1.
Benjamin West
–
Benjamin West PRA was an Anglo-American painter of historical scenes around and after the time of the American War of Independence and the Seven Years War. He was the president of the Royal Academy in London. He was offered a knighthood by the British Crown, but declined it and he said that Art is the representation of human beauty, ideally perfect in design, graceful and noble in attitude. West was born in Springfield, Pennsylvania, in a house that is now in the borough of Swarthmore on the campus of Swarthmore College, as the child of an innkeeper. The family later moved to Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, where his father was the proprietor of the Square Tavern, Benjamin West was an autodidact, while excelling at the arts, he had little education and, even when president of the Royal Academy, could scarcely spell. From 1746 to 1759, West worked in Pennsylvania, mostly painting portraits, while West was in Lancaster in 1756, his patron, a gunsmith named William Henry, encouraged him to paint a Death of Socrates based on an engraving in Charles Rollins Ancient History. His resulting composition, which differs from the source, has been called the most ambitious. During this time West met John Wollaston, a painter who had immigrated from London. West was a friend of Benjamin Franklin, whose portrait he painted. Franklin was the godfather of Wests second son, Benjamin, in common with many artists architects and lovers of the fine arts at that time he conducted a Grand Tour. West expanded his repertoire by copying works of Italian painters such as Titian, in Rome he met a number of international neo-classical artists including German-born Anton Rafael Mengs, Scottish Gavin Hamilton, and Austrian Angelica Kauffman. In August 1763, West arrived in England, on what he intended as a visit on his way back to America. In fact, he never returned to America and he stayed for a month at Bath with William Allen, who was also in the country, and visited his half-brother Thomas West at Reading at the urging of his father. In London he was introduced to Richard Wilson and his student Joshua Reynolds and he moved into a house in Bedford Street, Covent Garden. In 1765 he married Elizabeth Shewell, an American to whom he engaged in Philadelphia. All three prelates commissioned work from him, in 1766 West proposed a scheme to decorate St Pauls Cathedral with paintings. It was rejected by the Bishop of London, but his idea of painting an altarpiece for St Stephen Walbrook was accepted, at around this time he also received acclaim for his classical subjects, such as Orestes and Pylades and The Continence of Scipio. Benjamin West was known in England as the American Raphael and his Raphaelesque painting of Archangel Michael Binding the Devil is in the collection of Trinity College, Cambridge
Benjamin West
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External video
Benjamin West
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Self Portrait of Benjamin West, ca. 1763
Benjamin West
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Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky c. 1816 at the
Philadelphia Museum of Art
Benjamin West
–
Self-Portrait (
National Portrait Gallery in
Washington, D.C.)
2.
Buckingham Palace
–
Buckingham Palace is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and it has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning. It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a residence for Queen Charlotte. During the 19th century it was enlarged, principally by architects John Nash and Edward Blore, Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. The palace chapel was destroyed by a German bomb during World War II, the original early 19th-century interior designs, many of which survive, include widespread use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis, on the advice of Sir Charles Long. King Edward VII oversaw a partial redecoration in a Belle Époque cream, many smaller reception rooms are furnished in the Chinese regency style with furniture and fittings brought from the Royal Pavilion at Brighton and from Carlton House. The palace has 775 rooms, and the garden is the largest private garden in London, the state rooms, used for official and state entertaining, are open to the public each year for most of August and September and on some days in winter and spring. In the Middle Ages, the site of the palace formed part of the Manor of Ebury. The marshy ground was watered by the river Tyburn, which flows below the courtyard. Where the river was fordable, the village of Eye Cross grew, ownership of the site changed hands many times, owners included Edward the Confessor and his queen consort Edith of Wessex in late Saxon times, and, after the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror. William gave the site to Geoffrey de Mandeville, who bequeathed it to the monks of Westminster Abbey, in 1531, King Henry VIII acquired the Hospital of St James from Eton College, and in 1536 he took the Manor of Ebury from Westminster Abbey. These transfers brought the site of Buckingham Palace back into royal hands for the first time since William the Conqueror had given it away almost 500 years earlier, various owners leased it from royal landlords and the freehold was the subject of frenzied speculation during the 17th century. By then, the old village of Eye Cross had long fallen into decay. Needing money, James I sold off part of the Crown freehold, clement Walker in Anarchia Anglicana refers to new-erected sodoms and spintries at the Mulberry Garden at S. Jamess, this suggests it may have been a place of debauchery. Eventually, in the late 17th century, the freehold was inherited from the property tycoon Sir Hugh Audley by the great heiress Mary Davies, possibly the first house erected within the site was that of a Sir William Blake, around 1624. The next owner was Lord Goring, who from 1633 extended Blakes house and he did not, however, obtain the freehold interest in the mulberry garden. Unbeknown to Goring, in 1640 the document failed to pass the Great Seal before King Charles I fled London and it was this critical omission that helped the British royal family regain the freehold under King George III. The improvident Goring defaulted on his rents, Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington obtained the mansion and was occupying it, now known as Goring House, Arlington House rose on the site—the location of the southern wing of todays palace—the next year
Buckingham Palace
–
Buckingham Palace. This is the principal
façade, the East Front; originally constructed by
Edward Blore and completed in 1850. It acquired its present appearance following a remodelling, in 1913, by Sir
Aston Webb.
Buckingham Palace
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Queen Victoria, the first monarch to reside at Buckingham Palace, moved into the newly completed palace upon her accession in 1837.
Buckingham Palace
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Buckingham House, c. 1710, was designed by
William Winde for the 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby. This façade evolved into today's Grand Entrance on the west (inner) side of the quadrangle, with the Green Drawing Room above.
Buckingham Palace
–
Buckingham House painted by an unknown English artist c. 1800.
3.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
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The name London may derive from the
River Thames
4.
England
–
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
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Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
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Flag
England
–
Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
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Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
5.
Kew Palace
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Kew Palace is a British royal palace in Kew Gardens on the banks of the Thames up river from London. Originally a large complex, few elements of it survive, dating to 1631 but built atop the undercroft of an earlier building, the main survivor is known as the Dutch House. Its royal occupation lasted from around 1728 until 1818, with a final short-lived occupation in 1844, the Dutch House is Grade I listed, and open to visitors. It is cared for by an independent charity, Historic Royal Palaces and these kitchens and Queen Charlottes Cottage are also run by Historic Royal Palaces. Beneath the Dutch House is the undercroft of a 16th-century building and this was on land owned by John Dudley and restored to his son Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, childhood friend and court favourite of Queen Elizabeth I, in 1558. In 1619 the building above the undercroft was leased by Samuel Fortrey, in 1697, Fortreys descendents leased the building to Sir Richard Levett, a powerful merchant and the former Lord Mayor of the City of London, who later left it to his daughter Mary. Facing the 1631 house was another mansion, possibly of Tudor origin and it was often visited by the diarist John Evelyn and passed from Richard Bennett to his daughter Dorothy, wife of Henry Capel. This mansion was also the site of James Bradleys observations in 1725 that led to his discovery of the aberration of light. William IV marked the site of the observations with a Thomas Tompion sundial in 1832 and this was replaced with a replica in 1959 and moved to its new and different site directly to the south of the Dutch House. In 1727 Queen Caroline and George II came to the British throne, by that time they had six children living with them at their summer residence at Richmond Lodge. This left Carolines two youngest daughters Mary and Louise with her at Richmond Lodge, George and Caroline had come to Britain in 1714 when Georges father took the throne as George I, leaving their eldest son Frederick behind in Hanover aged 7. When George II acceded, Frederick became Prince of Wales and so was allowed to come to Britain. He arrived in December 1728, less than a year after his mother had taken the lease on the Dutch House, Frederick then set about remodeling it with assistance from William Kent – it then became known as the White House due to its plastered exterior. Frederick also added a new separate kitchen block, open to the public since 2012 as the Royal Kitchens. There was also a block of an unknown date serving the White House, located a short distance to its north-east. A oil-on-canvas musical portrait from 1733 shows Frederick and his three eldest sisters playing mandolin, harpsichord and cello, anne married and left England the year after the portrait was painted and Caroline left Kew in 1743, retiring to St Jamess Palace, where she died in 1757. Along with Cliveden, the White House became Fredericks main family country home, in 1738 Pope gave Prince Frederick a dog, with the following verse inscribed on its collar, I am His Highness dog at Kew. Pray tell me, sir, whose dog are you and his widow Augusta continued living at the White House with their children and remodelling the gardens
Kew Palace
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Kew Palace
Kew Palace
–
The building now known as Kew Palace in 1735, originally known as the "Dutch House" because of its
Dutch gables.
Kew Palace
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A musical portrait of
Frederick, Prince of Wales and his sisters by
Philip Mercier, dated 1733, uses the house as its plein-air backdrop
Kew Palace
–
A drawing of New Kew Palace, by
William Westall, 1823.
6.
Kew
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Kew is the location of the Royal Botanic Gardens, now a World Heritage Site, which includes Kew Palace. Kew is also the home of important historical documents such as Domesday Book, successive Tudor, Stuart and Georgian monarchs maintained links with Kew. During the French Revolution, many established themselves there and it was the home of several artists in the 18th and 19th centuries. Since 1965 Kew has incorporated the area of North Sheen which includes St Philip and All Saints. It is now in a combined Church of England ecclesiastical parish with St Lukes Church, today, Kew is an expensive residential area because of its suburban hallmarks. Among these are open spaces, schools, transport links, architecture, restaurants, no high rise buildings, modest road sizes, trees. Most of Kew developed in the late 19th century, following the arrival of the District line of the Underground. The earliest written reference to Kew is thought to be contained in Julius Caesars Gallic Wars, the name Kew is a combination of two words, the Old French kai and Old English hoh. The land spur is formed by the bend in the Thames, the name was recorded in 1327 as Cayho. Kew forms part of the Richmond Park UK Parliament constituency, the current Member of Parliament is Sarah Olney. For elections to the European Parliament it is part of the London constituency, for elections to the London Assembly it is part of the South West London Assembly constituency. Kew was added in 1892 to the Municipal Borough of Richmond which had formed two years earlier, and which was in the county of Surrey. In 1965, under the London Government Act 1963, the boundaries of Greater London were expanded to include Kew which, with Richmond, the fashion clothing retailer Jigsaws headquarters are in Mortlake Road, Kew. A former industry in Kew was that of manufacturing, by the Caxton Name Plate Manufacturing Company. The company was founded in 1964 and folded in 1997, another former industry in Kew was car and lorry manufacturing. From the 1920s until 1967 Dodge and later Chrysler both made cars and lorries here, and one of Chryslers vehicles was called the Kew, Kew Retail Park stands on the site of the former factory. Henry V developed a Carthusian monastery to the south west of where Kew Observatory now stands, Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester was granted lands at Kew in 1517. When he died in 1526 he left his Kew estates to his wife, Eleanor
Kew
–
The Parish Church of St Anne, Kew
Kew
–
Temperate House in
Kew Gardens
Kew
–
West Hall, Kew
Kew
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"Sarah Kirby (née Bull) and
Joshua Kirby ", by
Thomas Gainsborough
7.
Westminster Abbey
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It is one of the United Kingdoms most notable religious buildings and the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. Between 1540 and 1556, the abbey had the status of a cathedral, since 1560, however, the building is no longer an abbey nor a cathedral, having instead the status of a Church of England Royal Peculiar—a church responsible directly to the sovereign. The building itself is the abbey church. According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080, a church was founded at the site in the 7th century, at the time of Mellitus, construction of the present church began in 1245, on the orders of King Henry III. Since the coronation of William the Conqueror in 1066, all coronations of English and British monarchs have held in Westminster Abbey. There have been at least 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100, two were of reigning monarchs, although, before 1919, there had been none for some 500 years. The first reports of the abbey are based on a tradition claiming that a young fisherman called Aldrich on the River Thames saw a vision of Saint Peter near the site. This seems to be quoted to justify the gifts of salmon from Thames fishermen that the abbey received in later years, in the present was, the Fishmongers Company still gives a salmon every year. The proven origins are that in the 960s or early 970s, Saint Dunstan, assisted by King Edgar, between 1042 and 1052, King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peters Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style, the building was completed around 1090 and was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edwards death on 5 January 1066. A week later, he was buried in the church, and, nine years later and his successor, Harold II, was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year. The only extant depiction of Edwards abbey, together with the adjacent Palace of Westminster, is in the Bayeux Tapestry, construction of the present church was begun in 1245 by Henry III who selected the site for his burial. The abbot and monks, in proximity to the royal Palace of Westminster, the abbot often was employed on royal service and in due course took his place in the House of Lords as of right. The abbey built shops and dwellings on the west side, encroaching upon the sanctuary, the abbey became the coronation site of Norman kings. The Confessors shrine subsequently played a part in his canonisation. The work continued between 1245 and 1517 and was finished by the architect Henry Yevele in the reign of Richard II. Henry III also commissioned the unique Cosmati pavement in front of the High Altar, Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1503. Much of the came from Caen, in France, the Isle of Portland
Westminster Abbey
–
Western façade
Westminster Abbey
–
Flag of Westminster Abbey, featuring the
Tudor arms between
Tudor Roses above the
supposed arms of
Edward the Confessor
Westminster Abbey
–
St Peter's Abbey at the time of Edward's funeral, depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry
Westminster Abbey
–
Layout plan dated 1894
8.
