1.
Coat of arms of Queensland
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Up to 1892, suggestions were being made as to what the states coat of arms was to constitute and the pictures below illustrate the four main depictions that were considered. Below are the four proposed coat of arms submitted to the British College of Arms and these suggestions were accompanied by a letter by the Chief Secretary to the Government Office in London. The alterations continued over the years because the crown that is impaled upon the Maltese cross keeps in synchronisation with the monarch in England, due to the switching of crowns. The Imperial State Crown or Tudor Crown, and the St. Edwards Crown are the two crowns that have been used since Charles IIs restoration in 1660. Queen Victoria, Edward VII and George VI used the Imperial Crown, while George V and Elizabeth II used the St Edwards Crown. Therefore, between the years of 1893–1910 and 1936–1952, the Imperial crown was bestowed upon the cross, the final and current addition to the coat of arms was created in 1977, during the Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II, with the granting of supporting animal. A red deer, to represent the old world and it is an animal of heraldry, and a brolga. The symbols on the shield are representations of Queenslands most abundant industries, the wheat industrys origins belong with the first settlers in 1788, as the farms were worked by the convicts brought over from England, an idea of Governor Phillip. During the years till 1795, the industry slowly gained popularity. The sugar industry became established by 1868 in Mackay which was a four years after the first commercial sugar mill was opened in Cleveland. As for the animals, the brolga is Australias only native crane and is described as more than a metre tall. The adults are grey and have a long thin neck, a bare head. They are mostly found along the coast from Rockhampton to the Gulf of Carpentaria and have featured on the coat of arms since 1977 and has been the state bird since 1986, the Maltese cross has a stranger history than the rest of the elements upon the arms. Not even the Queensland government is aware of why the Maltese Cross was chosen for the coat of arms, below is a visual evolution of the Queensland coat of arms
2.
Flag of Queensland
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The state flag of Queensland is a British Blue Ensign defaced with the state badge on a white disc in the fly. The badge is a light blue Maltese Cross with a crown in the centre of the cross. The flag dates from 1876, with variations, and the badge was designed by William Hemmant. On 10 December 1859, a blue flag with a red St Georges Cross. The State Flag was first created in 1870 with the Union Jack upon the blue background, however. In its place was a profile of Queen Victoria on a blue disc surrounded by a white annulus on which the word Queensland was inscribed in gold. The next alteration occurred in 1876 as there were complaints that the reproduction of Victorias head was too difficult. Many complaints by State Officials were made, including the example found in the Queensland State Archives. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient Servant, N Hemmant His Excellency WW Cairns, Esq, the final official alteration occurred in 1901 with the death of Queen Victoria. The change was in relation to the crown impaled upon the Maltese Cross, as Victoria and Edward VII had chosen different coronation crowns, however over the years the monarchs of Australia have chosen differing coronation crowns and therefore, the crowns have unofficially kept up with each change
3.
Annastacia Palaszczuk
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Annastacia Palaszczuk is an Australian politician and 39th Premier of Queensland, serving since the 2015 election. She has been an Australian Labor Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland since the 2006 election and she held various ministerial portfolios in the Bligh Labor government from 2009. Following Labors defeat in the 2012 election, Palaszczuk succeeded Bligh as leader of Queensland Labor, after the defeat of the Newman LNP government in 2015, Palaszczuk became the first woman in Australia to become Premier of a state from Opposition. Her ministry was majority female, a first in Australia, Palaszczuk was raised in the Brisbane suburb of Durack, the daughter of veteran state Labor MP Henry Palaszczuk, who was born in Germany to Polish parents. Her Australian mother, Lorelle, is descended from German settlers and she attended St Marys College, Ipswich from 1982-1986. She has degrees in Arts and Laws from the University of Queensland, a Masters of Arts from the University of London, and a Graduate Diploma of Legal Practice from Australian National University. Palaszczuk worked as an adviser to a number of Labor ministers, including Minister for Communities, Disabilities and Seniors, Warren Pitt and former Minister for the Environment. She later decided to have a career in the profession and was studying for admission as a solicitor when her father announced his intention to retire at the 2006 election. On 9 October 2008, Palaszczuk was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Main Roads, just over five months later, she was appointed Minister for Disability Services and Multicultural Affairs in the Bligh ministry following the 2009 election. In February 2011, she was promoted to Minister for Transport, at the 2012 election, the Bligh government was overwhelmingly defeated by Campbell Newman-led Liberal National Party, losing 44 seats. Palaszczuk suffered a 14-point swing in Inala, but retained her seat with a 46.2 per cent primary vote, the day after the election, Bligh resigned as premier and party leader and retired from politics. Palaszczuk, as one of three surviving members of Blighs cabinet, announced that she would be a candidate to succeed Bligh. Curtis Pitt initially said he would stand, but withdrew and this left Palaszczuk to take the leadership unopposed at a meeting of the Labor Caucus on 28 March in Ipswich. Bligh did not attend the meeting, tim Mulherin was elected Deputy Leader, also unopposed. She also faced the difficulty of leading a caucus of only seven members. After taking the leadership, Palaszczuk said, We need to make ourselves relevant to voters and we need to get back to our basics. Workers rights, protecting the environment, investment in education—these are core Labor principles and she also said, Im under no illusion of the task ahead, of the rebuild that we need to do and the fact that we need to restore peoples faith in the Queensland Labor Party. This decision had been communicated to the community, she said, There were other issues
4.
Cabinet of Queensland
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The Cabinet of Queensland is the chief policy-making organ of the Government of Queensland. The Cabinet has the membership as the Executive Council, the Premier. Assistant ministers, formerly called parliamentary secretaries, are not members, ===Current members=== Unlike the Executive Council, which is a mechanism for advising the Governor, the Cabinet meets without the Governor and is responsible for formulating and coordinating policy. In effect, the Executive Council is a vehicle for implementing decisions made in Cabinet, meetings of the Cabinet are usually held on 10,00 a. m. on Mondays in the Executive Buildings Cabinet Room. The Premier chairs its meetings and establishes its agenda, all members are expected to be present at all meetings unless excused by the Premier. Cabinet of Australia Government of Queensland Palaszczuk Ministry Cabinet Handbook
5.
Governor of Queensland
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The Governor of Queensland is the representative in the state of Queensland of the Queen of Australia. In an analogous way to the Governor-General of Australia at the national level, in particular the Governor has the power to appoint and dismiss the Premier of Queensland and all other Ministers in the Cabinet, and issue writs for the election of the state Parliament. The current Governor, Paul de Jersey, was sworn in on 29 July 2014, as from June 2014, The Queen, upon the recommendation of then-Premier Campbell Newman, accorded all current, future and living former Governors the title The Honourable in perpetuity. The Governor of Queensland has resided at Government House, Brisbane since 1910, the mansion, set in 14 hectares of gardens and bushland in the Brisbane suburb of Bardon, is also known as Fernberg. Unlike Fernberg, the original Government House was purpose-built and was used from 1862 to 1910, the office of Governor is established by the Constitution of Queensland. Nevertheless, the Governor retains the powers of the Crown, and has the right to appoint and dismiss Ministers, issue pardons. Sir Joh elected to resign on 1 December 1987, the Governor is head of the Executive Council, a Queensland equivalent to the Federal Executive Council. The Council is composed of ministers from the government of the day, the Chief Justice of Queensland and other judges in the Queensland judicial system are appointed by the Governor acting on the advice of the Executive Council. The first Australian- born Governor of Queensland was Lieutenant-General Sir John Lavarack and his successor, Sir Henry Abel Smith was British. All subsequent governors have been Australian-born, except for Leneen Forde, four former governors of Queensland are alive, the oldest being Leneen Forde. The most recent death of a governor was that of Sir Walter Campbell. Administrators and Lieutenant-Governors are deputy roles generally appointed to carry out the duties of the Governor when the Governor is unavailable, the following are the Administrators and Lieutenant-Governors of Queensland, Official Website of the Governor of Queensland
6.
