on 9 February 2016 posted a Facebook response to an article published by Matt Barrie condemning the Premiers actions
13.
Donaldson ministry
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The Donaldson ministry was the first ministry of the Colony of New South Wales, and was led by the Honourable Stuart Donaldson. Despite the first free elections for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly being held in March 1856 and it was sworn in on 6 June 1856, after the 1856 election and lasted just eighty days. The title of Premier was widely used to refer to the Leader of Government, there was no party system in New South Wales politics until 1887. Under the constitution, ministers were required to resign to recontest their seats in a by-election when appointed and these by-elections are only noted when the minister was defeated, in general, he was elected unopposed. This ministry covers the period from 6 June 1856 until on 25 August 1856, Stuart Donaldson - first Premier of New South Wales Self-government in New South Wales Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1856–1858
14.
New South Wales colonial election, 1856
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The 1856 New South Wales colonial election was held between 11 March and 19 April 1856. This was the first election held since the introduction of self-government in New South Wales, the resulting parliament, devoid of anything resembling party structure, ran for two weeks before Stuart Donaldson assumed the premiership, and struggled to deliver stable government during its term. Former members of the New South Wales Parliament, 1856-2006, results of the New South Wales colonial election,1856 Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1856–1858 Candidates of the New South Wales colonial election,1856
15.
Charles Cowper
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Sir Charles Cowper, KCMG was an Australian politician and the Premier of New South Wales on five occasions from 1856 to 1870. Cowper did useful work but does not rank among the more distinguished Australian politicians, Cowpers governments had a fairly coherent Liberal tendency, a trend which continued with the governments of Henry Parkes and later developed into the Free Trade Party. In 1852, Parkes referred in public to his mild, affable, in later years he spoke of his quick insight in dealing with surrounding circumstances, and much good humour and tact in dealing with individuals. His political adroitness was such that it secured for him the sobriquet of Slippery Charley. He was personally popular, and towards the end of his life the estate of Wivenhoe was purchased by public subscription, Cowper was the third son of the Rev. William Cowper and his first wife Hannah. He was born in Drypool, Hull, Yorkshire, England and was brought to Sydney by his father in 1809. Educated by his father, in 1825 he was in the service. He held this position for years and in 1831 married the second daughter of Daniel Sutton. When the Clergy and School Lands Corporation was dissolved in 1833, Cowper went on the land and held extensive properties in Cumberland and Argyle counties. Cowper was elected as the member for the County of Cumberland in the Legislative Council in 1843 after a bitter contest against James Macarthur, in September 1848 he sent out a circular convening a meeting to consider the establishment of a railway company. The company was formed and the first railway in New South Wales was begun on 3 July 1849 and it proved impossible for the company to finance the railway, and it was taken over by the government six years later. After coming last in the election for the City of Sydney and failing to win County of Cumberland, at the end of 1851 and he had opposed transportation since the 1840s and had presided at a public meeting protesting plans to revive transportation in October 1846. The association actively campaigned in Britain and, partly as a result, when responsible government was established, Cowper was elected a member of the first Legislative Assembly in 1856 for Sydney, which he represented until its abolition in 1859. Although Cowper was popular in 1856, his association with the radicals, including Parkes, James Wilshire. He was offered and declined the position of Colonial Secretary in the first ministry under the leadership of S. A. Donaldson and he was beaten in a no confidence motion and resigned on 2 October. Cowper turned down a place in the Parker ministry and he subsequently opposed Parkers proposal to create 40 new members in the House, and distribute them according to population, because it did not widen the franchise. In September 1857, the Parker Government was defeated and resigned and this was a ministry of many changes, no fewer than 13 men holding the seven positions in its life of just over two years. Cowper did well enough to remain Premier, but he did not have a reliable majority and his Government amended the Electoral Act to provide vote by secret ballot, universal manhood suffrage, representation primarily by population and more equal electoral districts
16.
Electoral district of Sydney
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Sydney is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Australian state of New South Wales in Inner Sydney. In 1859, it was replaced by the districts of East Sydney. From 1904, these electorates were renamed or abolished and this was replaced by the single member electorates of King, Paddington, Phillip and Surry Hills for the 1927 election. Sydney was recreated for the 2007 election, largely replacing the district of Bligh
17.