Dynasty
–
A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a house, historians periodize the histories of many sovereign states, such as Ancient Egypt, the Carolingian Empire and Imperial China, using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which the family reigned and to describe events, trends. The word dynasty itself is often dropped from such adjectival references, until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty, that is, to increase the territory, wealth, and power of his family members. The longest-surviving dynasty in the world is the Imperial House of Japan, dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as under the Frankish Salic law. Succession through a daughter when permitted was considered to establish a new dynasty in her husbands ruling house, however, some states in Africa, determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mothers dynasty when coming into her inheritance. It is also extended to unrelated people such as poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team. The word dynasty derives via Latin dynastia from Greek dynastéia, where it referred to power, dominion and it was the abstract noun of dynástēs, the agent noun of dynamis, power or ability, from dýnamai, to be able. A ruler in a dynasty is referred to as a dynast. For example, following his abdication, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom ceased to be a member of the House of Windsor. A dynastic marriage is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, the marriage of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, for example, and their eldest child is expected to inherit the Dutch crown eventually. But the marriage of his younger brother Prince Friso to Mabel Wisse Smit in 2003 lacked government support, thus Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession, lost his title as a Prince of the Netherlands, and left his children without dynastic rights. In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a dynast is a member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchys rules still in force. Even since abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Max and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position. The term dynast is sometimes used only to refer to descendants of a realms monarchs. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people, yet he is not a male-line member of the royal family, and is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor. Thus, in 1999 he requested and obtained permission from Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco. Yet a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time and that exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts prior to triggering it by marriage to a Catholic
Dynasty
–
Charles I of England and his son, the future
James II
9.
House of Hanover
–
Upon Victorias death, the British throne passed to her eldest son Edward VII, a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha through his father. The House of Hanover was formally named the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Hanover line, the senior branch became extinct in 1884, and the House of Hanover is now the only surviving branch of the House of Welf, which is the senior branch of the House of Este. The current head of the House of Hanover is Ernst August, George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, is considered the first member of the House of Hanover. When the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg was divided in 1635, George inherited the Principality of Calenberg and his son, Christian Louis inherited the Principality of Lüneburg from Georges brother. Calenberg and Lüneburg were then shared between Georges sons until united in 1705 under his grandson, also called George, who subsequently became George I of Great Britain, all held the title Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. George died in 1641 and was succeeded by, Christian Louis, 1st son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg and he relinquished Calenburg when he became Prince of Lüneburg. George William, 2nd son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg and he relinquished Calenburg when he became Prince of Lüneburg on the death of his brother, Christian Louis. John Frederick, 3rd son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg, Ernest Augustus, 4th son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg. He became Prince of Calenberg on the death of his brother John Frederick and he was elevated to prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire in 1692. Ernest Augustuss wife, Sophia of the Palatinate, was declared heiress of the throne of England by the Act of Settlement of 1701, Sophia was at that time the senior eligible Protestant descendant of James I of England. George Louis, son of Duke Ernest Augustus and Sophia, became Elector and Prince of Calenberg in 1698 and he inherited his mothers claim to the throne of Great Britain when she died in 1714. George Louis became the first British monarch of the House of Hanover as George I in 1714, George I, George II, and George III also served as electors and dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg, informally, Electors of Hanover. From 1814, when Hanover became a kingdom, the British monarch was also King of Hanover, in 1837, however, the personal union of the thrones of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended. After the death of William IV in 1837, the kings of Hanover continued the dynasty. The 1866 rift between the House of Hanover and the House of Hohenzollern was settled only by the 1913 marriage of Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia to Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick. At the end of the Thirty Years War, the Peace of Westphalia awarded the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück alternately to a Catholic bishop, since the treaty gave cadets priority over heirs and reigning princes, Osnabrück became a form of appanage of the House of Hanover. In 1884, the branch of the House of Welf became extinct. By a law of 1879, the Duchy of Brunswick established a council of regency to take over at the Dukes death
House of Hanover
–
George I (1714–1727)
House of Hanover
–
House of Hanover
House of Hanover
–
George III (1760–1820)
House of Hanover
–
George IV (1820–1830)
10.
George III of the United Kingdom
–
He was concurrently Duke and prince-elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire until his promotion to King of Hanover on 12 October 1814. He was the third British monarch of the House of Hanover, early in his reign, Great Britain defeated France in the Seven Years War, becoming the dominant European power in North America and India. However, many of Britains American colonies were soon lost in the American War of Independence, further wars against revolutionary and Napoleonic France from 1793 concluded in the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. In the later part of his life, George III had recurrent, although it has since been suggested that he had the blood disease porphyria, the cause of his illness remains unknown. After a final relapse in 1810, a regency was established, on George IIIs death, the Prince Regent succeeded his father as George IV. Historical analysis of George IIIs life has gone through a kaleidoscope of changing views that have depended heavily on the prejudices of his biographers and the sources available to them. Until it was reassessed in the half of the 20th century, his reputation in the United States was one of a tyrant. George was born in London at Norfolk House and he was the grandson of King George II, and the eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. As Prince George was born two months prematurely and he was unlikely to survive, he was baptised the same day by Thomas Secker. One month later, he was baptised at Norfolk House. His godparents were the King of Sweden, his uncle the Duke of Saxe-Gotha, George grew into a healthy but reserved and shy child. The family moved to Leicester Square, where George and his younger brother Prince Edward, Duke of York, Family letters show that he could read and write in both English and German, as well as comment on political events of the time, by the age of eight. He was the first British monarch to study science systematically and his religious education was wholly Anglican. At age 10 George took part in a production of Joseph Addisons play Cato and said in the new prologue, What. It may with truth be said, A boy in England born, historian Romney Sedgwick argued that these lines appear to be the source of the only historical phrase with which he is associated. Georges grandfather, King George II, disliked the Prince of Wales, however, in 1751 the Prince of Wales died unexpectedly from a lung injury, and George became heir apparent to the throne. He inherited one of his fathers titles and became the Duke of Edinburgh, now more interested in his grandson, three weeks later the King created George Prince of Wales. Georges mother, now the Dowager Princess of Wales, preferred to keep George at home where she could imbue him with her moral values
George III of the United Kingdom
–
Coronation portrait by
Allan Ramsay, 1762
George III of the United Kingdom
–
George (right) with his brother
Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany, and their tutor,
Francis Ayscough, later
Dean of
Bristol, c. 1749
George III of the United Kingdom
–
Pastel portrait of George as
Prince of Wales by
Jean-Étienne Liotard, 1754
George III of the United Kingdom
–
George III by
Allan Ramsay, 1762
11.
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
–
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was the wife of King George III. She was also the Electress of Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire until the promotion of her husband to King of Hanover on 12 October 1814, Queen Charlotte was a patroness of the arts and an amateur botanist, who helped expand Kew Gardens. George III and Charlotte had 15 children,13 of whom survived to adulthood and she was distressed by her husbands bouts of physical illness and insanity, which became permanent in later life and resulted in their eldest son being appointed Prince Regent in 1811. Sophia Charlotte was born on 19 May 1744 and she was the youngest daughter of Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince of Mirow and his wife Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen. Mecklenburg-Strelitz was a small north German duchy in the Holy Roman Empire, the children of Duke Charles were all born at the Untere Schloss in Mirow. According to diplomatic reports at the time of her engagement to George III, when King George III succeeded to the throne of Great Britain upon the death of his grandfather, George II, he was unmarried. His mother and advisors were anxious to have him settled in marriage and he instructed her on her arrival in London not to meddle, a precept she was glad to follow. Charlotte spoke no English but was quick to learn the language and it was noted by many observers that she was ugly, had a dark complexion and flared nostrils. She is timid at first but talks a lot, when she is among people she knows, said one observer. Three days of public celebrations followed, and on 17 Aug 1761, the Princess set out for Britain, accompanied by her brother, Duke Adolphus Frederick, on 22 Aug, they reached Cuxhaven, where a small fleet awaited to convey them to England. The voyage was difficult, the party encountered three storms at sea, and landed at Harwich only on 7 September. They set out at once for London, spent that night in Witham, at the residence of Lord Abercorn and they were received by the King and his family, which marked the first meeting of the bride and groom. At 9,00 pm that evening, within six hours of her arrival, Charlotte married George III at the Chapel Royal, St. Jamess Palace, with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Secker, officiating. The Queen favored this residence, and spent much of her time there, as many as 14 of her 15 children were born in Buckingham House. Less than a year after the marriage, on 12 August 1762, the Queen gave birth to her first child, the Prince of Wales, in the course of their marriage, they had 15 children, all but two of whom survived into adulthood. Around 1762 the King and Queen moved to Buckingham House, at the end of St. Jamess Park. The house which forms the core of the present palace was built for the first Duke of Buckingham. Buckinghams descendant, Sir Charles Sheffield, sold Buckingham House to George III in 1761 for £21,000, the house was originally intended as a private retreat, in particular for Charlotte, and was known as The Queens House
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
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Charlotte with a servant
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
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Queen Charlotte in state robes by
Allan Ramsay, 1761
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
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In 1767, Francis Cotes drew a pastel of Queen Charlotte with her eldest daughter
Charlotte, Princess Royal.
Lady Mary Coke called the likeness "so like that it could not be mistaken for any other person".
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
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"Patroness of Botany, and of the Fine Arts"
12.
Prince Alfred of Great Britain
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The Prince Alfred was a member of the British Royal Family as the 14th child and 9th son of King George III and his queen consort Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. In his later bouts of madness King George would have imagined conversations with both of his youngest sons, Prince Alfred was born, on 22 September 1780, at Windsor Castle, Windsor, England. His father was King George III, his mother Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the prince was baptised by Frederick Cornwallis, The Archbishop of Canterbury, in the Great Council Chamber at St Jamess Palace on 21 October 1780. His godparents were The Prince of Wales, The Prince Frederick, in 1782, Prince Alfred was inoculated against smallpox. The sickness proved too much for the child and in June he was taken to Deal with his governess Lady Charlotte Finch to recover and it was hoped that the sea air, bathing in the water, and horseback riding would improve his condition. While he was there, Alfred endeared himself to many, including an old woman whom he waved to, in spite of his charming disposition, he continued to break out in spots and his chest was troubling him. When he returned to Windsor in August 1782, the doctors inspected him, after suffering bouts of fever and continuing problems with his chest, Prince Alfred died on 20 August 1782, at Windsor Castle, Berkshire, not even two years old. Although the household did not go into mourning, his parents took the loss harshly, according to Lady Charlotte Finch, the Queen cried vastly and was very much hurt by her loss and the King also. Later in August 1782 the Queen sent Finch a lock of Alfreds hair stating Receive This, Alfred was buried at Westminster Abbey, though his remains were later moved to the Royal Vault in St. Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle on 11 February 1820. Six months after Alfreds death, his elder brother Octavius succumbed to the smallpox virus, during one of his bouts of madness in 1812, George would have imaginary conversations with his two youngest sons. His youngest sister Princess Amelia was conceived in the months after Alfreds death, Alfred is also unique among their first fourteen children for never being an older sibling while he was alive, as the only child younger than him was born after his death. 22 September 1780 –20 August 1782, His Royal Highness The Prince Alfred
Prince Alfred of Great Britain
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1782 portrait of Prince Alfred by royal painter
Thomas Gainsborough.
13.
Inoculation
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The terms inoculation, vaccination, immunization and injection are often used synonymously to refer to artificial induction of immunity against various infectious diseases. This is supported by some dictionaries, however, there are some important historical and current differences. In English medicine, inoculation referred only to the prevention of smallpox until the very early 1800s, when Edward Jenner introduced smallpox vaccine in 1798, this was initially called cowpox inoculation or vaccine inoculation. Soon, to avoid confusion, smallpox inoculation was referred to as variolation, then, in 1891 Louis Pasteur proposed that the terms vaccine and vaccination should be extended to include the new protective procedures being developed. Immunization refers to the use of all vaccines but also extends to the use of antitoxin, Inoculation is now more or less synonymous in nontechnical usage with injection etc. and the question e. g. Have you had your flu injection/vaccination/inoculation/immunization, the focus is on what is being given and why, not the literal meaning of the technique used. Inoculation also has a meaning for procedures done in vitro. In almost all cases the material inoculated is called the inoculum, or less commonly the inoculant, the term inoculation entered medical English through horticultural usage meaning to graft a bud from one plant into another. It is derived from the Latin in + oculus, though innoculation/innoculate is sometimes seen, this is incorrect, possibly erroneously thought to be related to innocuous, which is derived from the Latin in + nocuus. Inoculation originated as a method for the prevention of smallpox by deliberate introduction of material from smallpox pustules into the skin and this generally produced a less severe infection than naturally-acquired smallpox, but still induced immunity to it. This first method for smallpox prevention, smallpox inoculation, is now known as variolation. The earliest hints of the practice of inoculation for smallpox in China come during the 10th century, however, the sinologist Joseph Needham states that this information comes from the Zhongdou xinfa written in 1808 by Zhu Yiliang, centuries after the alleged events. Inoculation was first vividly described by Yu Chang in his book Yuyi cao, or Notes on My Judgment and this was called to implant the sprouts, an idea of transplanting the disease which fit their conception of beansprouts in germination. Wrap the scabs carefully in paper and put them into a small container bottle, cork it tightly so that the activity is not dissipated. The container must not be exposed to sunlight or warmed beside a fire and it is best to carry it for some time on the person so that the scabs dry naturally and slowly. The container should be marked clearly with the date on which the contents were taken from the patient, in winter, the material has yang potency within it, so it remains active even after being kept from thirty to forty days. But in summer the yang potency will be lost in approximately twenty days, According to Voltaire, the Turks derived their use of inoculation to neighbouring Circassia. This pustule produces the effect in the arm it is laid in as yeast in a piece of dough, it ferments
Inoculation
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Mary Wortley Montagu, by
Charles Jervas, after 1716
Inoculation
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Comparison of smallpox (left) and cowpox (right) inoculations 16 days after administration
14.