Term of office
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A term of office is the length of time a person serves in a particular elected office. In many jurisdictions there is a limit on how long terms of office may be before the officeholder must be subject to re-election. Some jurisdictions exercise term limits, setting a number of terms an individual may hold in a particular office. Being the origin of the Westminster system, aspects of the United Kingdoms system of government are replicated in other countries. The monarch serves as head of state until his or her death or abdication, in the United Kingdom Members of Parliament in the House of Commons are elected for the duration of the parliament. Following dissolution of the Parliament, an election is held which consists of simultaneous elections for all seats. For most MPs this means that their terms of office are identical to the duration of the Parliament, an MP elected in a by-election mid-way through a Parliament, regardless of how long they have occupied the seat, is not exempt from facing re-election at the next general election. The Septennial Act 1715 provided that a Parliament expired seven years after it had been summoned, prior to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 parliaments had no minimum duration. Parliaments could be dissolved early by the monarch at the Prime Ministers request, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 mandated that Parliaments should last their full five years. Early dissolution is possible, but under much more limited circumstances. Hereditary peers and life peers retain membership of the House of Lords for life, Lords Spiritual hold membership of the House of Lords until the end of their time as bishops, though a senior bishop may be made a life peer upon the end of their bishopric. The devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are variations on the system of government used at Westminster, the office of the leader of the devolved administrations has no numeric term limit imposed upon it. However, in the case of the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government there are fixed terms for which the legislatures can sit and this is imposed at four years. Elections may be held before this time but only if no administration can be formed, offices of local government other regional elected officials follow similar rules to the national offices discussed above, with persons elected to fixed terms of a few years. Federal judges have different terms in office, however, the majority of the federal judiciary, Article III judges, such as those of the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, and federal district courts, serve for life. The terms of office for officials in state governments according to the provisions of state constitutions. The term for state governors is four years in all states but Vermont and New Hampshire, the National Conference of State Legislatures reported in January 2007 that among state legislatures,44 states had terms of office for the lower house of the state legislature at two years. Five had terms of office at four years,37 states had terms of office for the upper house of the state legislature at four years
7.
Robert Herbert
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Sir Robert George Wyndham Herbert, GCB, was the first Premier of Queensland, Australia. Born in Brighton, England on 12 June 1831, Herbert was the son of the Hon. Algernon Herbert. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford and he won a Balliol scholarship in 1849 and subsequently the Hertford and Ireland scholarships. He took a first class in classical moderations, won the Latin verse prize in 1852 and he was elected Fellow of All Souls in 1854 and was Eldon law scholar. In 1855 he was secretary to William Ewart Gladstone and was called to the bar of the Inner Temple in 1858. When Queensland was formed into a separate colony Sir George Bowen was appointed the first governor and he arrived at Brisbane on 10 December 1859 and brought Herbert with him as his private secretary. On the day of the arrival, Herbert was gazetted as colonial secretary with Ratcliffe Pring as attorney-general. These with the governor formed a council to which additions were made afterwards. At the election early in 1860 Herbert was returned unopposed for one of the Leichhardt seats in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland. He showed himself to be a leader and held office from December 1859 to February 1866. During his time as Premier four land acts were passed, certainly the first Queensland government was in marked contrast to those of the other colonies, each of which averaged half a dozen ministries in the same period. Herbert, however, fell into some disfavour when financial difficulties arose and he resigned in February 1866 and was succeeded by Arthur Macalister who was premier until 20 July 1866. Herbert then left for England, having gained much experience which was to be useful to him in later years. He held this position for 21 years with great distinction and his attitude was generally conciliatory and he was tactful in dealing with men who came in contact with him. In 1882 he was created K. C. B. in the same year he was appointed chancellor of the Order of St Michael and St George. He left the office in 1892, but afterwards took up his duties again for a few months at the special request of Joseph Chamberlain. In 1893-6 he was agent-general for Tasmania, and did work in connection with the formation of the British Empire League. In December 1903 he was chairman of the tariff commission, in later years, Robert Herbert suffered from heart trouble
8.
Head of government
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The term head of government is often differentiated from the term head of state, as they may be separate positions, individuals, and/or roles depending on the country. In parliamentary systems, including constitutional monarchies, the head of government is the de facto leader of the government. For example, in the United Kingdom, the prime minister advises the Queen on the appointment of the cabinet, advice she is required to accept. On the other hand, the Queens long service as the head of state enables her to provide the prime minister with information and insight into many matters to better run the government. However, because the United Kingdom is a monarchy, the Prime Minister uses his or her own discretion regarding whether or not to follow the Queens advice. The Queen also is entitled to appoint a new Prime Minister, in presidential republics or in absolute monarchies, the head of state is also usually the head of government. The relationship between that leader and the government, however, can vary greatly, ranging from separation of powers to autocracy, in semi-presidential systems, the head of government may answer to both the head of state and the legislature, with the specifics provided by each countrys constitution. A modern example is the present French government, which originated as the French Fifth Republic in 1958, in France, the president, the head of state, appoints the prime minister, who is the head of government. In some cases, the head of state may represent one political party, in this case, known as cohabitation, the prime minister, along with the cabinet, controls domestic policy, with the presidents influence is largely restricted to foreign affairs. In directorial systems, the executive responsibilities of the head of government are spread among a group of people, a prominent example is the Swiss Federal Council, where each member of the council heads a department and also votes on proposals relating to all departments. A common title for many heads of government is prime minister, various constitutions use different titles, and even the same title can have various multiple meanings, depending on the constitutional order and political system of the state in question. In addition to prime minister, titles used for the democratic model, some of these titles relate to governments below the national level. Have been used by various Empires, Kingdoms and Princely States of India as a title for the Prime Minister, maltese, In Malta, the head of government is Prim Ministru. In this case, the prime minister serves at the pleasure of the monarch, some such titles are diwan, mahamantri, pradhan, wasir or vizier. However, just because the head of state is the de jure dominant position does not mean that he/she will not always be the de facto political leader, in some cases, the head of state is a figurehead whilst the head of the government leads the ruling party. In some cases a head of government may even pass on the title in hereditary fashion, the ability to vote down legislative proposals of the government. Control over or ability to vote down fiscal measures and the budget, all of these requirements directly impact the Head of governments role. Many parliamentary systems require ministers to serve in parliament, while others ban ministers from sitting in parliament, heads of government are typically removed from power in a parliamentary system by Resignation, following, Defeat in a general election
9.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
10.
Queensland
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Queensland is the second-largest and third-most-populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia. Situated in the north-east of the country, it is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, south-west, to the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean. Queensland has a population of 4,750,500, concentrated along the coast, the state is the worlds sixth largest sub-national entity, with an area of 1,852,642 km2. The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane, Australias third largest city, often referred to as the Sunshine State, Queensland is home to 10 of Australias 30 largest cities and is the nations third largest economy. Tourism in the state, fuelled largely by its tropical climate, is a major industry. Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, the first European to land in Queensland was Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606, who explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula near present-day Weipa. In 1770, Lieutenant James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain. The colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788 by Governor Arthur Phillip at Sydney, New South Wales at that time included all of what is now Queensland, Queensland was explored in subsequent decades until the establishment of a penal colony at Brisbane in 1824 by John Oxley. Penal transportation ceased in 1839 and free settlement was allowed from 1842, the state was named in honour of Queen Victoria, who on 6 June 1859 signed Letters Patent separating the colony from New South Wales. The 6th of June is now celebrated statewide as Queensland Day. Queensland achieved statehood with the Federation of Australia on 1 January 1901, the history of Queensland spans thousands of years, encompassing both a lengthy indigenous presence, as well as the eventful times of post-European settlement. The north-eastern Australian region was explored by Dutch, Spanish and French navigators before being encountered by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770, the Australian Labor Party has its origin as a formal organisation in Queensland and the town of Barcaldine is the symbolic birthplace of the party. June 2009 marked the 150th anniversary of its creation as a colony from New South Wales. The Aboriginal occupation of Queensland is thought to predate 50,000 BC, likely via boat or land bridge across Torres Strait, during the last ice age Queenslands landscape became more arid and largely desolate, making food and other supplies scarce. This led to the worlds first seed-grinding technology, warming again made the land hospitable, which brought high rainfall along the eastern coast, stimulating the growth of the states tropical rainforests. In February 1606, Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon landed near the site of what is now Weipa and this was the first recorded landing of a European in Australia, and it also marked the first reported contact between European and Aboriginal Australian people. The region was explored by French and Spanish explorers prior to the arrival of Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. Cook claimed the east coast under instruction from King George III of the United Kingdom on 22 August 1770 at Possession Island, naming Eastern Australia, including Queensland, the Aboriginal population declined significantly after a smallpox epidemic during the late 18th century
11.