Cowper ministry (1856)
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The first Cowper ministry was the second ministry of the Colony of New South Wales, and was led by the Honourable Charles Cowper. It was the first of five occasions that Cowper was Leader of the Government, Cowper was elected in the first free elections for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly held in March 1856, and fought unsuccessfully with Stuart Donaldson to form Government. When Donaldsons Government faltered a little over two months after it was formed, Cowper formed Government, the title of Premier was widely used to refer to the Leader of Government, but not enshrined in formal use until 1920. There was no party system in New South Wales politics until 1887, under the constitution, ministers were required to resign to recontest their seats in a by-election when appointed. These by-elections are only noted when the minister was defeated, in general and this ministry covers the period from 26 August 1856 until on 2 October 1856, when Cowper resigned his commission, having lost the confidence of the Assembly
18.
Henry Parker (Australian politician)
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Sir Henry Watson Parker, KCMG was Premier of New South Wales. He fitted into society and politics in the pre-responsible government era. Parker was the son of Thomas Watson Parker of Lewisham, Kent, in order to improve his poor health, he joined the British East India Company and travelled to India, China and the Cape of Good Hope. He came to Sydney in 1838 as private secretary to Sir George Gipps and he married in 1843 Emmeline Emily, third daughter of John Macarthur, who survived him without issue, linked him to the colonial establishment. In 1846 he was nominated by the governor as a member of the Legislative Council, in May of that year he was elected chairman of committees and was again and again re-elected to this position until the coming in of responsible government in 1856. Parker was elected as member for Parramatta in the first Legislative Assembly and was a candidate for the speakership in May but was defeated by one vote, in September 1856 John Hay carried a vote of no-confidence in the Cowper ministry. He recommended to Governor William Denison that Parker would be the most likely man to conciliate parties, Parker offered seats in the cabinet to Cowper and Stuart Donaldson, the preceding premiers, but Cowper declined. In March 1857 Parker passed an act re-establishing the Sydney municipal council and it had been intended to bring in a land bill but the government was defeated on its electoral bill, and Parker resigned on 4 September 1857. In 1858 he returned to England and he does not appear to have ever revisited Australia, and died at Richmond. Parker was knighted in 1858 and created Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1877
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Electoral district of Parramatta
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Parramatta is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is currently held by Geoff Lee of the Liberal Party of Australia, Parramatta is the only electorate to have existed continuously since the first Legislative Assembly election in 1856. It elected two members simultaneously from 1856 to 1880, in 1920, it absorbed Granville and elected three members under proportional representation. In 1927, it was divided into the single-member electorates of Parramatta, Granville, for most of its single member history since 1927 and prior to 2011 Parramatta was a safe Australian Labor Party seat. Prior to 2011 it was last held by the Liberals by John Books from 1988 to 1991, the Liberal Party had hopes of winning back the seat at the 1994 by-election when it was a marginal ALP seat but the ALP retained the seat with a huge swing towards it. Labor went into the 2011 election holding the seat with a margin of 13.1 percent and he was reelected in 2015, the first time in over 80 years that the Liberals have been reelected in the seats single member incarnation
20.
Parker ministry
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The Parker ministry was the third ministry of the Colony of New South Wales, and was led by the Honourable Henry Parker. The title of Premier was widely used to refer to the Leader of Government, there was no party system in New South Wales politics until 1887. Under the constitution, ministers were required to resign to recontest their seats in a by-election when appointed and these by-elections are only noted when the minister was defeated, in general, he was elected unopposed. This ministry covers the period from 3 October 1856 until on 7 September 1857, during this period, there was a slight re-arrangement to the ministry, following the resignation of William Manning on account of ill-health. Henry Parker - third Premier of New South Wales Self-government in New South Wales Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1856–1858
21.
New South Wales colonial election, 1858
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The 1858 New South Wales colonial election was held between 13 January and 12 February 1858. Suffrage was limited to white males. The previous parliament of New South Wales was dissolved on 19 December 1857 by the Governor, Sir William Denison, on the advice of the Premier, there was no recognisable party structure at this election, instead the government was determined by a loose, shifting factional system. Former members of the New South Wales Parliament, 1856-2006, members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1858–1859 Candidates of the New South Wales colonial election,1858
22.
New South Wales colonial election, 1859
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The 1859 New South Wales colonial election was held between 9 June and 7 July 1859. Suffrage was limited to white males. The previous parliament of New South Wales was dissolved on 11 April 1859 by the Governor, Sir William Denison, on the advice of the Premier, there was no recognisable party structure at this election, instead the government was determined by a loose, shifting factional system. Former members of the New South Wales Parliament, 1856-2006, members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1859–1860 Candidates of the New South Wales colonial election,1859
23.