Thomas Gainsborough
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Thomas Gainsborough FRSA was an English portrait and landscape painter, draughtsman, and printmaker. He surpassed his rival Sir Joshua Reynolds to become the dominant British portraitist of the half of the 18th century. He painted quickly, and the works of his maturity are characterised by a light palette and he preferred landscapes to portraits, and is credited as the originator of the 18th-century British landscape school. Gainsborough was a member of the Royal Academy. He was born in Sudbury, Suffolk, the youngest son of John Gainsborough, a weaver and maker of woollen goods, and his wife, the artist spent his childhood at what is now Gainsboroughs House, on Gainsborough Street. The original building survives and is now a dedicated House to his life. Gainsborough was allowed to leave home in 1740 to study art in London and he assisted Francis Hayman in the decoration of the supper boxes at Vauxhall Gardens, and contributed to the decoration of what is now the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children. In 1746, Gainsborough married Margaret Burr, a daughter of the Duke of Beaufort. The artists work, then consisting of landscape paintings, was not selling well. He returned to Sudbury in 1748–1749 and concentrated on painting portraits, in 1752, he and his family, now including two daughters, moved to Ipswich. Commissions for personal portraits increased, but his clientele included mainly local merchants and he had to borrow against his wifes annuity. The Artists family and Self-Portrait In 1759, Gainsborough and his moved to Bath. There, he studied portraits by van Dyck and was able to attract a fashionable clientele. In 1761, he began to work to the Society of Arts exhibition in London. He selected portraits of well-known or notorious clients in order to attract attention, the exhibitions helped him acquire a national reputation, and he was invited to become a founding member of the Royal Academy in 1769. His relationship with the academy was not a one and he stopped exhibiting his paintings in 1773. In 1774, Gainsborough and his moved to London to live in Schomberg House. A commemorative blue plaque was put on the house in 1951, in 1777, he again began to exhibit his paintings at the Royal Academy, including portraits of contemporary celebrities, such as the Duke and Duchess of Cumberland
Thomas Gainsborough
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Self-portrait (1759)
Thomas Gainsborough
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Lady Lloyd and Her Son, Richard Savage Lloyd, of Hintlesham Hall, Suffolk (1745–46). At the time, his clientele included mainly local merchants and squires.
Thomas Gainsborough
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Margaret Burr (1728–1797), the artist's wife, c. early 1770s
Thomas Gainsborough
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Self-Portrait (1754)
15.
Frederick Cornwallis
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Frederick Cornwallis was Archbishop of Canterbury, and the twin brother of Edward Cornwallis. Cornwallis was born in London, England, the son of Charles Cornwallis. He was educated at Eton College and graduated from Christs College, Cambridge and he was ordained a priest in 1742, and became a Doctor of Divinity in 1748. Cornwallis was able to ascend quickly in the Church thanks to his connections, and in 1746 was made chaplain to King George II. In 1750 he became a canon at St Pauls Cathedral, and later same year became Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry thanks to the patronage of the Duke of Newcastle. He was also Dean of Windsor and Dean of St Pauls, on the death of Thomas Secker in 1768, his friendship with the then-prime minister, the Duke of Grafton, resulted in his translation to Archbishop of Canterbury. As archbishop, his sociability and geniality made him popular and he was a consistent supporter of the administration of Lord North, and led efforts in support of dispossessed Anglican clergy in the American colonies during the American Revolution. He was buried at St. Marys Church, Lambeth and his nephew was Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, a British general during the American Revolution, and later Governor-General of India
Frederick Cornwallis
–
Frederick Cornwallis
Frederick Cornwallis
–
Deans
16.
Archbishop of Canterbury
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The current archbishop is Justin Welby. His enthronement took place at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013, Welby is the 105th in a line which goes back more than 1400 years to Augustine of Canterbury, the Apostle to the English, sent from Rome in the year 597. From the time of Augustine in the 6th until the 16th century, during the English Reformation the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. In the Middle Ages there was variation in the methods of nomination of the Archbishop of Canterbury. At various times the choice was made by the canons of Canterbury Cathedral, today the archbishop fills four main roles, He is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury, which covers the eastern parts of the County of Kent. Founded in 597, it is the oldest see in the English church and he is the metropolitan archbishop of the Province of Canterbury, which covers the southern two-thirds of England. He is the primate and chief religious figure of the Church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury plays a part in national ceremonies such as coronations, due to his high public profile. As spiritual leader of the Anglican Communion, the archbishop, although without legal authority outside England, is recognised by convention as primus inter pares of all Anglican primates worldwide, since 1867 he has convened more or less decennial meetings of worldwide Anglican bishops, the Lambeth Conferences. In the last two of these functions he has an important ecumenical and interfaith role, speaking on behalf of Anglicans in England, the archbishops main residence is Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth. He also has lodgings in the Old Palace, Canterbury, located beside Canterbury Cathedral, as holder of one of the five great sees, the Archbishop of Canterbury is ex officio one of the Lords Spiritual of the House of Lords. He is one of the men in England and the highest ranking non-royal in the United Kingdoms order of precedence. Since Henry VIII broke with Rome, the Archbishops of Canterbury have been selected by the English monarch, today the choice is made in the name of the monarch by the prime minister, from a shortlist of two selected by an ad-hoc committee called the Crown Nominations Commission. Since the 20th century, the appointment of Archbishops of Canterbury conventionally alternates between more moderate Anglo-Catholics and Evangelicals, the current archbishop, Justin Welby, the 105th Archbishop of Canterbury, was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 4 February 2013. As archbishop he signs himself as + Justin Cantuar and his predecessor, Rowan Williams, 104th Archbishop of Canterbury, was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 27 February 2003. Immediately prior to his appointment to Canterbury, Williams was the Bishop of Monmouth, on 18 March 2012, Williams announced he would be stepping down as Archbishop of Canterbury at the end of 2012 to become Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge. In addition to his office, the archbishop also holds a number of positions, for example, he is Joint President of the Council of Christians. Some positions he formally holds ex officio and others virtually so, geoffrey Fisher, 99th Archbishop of Canterbury, was the first since 1397 to visit Rome, where he held private talks with Pope John XXIII in 1960
Archbishop of Canterbury
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The Archbishop of Canterbury's official London residence is Lambeth Palace, photographed looking east across the
River Thames.
Archbishop of Canterbury
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Arms of the
Archbishop of Canterbury: Azure, an
archiepiscopal cross in pale or surmounted by a
pall proper charged with four
crosses patée fitchée sable
17.
Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia
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Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia was a Duchess consort of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel by marriage to Charles I of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and a known intellectual in contemporary Germany. Philippine Charlotte was the child and third daughter of Frederick William I of Prussia. On 2 July 1733 in Berlin, Princess Philippine Charlotte married Duke Charles of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, eldest son of Ferdinand Albert II, Charles inherited the dukedom on his fathers death in 1735, making her Duchess consort. The family ties of the two dynasties resulted the alliance of Brunswick and Prussia in the Seven Years War, and the career of Philippines sons in the Prussian service, Philippine Charlotte was described as subtle, highly educated and a child of the enlightenment. She worked independently of an extract of the writings of Christian von Wolff in French. The Duchess pursued, partly because of the influence of the ducal adviser Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem and she appreciated the poet Salomon Gessner and maintained a personal relationship Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock. The dramatist Lessing were also among her circle, in 1773, Charles I was obliged to make his son regent, and in 1780, he died, and was succeeded by her son. The Swedish Princess Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte described her, as well as her family, at the time of a visit in August,1799, Our cousin, after he left us, I visited the Dowager Duchess, the aunt of my consort. She is an agreeable, highly educated and well respected lady, Philippine Charlotte left to the Wolfenbüttel Library her own collection of 4,000 volumes. Media related to Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia at Wikimedia Commons
Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia
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Philippine Charlotte of Prussia
Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia
18.
Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford
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Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford KG, PC, PC was a British courtier and politician. Hertford was born in Chelsea, London, the son of Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Baron Conway and he was a descendant of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset. He succeeded to the barony on the death of his father in 1732, the first few years after his fathers death were spent in Italy and Paris. On his return to England he took his seat, as 2nd Baron Conway, Henry Seymour Conway, politician and soldier, was his younger brother. The Seymour family had inherited a moiety of the barony of Hatch Beauchamp, in Somerset. However, due to the demands of the French, the journey to Paris was suspended, from 1751 to 1766 he was Lord of the Bedchamber to George II and George III. In 1756 he was made a Knight of the Garter and, in 1757, Lord-Lieutenant and Guardian of the Rolls of the County of Warwick, in 1763 he became Privy Councillor and, from October 1763 to June 1765, was a successful ambassador in Paris. He witnessed the sad last months of Madame de Pompadour, whom he admired, in the autumn of 1765 he became Viceroy of Ireland where, as an honest and religious man, he was well liked. An anonymous satirist in 1777 described him as the worst man in His Majestys dominions, however, this anonymous attack does not seem to be justified. In 1782, when she was only fifty-six, his wife died after having nursed their grandson at Fordes Farm, Thames Ditton, according to Walpole, Lord Hertfords loss is beyond measure. She was not only the most affectionate wife, but the most useful one and she was always proper, either in the highest life or in the most domestic. In July 1793 he was created Marquess of Hertford, with the title of Earl of Yarmouth. He enjoyed this elevation for almost a year until his death at the age of seventy-six, on 14 June 1794, at the house of his daughter and he died as the result of an infection following a minor injury he received while riding. He was buried at Arrow, in Warwickshire, Lord Hertford married Lady Isabella Fitzroy, daughter of Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton, on 29 May 1741. Her grandfather was Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, an son of King Charles II. By his wife he had thirteen children, Francis Seymour-Conway, 2nd Marquess of Hertford Lady Anne Seymour-Conway, married Charles Moore, Lord Henry Seymour-Conway Lady Sarah Frances Seymour-Conway, married Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry. Lord Robert Seymour-Conway Lady Gertrude Seymour-Conway, married George Mason-Villiers, 2nd Earl Grandison, Lady Frances Seymour-Conway, married Henry Fiennes Pelham-Clinton, Earl of Lincoln, a son of Henry Fiennes Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle. Admiral Lord Hugh Seymour, married Lady Anne Horatia Waldegrave, a daughter of James Waldegrave and he married Isabella Hamilton, granddaughter of James Hamilton, 7th Earl of Abercorn, and was the father of Sir George Hamilton Seymour, a British diplomatist
Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford
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The Most Honourable The Marquess of Hertford
KG PC PC (Ire)
Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford
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Isabella, Countess of Hertford by
Alexander Roslin (1765) Hunterian Art Gallery, University of Glasgow
Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford
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Prime Minister Chancellor of the Exchequer
19.
Lord Chamberlain
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The Lord Chamberlain is always sworn of the Privy Council, is usually a peer and before 1782 the post was of Cabinet rank. The position was a political one until 1924, the office dates from the Middle Ages when the Kings Chamberlain often acted as the Kings spokesman in Council and Parliament. The current Lord Chamberlain is The Earl Peel, who has been in office since 16 October 2006. During the early period, the Lord Chamberlain was one of the three principal officers of the Royal Household, the others being the Lord Steward and the Master of the Horse. His department not only furnished the servants and other personnel in attendance on the Sovereign but arranged and staffed ceremonies. As other responsibilities of government were devolved to ministers, the ordering of the Royal Household was largely left to the taste of the Sovereign. To ensure that the reflected the royal tastes, the Lord Chamberlain received commands directly from the sovereign to be transmitted to the heads of subordinate departments. This duty was abolished under the Theatres Act 1968, the first London performance of the musical Hair was delayed until the act was passed after a licence had been refused. The Lord Chamberlain also undertakes ceremonial duties and serves as the channel of communication between the Sovereign and the House of Lords, the Lord Chamberlains Office is a department of the Royal Household and is headed by the Comptroller. It is responsible for organising ceremonial activities including state visits, investitures, garden parties and he also regulates the design and the wearing of court uniform and dress and how insignia are worn. Lords Chamberlain since 1399 to the present, List of Lords Chamberlain to British royal consorts Stephens, the Censorship of English Drama 1824–1901. Shellard, Dominic, Nicholson, Steve, Handley, Miriam, a History of British Theatre Censorship. The Lord Chamberlain - Royal Household official website Chamber Administration, Lord Chamberlain, 1660–1837 The Lord Chamberlain and censorship at The Theatre Archive Project
Lord Chamberlain
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The Earl of Dorset, Lord Chamberlain from 1689 to 1697, holding the white staff of office. (
Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt; c. 1697.)
20.
Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg
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Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, called the Pious was Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1756 until his death. Frederick was born at Schwerin, the son of Christian Ludwig II, Duke of Mecklenburg, after the death of his father in 1756, Frederick assumed the government of the Duchy. Shortly after his accession the country was involved in the Seven Years War, Frederick, was a supporter of Pietism. He encouraged the school system, promoted the manufacturing and abolished torture. In 1764 he moved his residence from Schwerin to Schloss Ludwigslust, in 1765 he ordered the construction of the Imperial Church by architect Johann Joachim Busch, and he continued the expansion of Schloss Ludwigslust between 1772 and 1776. They had four children, who died young, at his death, the dukedom was inherited by his nephew Frederick Francis, a son of his brother Louis
Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg
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Portrait of Duke Frederick II by
Georg David Matthieu, 1772
21.