Legislative Assembly of Queensland
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The Legislative Assembly of Queensland is the sole chamber of the unicameral Parliament of Queensland. Elections are held once every three years. Voting is by the preferential voting form of the alternative vote system. The Assembly has 89 members, who have used the letters MP after their names since 2000, there is approximately the same population in each electorate, however, that has not always been the case. The Assembly first sat in May 1860 and produced Australias first Hansard in April 1864, initially, the Legislative Assembly was the lower house of a typical Westminster-style bicameral parliament. The upper house was the Legislative Council, its members appointed for life by the government of the day, the first sitting, in May 1860, was held in the old converted convict barracks in Queen Street. It consisted of 26 members from 16 electorates, nearly half of whom were pastoralists or squatters, early sessions dealt with issues of land, labour, railways, public works, immigration, education and gold discoveries. In April 1864, Australias first Hansard was produced and it was the second Hansard to be made in the Commonwealth, after Nova Scotia in 1855. That year also saw member numbers increased to 32, and by 1868—as more redistributions occurred—the number grew to 42, members were not paid until 1886, effectively excluding the working class from state politics. The Assembly was elected under the first-past-the-post system 1860 to 1892, from then until 1942 an unusual form of preferential voting called the contingent vote was used. This was done by a government to prevent the Labor Party from gaining seats. In 1942 the plurality system was reintroduced until it was replaced in 1962 by the full form of the Alternative Vote. This was done by the Labor Party, which saw a decline in votes in the 1940s, in 1992, this was changed to the optional preferential system currently used. After 1912, electorates elected only a member to the Assembly. In 1922, the Legislative Council was abolished, with the help of known as the suicide squad. This left Queensland with a unicameral parliament—currently the only Australian state with this arrangement and it has been called a form of gerrymander, however it is more accurately referred to as an electoral malapportionment. The Queensland gerrymander, first introduced by the Australian Labor Party government of Ned Hanlon in 1949 used a series of electoral zones based on their distance from Brisbane, initially Queensland was divided into three zones—the metropolitan zone, the provincial cities zone and the rural zone. While the number of electors in each seat in a zone was roughly equal, thus an electorate in the remote zone might have as few as 5,000 electors, while a seat in the metropolitan zone might have as many as 25,000
12.
Queensland state election, 2015
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The 2015 Queensland state election was held on 31 January 2015 to elect all 89 members of the unicameral Legislative Assembly of Queensland. The incumbent centre-right Liberal National Party, led by Premier Campbell Newman, was defeated by the opposition centre-left Australian Labor Party, Labor formed a minority government with the support of the lone independent MP in the chamber, Peter Wellington. It is only the change of government in Queensland since 1915. Furthermore, Annastacia Palaszczuk became the first woman to win government from opposition in a state election, the previous election saw Labor, which had governed the state for all but two years since 1989, suffer the worst defeat of a sitting government in the states history. The LNP won 78 seats—the largest majority government in Queensland history—compared to seven for Labor, following Labors defeat former Premier Anna Bligh retired from politics and was succeeded as party leader by her former Transport Minister, Palaszczuk. Two by-elections saw Labor defeat the LNP, reducing the LNP to 73 seats with Labor on 9 seats. Although Labor hoped to regain much of what it lost in its defeat of three years earlier, most polls pointed to the LNP being returned for another term with a reduced majority. Newman was defeated in his seat of Ashgrove to his predecessor, with the outcome in his own seat beyond doubt, Newman announced his retirement from politics, though remained as caretaker premier pending the final results. On the day after the election, both outlets had Labor either two or three short of a majority. Political analysts opined that the balance of power was likely to rest with Katters Australian Party, Wellington announced on 5 February he would support a Palaszczuk-led Labor minority government on confidence and supply while retaining the right to vote on conscience. On 13 February, the Electoral Commission of Queensland declared the results of the election, Labor won 44 seats, one short of a majority, putting Labor in a position to form a minority government in the hung parliament. Conversely, the two-party swing of 13.7 points in 2012 was exceeded by the 2015 two-party swing of 14.0 points, Palaszczuk approached Governor Paul de Jersey on 11 February and advised him that she could form a minority government. Palaszczuk and de Jersey met again on 13 February, at that meeting, de Jersey formally invited Palaszczuk to form a government, an invitation that Palaszczuk accepted. On 14 February, Palaszczuk was sworn in as the 39th Premier of Queensland, Labor regained power mainly on the strength of recovering much of what it had lost in Brisbane at the 2012 election. Brisbane had been Labors power base for more than a quarter-century, Labor had gone into the 2012 election holding 36 of the capitals 40 seats, losing all, in 2015, however, Labor won 28 seats in Brisbane. The LNP was still in a position to hope for a minority government primarily by sweeping the Gold Coast, none of the LNPs safe seats were located in Brisbane. The LNPs safest seat, Moggill, only had a majority of 8.2 percent, in contrast, all but two of Labors safe seats were in the capital. Following the election, the Palmer United Party candidate for Ferny Grove, the revelation spurred speculation that there may need to be a by-election to resolve the seat
13.
Cabinet (government)
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A cabinet is a body of high-ranking state officials, typically consisting of the top leaders of the executive branch. They are usually called ministers, but in some jurisdictions are sometimes called secretaries, in some countries, the cabinet is called Council of Ministers or Government Council or lesser known names such as Federal Council, Inner Council or High Council. These countries may differ in the way that the cabinet is used or established, in some countries, particularly those that use a parliamentary system, the Cabinet collectively decides the governments direction, especially in regard to legislation passed by the parliament. In this way, the President gets opinions and advice in upcoming decisions, instead, it is usually the Head of Government who holds all means of power in his hands and the Cabinet reports to him. In most governments, members of the Cabinet are given the title of minister, in a few governments, as in the case of Mexico, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, and United States, the title of secretary is also used for some Cabinet members. In many countries, a Secretary is a member with an inferior rank to a minister. In some countries attorneys general also sit in the cabinet, while in others this is strictly prohibited as the attorneys general are considered to be part of the judicial branch of government. The size of cabinets varies, although most contain around ten to twenty ministers, researchers have found an inverse correlation between a countrys level of development and cabinet size, on average, the more developed a country is, the smaller is its cabinet. In the United Kingdom and its colonies, cabinets began as smaller sub-groups of the English Privy Council, the term comes from the name for a relatively small and private room used as a study or retreat. The process has repeated itself in recent times, as leaders have felt the need to have a Kitchen Cabinet or sofa government, under the Westminster system, members of the cabinet are Ministers of the Crown who are collectively responsible for all government policy. All ministers, whether senior and in the cabinet or junior ministers, must publicly support the policy of the government, the cabinet may also provide ideas on/if new laws were established, and what they include. Cabinet deliberations are secret and documents dealt with in cabinet are confidential, in theory the prime minister or premier is first among equals. In some countries, the ministers are referred to as spokespersons. A prime ministerial government is a government where the minister is dominant in terms of the executive. As the prime minister is, by definition, a member of a cabinet – this form of government is often a development from cabinet government, in true cabinet government the prime minister is primus inter pares, where prime ministerial government necessitates the crossing of this boundary. An often cited example of ministerial government is the United Kingdom. Thatcher began using bilateral meetings with ministers to determine policy areas using cabinet to simply announce these decisions. Due to the extent of her success, and her control over cabinet positions, despite John Major moving back towards cabinet government, Tony Blair carried on Thatchers approach
14.