William Forster (Australian politician)
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William Forster was an Australian politician, Premier of New South Wales from 27 October 1859 to 9 March 1860 and poet. Forster was described in his youth as a sallow, thin and he was not a great orator but was a debater of ability, though his habit of indulging in bitter personalities detracted from the effectiveness of his speeches. James Martin once described him as disagreeable in opposition, insufferable as a supporter, a cultured and honest man, thoroughly aware and disdainful of the tricks and shifts of party government, he tried to hold an independent course and do what was best for his country. This was appreciated by the constituencies that elected him to all, Forster was born in Madras, India, the son of Thomas Forster, army surgeon, and his wife Eliza Blaxland, daughter of Gregory Blaxland. He continued his education in Australia at W. T, capes school and The Kings School. Forster became a squatter near Port Macquarie and the Clarence River, in New England, on Gin Gin on the Wide Bay, in 1867 he still controlled over 30,000 hectares in Queensland. In 1846 he married Eliza Wall and he settled with her on Brush Farm in 1854 and they had two sons and six daughters, including World War I surgeon Laura Forster, before Eliza died in 1862. He was appointed a magistrate in 1842, but was sacked in 1849 and he also contributed to Henry Parkes The Empire and other papers. When responsible government was granted, Forster was elected to the first Legislative Assembly in 1856 as member for United Counties of Murray, from 1859 to 1860 he represented Queanbeyan. And, though conservative in tendencies, he opposed the nominee upper house, Forster won a by-election for East Sydney in May 1861 and in October 1863 was again asked to form a ministry. He was unable to do so but became Colonial Secretary in James Martins ministry until February 1865, from 1864 to 1869, Forster was member for Hastings. He was member for Queanbeyan from 1869 to 1872, Illawarra from 1872 to 1874, in February 1875, Forster became Colonial Treasurer in Robertsons third ministry and a year later was appointed Agent-General for New South Wales in London. He returned to New South Wales, was elected for Gundagai, Forster in his younger days was a clever journalist but he did not publish anything in book form until towards the end of his life. His volumes in verse were The Weirwolf, a Tragedy, The Brothers, a Drama, Midas, works of a vigorous and poetic mind, in 1873 he married Maud Julia Edwards and they had three sons and two daughters. The town of Forster, New South Wales was named after him, Forster ministry History of Coutts Crossing including references to William Forster
24.
Forster ministry
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The Forster ministry was the fifth ministry of the Colony of New South Wales, and was led by the Honourable William Forster. Forster was elected in the first free elections for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly held in March 1856 and he was asked to form Government after the second Cowper ministry lost an educational bill in the Assembly. The title of Premier was widely used to refer to the Leader of Government, there was no party system in New South Wales politics until 1887. Under the constitution, ministers were required to resign to recontest their seats in a by-election when appointed and these by-elections are only noted when the minister was defeated, in general, he was elected unopposed. William Forster - fourth Premier of New South Wales Self-government in New South Wales Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1859–1860
25.
John Robertson (premier)
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Sir John Robertson, KCMG was an Australian politician and Premier of New South Wales on five occasions. Robertson is best remembered for land reform and in particular the Robertson Land Acts of 1861 and he saw free selection of crown land before survey as the key to social reform with poor settlers being able to occupy agricultural and pastoral land, even that occupied by lease-holding squatters. This insight enabled him to dominate the politics of 1856–61, Robertson was born at Bow, London. His father, James Robertson, was Scottish, his mother English, James Robertson was also appointed general superintendent of government clocks and received a 35 hectare grant at Robertsons Point, Cremorne Point. Robertson at five years of age was sent to the school in Sydney just opened by John Dunmore Lang and he subsequently attended schools kept by Bradley Gilchrist and W. T. Cape. Among his schoolfellows were two other boys destined to become premiers of New South Wales, James Martin and William Forster, the personality of the young man so impressed Palmerston that he invited him to stay with him for a few days in the country. There he introduced him to various distinguished people, and afterwards when he was leaving England gave him a letter to the governor, Sir Richard Bourke. Robertson visited France and South America, and, after an absence of two years, left the sea and joined his family in northern New South Wales and he engaged in grazing and the farming of crops for some years. He married Madge Davies when he was 21 and they were to have three sons and six daughters and he made himself prominent in the struggle between the squatters and Governor Sir George Gipps, who attempted to restrict the expansion of grazing in northwestern New South Wales. Although unable to due to poor health he won and took his seat with the Liberal party. Although he held rural freehold, squatting leases and leased land to tenant farmers and he believed that social equilibrium could be achieved through land reform and he gained great support in urban and rural areas as a result. In January 1858, he joined the second Cowper ministry as Secretary for Lands and it also included a seat for the University of Sydney once it had 100 graduates, which did not occur to 1876. In the June 1859 general election, he was re-elected to his seat, the Cowper government was defeated in October 1859, partly as a result of Robertsons opposition to the education bill. The succeeding Forster government was forced to resign when it lost a vote in February 1860. These bills were defeated in committee in October, Robertson handed over the Premiership to Cowper on 10 January 1861, while Robertson concentrated on the land bills as Secretary for Lands. He had his land passed by the Assembly on 27 March. As the Council was resolutely opposed to the bills, he persuaded Premier to ask the new Governor Sir John Young to swamp the Council with 21 new members. Before administering the oath to the new members the President of the Council, Sir W. W. Burton, announced his resignation, other members followed his example, there was no quorum, and on the same day Parliament was prorogued
26.