Groom of the Stole
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The Groom of the Stool was the most intimate of an English monarchs courtiers, responsible for assisting the king in the performance of the bodily functions of excretion and ablution. The physical intimacy of the role led to him becoming a man in whom much confidence was placed by his royal master. It also appears as Grom of the Stole as the word Groom comes from the Old Low Franconian word Grom, the function had been transformed into that of a virtual minister of the royal treasury, being then an essential figure in the kings management of fiscal policy. In the early years of Henry VIIIs reign, the title was awarded to court companions of the king who spent time with him in the privy chamber and these were generally the sons of noblemen or important members of the gentry. In time they came to act as personal secretaries to the king, carrying out a variety of administrative tasks within his private rooms. The position was an especially prized one, as it allowed one unobstructed access to the king, david Starkey writes, The Groom of the Stool had the most menial tasks, his standing, though, was the highest. Clearly then, the royal body service must have seen as entirely honourable. Further, the word of the Gentleman of the Privy Chamber was sufficient evidence in itself of the kings will. The office effectively came to an end when it was neutralised in 1559, the office was exclusively one serving male monarchs, so on the death of Elizabeth and the accession of James I the office was revived. The holder of the position became in the Stuart Era the senior Lord of the Bedchamber, the position had considerable power because of its intimate access to the king. During the reign of Charles I the term appears to have lost its original signification of chair. The office was discontinued following the accession of King Edward VII in 1901. Often when the visit of a monarch is planned, for example during the construction of a new building. Hugh Denys of Osterley, Middlesex Hugh Denys performed an important function in controlling the private and he told them he doubted her virginity, on account of her brests so slacke. Michael Stanhope –1643, Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland 1643–c.1649, William Seymour, 1st Marquess of Hertford c.1649, 1877–1883, Sir William Knollys 1883–1901, James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn Groom of the Robes Valet de chambre
Groom of the Stole
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Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, Groom of the Stole to Charles I, until 1643.
Groom of the Stole
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A Close-Stool c.1650. Hampton Court collection
22.
Charles August, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
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He is noted for the intellectual brilliance of his court. Born in Weimar, he was the eldest son of Ernst August II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach and his father died when he was only nine months old, and the boy was brought up under the regency and supervision of his mother. His governor was the Count Johann Eustach von Görtz and in 1771, at Frankfurt, Knebel introduced Karl August to the young Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. In Karlsruhe on 3 October 1775, after he returned to Weimar and assumed the government of his duchy, Karl August married Luise Auguste, daughter of Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt. One of the first acts of the duke was to summon Goethe to Weimar. “People of discernment, ” the duke said, “congratulate me on possessing this man and his intellect, his genius is known. ”The Weimaraner, a breed of gun dog is said to have been developed by August and his court for hunting. Karl August was also interested in literature, in art, in science, funding Goethe, critics praised his judgment in painting, biologists found in him an expert in anatomy. To this end Herder was summoned to Weimar to reform the educational system, Weimar became the intellectual centre of Germany. Meanwhile, in the affairs of Germany and of Europe the character of Karl August gave him an out of all proportion to his position as a sovereign prince. He had early faced the problem presented by the decay of the Holy Roman Empire, in 1788 Karl August took service in the Prussian army as major-general in active command of a regiment. As such he was present, with Goethe, at the Battle of Valmy in 1792, and in 1794 at the Siege of Mainz and the Battle of Pirmasenz and Kaiserslautern. After this, dissatisfied with the attitude of the powers, he resigned, the disastrous campaign of Jena followed. On 14 October, the day after the battle, Weimar was sacked, from this time till after the Moscow campaign of 1812 his contingent fought on the French side in all Napoleons wars. In 1813, however, he joined the Sixth Coalition, the grand duke was compelled to yield to the remonstrances of Prussia, Austria and Russia. Karl August died at Graditz, near Torgau, in 1828 and he was inspired by the noblest good-will, the purest humanity, and with his whole soul desired only what was best. There was in him something of the divine and he would gladly have wrought the happiness of all mankind. And finally, he was greater than his surroundings, everywhere he himself saw and judged, and in all circumstances his surest foundation was in himself. ”Karl Augusts correspondence with Goethe was published in 2 vols. at Weimar in 1863. Bernhards son, William Augustus Edward, known as Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar, entered the British army, Karl August and Luise Auguste had seven children, Luise Auguste Amalie
Charles August, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
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Karl August
Charles August, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
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1805 portrait of Charles Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weimar.
Charles August, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
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Engraving depicting Karl August walking with
Corona Schröter and
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
Charles August, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
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Karl August as Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.
23.
Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom
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The Princess Sophia was the 12th child and 5th daughter of King George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Sophia is perhaps best known for the surrounding a supposed illegitimate child to which she gave birth as a young woman. In her youth, Sophia was closest to her father, who preferred his daughters over his sons, however, she, the princesses were well-educated but raised in a rigidly strict household. Though he disliked the idea of matrimony for his daughters, King George had intended to find suitable husbands when they came of age. As a result, Sophia and all but one of her sisters grew up in their mothers cloistered household, which they frequently referred to as a Nunnery. Though she never wed, rumours spread that Sophia became pregnant by Thomas Garth, an equerry of her fathers, other gossip declared the child was the product of rape by her elder brother the Duke of Cumberland, who was deeply unpopular. Historians are divided on the validity of these stories, as some believe she gave birth to Garths child while others call them tales spread by the Royal Familys political enemies. The efforts of the Prince Regent to gain his sisters increased independence were further hastened along with Queen Charlottes death in 1818, in her last years, Sophia resided in the household of her niece Princess Victoria of Kent, at Kensington Palace. Sophia frequently served as his spy on the Kensington household as well as on her two brothers, while Conroy squandered most of her money. The princess died on 27 May 1848 at her residence in Vicarage Place, the Princess Sophia was born at Buckingham House, London on 3 November 1777, the twelfth child and fifth daughter of King George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The young princess was christened on 1 December 1777 in the Great Council Chamber at St Jamess Palace by Frederick Cornwallis and her godparents were Prince August of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, the Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and the Duchess of Mecklenburg, all of whom were represented by proxies. The royal household was very rigid and formal, even when only the family were together in private. For instance, when the King entered a room, his daughters were expected to stand up, remain silent until addressed, Queen Charlotte made attempts to be economical where possible, the younger princesses wore country-made dresses, which were less expensive, and ate plain food. Sophias early life was focused on education, lady Charlotte Finch served as her governess, a role she performed for all the royal children. The queen sought to combine her daughters entertainments with educational benefits, Sophia and her siblings were brought up with an exposure to theatre and were entertained with special performances. Princess Sophias first appearance in public occurred when she accompanied her parents and elder siblings to a commemoration for George Frideric Handel, uncommon for men of the period, Sophias father was involved in her early upbringing and preferred his daughters to his sons. When possible he attended the princesses birthday parties and other special events, a family friend once remarked, I never saw more lovely children, nor a more pleasing sight than the Kings fondness for them. On the other hand, Queen Charlotte invoked fear in her daughters and, according to royal historian A. W. Purdue, she was not benignly maternal
Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Sophia, c. 1825, painting by Sir
Thomas Lawrence
Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Sophia, aged 5 in 1782
Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom
–
Sophia (right) with her sisters
Mary and
Amelia, c. 1785.
Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Sophia, c. 1792. This
portrait miniature, painted by
Richard Cosway, is believed to have been commissioned by Sophia's brother the
Prince of Wales.
24.
Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom was the 7th child and 3rd daughter of King George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. After marrying the Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, Frederick VI, she took permanent residence in Germany as landgravine, the Princess Elizabeth was born at Buckingham House, London on 22 May 1770. Her father was the reigning British monarch, George III, the eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales and she was christened in the Great Council Chamber at St. Jamess Palace, on 17 June 1770 by Frederick Cornwallis, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Her godparents were The Hereditary Prince of Hesse-Cassel, The Princess of Nassau-Weilburg, the Princess upbringing was very sheltered and she spent most of her time with her parents and sisters. King George and Queen Charlotte were keen to shelter their children, however, in 1812, Princess Elizabeth purchased The Priory at Old Windsor in Berkshire as her private residence. Elizabeth was her mothers favorite daughter and she was described as clever and rather demanding. Her sisters called her Fatima because of her weight problems and it is alleged that Princess Elizabeth went through a form of marriage with George Ramus and bore him a daughter, Eliza, in 1788. George Ramus was the son of Nicholas Ramus, who had been Page to Elizabeths father King George, Eliza Ramus was allegedly adopted and brought up by her uncle, Henry Ramus of the East India Company. She married James Money, also of the East India Company, and her daughter Marian Martha married George Wynyard Battye, in 1808 Elizabeth was reluctantly obliged to decline a proposal from the exiled Duke of Orléans due to his Catholicism and her mothers opposition. During a ball in the British royal court in 1814 Elizabeth got to know the German Prince Frederick of Hesse-Homburg, when Elizabeth saw the Austrian officer in his elegant Hussars uniform, she is supposed to have said, If he is single, I will marry him. Against all resistance the wedding took place on 7 April 1818 in the chapel in Buckingham Palace in Westminster. It was not a love match, in spite of the mutual understanding and respect. Elizabeth was able to escape the constrictive environment of her home by moving to Germany with her husband, on 20 January 1820, Frederick succeeded his father as the Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg. Thanks to Elizabeths dowry and annual allowance, he was able to remodel the palace in Homburg and she died on 10 January 1840 at age 69 in Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany. She was buried in the Mausoleum of the Landgraves, Homburg, michael A. Beatty, The English Royal Family of America, from Jamestown to the American Revolution, p.207
Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Elizabeth, portrait by
Sir Thomas Gainsborough.
Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Elizabeth, portrait by
Sir William Beechey (1797)
25.
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
–
The Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn KG KP GCB GCH PC was the fourth son and fifth child of King George III of the United Kingdom and the father of Queen Victoria. On 23 March 1802, he was appointed Governor of Gibraltar, the Duke of Kent was appointed Field-Marshal of the Forces on 3 September 1805. He was the first member of the family to live in North America for more than a short visit and, in 1794. On June 27,1792, Edward is credited with the first use of the term Canadian to mean both French and English settlers in Upper and Lower Canada. The Prince used the term in an effort to quell a riot between the two groups at a station in Charlesbourg, Lower Canada. Recently he has been styled the Father of the Canadian Crown for his impact on the development of Canada, Prince Edward was born on 2 November 1767. His parents were the reigning British monarch, George III, as a son of the British monarch, he was styled His Royal Highness The Prince Edward from birth, and was fourth in the line of succession to the throne. He was named after his uncle, the Duke of York and Albany. The Prince began his training in Germany in 1785. King George III intended to send him to the University of Göttingen, instead, Prince Edward went to Lüneburg and later Hanover, accompanied by his tutor, Baron Wangenheim. From 1788 to 1789, he completed his education in Geneva, in 1789, he was appointed colonel of the 7th Regiment of Foot. In 1790, he returned home without leave and, in disgrace, was sent off to Gibraltar as an ordinary officer and he was joined from Marseilles by Madame de Saint-Laurent. Due to the extreme Mediterranean heat, Edward requested to be transferred to Canada, specifically Quebec, Edward and his mistress, Julie St. Laurent, became close friends with the French Canadian de Salaberry family - the Prince mentored all of the familys sons throughout their military careers. Edward guided Charles de Salaberry throughout his career, and made sure that the commander was duly honoured after his leadership during the Battle of Chateauguay. After 1794, Prince Edward lived at the headquarters of the Royal Navys North American Station which was Halifax and he was instrumental in shaping that settlements military defences, protecting its important Royal Navy base, as well as influencing the citys and colonys socio-political and economic institutions. Edward was responsible for the construction of Halifaxs iconic Garrison Clock, Lieutenant Governor Sir John Wentworth and Lady Francis Wentworth provided their country residence for the use of Prince Edward and Julie St. Laurent. Extensively renovated, the became known as Princes Lodge as the couple hosted numerous dignitaries. The only remains of the residence is a rotunda built by Edward for his regimental band to play music
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
–
by
Sir William Beechey, 1818 (originally the property of Thérèse-Bernardine Montgenet)
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
–
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent,
Commander-in-Chief, North America, 1791–1802
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
–
Madame de Saint-Laurent - Mistress of Prince Edward
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
–
Castle Hill Lodge 1814
26.