Westminster system
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The Westminster system is a parliamentary system of government modelled after that which developed in the United Kingdom. This term comes from the Palace of Westminster, the seat of the British parliament, the system is a series of procedures for operating a legislature. However, some colonies have since adopted either the presidential system or a hybrid system as their form of government. Examples include Queen Elizabeth II, the governors-general in Commonwealth realms, or the presidents of many countries, exceptions to this are Ireland and Israel, whose presidents are de jure and de facto ceremonial, and the latter possesses no reserve powers whatsoever. A head of government, known as the minister, premier. While the head of state appoints the head of government, constitutional convention suggests that a majority of elected Members of Parliament must support the person appointed. If more than half of elected parliamentarians belong to the political party. An exception to this was Israel, in which direct prime-ministerial elections were made in 1996,1999 and 2001, an independent, non-partisan civil service which advises on, and implements, decisions of those ministers. Civil servants hold permanent appointments and can expect merit-based selection processes, a parliamentary opposition with an official Leader of the Opposition. A legislature, often bicameral, with at least one elected house – although unicameral systems also exist, a lower house of parliament with an ability to dismiss a government by withholding Supply, passing a motion of no confidence, or defeating a confidence motion. The Westminster system enables a government to be defeated or forced into a general election independently, a parliament which can be dissolved and snap elections called at any time. Another parallel system of principles also exists known as equity. Exceptions to this include India, Quebec in Canada, and Scotland in the UK amongst others which mix common law with legal systems. Unlike the uncodified British constitution, most countries use the Westminster system have codified the system, at least in part. The pattern of executive functions within a Westminster System is quite complex, in essence, the head of state, usually a monarch or president, is a ceremonial figurehead who is the theoretical, nominal or de jure source of executive power within the system. In practice, such a figure does not actively exercise executive powers, in the United Kingdom, the sovereign theoretically holds executive authority, even though the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the Cabinet effectively implement executive powers. In a parliamentary republic like India, the President is the de jure executive, even though executive powers are essentially instituted by the Prime Minister of India and the Council of Ministers. In Israel, however, executive power is vested de jure and de facto in the cabinet, as an example, the Prime Minister and Cabinet generally must seek the permission of the head of state when carrying out executive functions
15.
Parliament House, Brisbane
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Parliament House in Brisbane is the meeting place of the Parliament of Queensland, housing its only chamber, the Legislative Assembly. It is located on the corner of George Street and Alice Street at Gardens Point in the CBD, the Parliament of Queensland first met on 22 May 1860 in the former convict barracks on Queen Street. In November 1863 a commission chose the site for the new building on the corner of Alice. The commission soon opened an Australia-wide competition for the new buildings design, in October 1864, a design by William Henry Ellerker was recommended by the Parliamentary Commissioners. However in November 1865, the commissioners withdrew their recommendation and resigned, in December 1864, Ellerker wrote a public complaint about the process, but ultimately plans by Charles Tiffin, the Queensland Colonial Architect, were selected. Amid controversy and allegations of influence on the outcome of the competition. On 14 July 1865 the foundation stone for the building was laid by Sir George Bowen and it was built by Joshua Jeays who used sandstone from his own quarries. Stained glass windows depicting royalty were imported from Birmingham, the first section was completed in 1867. The George Street frontage was completed in 1868 in French Renaissance Revival style, the archways and colonnades facing George Street were built in 1878, and construction on the Alice Street frontage commenced in 1887. The Alice Street wing was completed in 1889, in 1886 Parliament House was connected to the Government Printing Office via an underground cable which provided it with electricity. The building was the first Parliament House in Australia to be electrified, in 1969 the Government began to investigate the feasibility and cost of an extension to Parliament House. Three years later the State Works Department and Parliamentary Buildings Committee began planning the building, tenders for the Annexe were called in August 1975, and construction began soon after. The Annexe was completed in March 1979 at a cost of $20,000,000, the building is linked to Parliament House, forming a square like the one in Tiffins original 1864 plan. The square has become known as Speakers Green and is used for ceremonial purposes, the Annexe was refurbished in 2000. The George Street face of Parliament House has a porte-cochère, with a terrace above. The original zinc roof was replaced in the 1980s with one constructed from Mount Isa copper, art exhibitions and other displays are frequently staged in the spacious ground floor areas of the Annexe. Free public guided tours of the Parliament are available each week day, also, a gift shop, selling souvenirs and memorabilia, is located in the main foyer. Parliament House was also used as one of the locations for the 1980s Australian series of Mission
16.
1 William Street, Brisbane
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1 William Street is a skyscraper in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia and is the tallest in the city at 259.8 metres. The modernist style office building is located in the Brisbane central business district, the building was developed for the Queensland Government as part of the governments plan for a renewed Government Administrative Precinct and to meet its accommodation demands. Construction cost of the tower was expected to be $538 million and it was completed in October 2016 with staff moving in over 6 weekends. The site was bisected by Short Street and comprised a number of different allotments. Buildings occupied the area as early as 1854 and it was used for a variety of including, manufacturing, warehousing, shipping, housing. The Queensland Government began purchasing the properties in the 1960s as part of their Government Precinct development scheme and began demolishing the existing buildings, the demolition of the adjacent Bellevue Hotel and construction of 80 George Street saw the spoil from there dumped on the 1 William Street site. Short Street was closed and all of the site was amalgamated into one allotment,1 William Street, in 1974, the site was allocated for future government offices. 1 William Street is a 6, 778-square-metre site, owned by the Queensland Government, the site encompasses a whole city block between William, Alice and Margaret Streets and Riverside Expressway. The site has potential of possible cultural heritage significance. Remnants of 1850s buildings are visible above the current ground level, in August 2012 Expressions of Interest were called for from experienced organisations interested in bidding for the project. In September 2012 six developers were shortlisted to develop proposals for a new high-rise tower, the shortlisted companies were Cbus, Lend Lease, Brookfield, Westfield, Leighton Properties and Grocon. In December 2012, Cbus was announced as the developer for 1 William Street, the developer was granted a 99-year lease over the site and a guaranteed 15-year government lease for 60,000 m2 of office space. 1 William Street has a floor area of 119,977 m2. The design includes 318 car bays, about 60,000 m2 has been allocated for government space, leaving around 15,000 m2 to be subleased by the private sector. It is intended to receive a 5-star NABERS office energy rating, the building is the first new commercial office building developed for government in the Brisbane CBD since the completion of the government office building at 33 Charlotte Street in 2004. The theme and colour scheme for each floor has been dedicated to a Queensland icon or natural phenomena, construction commenced in early 2013 and was completed in 2016. The sod-turning ceremony, attended by the Treasurer of Queensland Tim Nicholls, from 1 October 2016, nine full departments and agencies, all state government ministers, most directors-general and more than 5,000 public servants moved to 1 William Street. Some sections from 11 other departments also shifted to 1 William Street, three buildings will be demolished, the Executive Building at 100 George Street, the Executive Annex at 80 George Street and the Neville Bonner Building at 75 William Street
17.
Electoral district of Leichhardt (Queensland)
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Leichhardt was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland from 1860 to 1932. Taking in areas of central Queensland west of the Great Dividing Range, originally a dual member constituency, it was one of the sixteen districts contested at the first colonial election in 1860. It became a single constituency in 1873 but reverted to being a dual member electorate in 1878. A single member constituency again in 1888, it remained that way thereafter, one of the districts first members was Robert Herbert, the first Premier of Queensland. By the time of its abolition—at the 1932 state election—the district was based on Clermont and its territory was split between the pre-existing districts of Barcoo and Normanby. Archived from the original on 2009-06-20
18.