New South Wales colonial election, 1860
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The 1860 New South Wales colonial election was held between 6 December and 24 December 1860. Suffrage was limited to white males. The previous parliament of New South Wales was dissolved on 10 November 1860 by the Governor, Sir William Denison, on the advice of the Premier, there was no recognisable party structure at this election, instead the government was determined by a loose, shifting factional system. Although Robertson won the election, he relinquished the premiership to Charles Cowper to concentrate on passing land reform bills as Secretary of Lands, former members of the New South Wales Parliament, 1856-2006. Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1860–1864 Candidates of the New South Wales colonial election,1860
27.
James Martin (Australian politician)
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Sir James Martin, KCB, QC was three times Premier of New South Wales, and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales from 1873 to 1886. Martin was born in Midleton, County Cork, Ireland but emigrated with his parents to Sydney, Australia at the age of one. In 1838, Martin published the Australian Sketch Book, a series of sketches he dedicated to Sydney barrister George Robert Nichols. Martin qualified as a solicitor in 1845, and combined his career with employment as a newspaper editor. He married Isabella Long on 20 January 1853 and together they produced 15 children, in 1848 Martin stood for the electorate of Durham in the New South Wales Legislative Council, but withdrew before polling day. Later in the year he was unopposed in a by-election for the electorate of Cook. Martin was an effective legislator but his tongue and intemperate speeches to the House made him few friends among his parliamentary colleagues. His most notable achievement in his first eight years in office was to initiate the Parliamentary debate that led to the establishment of a branch of the royal mint in Sydney. In 1856 he was elected to the first parliament under responsible government as the member for Cook and he subsequently represented East Sydney, Orange, Tumut, Monaro, Lachlan and East Macquarie. In August 1856 he was made Attorney-General of New South Wales in the first ministry of Charles Cowper, the appointment was controversial, as Martin was the first holder of the post not to be a qualified barrister. The appointment was brief, as the government was defeated in a motion in October 1856. Martin qualified as a barrister in 1856 and was made a Queens Counsel in 1857 and he returned as Attorney General in the second Cowper Ministry in that year. However, his reputation for intemperate language continued and after a series of conflicts with fellow Ministers he resigned his post in November 1858. In October 1863, Martin was asked by the Governor of New South Wales to form a government with a mandate to address rising State deficits and rural unemployment. As Premier and Colonial Secretary Martin promptly introduced measures to reduce immigration and increase tariffs, with limited achievements to its credit, the government suffered a substantial swing at the 1865 election and Martin stepped down to make way for the return of Charles Cowper. His government resigned in October 1868, but he returned to the Premiership for a third, Martin retired from Parliament in November 1873 and was immediately named to the vacant position of Chief Justice of the New South Wales Supreme Court. He held the post for 13 years, despite ill health in later life. Martin was made a Queens Counsel in 1857 and a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1869, first Martin ministry Second Martin ministry Third Martin ministry Serle, Percival
28.
Electoral district of Monaro
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Monaro is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by John Barilaro of The Nationals, Monaro is a regional district in the south of the state. It encompasses the Queanbeyan-Palerang Regional Council and Snowy Monaro Regional Council and its significant population centres include Queanbeyan, Bungendore, Braidwood, Cooma, Bombala, Captains Flat, Nimmitabel, Bredbo, Michelago, Berridale, Jindabyne and Adaminaby. The electorate was created in 1856 for the First Parliament under the name Maneroo, derived from an Aboriginal name for the area and it was renamed Monaro for the second Parliament in February 1858. It elected two members between 1880 and 1894, in 1894, single-member electorates were introduced statewide and part of the electorate, was absorbed into Eden-Bombala. In 1913, it absorbed much of the Electoral district of Queanbeyan, including Queanbeyan, in 1920, with the introduction of proportional representation, it was absorbed into Goulburn, along with Bega
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Parkes, Hon. Sir Henry". The Dictionary of Australasian Biography. London: Hutchinson & Co. Wikisource