Horace Walpole
–
Horatio Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford — also known as Horace Walpole — was an English art historian, man of letters, antiquarian and Whig politician. He had Strawberry Hill House built in Twickenham, south-west London and his literary reputation rests on his Gothic novel, The Castle of Otranto and his Letters, which are of significant social and political interest. He was the son of the first British Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole, as Horace Walpole was childless, on his death his barony descended to his cousin of the same surname, who was created the new Earl of Orford. Walpole was born in London, the youngest son of British Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole, like his father, he received early education in Bexley, he was also educated at Eton College and Kings College, Cambridge. Walpoles first friends were probably his cousins Francis and Henry Conway, to whom Walpole became strongly attached, at Eton he formed with Charles Lyttelton and George Montagu the Triumvirate, a schoolboy confederacy. More important were another group of friends dubbed the Quadruple Alliance, Walpole, Thomas Gray, Richard West, at Cambridge Walpole came under the influence of Conyers Middleton, an unorthodox theologian. Walpole came to accept the nature of Middletons attitude to some essential Christian doctrines for the rest of his life, including a hatred of superstition. Walpole ceased to reside at Cambridge at the end of 1738, according to one biographer his love for his mother was the most powerful emotion of his entire life. the whole of his psychological history was dominated by it. Walpole did not have any relationships with women, he has been called a natural celibate. Walpoles sexual orientation has been the subject of speculation, many contemporaries described him as effeminate. Biographers such as Timothy Mowl explore his possible homosexuality, including a passionate, some previous biographers such as Lewis, Fothergill, and Robert Wyndham Ketton-Cremer, however, have interpreted Walpole as asexual. Upon coming of age he became Comptroller of the Pipe and Clerk of the Estreats which gave him an income of £300 per annum, Walpole decided to go travelling with Thomas Gray and wrote a will whereby he left Gray all his belongings. They left Dover on 29 March and arrived at Calais later that day and they then travelled through Boulogne, Amiens and Saint-Denis, arriving at Paris on 4 April. Here they met many aristocratic Englishmen, in early June they left Paris for Rheims, then in September going to Dijon, Lyons, Dauphiné, Savoy, Aix-les-Bains, Geneva, and then back to Lyons. In October they left for Italy, arriving in Turin in November, then going to Genoa, Piacenza, Parma, Reggio, Modena, Bologna, and in December arriving at Florence. Here he struck up a friendship with Horace Mann, an assistant to the British Minister at the Court of Tuscany and wrote Epistle from Florence to Thomas Ashton, tutor to the Earl of Plymouth, a mixture of Whig history and Middletons teachings. In February 1740 Walpole and Gray left for Rome with the intention of witnessing the papal conclave upon the death of Pope Clement XII, Walpole wanted to attend fashionable parties and Gray wanted to visit all the antiquities. At social occasions in Rome he saw the Old Pretender James Francis Edward Stuart, Walpole and Gray returned to Florence in July
Horace Walpole
–
Horace Walpole by
Joshua Reynolds 1756 National Portrait Gallery, collection London.
Horace Walpole
–
Horace Walpole by
Rosalba Carriera, circa 1741.
Horace Walpole
–
Horace Walpole by
John Giles Eccardt, circa 1755.
Horace Walpole
–
Horace Walpole by
Sir Thomas Lawrence, circa 1795
27.
Horace Mann
–
Horace Mann was an American educational reformer and Whig politician dedicated to promoting public education. He served in the Massachusetts State legislature, in 1848, after public service as Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education, Mann was elected to the United States House of Representatives. About Mann’s intellectual progressivism, the historian Ellwood P, most states adopted a version of the system Mann established in Massachusetts, especially the program for normal schools to train professional teachers. Educational historians credit Horace Mann as father of the Common School Movement, Horace Mann was born on May 4,1796. His father was a farmer without much money, from ten years of age to twenty, he had no more than six weeks schooling during any year, but he made use of the town library. At the age of 20, he enrolled at Brown University, the theme of his oration was The Progressive Character of the Human Race. He then studied law for a time in Wrentham, Massachusetts and was a tutor of Latin and Greek. During 1822, he studied at Litchfield Law School and, in 1823, was admitted to the bar in Dedham. Mann was elected to the legislature in 1827, and in that role was active in the interests of education, public charities and he established the state lunatic asylum in Worcester, and in 1833 was chairman of its board of trustees. The people of the continued to be returned to the legislature as representative from Dedham until his removal to Boston in 1833. After their enactment he was appointed one of the editors of the work and he was elected to the Massachusetts State Senate from Boston in 1833, and was its president in 1836–1837. As a member of the Senate, he spent time as the majority leader, in 1830, Mann married Charlotte Messer, who was the daughter of the president of Brown University. She died two years later on August 1,1832, and he never recovered from the intense grief. In 1843, he married Mary Tyler Peabody, afterward, the couple accompanied Samuel Gridley Howe and Julia Ward Howe on a dual honeymoon to Europe. Horace and Mary had three sons, Horace Mann Jr. George Combe Mann, and Benjamin Pickman Mann. It was not until he was appointed secretary in 1837 of the newly created board of education of Massachusetts that he began the work which was to him in the foremost rank of American educators. Previously, he had not shown any special interest in education and he was encouraged to take the job only because it was a paid office position established by the legislature. He began as secretary of the board, on entering on his duties, he withdrew from all other professional or business engagements and from politics
Horace Mann
–
Horace Mann
Horace Mann
Horace Mann
–
Original daguerreotype of Rep. Mann (Mass.) from
Mathew Brady 's studio, c. 1849.
28.
Apotheosis
–
Apotheosis is the glorification of a subject to divine level. The term has meanings in theology, where it refers to a belief, and in art, in theology, apotheosis refers to the idea that an individual has been raised to godlike stature. In art, the term refers to the treatment of any subject in a grand or exalted manner. Before the Hellenistic period, imperial cults were known in Ancient Egypt, from the New Kingdom, all deceased pharaohs were deified as Osiris. From at least the Geometric period of the ninth century BC, in the Greek world, the first leader who accorded himself divine honours was Philip II of Macedon. Such Hellenistic state leaders might be raised to an equal to the gods before death or afterwards. A heroic cult status similar to apotheosis was also a given to a few revered artists of the distant past. For this reason hero cults were chthonic in nature, and their rituals more closely resembled those for Hecate and Persephone than those for Zeus and Apollo. Two exceptions were Heracles and Asclepius, who might be honoured as either gods or heroes, sometimes by chthonic night-time rites and sacrifice on the following day. Apotheosis in ancient Rome was a process whereby a deceased ruler was recognized as having been divine by his successor, usually also by a decree of the Senate and popular consent. In addition to showing respect, often the present ruler deified a popular predecessor to legitimize himself, at the height of the imperial cult during the Roman Empire, sometimes the emperors deceased loved ones—heirs, empresses, or lovers, as Hadrians Antinous—were deified as well. Deified people were awarded posthumously the title Divus to their names to signify their divinity, traditional Roman religion distinguished between a deus and a divus, though not consistently. Temples and columns were erected to provide a space for worship. The Ming dynasty epic Investiture of the Gods deals heavily with deification legends, numerous mortals have been deified into the Daoist pantheon, such as Guan Yu, Iron-crutch Li and Fan Kuai. Song Dynasty General Yue Fei was deified during the Ming Dynasty and is considered by practitioners to be one of the three highest ranking heavenly generals. Various Hindu and Buddhist rulers in the past have been represented as deities, especially after death, even several Sultans of Yogyakarta were semi-deified, posthumously. Instead of the apotheosis, Christian theology uses in English the words deification or divinization or the Greek word theosis. Traditional mainstream theology, both East and West, views Jesus Christ as the preexisting God who undertook mortal existence, for He was made man that we might be made God
Apotheosis
–
Apotheosis of French soldiers fallen in the Napoleonic Wars,
Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson, beginning of 19th century.
Apotheosis
–
Apotheosis of George Washington
Apotheosis
–
Ingres,
The Apotheosis of Homer.
Apotheosis
–
Apotheosis of St. Louis, St. Louis MO
29.
George IV of the United Kingdom
–
George IV was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover following the death of his father, George III, on 29 January 1820, until his own death ten years later. From 1811 until his accession, he served as Prince Regent during his fathers mental illness. George IV led an extravagant lifestyle that contributed to the fashions of the Regency era and he was a patron of new forms of leisure, style and taste. He commissioned John Nash to build the Royal Pavilion in Brighton and remodel Buckingham Palace and he even forbade Caroline to attend his coronation and asked the government to introduce the unpopular Pains and Penalties Bill in a desperate, unsuccessful attempt to divorce her. For most of Georges regency and reign, Lord Liverpool controlled the government as Prime Minister and his ministers found his behaviour selfish, unreliable and irresponsible. At all times he was much under the influence of favourites, taxpayers were angry at his wasteful spending at a time when Britons were fighting in the Napoleonic Wars. He did not provide leadership in time of crisis, nor act as a role model for his people. Liverpools government presided over Britains ultimate victory, negotiated the peace settlement, after Liverpools retirement, George was forced to accept Catholic emancipation despite opposing it. His only child, Princess Charlotte, died before him in 1817 and so he was succeeded by his younger brother, George was born at St Jamess Palace, London, on 12 August 1762, the first child of King George III of the United Kingdom and Queen Charlotte. As the eldest son of a British sovereign, he automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay at birth, he was created Prince of Wales, on 18 September of the same year, he was baptised by Thomas Secker, Archbishop of Canterbury. His godparents were the Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the Duke of Cumberland, George was a talented student, and quickly learned to speak French, German and Italian, in addition to his native English. He was a witty conversationalist, drunk or sober, and showed good, the Prince of Wales turned 21 in 1783, and obtained a grant of £60,000 from Parliament and an annual income of £50,000 from his father. It was far too little for his needs – the stables alone cost £31,000 a year and he then established his residence in Carlton House, where he lived a profligate life. Animosity developed between the prince and his father, who desired more frugal behaviour on the part of the heir apparent, the King, a political conservative, was also alienated by the princes adherence to Charles James Fox and other radically inclined politicians. Soon after he reached the age of 21, the prince became infatuated with Maria Fitzherbert and she was a commoner, six years his elder, twice widowed, and a Roman Catholic. Despite her complete unsuitability, the prince was determined to marry her, nevertheless, the couple went through a marriage ceremony on 15 December 1785 at her house in Park Street, Mayfair. Legally the union was void, as the Kings consent was not granted, however, Fitzherbert believed that she was the princes canonical and true wife, holding the law of the Church to be superior to the law of the State. For political reasons, the union remained secret and Fitzherbert promised not to reveal it, the prince was plunged into debt by his exorbitant lifestyle
George IV of the United Kingdom
–
Coronation portrait by Sir
Thomas Lawrence, 1821
George IV of the United Kingdom
–
George (left) with his mother
Queen Charlotte and younger brother
Frederick, portrait by
Allan Ramsay, 1764
George IV of the United Kingdom
–
Portrait miniature by
Richard Cosway, c. 1780–82
30.
Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom was a member of the British Royal Family. She was the 15th child and 6th daughter of King George III of the United Kingdom and his queen consort Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Princess Amelia was born on 7 August 1783, at the Royal Lodge, Windsor and it is often said that she was her fathers favourite, he affectionately called her Emily. She was born after the deaths of her two elder brothers, Octavius and Alfred. These deaths left a gap of almost six years between Amelia and her nearest surviving sibling, Princess Sophia and she was twenty-one years younger than her eldest sibling, George, and nearly seventeen years younger than her eldest sister, Charlotte. Amelia was christened at the Chapel Royal, St Jamess Palace by John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury and her godparents were the Prince of Wales, the Princess Royal, and the Princess Augusta Sophia. She was the fifteenth sibling christened there and she was later confirmed by the Archbishop on 24 December 1799. Our littlest sister is without one of the prettiest children I have ever seen. She was expected to be as beautiful, charming, and winning as Octavius, as a result of her two brothers deaths, Amelia was considered as her fathers favourite. From an early age, Amelia was conscious of her rank, burney even dubbed her the little idol. As the youngest of the thirteen surviving children, Amelia spent most of her time with her sisters Mary and Sophia and it seems that the three youngest princesses were much wilder than their elder sisters, as evidenced by their behaviour when they sat for a portrait in 1785. In 1770, Zoffany had been able to paint the King, the Queen, in 1785, however, Copley had so much difficulty getting the dogs, birds, and especially the three royal children to sit still that he never painted another portrait. Compared to the carefully planned education that Charlotte, Augusta, and Elizabeth had been given, the given to Mary, Sophia. Amelia was only five years old when her father suffered his first bout of madness, as a consequence of her fathers declining health, she never experienced the closeness and affection that had characterized the family during her elder sisters early years. Prior to 1788, King George had told his daughters that he would take them to Hanover and find suitable husbands despite misgivings he had. He remarked, I cannot deny that I have never wished to see any of them marry, I am happy in their company, however, the King suffered his first bout of madness that year, when Amelia was aged five. Further lapses into insanity occurred in 1801 and 1804, thus forestalling talk of marriage for his daughters, the question of matrimony was rarely raised, Queen Charlotte feared that the subject, which had always discomforted the King, would push him back into insanity. Furthermore, the Queen, under strain due to her illness, Amelia and her sisters, Charlotte, Augusta Sophia, Elizabeth, Mary and Sophia were over-protected and isolated, which restricted meeting eligible suitors of their own age
Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Amelia
Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Amelia in 1785
Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom
–
The Three Youngest Princesses, by
John Singleton Copley, 1785 (Amelia is the baby)
31.