Arthur Macalister
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Arthur Macalister, CMG was three times Premier of Queensland, Australia. Macalister was born in Glasgow, Scotland, son of John Macalister, a cabinet maker, Macalister was educated in Glasgow and emigrated to Australia with his wife Elizabeth Wallace née Tassie. They arrived in Sydney on 28 September 1839 on the Abbotsford, Macalister was appointed to the positions of clerk of Petty Sessions and postmaster at Scone, New South Wales in June 1840. In 1846 he was working for a solicitor in Sydney, in 1850 he was admitted as a solicitor and attorney. Macalister then settled in the Moreton Bay district, then part of New South Wales, Macalister took part in the movement for separation, and was elected a representative for Ipswich in the New South Wales parliament on 14 June 1859. The colony of Queensland was founded in 1859 and Macalister was elected to the first parliament as member for his old district and was chairman of committees. In March 1862 he joined the Herbert ministry as Secretary for Public Lands and Works, macalisters ministry only lasted until 20 July 1866, when he resigned owing to the Governor, Sir George Bowen, refusing to sanction a proposed issue of inconvertible government notes. Bowen called on Herbert to form a new ministry which immediately carried an act authorizing the issue of exchequer bills and this carried the colony through a financial crisis caused by the failure of the Agra and Mastermans Bank, which had arranged a loan for railway extensions. Herbert had to leave for England almost at once, a reconstruction of the ministry was made and he resigned a year later and was again elected Chairman of Committees. When Charles Lilley became Premier in November 1868, Macalister took office as Secretary for Public Lands and Works and this ministry resigned in May 1870 and, in November, Macalister was elected Speaker. Macalister lost his seat after a campaign in June 1871 but was re-elected for Ipswich in 1872 in a by-election. Macalister formed his ministry in January 1874 and resigned in June 1876 to become Agent-General for Queensland in London. Macalisters health was failing in 1881 and he resigned his office as Agent-General and he was created Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1876. Macalister died near Glasgow on 23 March 1883, survived by his wife, Macalister married Elizabeth Wallace Tassie in Edinburgh, Scotland with whom he had 9 children. Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1860–1863, 1863–1867, 1867–1868, 1868–1870, 1870–1871, 1871–1873, 1873–1878 Serle, arthur Macalister at the Parliament of NSW
19.
Electoral district of Ipswich
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Ipswich is a Legislative Assembly of Queensland electoral district on the Brisbane River, west of Brisbane in the Australian state of Queensland. The electorate includes Ipswich and its suburbs, south and east of the Bremer River, west of Bundamba Creek, the electoral district of Town of Ipswich was one of the original 16 established in 1859, when Queensland became a separate colony. In the redistribution of 1872, its name was shortened to just Ipswich and it became a single member constituency, in the redistribution of 1878, it absorbed the electoral district of Bremer and became a dual-member constituency. In 1912, it reverted to a single member constituency
20.
Sir Robert Mackenzie, 10th Baronet
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Sir Robert Ramsay Mackenzie, 10th Baronet was premier of Queensland, Australia from August 1867 to November 1868. Mackenzie was born in Coul, Ross-shire, Scotland, fourth son of Sir George Steuart Mackenzie, in April 1832 Mackenzie arrived on the Wave in Sydney, New South Wales, with £750 joining his brother James. He purchased sheep for £500 and grazed them at Riddlesdale, after land speculation with his brother James, Robert Mackenzie bought a station, got into debt and borrowed money from his Scottish relatives. His financial situation worsened and he was declared bankrupt in 1844, in 1846 he was discharged from bankruptcy and was appointed a magistrate in 1847, living in Clifton, New England. Queensland was declared a colony in 1859, Mackenzie entered politics. Mackenzie represented Burnett in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland 1860–1869, Mackenzie formed a government on the resignation of Arthur Macalister, taking on the roles of premier and colonial treasurer. He resigned on 25 November 1868, Robert Mackenzie married Louise Alexandrina Jones, daughter of Richard Jones, a member of the Legislative Assembly, Sydney, in 1846. Robert Mackenzie succeeded his brother William on his death on 21 December 1868 to the baronetcy, members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1860–1863, 1863–1867, 1867–1868, 1868–1870 R. B. Joyce, Mackenzie, Sir Robert Ramsay, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 5, MUP,1974, pp 171–172
21.
Electoral district of Burnett
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Burnett is an electoral division of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland in central Queensland, Australia. It covers most of the region south of Gladstone, as well as coastal. Towns within its boundaries include Miriam Vale, Agnes Water, Rosedale, Bargara, Woodgate, the Burnett River flows through the electoral district, hence its name. Waterson, Duncan Bruce, Biographical Register of the Queensland Parliament 1860-1929, waterson, Duncan Bruce, Biographical register of the Queensland Parliament 1930-1980 w. an outline of Queensland electorates 1859-1980 / D. B. Waterson and John Arnold Electorate Profile
22.
Charles Lilley
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Sir Charles Lilley was a Premier and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Queensland. He had a significant influence on the form and spirit of education in colonial Queensland which lasted well into the 20th century. Lilley was born at Newcastle on Tyne, Tyne & Wear, England and his mother is descended from the Mitfords, who go back as far as the Battle of Hastings. Lilley was raised by his grandfather and was educated at St Nicholas Parish School. Intending to study law, Lilley became articled to Newcastle solicitor, Lilley was sent to the London office and studied at University College, London for two years. He gave this up, enlisted in the army and, while stationed at Preston, Lancashire, lectured on temperance and this brought him into disfavour with his superior officers. Lilley spent 28 days in cells on a charge of being absence without leave and he remained at Preston and worked on the committee that established the Preston Free Library. Lilley arrived at Sydney on 6 July 1856, soon afterwards he travelled to Brisbane, joined the Crown Solicitors Office, and finished his law degree. Thereafter, he took up journalism, acquired an interest in the Moreton Bay Courier, Lilley was prominent in the movement for separation from New South Wales. After Queensland separated, Lilley was elected by a majority of three votes as the Member for Hamlet of Fortitude Valley to that states first Legislative Assembly. Lilley held the seat of Fortitude Valley to February 1874, and was returned for the seat of North Brisbane. Lilley was called to the bar in 1861, in September 1865 he succeeded John Bramston as Attorney-General in the first Herbert ministry, and held the same position in the Macalister ministry which succeeded it. On 7 August 1866 he was again appointed Attorney-General for a term before the ministry was defeated in August 1867. On 25 November 1868 Lilley became Premier of Queensland and served concurrently as Attorney-General and his most important work as Premier was the introduction of free education in January 1870. Queensland was the first of the Australian colonies to adopt this principle, as a protest against the monopoly of the A. S. N. Company Lilley ordered three vessels to be constructed for the Queensland government at Sydney, one, the ship SS Governor Blackall, designed by Norman Selfe, was built and as a result the A. S. N. Lilley, however, had acted without reference to his colleagues and was censured by all, in May 1870 his party was defeated at the polls, the Palmer ministry succeeding Lilleys government. He was elected leader of the opposition, in January 1874, Macalister carried a vote of no confidence in the Government, and offered to stand aside so that Lilley could become Premier
23.
Arthur Hunter Palmer
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Sir Arthur Hunter Palmer KCMG was an Irish-Australian politician and a Premier of Queensland. Palmer was born in Armagh, Ireland, the son of Lieutenant Arthur Palmer, R. N. and his wife, Palmer was educated at Youghal Grammar School and a private tutor in Dublin. Palmer emigrated to New South Wales in 1838, arriving in Sydney on the City of Edinburgh, Palmer worked for many years for Henry Cary Dangar on his New England stations, eventually becoming general manager of all Dangars holdings. Palmer went to Queensland and took up land, acting as a magistrate in 1865, in 1866, Palmer was elected to Parliament as member for Port Curtis in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland. On 2 August 1867 he became Colonial Secretary and Secretary for Public Works in the R. R. Mackenzie ministry, Mackenzie resigned on 25 November 1868 and Palmer went into opposition. On 3 May 1870 Palmer became Premier and Colonial Secretary, palmers ministry was defeated on 6 January 1874. During his term of office acts were passed which led to development of new railways. Palmer remained in position until his death. Hunter served as Administrator from 2 May 1883 to 6 November 1883, from 20 April 1886 to 12 December 1886, from 9 October 1888 to 1 May 1889 and he also served as Lieutenant-Governor of Queensland from 15 November 1895 to 9 April 1896. He died at Easton Gray, his home in Toowong, Queensland after an illness and was buried in Toowong Cemetery. In 1865, Palmer married Miss Cecilia Jessie Mosman, Cecilia was the sister of Hugh Mosman who discovered gold in Charters Towers and of Harriette Mosman, the second wife of Queensland Premier Thomas McIlwraith. From 1872 to 1877, the Palmer family leased the house Fernberg in Paddington, Cecilia died in 1885, and was survived by three sons and two daughters. The family home, Easton Gray, was sold in 1944 for the construction of Toowong State High School, later Toowong College, Palmer was created a K. C. M. G. in 1881. Dictionary of National Biography,1901 supplement
24.