Royal Collection
–
The Royal Collection is the art collection of the British Royal Family and the largest private art collection in the world. The Queen owns some objects in the collection in right of the Crown, the Queens Gallery at Buckingham Palace in London was built specially to exhibit pieces from the collection on a rotating basis. There is an art gallery next to the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh. The Crown Jewels are on display in the Jewel House at the Tower of London. About 3,000 objects are on loan to museums throughout the world, few items from before King Henry VIII survive. The most important additions to the collection were made by Charles I, a collector of Italian paintings. Many works have been given from the collection to museums, especially by George III and Victoria, in particular, most of the then royal library was given by George III to the British Museum, now the British Library, where many books are still catalogued as Royal. The core of this collection was the purchase by James I of the collections of Humphrey Llwyd, Lord Lumley. Throughout the reign of Elizabeth II, there have been significant additions to the collection through purchases, bequests and through gifts from nation states. Numbering over 7,000 works, spread across the Royal Residences, numbering over 300 items, the Royal Collection holds one of the greatest and most important collections of French furniture ever assembled. The collection is noted for its range as well as counting the greatest cabinet-makers of the Ancien Régime. The Royal Collection is privately owned, although some of the works are displayed in areas of palaces, some of the collection is owned by the monarch personally, and everything else is described as being held in trust by the monarch in right of the Crown. All works of art acquired by monarchs up to the death of Queen Victoria in 1901 are heirlooms which fall into the latter category. Items the British royal family acquired later, including official gifts, ambiguity surrounds the status of objects that have come into Queen Elizabeth IIs possession during her reign. The Royal Collection Trust has confirmed that all pieces left to the Queen by the Queen Mother belong to her personally, non-personal items are said to be inalienable as they can only be willed to the monarchs successor. The legal accuracy of this claim has never been substantiated in court, in a 2000 television interview, the Duke of Edinburgh said that the Queen was technically, perfectly at liberty to sell them. In 1995, Iain Sproat, then Secretary of State for National Heritage, a registered charity, the Royal Collection Trust was set up in 1993 after the Windsor Castle fire with a mandate to conserve the works and enhance the publics appreciation and understanding of art. It employs around 500 staff and is one of the five departments of the Royal Household, buildings do not come under its remit
Royal Collection
–
Anthony van Dyck:
Charles I with M. de St Antoine (1633)
Royal Collection
–
Rubens:
Pythagoras advocating vegetarianism, c. 1618–30
Royal Collection
–
Leonardo da Vinci – The Babe in the Womb, 1511
Royal Collection
–
Michelangelo – The Resurrection, 1532)
32.
Enamel paint
–
There is no generally accepted definition or standard for use of the term enamel paint, and not all enamel-type paints may use it. The term today means hard surfaced paint and usually is in reference to paint brands of higher quality, floor coatings of a gloss finish. Most enamel paints are alkyd resin based, some enamel paints have been made by adding varnish to oil-based paint. The Trial is one of a number of works by Nolan to use enamel paint, usually Ripolin, some enamel paints are now produced specifically for artists. Enamels paints can also refer to nitro-cellulose based paints, one of the first modern commercial paints of the 20th century, eventually, they were substitute for new synthetic binding like alkyd, acrylic and vinyl, this mainly due to toxicity, safety and conservation. In art has been used also by Pollock with the commercial paint named Duco®, the artist experimented and created with many types of commercial or house paints during his career. Nitro-cellulose enamels are also known as modern lacquers. Floor enamel – May be used for concrete, stairs, basements, porches, fast dry enamel – Can dry within 10–15 minutes of application. Ideal for refrigerators, counters, and other industrial finishes, high-temp enamel – May be used for engines, brakes, exhaust, and BBQs. Enamel paint is used on wood to make it resistant to the elements via the waterproofing and rotproofing properties of enamel. Generally, treated surfaces last much longer and are more resistant to wear than untreated surfaces. Model building - Xtracolor and Humbrol are well known UK brands, Testors, a US company, offers the Floquil, Pactra, Model Master and Testors brands
Enamel paint
–
Spray can with enamel paint
33.
Ernest Augustus I of Hanover
–
Ernest Augustus was King of Hanover from 20 June 1837 until his death. He was the son and eighth child of George III, King of the United Kingdom. As a fifth son, Ernest seemed unlikely to become a monarch, the Salic Law, which barred succession to or through a woman, prevailed in Hanover, therefore, when his elder brother William IV died in 1837, Ernest succeeded him as King of Hanover. Ernest was born in England but was sent to Hanover in his adolescence for his education, while serving with Hanoverian forces in Wallonia against Revolutionary France, he received a disfiguring facial wound. In 1799, he was created Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, although his marriage in 1815 to the twice-widowed Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz met with the disapproval of his mother, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, it proved a happy one. This gave him some prospect of succeeding to the British throne, however, both of his unmarried older brothers quickly married, and King Georges fourth son, Edward, Duke of Kent, fathered the eventual British monarch, Victoria. Ernest was an member of the House of Lords, where he maintained an extremely conservative voting record. There were persistent allegations that he had murdered his valet and had fathered a son by his sister, before Victoria succeeded to the British throne, it was rumoured that Ernest intended to murder her and take the throne himself. When King William IV died on 20 June 1837, Ernest acceded to the Hanoverian throne, Ernest Augustus, the fifth son of King George III and Queen Charlotte, was born at Buckingham House, now part of Buckingham Palace, on 5 June 1771. After leaving the nursery, he lived with his two brothers, Prince Adolphus and Prince Augustus, and a tutor in a house on Kew Green. At the age of fifteen, he and his two brothers were sent to the University of Göttingen, located in his fathers domain of Hanover. Though the King never left the United Kingdom in his life, Prince Ernest proved an apt student, and after being tutored privately for a year, while learning German, he attended lectures at the University. In 1790, Ernest asked his father for permission to train with Prussian forces, instead, in January 1791, he and Prince Adolphus were sent to Hanover to receive military training under the supervision of Field Marshal Wilhelm von Freytag. Ernest learned cavalry drill and tactics under Captain von Linsingen of the Queens Light Dragoons, after only two months of training, Freytag was so impressed by the Princes progress that he gave him a place in the cavalry as captain. Ernest was supposed to receive training, but the King, also impressed by his sons prowess. In March 1792, the King commissioned Prince Ernest Augustus as a colonel into the 9th Hanoverian Light Dragoons. The Prince served in the Low Countries in the War of the First Coalition, under his elder brother Frederick, Duke of York, then commander of the combined British, Hanoverian, and Austrian forces. Seeing action near the Walloon town of Tournai in August 1793, he sustained a wound to the head
Ernest Augustus I of Hanover
–
The young Ernest Augustus by
Thomas Gainsborough, 1782
Ernest Augustus I of Hanover
–
Portrait by
George Dawe, 1828
Ernest Augustus I of Hanover
–
Colourized sketch of Ernest by
James Gillray, 1799. Unusually, this depicts Ernest's disfigured left profile; most later portraits either show his right profile or omit the disfigurement.
Ernest Augustus I of Hanover
–
1802 drawing of Ernest, Duke of Cumberland, by
Henry Edridge, who has omitted Ernest's disfiguring scar.
34.
Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
–
The Prince Adolphus, 1st Duke of Cambridge, KG, GCB, GCMG, GCH, PC was the 10th child and 7th son of George III and Queen Charlotte. He held the title of Duke of Cambridge from 1801 until his death and he also served as Viceroy of Hanover on behalf of his brothers George IV and William IV. He was the great-great-grandfather of the current monarch, Elizabeth II, Prince Adolphus was born in February 1774 at Buckingham House, then known as the Queens House, in the City and Liberty of Westminster, now within Greater London. He was the youngest son of George and Charlotte to survive childhood, on 24 March 1774, the young prince was christened in the Great Council Chamber at St Jamess Palace by Frederick Cornwallis, Archbishop of Canterbury. His godparents were Prince John Adolphus of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, Landgrave Charles of Hesse-Kassel and he was tutored at home until summer 1786, when he was sent to the University of Göttingen in Germany, along with his brothers Prince Ernest and Prince Augustus. He remained on Freytags staff during the Flanders Campaign in 1793 and his first taste of action was at Famars on 23 May. He was wounded and captured at the Battle of Hondschoote 6 September, remaining in Germany, he commanded a brigade of the Corps of Observation,22 October 1796 –12 January 1798. He was made a British army colonel in 1794, and lieutenant general 24 August 1798, in 1800 – stationed in the Electorate of Hanover – he attended the founding of a village, which was named for him, Adolphsdorf. During the War of the Second Coalition against France, he traveled to Berlin in 1801, regular Hanoverian troops, therefore, had been commandeered to join the multilateral so-called Demarcation Army. In 1803, he was army commander, and replaced Wallmoden as commander on the Weser on 1 June. With the advance of French forces on one side and 24,000 Prussian soldiers on the other, Cambridge refused to become involved in discussions of capitulation, handed over his command to Hammerstein, and withdrew to England. A plan to recruit soldiers in Hanover to be commanded by the Prince had also failed. In 1803, he was appointed as commander-in-chief of the newly founded Kings German Legion, George III appointed Prince Adolphus a Knight of the Garter on 6 June 1786, and created him Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Tipperary, and Baron Culloden on 17 November 1801. The Duke served as colonel-in-chief of the Coldstream Regiment of Foot Guards from September 1805, after the collapse of Napoleons empire, he was Military Governor of Hanover from 4 November 1813 –24 October 1816, then Governor General of Hanover from 24 October 1816 –20 June 1837. He was made Field Marshal 26 November 1813, while he was Viceroy, the Duke became patron of the Cambridge-Dragoner Regiment of the Hanoverian army. This regiment was stationed in Celle, and their barracks, the Cambridge-Dragoner Kaserne, were used by the Bundeswehr until 1995, the March of the Hannoversches Cambridge-Dragoner-Regiment is part of the Bundeswehrs traditional music repertoire. After several false starts, the Duke of Clarence settled on Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, the way was cleared for the Duke of Cambridge to find a bride for himself. The Duke of Cambridge was married first at Kassel, Hesse on 7 May and then at Buckingham Palace on 1 June 1818 to his second cousin Augusta, the third daughter of Prince Frederick of Hesse
Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
–
Prince Adolphus
Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
–
Prince Adolphus aged four, with his two younger sisters
Mary and
Sophia in 1778
Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
–
Sir Thomas Maitland
35.
National Portrait Gallery, London
–
The National Portrait Gallery is an art gallery in London housing a collection of portraits of historically important and famous British people. It was the first portrait gallery in the world when it opened in 1856, the gallery moved in 1896 to its current site at St Martins Place, off Trafalgar Square, and adjoining the National Gallery. It has been expanded twice since then, the National Portrait Gallery also has regional outposts at Beningbrough Hall in Yorkshire and Montacute House in Somerset. It is unconnected to the Scottish National Portrait Gallery in Edinburgh, the gallery is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. The gallery houses portraits of important and famous British people, selected on the basis of the significance of the sitter. The collection includes photographs and caricatures as well as paintings, drawings, one of its best-known images is the Chandos portrait, the most famous portrait of William Shakespeare although there is some uncertainty about whether the painting actually is of the playwright. Not all of the portraits are exceptional artistically, although there are self-portraits by William Hogarth, Sir Joshua Reynolds, some, such as the group portrait of the participants in the Somerset House Conference of 1604, are important historical documents in their own right. Portraits of living figures were allowed from 1969, the three people largely responsible for the founding of the National Portrait Gallery are commemorated with busts over the main entrance. At centre is Philip Henry Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope, with his supporters on either side, Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay and it was Stanhope who, in 1846 as a Member of Parliament, first proposed the idea of a National Portrait Gallery. It was not until his attempt, in 1856, this time from the House of Lords. With Queen Victorias approval, the House of Commons set aside a sum of £2000 to establish the gallery, as well as Stanhope and Macaulay, the founder Trustees included Benjamin Disraeli and Lord Ellesmere. It was the latter who donated the Chandos portrait to the nation as the gallerys first portrait, Carlyle became a trustee after the death of Ellesmere in 1857. For the first 40 years, the gallery was housed in locations in London. The first 13 years were spent at 29 Great George Street, there, the collection increased in size from 57 to 208 items, and the number of visitors from 5,300 to 34,500. In 1869, the moved to Exhibition Road and buildings managed by the Royal Horticultural Society. Following a fire in buildings, the collection was moved in 1885. This location was unsuitable due to its distance from the West End, condensation. Following calls for a new location to be found, the government accepted an offer of funds from the philanthropist William Henry Alexander, Alexander donated £60,000 followed by another £20,000, and also chose the architect, Ewan Christian
National Portrait Gallery, London
–
Entrance to the National Portrait Gallery
National Portrait Gallery, London
–
The
Chandos portrait of
William Shakespeare, the first painting to enter the NPG's collection
National Portrait Gallery, London
–
Inside the National Portrait Gallery
36.
Samuel Freeman (engraver)
–
Samuel Freeman was an English engraver. He died on 27 February 1857, aged 84, Freeman worked chiefly in stipple, and is principally known as an engraver of portraits. He engraved numerous portraits and other illustrations to Thomas Frognall Dibdins Northern Gallery etc, for Treshams British Gallery Freeman engraved the Stafford Gallery replica of Raphaels La vierge au diadème. He also engraved some of the plates for Joness National Gallery, for James Dallaways edition of Horace Walpoles Anecdotes of Painting he engraved The Marriage of Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou from an ancient painting. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Freeman
Samuel Freeman (engraver)
–
Portrait of
John Napier.
37.
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts
–
The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts is a museum and art school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1805 and is the first and oldest art museum, the academys museum is internationally known for its collections of 19th- and 20th-century American paintings, sculptures, and works on paper. Its archives house important materials for the study of American art history, museums, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts was founded in 1805 by painter and scientist Charles Willson Peale, sculptor William Rush, and other artists and business leaders. The growth of the Academy of Fine Arts was slow and it opened as a museum in 1807 and held its first exhibition in 1811, where more than 500 paintings and statues were on display. The first school classes held in the building were with the Society of Artists in 1810, in 1876, former Academy student Thomas Eakins returned to teach as a volunteer. Fairman Rogers, chairman of the Committee on Instruction from 1878 to 1883, made him a faculty member in 1878, Eakins revamped the certificate curriculum to what it remains today. From 1811 to 1969, the Academy also organized important annual art exhibitions from which significant acquisitions were made, harrison S. Morris, Managing Director from 1892 to 1905, collected contemporary American art for the institution. Among the many masterpieces acquired during his tenure were works by Cecilia Beaux, William Merritt Chase, Frank Duveneck, Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Childe Hassam, and Edmund Tarbell. Work by The Eight, which included former Academy students Robert Henri and John Sloan, is represented in the collection. From 1890 to 1906, Edward Hornor Coates served as the president of the Academy. In 1915, Coates was awarded the Academys gold medal, rich endowments were made to the schools, a gallery of national portraiture was formed, and some of the best examples of Gilbert Stuarts work acquired. The annual exhibitions attained a brilliancy and éclat hitherto unknown, mr. Coates wisely established the schools upon a conservative basis, building almost unconsciously the dykes high against the oncoming flow of insane novelties in art patterns. In this last struggle against modernism the President was ably supported by Eakins, Anschutz, Grafly, Thouron, Vonnoh and his unfailing courtesy, his disinterested thoughtfulness, his tactfulness, and his modesty endeared him to scholars and masters alike. No sacrifice of time or of means was too great, if he thought he could accomplish the end he always had in view—the honour, during World War I, Academy students were actively involved in war work. About sixty percent of the men enlisted or entered Government service. A war service club was formed by students and a monthly publication, George Harding, a former PAFA student, was commissioned Captain during the war and created official combat sketches for the American Expeditionary Forces. Prior to the founding of the Academy, there were limited opportunities for women to receive training in the United States. Realizing the rise in interest of women, this period between the mid-19th and early 20th century shows a remarkable growth of formally trained women artists
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts
–
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts
–
An exhibition space within the Academy
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts
–
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts (c. 1895)
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts
–
A detail of the north (Cherry Street) face of the building
38.
George I of Great Britain
–
George I was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714 until his death, and ruler of the Duchy and Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire from 1698. George was born in Hanover and inherited the titles and lands of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg from his father, a succession of European wars expanded his German domains during his lifetime, and in 1708 he was ratified as prince-elector of Hanover. At the age of 54, after the death of his second cousin Queen Anne of Great Britain, in reaction, Jacobites attempted to depose George and replace him with Annes Catholic half-brother, James Francis Edward Stuart, but their attempts failed. During Georges reign, the powers of the monarchy diminished and Britain began a transition to the system of cabinet government led by a prime minister. Towards the end of his reign, actual power was held by Sir Robert Walpole. George died of a stroke on a trip to his native Hanover, George was born on 28 May 1660 in Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire. He was the eldest son of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Sophia was the granddaughter of King James I of England through her mother, Elizabeth of Bohemia. For the first year of his life, George was the heir to the German territories of his father. In 1661 Georges brother, Frederick Augustus, was born and the two boys were brought up together, after Sophias tour she bore Ernest Augustus another four sons and a daughter. In her letters, Sophia describes George as a responsible, conscientious child who set an example to his brothers and sisters. In 1679 another uncle died unexpectedly without sons and Ernest Augustus became reigning Duke of Calenberg-Göttingen, Georges surviving uncle, George William of Celle, had married his mistress in order to legitimise his only daughter, Sophia Dorothea of Celle, but looked unlikely to have any further children. Under Salic law, where inheritance of territory was restricted to the male line, in 1682, the family agreed to adopt the principle of primogeniture, meaning George would inherit all the territory and not have to share it with his brothers. The same year, George married his first cousin, Sophia Dorothea of Celle, the marriage of state was arranged primarily as it ensured a healthy annual income and assisted the eventual unification of Hanover and Celle. His mother was at first against the marriage because she looked down on Sophia Dorotheas mother and she was eventually won over by the advantages inherent in the marriage. In 1683, George and his brother, Frederick Augustus, served in the Great Turkish War at the Battle of Vienna, and Sophia Dorothea bore George a son, George Augustus. The following year, Frederick Augustus was informed of the adoption of primogeniture and it led to a breach between father and son, and between the brothers, that lasted until Frederick Augustuss death in battle in 1690. With the imminent formation of a single Hanoverian state, and the Hanoverians continuing contributions to the Empires wars, Georges prospects were now better than ever as the sole heir to his fathers electorate and his uncles duchy. Sophia Dorothea had a child, a daughter named after her, in 1687
George I of Great Britain
–
George I, c. 1714. Studio of Sir
Godfrey Kneller.
George I of Great Britain
–
George in 1680, when he was Prince of Hanover. After a painting by
Sir Godfrey Kneller.
George I of Great Britain
–
George in 1706, when he was
Elector of Hanover. After Johann Leonhard Hirschmann.
George I of Great Britain
–
George c.1714, the year of his succession, as painted by
Sir Godfrey Kneller.
39.
George II of Great Britain
–
George II was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 until his death. George was the last British monarch born outside Great Britain, he was born, after the deaths of Sophia and Anne, Queen of Great Britain, in 1714, his father George I, Elector of Hanover, inherited the British throne. In the first years of his fathers reign as king, George was associated with opposition politicians, as king from 1727, George exercised little control over British domestic policy, which was largely controlled by the Parliament of Great Britain. As elector, he spent twelve summers in Hanover, where he had direct control over government policy. He had a relationship with his eldest son, Frederick. During the War of the Austrian Succession, George participated at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743, Frederick died unexpectedly in 1751, nine years before his father, and so George II was ultimately succeeded by his grandson, George III. For two centuries after George IIs death, history tended to him with disdain, concentrating on his mistresses, short temper. Since then, most scholars have reassessed his legacy and conclude that he held and exercised influence in foreign policy and military appointments. George was born in the city of Hanover in Germany, and was the son of George Louis, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg, both of Georges parents committed adultery, and in 1694 their marriage was dissolved on the pretext that Sophia had abandoned her husband. She was confined to Ahlden House and denied access to her two children, George and his sister Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, who never saw their mother again. George spoke only French, the language of diplomacy and the court, until the age of four, after which he was taught German by one of his tutors, Johann Hilmar Holstein. In addition to French and German, he was schooled in English and Italian. Georges second cousin once removed, Queen Anne, ascended the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1702, consequently, after his grandmother and father, George was third in line to succeed Anne in two of her three realms. England and Scotland united in 1707 to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, Georges father did not want his son to enter into a loveless arranged marriage as he had, and wanted him to have the opportunity of meeting his bride before any formal arrangements were made. Negotiations from 1702 for the hand of Princess Hedvig Sophia of Sweden, Dowager Duchess and regent of Holstein-Gottorp, the English envoy to Hanover, Edmund Poley, reported that George was so taken by the good character he had of her that he would not think of anybody else. A marriage contract was concluded by the end of July, on 22 August /2 September 1705O. S. /N. S. Caroline arrived in Hanover for her wedding, which was held the evening in the chapel at Herrenhausen. George was keen to participate in the war against France in Flanders, in early 1707, Georges hopes were fulfilled when Caroline gave birth to a son, Frederick
George II of Great Britain
–
Portrait by
Thomas Hudson, 1744
George II of Great Britain
–
George as a young boy with his mother,
Sophia Dorothea of Celle, and his sister,
Sophia Dorothea of Hanover
George II of Great Britain
–
Caroline of Ansbach by
Godfrey Kneller, 1716
George II of Great Britain
–
London, c. 1710
40.
Sophia Dorothea of Celle
–
Sophia Dorothea of Celle was the repudiated wife of George I of Great Britain and mother of George II. The union with her first cousin was a marriage of state, instigated by the machinations of his mother. She is best remembered for her affair with Philip Christoph von Königsmarck that led to her being imprisoned in the Castle of Ahlden for the last thirty years of her life. George William eventually married his daughters mother officially in 1676, there was some talk of marriage between Sophia Dorothea and the future king of Denmark, but the reigning queen was talked out of it by Sophia of Hanover. Another engagement, to the duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, was broken off after Duchess Sophia convinced her brother-in-law of the advantage of having Sophia Dorothea marry her cousin and this occurred on the day the engagement between Sophia Dorothea and the duke was to be announced. Forced by her father, she fainted into her mothers arms on her first meeting with her future mother-in-law and she fainted again when presented to George Louis. On 22 November 1682, in Celle, Sophia Dorothea married her cousin, the marriage of George Louis and Sophia Dorothea was an unhappy one. His immediate family, especially his mother Duchess Sophia, hated and despised Sophia Dorothea and he does not care much for the match itself, but one hundred thousand thalers a year have tempted him as they would have tempted anybody else. These feelings of contempt were shared by George Louis himself, who was oddly formal to his wife, Sophia Dorothea was frequently scolded for her lack of etiquette, and the two had loud and bitter arguments. It was in circumstances that Sophia Dorothea renewed her acquaintance with Swedish count Philip Christoph von Königsmarck. The two had first met in Celle when he was sixteen and they flirted innocently, and traced their names on the palace windows with the words Forget me not. On 1 March 1688 he reminded her of their previous acquaintance, George Louis younger brothers loved the count and brought him to Sophia Dorotheas salon in the evening to cheer her up. For the two years he stayed in Hanover, there was no reason to believe their relationship was anything, in 1690, he left to join the German mercenaries serving in the Morean War. On his return, the relationship between him and Sophia Dorothea intensified and they began sending each other love letters which suggest that their relationship was consummated. In 1692, the letters were shown to the newly-appointed Elector Ernest Augustus. Since a scandal might have threatened his new status, the elector sent Königsmarck to fight with the Hanoverian army against France, other soldiers were given leave to visit Hanover, but he was not. Königsmarck deserted his post one night, and rode for six days to Hanover, the day after arriving, he called on Field Marshal Heinrich, confessed his breach of duty, and begged for leave to stay in Hanover. This was granted, though Heinrich suggested that the affair be ended or that Königsmarck leave the country, George Louis criticised his wife over her affair, and she criticised him for his
Sophia Dorothea of Celle
–
Sophie-Dorothea with her children
Sophia Dorothea of Celle
–
Sophia Dorothea in 1686.
Sophia Dorothea of Celle
–
Philip Christoph von Königsmarck (4 March 1665 – 2 July 1694)
Sophia Dorothea of Celle
–
Sophia Dorothea of Celle
41.
Frederick, Prince of Wales
–
Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales, KG was heir apparent to the British throne from 1727 until his death. He was the eldest but estranged son of King George II and Caroline of Ansbach, under the Act of Settlement passed by the English Parliament in 1701, Frederick was high in line of succession to the British throne. He moved to Great Britain following the accession of his father and he predeceased his father, however, and upon the latters death on 25 October 1760, the throne passed to Prince Fredericks eldest son, George III. The Elector was the son of Sophia of Hanover, granddaughter of James VI and I and first cousin and heiress-presumptive to the English Queen Anne. However, Sophia died before Anne at age 83 in June 1714, which elevated the Elector to heir-presumptive, Queen Anne died on 1 August the same year and this made Fredericks father the new Prince of Wales and first-in-line to the British throne and Frederick himself second-in-line. Fredericks other godfather was his grand-uncle Frederick I, King in Prussia, Frederick was nicknamed Griff within the family. He was left in the care of his grand-uncle Ernest Augustus, Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück, in 1722, Frederick was inoculated against smallpox by Charles Maitland on the instructions of his mother Caroline. The latter two titles have been interpreted differently since – the ofs are omitted and Snaudon rendered as Snowdon, Frederick arrived in England in 1728 as a grown man, the year after his father had become King George II. By then, George and Caroline had had several younger children, the long separation damaged their relationship, and they would never be close. He was not permitted to go to Great Britain until after his father took the throne as George II on 11 June 1727, Frederick had continued to be known as Prince Friedrich Ludwig of Hanover even after his father had been created Prince of Wales. In 1728, Frederick was finally brought to Britain and was created Prince of Wales on 8 January 1729. He served as the tenth Chancellor of the University of Dublin from 1728 to 1751, and he sponsored a court of opposition politicians. Frederick and his group supported the Opera of the Nobility in Lincolns Inn Fields as a rival to Handels royally sponsored opera at the Kings Theatre in the Haymarket. He enjoyed the natural sciences and the arts, and became a thorn in the side of his parents, Hervey and Frederick wrote a theatrical comedy together which was staged at the Drury Lane Theatre in October 1731. It was panned by the critics, and even the theatres manager thought it so bad that it was unlikely to play out even the first night and he had soldiers stationed in the audience to maintain order, and when the play flopped the audience was given their money back. Hervey and Frederick also shared a mistress, Anne Vane, who had a son called FitzFrederick Vane in June 1732, either of them or William Stanhope, 1st Earl of Harrington, another of her lovers, could have been the father. Jealousy between them may have contributed to a breach, and their friendship ended, Hervey later wrote bitterly that Frederick was false. Never having the least hesitation in telling any lie that served his present purpose, a permanent result of Fredericks patronage of the arts is Rule, Britannia
Frederick, Prince of Wales
–
Frederick
Frederick, Prince of Wales
–
Prince Frederick, ca. 1720.
Frederick, Prince of Wales
–
The Prince of Wales, ca. 1733, with his sisters,
Anne,
Caroline and
Amelia.
Frederick, Prince of Wales
–
Frederick (pictured) opposed his father's government.
42.