Order of St Michael and St George
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It is named in honour of two military saints, St Michael and St George. People are appointed to the Order rather than awarded it, British Ambassadors to foreign nations are regularly appointed as KCMGs or CMGs. It is the award for members of the FCO. The Orders motto is Auspicium melioris ævi and its patron saints, as the name suggests, are St. Michael the Archangel, and St. George, patron saint of England. One of its symbols is that of St Michael trampling over. The third of the aforementioned Orders—which relates to Ireland, no longer fully a part of the United Kingdom—still exists but is in disuse, the last of the Orders on the list, related to India, has also been in disuse since that countrys independence in 1947. In 1864, however, the protectorate ended and the Ionian Islands became a part of Greece, accordingly, numerous Governors-General and Governors feature as recipients of awards in the order. In 1965, the order was open for women, with Evelyn Bark becoming the first CMG, the British Sovereign is the Sovereign of the Order and appoints all other members of the Order. The next-most senior member is the Grand Master, the office was formerly filled by the Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, now, however, Grand Masters are chosen by the Sovereign. Members of the Royal Family who are appointed to the Order do not count towards the limit, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, like many other heraldic officers. The Usher of the Order is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Blue Rod, he not, unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent. On the left side is a representation of the star, the mantle is bound with two large tassels. The collar, worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross, is made of gold and it consists of depictions of crowned lions, Maltese Crosses, and the cyphers SM and SG, all alternately. In the centre are two winged lions, each holding a book and seven arrows, at less important occasions, simpler insignia are used, The star is an insignia used only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commanders. It is worn pinned to the left breast, the Knight and Dame Grand Cross star includes seven-armed, silver-rayed Maltese Asterisk, with a gold ray in between each pair of arms. The Knight and Dame Commanders star is a slightly smaller eight-pointed silver figure formed by two Maltese Crosses, it does not include any gold rays, in each case, the star bears a red cross of St George. In the centre of the star is a blue ring bearing the motto of the Order. Within the ring is a representation of St Michael trampling on Satan, the badge is the only insignia used by all members of the Order, it is suspended on a blue-crimson-blue ribbon
25.
George Thorn
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George Henry Thorn was a Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly and a Premier of Queensland, Australia. George Thorn was born in Sydney, New South Wales, a son of George Thorn and his father was one of the founders of the city of Ipswich and a founding Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly representing the seat of West Moreton. George Thorn was schooled at The Kings School, Parramatta and he attended the University of Sydney and was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1858. His sister Jane Thorn married George Harris, a Member of the Queensland Legislative Council in 1860, the couple lived for 27 years in the now heritage-listed Newstead House in Brisbane, where their parties were the highlight of Brisbane society. Following that, he represented the seat of Fassifern from 25 November 1873 until he resigned on 9 January 1874 in order to be appointed to the Queensland Legislative Council on 9 January 1874 and his brother John Thorn won the resulting by-election in Fassifern on 24 January 1874. During Thorns time on the Legislative Council, he was the Governments representative in the Council and he also held the role of Queensland Postmaster-General. On 14 June 1876, Arthur Macalister, member for Ipswich, although the Legislative Council was a lifetime appointment, Thorn resigned on 16 June 1876 to successfully contest the seat of Ipswich at a by-election on 20 June 1876. Thorn became Premier of Queensland and Secretary for Public Works and Mines on 5 June 1876, on 14 February 1878, Thorn married Celia Constance Maude Uniacke, daughter of Richard Uniacke of Melbourne, at Ellengowan on the Darling Downs. Thorn resigned from the seat of Ipswich on 18 February 1878, John MacFarlane won the resulting by-election on 7 March 1878. Thorn became Queensland commissioner to the 1878 Paris Exposition, on his return from Europe, on 17 April 1879 by another by-election, he successfully contested the seat of Northern Downs and held it until the 1883 election in September. On 19 July 1887, Alfred Midgley, the member for Fassifern, Thorn won the resulting by-election on 4 August 1887. He held the seat until the 1888 election, on 6 May 1893, Thorn was elected again in Fassifern. He held the seat until 11 March 1902 when he was defeated in the 1902 election by Thomas de Montmorency Murray-Prior and he had no further involvement in politics after that. On 15 January 1905, George Thorn died from heart failure at his home at Booval and he was buried in the Anglican section of Ipswich General Cemetery. The gold mining town Thornborough was named after him
26.
John Douglas (Queensland politician)
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John Douglas CMG was an Anglo-Australian politician and Premier of Queensland. Douglas was born in London, the son of Henry Alexander Douglas and his wife Elizabeth Dalzell. His father was the son of Sir William Douglas, fourth Baronet Douglas of Kelhead. Douglas parents died in 1837, he was educated at Harrow, Rugby 1843-47, Douglas arrived in New South Wales with his brother Edward in 1851 and was appointed a gold-fields commissioner, but gave this up to enter on a pastoral life. Douglas was elected member for the Darling Downs and afterwards for Camden in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly until resigning on 17 July 1861 and he moved to Queensland in 1863. On 12 May 1863 he was elected as member for Port Curtis in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland and he resigned on 1 February 1866, in order to be appointed on to the Queensland Legislative Council, which occurred on 22 February 1866. On 1 March 1866 became postmaster-general in the first Macalister ministry and he was elected to the Legislative Assembly again as member for Eastern Downs. He took the portfolio of colonial treasurer in the second Macalister ministry in December 1866 and he was postmaster-general in the Charles Lilley ministry from December 1868 to November 1869, when he resigned to become Agent-General for Queensland in London. In 1871 Douglas returned to Queensland and became insolvent on 23 February 1872, Douglas was returned for Maryborough at the election held in 1875. He was secretary for lands in the Thorn ministry from June 1876 until March 1877. His party was defeated at the held in January 1879. Lewis Adolphus Bernays claimed Douglas had more success as a clever political wire-puller behind the scenes than he had in parliament and he was for some time on the literary staff of the Brisbane Courier, and in 1885 was appointed government resident and magistrate at Thursday Island. In 1888 Douglas returned to his old position on Thursday Island and he visited England in 1902 and on his return continued his work until his death at Thursday Island. Douglas was married twice, first on the 22nd January 1861 to Mary Ann, Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1860–1863, 1863–1867, 1867–1868, 1868–1870, 1873–1878, 1878–1883 Members of the Queensland Legislative Council, 1860–1869 Mennell, Philip
27.
Electoral district of Maryborough
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Maryborough is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland. The district is centred on the city of Maryborough and takes in other surrounding communities. The nomination date for the election in Maryborough was 30 January 1865, between 1878 and 1912, the district elected two members, and then returned only a single member to the present time. Alphabetical Register of Members of the Legislative Assembly 1860-2012, archived from the original on 2013-10-31. Waterson, Duncan Bruce, Biographical Register of the Queensland Parliament 1860–1929, waterson, Duncan Bruce, Biographical register of the Queensland Parliament 1930–1980 w. an outline of Queensland electorates 1859–1980 / D. B. Waterson and John Arnold Electorate Profile
28.