John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
–
John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach succeeded his father Albert II as margrave of Ansbach in 1667. He married his second wife Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach on 4 November 1681 and their daughter Wilhelmine Charlotte Caroline, Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach married George II of Great Britain before he became king. Margrave Christian Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach died unmarried, Margravine Charlotte Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach died in infancy. By Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach, Margravine Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach married George II of Great Britain and had issue, Margrave Frederick Augustus of Brandenburg-Ansbach died in infancy. Margrave William Frederick of Brandenburg-Ansbach married Duchess Christiane Charlotte of Württemberg, daughter of Frederick Charles, Duke of Württemberg-Winnental and had issue
John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
–
John Frederick in 1659, at five, by
Benjamin Block
43.
Caroline of Ansbach
–
Wilhelmina Charlotte Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach, commonly known as Caroline of Ansbach, was Queen of Great Britain as the wife of King George II. Her father, Margrave John Frederick of Brandenburg-Ansbach, belonged to a branch of the House of Hohenzollern and was the ruler of a small German state, the Principality of Ansbach. Caroline was orphaned at an age and moved to the enlightened court of her guardians, King Frederick I. As a young woman, Caroline was much sought-after as a bride and they had eight children, seven of whom grew to adulthood. Caroline moved permanently to Britain in 1714 when her husband became Prince of Wales, as Princess of Wales, she joined her husband in rallying political opposition to his father King George I. In 1717, her husband was expelled from court after a family row, Caroline came to be associated with Robert Walpole, an opposition politician who was a former government minister. Walpole rejoined the government in 1720, and Carolines husband and King George I reconciled publicly, over the next few years, Walpole rose to become the leading minister. Caroline succeeded as queen and electress consort in 1727, when her husband became King George II and her eldest son, Frederick, became Prince of Wales. He was a focus for the opposition, like his father before him, as princess and as queen, Caroline was known for her political influence, which she exercised through and for Walpole. Her tenure included four regencies during her husbands stays in Hanover, Caroline was widely mourned following her death in 1737, not only by the public but also by the King, who refused to remarry. Caroline was born on 1 March 1683 at Ansbach, the daughter of John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and her father was the ruler of one of the smallest German states, he died of smallpox at the age of 32, when Caroline was three years old. Caroline and her full sibling, her younger brother Margrave William Frederick, left Ansbach with their mother. In 1692, Carolines widowed mother was pushed into a marriage with the Elector of Saxony. Eleonore Erdmuthe was widowed two years later, after her unfaithful husband contracted smallpox from his mistress. Eleonore remained in Saxony for another two years, until her death in 1696, the orphaned Caroline and William Frederick returned to Ansbach to stay with their elder half-brother, Margrave George Frederick II. Frederick and Sophia Charlotte became king and queen of Prussia in 1701, the queen was the daughter of Dowager Electress Sophia of Hanover, and the sister of George, Elector of Hanover. She was renowned for her intelligence and strong character, and her uncensored and liberal court attracted a great many scholars, Caroline was exposed to a lively intellectual environment quite different from anything she had experienced previously. Before she began her education under Sophia Charlottes care, Caroline had received formal education
Caroline of Ansbach
–
Portrait by
Jacopo Amigoni, painted in 1735
Caroline of Ansbach
–
Ansbach in the 17th century
Caroline of Ansbach
–
Engraving of the royal couple and their seven children who survived infancy
Caroline of Ansbach
–
Henrietta Howard, Countess of Suffolk (pictured) was one of Caroline's
Women of the Bedchamber in addition to being one of Caroline's husband's mistresses.
44.
Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach
–
Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe Louise of Saxe-Eisenach, was a German princess member of the House of Wettin and through her two marriages was Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Electress of Saxony. Eleonore Erdmuthe Louise was the eldest child of John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach, in Eisenach on 4 November 1681, Eleonore married firstly John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach as his second wife. They had three children, Wilhelmina Charlotte Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach, married George II of Great Britain and had issue, Margrave Frederick Augustus of Brandenburg-Ansbach, died in infancy. William Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach married Duchess Christiane Charlotte of Württemberg, daughter of Frederick Charles, after the death of her husband, the government of Brandenburg-Ansbach passed to her stepson Christian Albert, who being a minor ruled under a regency. In November 1691 Eleonore also arrived in Berlin to actively participate in the negotiations of her second marriage, in Leipzig on 17 April 1692, Eleonore married secondly John George IV, Elector of Saxony and moved with her children to Dresden, where the Saxon court was established. The union proved to be unsuccessful, John George IV lived openly with Billa, in addition, the Electress suffered two miscarriages during their marriage, in August 1692 and February 1693, and a phantom pregnancy in December 1693. During this time, Eleonore confided in the English diplomat George Stepney, who wrote extensively about her, John George IV died on 27 April 1694 from smallpox after being infected by the dying Billa. The new Elector, Frederick Augustus I allowed the Dowager Electress and her children to remain in Pretzsch and she was buried at Freiberg Cathedral. George Frederick II, as well as his predecessor, was a minor and ruled under a regency,338 p. google. books. com Beatty, Michael A. The English Royal Family of America, from Jamestown to the American Revolution,261 p. ISBN0786415584, ISBN9780786415588. Johann Georg IV. von Sachsen und Magdalena Sibylla von Neitschütz - Eine tödliche Liaison, wives of the Kings of England, From Hanover to Windsor. 182 p. ISBN0720612713, ISBN9780720612714, pleasure and Ambition, The Life, Loves and Wars of Augustus the Strong, 1670-1707. ISBN0857715712, ISBN9780857715715 google. books. com Van der Kiste, stroud, Gloucestershire, The History Press,2013. 240 p. ISBN0750954485, ISBN9780750954488, britains Royal Families, The Complete Genealogy. 400 p. ISBN1446449114, ISBN9781446449110
Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach
–
Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe
45.
Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
–
Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, was a duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. He was the fourth but eldest surviving son of Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Altenburg, when Ernst inherited the duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, he made Frederick the regent of that duchy. In 1674 Ernst, who was ill, made Frederick the regent of his entire lands. After the death of his father Frederick assumed the throne of both duchies, however, on the basis of his familys house law, he had to allow his six younger brothers to take part in the government. At first, they agreed to a household of all seven brothers in the Schloss Friedenstein. Afterwards, negotiations began for the division of the paternal inheritance and these towns virtually formed the old duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. They consisted of three large and coherent areas around Gotha, Kahla and Altenburg, as well as six smaller enclaves, Frederick continued the work of his father. In order to prevent future disputes between his descendants, he established primogeniture for his house in 1685, around 1680 he established himself in the Lustschloss Friedrichswerth, near the village of Erffa, approximately 20 km of Gotha, which was renamed in his honour Friedrichswerth. In 1683 Frederick created the Theatre of Gotha and he was also an eager diary writer, these diaries became one of the most important sources of his time. Frederick took part in the Great Turkish War against the Turks and he ruined the finances of his small duchy, however, using them to maintain a standing army, which by the time of his death counted over 10,000 men. Frederick married firstly in Halle on 14 November 1669, Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels and they had eight children, Anna Sophie, married on 15 October 1691 to Louis Frederick I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. Dorothea Marie, married on 19 September 1704 to Ernst Ludwig I, fredericka, married on 25 May 1702 to Johann August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst. Johanna, married on 20 June 1702 to Adolf Frederick II, in Ansbach on 14 August 1681, Frederick married secondly Christine of Baden-Durlach. Die Tagebücher 1667-1686, edited by Roswitha Jacobsen, der alchemistische Nachlaß Friedrichs I. von Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg, described by Oliver Humberg, Elberfeld 2005. Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1878, p.2
Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
–
Frederick I
46.
Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
–
Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, was a duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. He was the child and first son of Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. After the death of his father, in 1691, Frederick II assumed the duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, because he was still under age, a guardianship and co-regency was formed between his uncles, the dukes Bernhard I of Saxe-Meiningen and Heinrich of Saxe-Römhild. In 1693, after he returned from a journey to Holland and England, he wrote to the emperor for a license of adult age and took independent control of the government of his duchy. Frederick was a splendor-loving baroque ruler, maintaining his court and standing army, relating to domestic affairs, Frederick essentially continued the policy of his father. He created an orphanage in Altenburg, a workhouse and an asylum in Kahla, as well as the Magdalenenstift - in honor of his mother and wife -. At Friedenstein Castle in Gotha on 7 June 1696, he married his first cousin, Wilhelm, married on 8 November 1742 to Anna of Holstein-Gottorp. Christian Wilhelm, married on 27 May 1743 to Luise Reuss of Schleiz, fredericka, married on 27 November 1734 to Johann Adolf II, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels. Augusta, married on 8 May 1736 to Frederick, Prince of Wales and they had 9 children, their second child later became King George III of Great Britain. Band 8, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1878, S. 3–5, christian Ferdinand Schulze, Leben des Herzogs von Sachsen-Gotha und Altenburg Friedrich II
Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
–
Frederick II
47.
Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels
–
Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels was a German noblewoman. She was a daughter of August, duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, and her paternal grandparents were John George I, Elector of Saxony, and Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia. On 14 November 1669, she married Duke Friedrich I of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and they had the following children, Anna Sophie, married on 15 October 1691 to Louis Frederick I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. Dorothea Marie, married on 19 September 1704 to Ernst Ludwig I, fredericka, married on 25 May 1702 to Johann August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst. Johanna, married on 20 June 1702 to Adolf Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels
–
Magdalena Sibylle
48.
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
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Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg was Princess of Wales between 1736 and 1751, and Dowager Princess of Wales thereafter. She was one of only four Princesses of Wales who never became queen consort, Princess Augustas eldest son succeeded as George III of the United Kingdom in 1760, as her husband, Frederick, Prince of Wales, had died nine years earlier. Princess Augusta was born in Gotha to Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and her paternal grandfather was Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, eldest surviving son of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. In 1736, it was proposed that she marry 29-year-old Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son of King George II of Great Britain, originally, Frederick was intended to marry the eldest daughter of the King of Prussia. A marriage alliance between Great Britain and Prussia had been an ambition for many years, Frederick simply replied that he accepted any bride his father would decide for him. His motive in seeking a marriage was to obtain an additional allowance from Parliament in order to be financially independent of his father. Augusta did not speak French or English, and it was suggested that she be given lessons before the wedding, but her mother did not consider it necessary as the British royal family were from Germany. She arrived in Britain, speaking virtually no English, for a ceremony which took place almost immediately, on 8 May 1736, at the Chapel Royal in St Jamess Palace. Augusta of Saxe-Gotha left Hellevoetsluis 17 April 1736 and arrived at Greenwich on the royal yacht William and Mary on the 25th, where she was welcomed by her groom. On 27 April 1736, she was escorted to St Jamess Palace, London, when she was introduced to the royal family, she made a favorable impression on the king and queen by throwing herself on the floor before them in a gesture of submission. During the first year of marriage, Augusta could be playing with her doll in the windows of her residence, until her sister-in-law, Princess Caroline. Augusta and Frederick had nine children, the last born after Fredericks death, Frederick once stated that he would never allow himself to be influenced by his consort as his father was, and he thus never made Augusta his confidante. He did, however, instruct her to act in accordance with his wishes in his feud with his parents, when Augustas first pregnancy was announced, the queen stated that she would be sure to witness to birth, to be assured that the pregnancy was indeed genuine. She reportedly wished the succession to pass to her second son, the delivery was traumatic, St James palace was not ready to receive them, no bed was prepared, no sheets could be found, and Augusta was forced to give birth on a tablecloth. After the reconciliation, the couple became less isolated from high society, Augusta made a good impression in society life, where she was described as pretty, elegant and as a considered hostess. On 2 March 1751, Frederick unexpectedly died, making Augusta a widow and she was then the mother of eight children, expecting shortly to be the mother of a ninth, and she was brought reluctantly to knowledge that their father was no more. By this the world lost some rare supplementary chapters to the Cronique Scandaleuse, the king reportedly did not show much feeling upon the death of his son and the funeral was simple. This caused a controversy and opposition from William, Duke of Cumberland, the role of designated regent became irrelevant when her son came of age upon his eighteenth birthday in 1756
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
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Portrait by Charles Philips, upon the occasion of her marriage
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
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Augusta as Dowager Princess of Wales, mother of the future king, by Liotard, 1754.
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Charles, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
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Charles William, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Zerbst. He was the son of John VI, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst. His two older brothers died before his birth, Karl William succeeded his father in Anhalt-Zerbst in 1667 at the age of fifteen years. During his minority, which lasted until 1674, his mother and he ordered the building of Zerbst Castle and the St. Trinitatis Church of Zerbst, which were both inaugurated in 1696. Also, he lived years in Jever. In Halle on 18 June 1676 Karl William married Sophie, daughter of August and they had three children, John Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst. Magdalene Auguste, married on 17 June 1696 to Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, band 15, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1882, S.226 f
Charles, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
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Karl William, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
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Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst
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Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst was, by birth, a Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst and, by marriage, a Duchess of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. She was the grandmother of George III of the United Kingdom. She was born Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst and her father was Karl of Anhalt-Zerbst and her mother was Duchess Sophia of Saxe-Weissenfels. In 1696, Magdalena Augusta married her first cousin, Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, Wilhelm, married on 8 November 1742 to Anna of Holstein-Gottorp. Christian Wilhelm, married on 27 May 1743 to Luise Reuss of Schleiz, fredericka, married on 27 November 1734 to Johann Adolf II, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels. Augusta, married on 8 May 1736 to Frederick, Prince of Wales and they had 9 children, their second child later became King George III of Great Britain
Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst
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Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst
. PMID 6390027. doi:10.1017/s0025727300035961.
Media related to Prince Octavius of Great Britain at Wikimedia Commons