Thomas McIlwraith
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Sir Thomas McIlwraith KCMG was for many years the dominant figure of colonial politics in Queensland. He was Premier of Queensland from 1879 to 1883, again in 1888, in common with most politicians of his era, McIlwraith was an influential businessman, who combined his parliamentary career with a prosperous involvement in the pastoral industry. Thomas McIlwraith was born in Ayr, Scotland in 1835, one of four sons of John McIlwraith, plumber and shipowner, and his wife Janet Hamilton née Howat. His eldest brother, John, migrated to Victoria in 1853, his youngest brother, Andrew, co-founded McIlwraith, McIlwraith studied civil engineering at the University of Glasgow. He also invested in eight pastoral holdings in the Maranoa district in Queensland and he retained close relations with his brother John, and on 6 June 1863 married Margaret Whannell, sister of Johns wife. They had three daughters, Jessie, Mary and Blanche and he eventually moved to Queensland, but Margaret was reluctant to live in isolated Merivale station. In 1871 she visited Merivale, but soon returned to Melbourne for Blanches birth, in 1874 they decided to live in Brisbane. Thomas found that she was drinking heavily, and sent her to Scotland where she died in 1877, McIlwraith fathered an illegitimate daughter in Victoria. In 1877 McIlwraith was a partner of the North Australian Pastoral Company. In 1879 he married Harriette Ann née Mosman, whilst working for J V A Bruce, he represented his employers in a dispute with the Victorian government, and attracted public attention. In 1864 he contested the Sandhurst seat in the Victorian Legislative Assembly, McIlwraith was elected to the Legislative Assembly in the seat of Maranoa in 1868. He joined the ministry of Arthur Macalister in January 1874 becoming Secretary for Public Works and he resigned from these posts in October of that year. The government of John Douglas was defeated in 1879 after a series of severe droughts and he quickly worked to ameliorate the colonys finances and with the assistance of a return of agricultural prosperity he turned the budget deficit into a surplus. Queensland at this stage was seeing increasing numbers of immigrants and McIlwraith oversaw the economic development. The McIlwraith government introduced the system of local government to the larger part of Queensland. McIlwraith took the step of attempting to annex New Guinea for Queensland. This was later disallowed by the British Secretary of State for the Colonies, yet it was at the same time suggested that the British government expedite the annexation of New Guinea if the Australian colonies would combine to finance the venture. This was then instrumental in the gathering of an Intercolonial Convention in November and December 1883 and it was the first step to unite the Australian colonies in an federation movement
29.
Electoral district of Mulgrave (Queensland)
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Mulgrave is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland. The district in its present form is a coastal strip running from the southern suburbs of Cairns at its northern end to Innisfail at its southern end. Mulgrave also includes the towns of Gordonvale and Babinda, the electorate was first created for the 1950 election. There was a district also called Mulgrave that existed from 1873 to 1888. It was based on the town of Bundaberg and was replaced by the new district of Bundaberg by the Electoral Districts Act of 1887
30.
Samuel Griffith
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Sir Samuel Walker Griffith GCMG, PC, QC, was an Australian politician, Premier of Queensland, Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia, and a principal author of the Constitution of Australia. Griffith was born in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, the son of the Rev. Edward Griffith. He was the brother of Mary Harriett Griffith, although of Welsh extraction, his forebears for at least three generations had lived in England. The family migrated to Queensland when Samuel was eight, during his course he was awarded the Cooper and Barker scholarships and other prizes. In 1865, he gained the T. S. Mort Travelling Fellowship, Travelling to Europe, he spent some of his time in Italy, and became much attached to the Italian people and their literature. Many years after, he was to become the first Australian translator of Dante, on his return to Brisbane, Griffith studied law and was articled to Arthur Macalister, in one of whose ministries Griffith afterwards had his first portfolio. Griffith was called to the bar in 1867, in 1870, Griffith returned to Sydney to complete an M. A. In the same year, he married Julia Janet Thomson, in 1872 Griffith was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland, for East Moreton. Throughout his career he saw himself as a lawyer first and a politician second, Griffith took silk in 1876 as a Queens Counsel. In Parliament he gained a reputation as a liberal reformer and he was Attorney-General, Minister for Education and Minister for Works, and became leader of the liberal party in 1879. His great enemy was the conservative leader Sir Thomas McIlwraith, whom he accused of corruption, Griffith became Premier in November 1883 displacing McIlwraith. Griffiths election as Premier was assisted by auditor-general William Leworthy Goode Drews report on the colonys loans having reached over £13 million, Griffith won the next election largely on his policy of preventing the importation of Kanaka labour from the islands. He passed an act for this purpose, but it was found that the danger of the destruction of the industry was so great that the measure was never made operative. Recruiting was, however, placed under regulations and some of the worst abuses were swept away, Griffith took a special interest in British New Guinea, and was eventually responsible for the sending of Sir William MacGregor there in 1888. Griffith was regarded as an ally of the labour movement. He introduced a bill to trade unions, and declared that the great problem of this age is not how to accumulate wealth. In 1888 his government was defeated, in opposition he wrote radical articles for The Boomerang, William Lanes socialist newspaper. But in 1890 Griffith suddenly betrayed his friends and became Premier again at the head of an unlikely alliance with McIlwraith
31.
Queen's Counsel
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A Queens Counsel, or Kings Counsel during the reign of a king, is an eminent lawyer who is appointed by the Queen to be one of Her Majestys Counsel learned in the law. The term is recognised as an honorific. Queens Counsel is a status, conferred by the Crown, that is recognised by courts, members have the privilege of sitting within the Bar of court. As members wear silk gowns of a design, the award of Queens Counsel is known informally as taking silk. Appointments are made from within the profession on the basis of merit rather than a particular level of experience. However, successful applicants tend to be barristers, or advocates with 15 years of experience or more, the Attorney-General, Solicitor-General, and Kings Serjeants were Kings Counsel in Ordinary in the Kingdom of England. The first Queens Counsel Extraordinary was Sir Francis Bacon, who was given a patent giving him precedence at the Bar in 1597, the new rank of Kings Counsel contributed to the gradual obsolescence of the formerly more senior serjeant-at-law by superseding it. The Attorney-General and Solicitor-General had similarly succeeded the Kings Serjeants as leaders of the Bar in Tudor times, but the Kings Counsel emerged into eminence only in the early 1830s, prior to when they were relatively few in number. It became the means to recognise a barrister as a senior member of the profession. It became of greater importance to become a KC. The KCs inherited the prestige of the serjeants and their priority before the courts, the earliest English law list, published in 1775, lists 165 members of the Bar, of whom 14 were Kings Counsel, a proportion of about 8. 5%. As of 2010 roughly the same proportion existed, though the number of barristers had increased to about 12,250 in independent practice, in 1839 the number of Queens Counsel was seventy. In 1882, the number of Queens Counsel was 187, the list of Queens Counsel in the Law List of 1897 gave the names of 238, of whom hardly one-third appeared to be in actual practice. In 1959, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 181, in each of the five years up to 1970, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 208,209,221,236 and 262, respectively. In each of the years 1973 to 1978, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 329,345,370,372,384 and 404, in 1989, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 601. In each of the years 1991 to 2000, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 736,760,797,845,891,925,974,1006,1043, the title traditionally depends on the sex of the sovereign. The current Queen, Elizabeth II has had a long reign and it can be assumed that, should the Queen die and the title pass to a descendant, the title will again become KC, as the next three in line to the throne are male heirs. Queens Counsel and serjeants were prohibited, at least from the century, from drafting pleadings alone
32.
Boyd Dunlop Morehead
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Boyd Dunlop Morehead was a politician in Queensland, Australia. He was Premier of Queensland from November 1888 to June 1890, Boyd Morehead was born in Sydney, New South Wales, the second son and child of two sons and two daughters of businessman Robert Archibald Alison Morehead and his wife Helen Buchanan, née Dunlop. He was educated at Sydney Grammar School and matriculated at University of Sydney in 1860 and he, however, did not continue at the university but joined the Bank of New South Wales, where he obtained some training in finance. He then entered the service of the Australian Investments Company and as a station inspector visited Queensland in 1866, in 1873 he founded the well-known firm of B. D. Morehead and Company, general merchants, and stock and station agents, which afterwards became Moreheads Limited. On 4 September 1871, Morehead was elected a member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for the Mitchell electorate. He successfully held the seat in the 1873 and 1878 elections, on 5 October 1883, Morehead was re-elected to the Queensland Legislative Assembly in the seat of Balonne from October 1883 to April 1896. When Samuel Griffith came into power in November 1883, Morehead was appointed leader of the opposition, McIlwraith became premier again in June 1888 with Morehead as colonial secretary. When McIlwraith resigned, Morehead succeeded him on 30 November 1888 as Premier of Queensland, Morehead was an opponent of Womens suffrage Morehead resigned 12 August 1890 and made a long visit to Europe. The 1893 financial crisis caused heavy losses for Moreheads share investments, also in 1893 he declined the agent-generalship. On 10 June 1896 Morehead was re-appointed to the Queensland Legislative Council and he remained a member until his death on 30 October 1905. His first wife was Annabella Campbell, née Ranken, whom he married at Lockyersleigh, Goulburn, on 4 June 1873 and his second wife was Ethel, née Seymour, whom he married in Brisbane on 3 April 1895, and with whom he had one daughter. His sister Margaret Goff née Morehead was the mother of Helen Lyndon Goff, who achieved fame as P. L. Travers, Morehead died from a cerebral haemorrhage on 30 October 1905 at a private hospital in Gregory Terrace, Brisbane. His funeral proceeded from Valmore, the Wooloowin home of his son-in-law, Orme Darvall, Morehead, Boyd Dunlop, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol.5, MUP,1974, pp 284–285. Retrieved 2009-10-15 and NSW Birth Death & Marriages retrieved 2009-12-10 Serle, Percival
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Hugh Nelson (Australian politician)
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Sir Hugh Muir Nelson, KCMG PC was Premier of Queensland from 1893 to 1898. Hugh Nelson was born at Kilmarnock, Scotland, the son of William Lambie Nelson, Hugh was educated at the Edinburgh High School, and began a promising course under Sir William Hamilton at Edinburgh University. This was cut short when he went with his father to Queensland in 1853, Hugh Nelson obtained a position in a mercantile house, and then took up a pastoral life about six miles out of Ipswich. He then went to the Darling Downs to manage a station, afterwards Nelson took up Loudon station in the Dalby district. His father, William Lambie Nelson, was elected to the first Queensland parliament in 1860 but was unseated because he was a minister of religion, in 1880, when the divisional boards act came in, Hugh Nelson was elected a member of the Wambo board. His strong personality and cultivated intellect soon led to his being appointed chairman of the board and he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for Northern Downs on 7 September 1883, and after the 1887/8 redistribution of seats, he was member for Murilla. In June 1888 he became secretary for railways in the McIlwraith ministry, in October he became premier in a ministry which lasted four and a half years, for the last three years of which he was also chief secretary. He was created K. C. M. G. in 1896 and was appointed to the council at the time of his visit to England during the diamond jubilee celebrations in 1897. Nelson did most valuable work as treasurer during the depression followed the financial crisis of 1893. Nelson had a knowledge of men, and was an excellent parliamentarian with a good grasp of constitutional matters. His genial nature made him popular and though scarcely an orator. He was opposed both to the movement in Queensland and to federation. He showed himself to be a man during the shearers strike of 1894. Nelson died at Toowoomba on 1 January 1906, survived by Lady Nelson and he was accorded a State funeral, and was buried in Drayton and Toowoomba Cemetery. Dictionary of National Biography,1912 supplement, london, Smith, Elder & Co. C. A. Harris, rev. H. J. Spencer
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Thomas Joseph Byrnes
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Thomas Joseph Byrnes was Premier of Queensland from April 1898 until his death in October of the same year, having previously served in several ministerial positions in his parliamentary career. He was the first Roman Catholic Premier of Queensland and the first to die in office, Byrnes was born in Spring Hill, Queensland, to Irish immigrants Patrick Byrnes and his wife Anna, née Tighe. In 1882-83 Byrnes taught at Xavier College, Byrnes was admitted as a barrister in Victoria on 8 July 1884 and returned for a Queensland admission on 5 August, he then began a successful career as a barrister. Byrnes talent brought him to the attention of fellow barrister Sir Samuel Griffith, then Premier of Queensland, Byrnes stood down from the Legislative Council to successfully stand for Cairns in the Legislative Assembly in 1893. He represented Cairns until 1896, after which he represented Warwick in the Legislative Assembly from 1896 to his death in 1898, Byrnes continued his private law practice and participated in two major Supreme Court of Queensland cases. In the Queensland Investment Co. v. Grimley case, Byrnes successful conduct of the defence was praised widely, in 1895 and 1897, Byrnes represented Queensland at meetings of the Federal Council of Australasia. Byrnes ability had led many to expect great things of him, Byrnes was accorded a state funeral which proceeded from St Stephens Cathedral to the Toowong Cemetery. Byrnes is commemorated by two statues, one in Centenary Place in Brisbane and the heritage-listed T J Byrnes Monument in Warwick, the commissioning of the Brisbane statue encountered a series of setbacks. The committee did not think the cast was sufficiently like Byrnes, then as Simonetti was tendering to provide a 9-foot-tall bronze statue for £1,800, a local sculptor James Laurence Watts offered to provide the statue for only £1,000, dividing the committee. During this argument, Simonetti took ill and died and it was then announced in the newspaper that it had been Simonettis wish that his former pupil, James White, should complete his unfinished commissions. The committee negotiated with White, but finally gave the commission to sculptor Bertram Mackennal, the township of Byrnestown in Queensland is named after him, as is its main street Byrnes Parade and its railway station. Byrnes, Thomas Joseph — Brisbane City Council Grave Location Search
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James Robert Dickson
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Sir James Robert Dickson, KCMG was an Australian politician and businessman, the 13th Premier of Queensland and a member of the first federal ministry. Dickson was born in Plymouth, Devon, and migrated initially to Victoria in 1854 and he settled in Queensland in 1862, becoming an auctioneer. A wealthy and influential businessman, he was elected as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for Enoggera in 1873 and he was made Secretary for Public Works and Mines in 1876 under Arthur Macalister, and was Treasurer 1876–79. In the absence of Sir Samuel Griffith he was briefly Opposition Leader and he lost his seat in 1888 but was again elected for Bulimba in 1892, supporting the importation of labourers from the South Pacific to work on the Queensland canefields. In the so-called Continuous Ministry of the late 1890s, Dickson attained the positions of Secretary for Railways in 1897, Postmaster-General, in September 1898, after the death of Thomas Byrnes he was made Premier. The Ministerialists regrouped a week later to vote Dawson out of office, Dickson lacked support to become Premier again, and that position instead went to Robert Philp, in whose government Dickson was Chief Secretary. Dickson was a supporter of federation in Queensland and was mainly responsible for winning a yes vote in the Queensland referendum on the proposed Constitution of Australia in 1900. As a result, Dickson was appointed Minister for Defence in the first federal ministry under Edmund Barton on 1 January 1901. He was intending to stand for election to the first Federal Parliament and he was the first federal Minister to die in office. He was accorded a funeral, it proceeded from Toorak, his residence at Hamilton. After a short service it moved on to the Nundah Cemetery, the federal electoral division of Dickson in Queensland, and the Canberra suburb of Dickson are named after him
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Electoral district of Bulimba
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Bulimba is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland. The electorate covers the eastern suburbs of Brisbane. The boundaries have changed little since 1923, prior to that. Bulimba has existed continuously since the 1873 election, originally covering most of the outer south-east of Brisbane, since the 1923 redistribution, Bulimba has strongly supported Labor. The Australian Labor Party held the seat on all but six terms and, of those,3 were held by an independent Labor candidate and one by a member of the Queensland Labor Party. In the 1929 election Bulimba returned Queenslands first woman Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, Irene Longman of the Country and Progressive National Party, the election was ruled void, but Gardner himself was cleared of any involvement in the fraud. The scandal and the investigations into the fraud continued for many months, finally, a by-election was held on 14 April 1951 with the ballot boxes under police guard. Gardner won the by-election by a narrow margin, prior to the 1957 election, the sitting ALP member Robert Gardner and 21 other Labor MLAs left the ALP to form the Queensland Labor Party. Gardner won the seat in the 1957 election as a member of the QLP but was defeated at the following election, jack Houston, a member of the ALP, represented the seat from 1957 to 1980 and was the states Opposition Leader from 1966 until 1974. In the 2012 election, Liberal National candidate Aaron Dillaway was elected, in the 2015 election, Bulimba was the most marginal seat held by the LNP and was regained by Di Farmer of the Labor Party
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