1.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
River Tees
–
The River Tees is in northern England. It rises on the slope of Cross Fell in the North Pennines. The river drains 710 square miles and has a number of tributaries including the River Greta, River Lune, River Balder, River Leven, before the reorganisation of the historic English counties, the river formed the boundary between County Durham and Yorkshire. The head of the valley, whose upper portion is known as Teesdale, has a grandeur, surrounded by moorland and hills. This area is part of the North Pennine Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, the source of the river at Teeshead just below Cross Fell lies at an elevation of approximately 2,401 feet. It flows east-north-east through an area of shake holes through Carboniferous Limestone, below Viewing Hill, it turns south to the Cow Green Reservoir constructed to store water to be released in dry conditions to satisfy the industrial need for water on Teesside. Emerging from the reservoir at Cauldron Snout the river traverses a series of black basalt and dolerite rocks that intrude through the softer limestone. From this point downstream the Tees forms the boundary between the counties of Durham and Yorkshire almost without a break, although since 1974 much of it lies wholly in Durham. The dale widens below Cauldron Snout, and trees appear, contrasting with the rocks where the water descends over High Force. After a short turn northwards, the continues to meander south-easterly. Close to where the B6277 road begins to run parallel to the river is the 98-foot High Force waterfall, about 1 1⁄2 miles downstream is the smaller Low Force waterfall. The scenery becomes gentler and more picturesque as the river descends past Middleton-in-Teesdale and this locality has lead and ironstone resources. Just to the east of Middleton-in-Teesdale, the River Lune joins the Tees, after passing the village of Romaldkirk to the west, the river is joined by the River Balder at Cotherstone. The ancient town of Barnard Castle, Egglestone Abbey, and Rokeby Park, at Rokeby the Tees is joined by the River Greta. From the area near Eggleston, the river is crossing over millstone grit, from here the valley begins to open out, and traverses the rich plain east and south of Darlington in large meandering curves. The course of the valley down to here has been generally east-south-east, passing Ovington and Winston it runs parallel to the A67 south-east past Gainford and Piercebridge to Darlington, passing under the A1 and A66. The section from Piercebridge to Hurworth flows over magnesian limestone and it is at Croft-on-Tees that the River Skerne joins the Tees. The river now flows south past Croft-on-Tees before swinging northwards past Hurworth-on-Tees, a series of large meanders takes the course past Neasham, Low Dinsdale and Sockburn to Middleton St George
3.
Teesdale Way
–
The Teesdale Way is a long distance walk between the North Sea coast of North Yorkshire and the Cumbrian Pennines in England. The walk is 100 miles 100 miles /161 km in length, it links in other long distance walks such as the Pennine Way. The Teesdale way ends in Warrenby near Redcar, having passed through the heavily industrialised Teesside area, consisting of Middlesbrough and this gives a great insight into the once proud ship building and industrial heritage of the North East. Between Yarm and Croft-on-Tees the river goes through the meandering lowland section of the Tees Valley, as the river heads downstream Upper Teesdale it passes through the historic settlements of Piercebridge and Barnard Castle. In Upper Teesdale the walk makes a U-turn at Eggleston Hall, heading down the side of the dale. Thornaby and Basleton woods are connected to each other and they are located in Thornaby, in the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees. At six hectares, Thornaby Woods is an area of ancient woodland and features trees such as oak, elm. Roe deer have been seen in and around Thornaby and Basleton woods
4.
Stockton-on-Tees
–
Stockton-on-Tees is a market town in the ceremonial county of County Durham, North East England. It is the settlement in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees. The town sits within the Tees Valley, and the borough had a population of 191,000 in 2011 estimates. Stockton is an Anglo-Saxon name with the typical Anglo-Saxon place name ending ton meaning farm, the name is thought by some to derive from the Anglo-Saxon word Stocc meaning log, tree trunk or wooden post. Stockton could therefore mean a farm built of logs and this is disputed, because when the word Stocc forms the first part of a place name it usually indicates a derivation from the similar word Stoc, meaning cell, monastery or place. Stoc names along with places called Stoke or Stow, usually indicate farms which belonged to a manor or religious house. It is thought that Stockton fell into this category and perhaps the name is an indication that Stockton was an outpost of Durham or Norton which were both important Anglo-Saxon centres. This is a matter of dispute, but Stockton was only a part of Norton until the eighteenth century, today the roles have been reversed and Norton has been demoted to a part of Stockton. Stockton began as an Anglo-Saxon settlement on high ground close to the bank of the River Tees. The manor of Stockton was created around 1138 and was purchased by Bishop Pudsey of Durham in 1189, during the 13th century, the bishop turned the village of Stockton into a borough. When the bishop freed the serfs of Stockton, craftsmen came to live in the new town, the bishop had a residence in Stockton Castle, which was just a fortified manor house. The first recorded reference to the castle was in 1376, stocktons market can trace its history to 1310, when Bishop Bek of Durham granted a market charter – to our town of Stockton a market upon every Wednesday for ever. The town grew into a little port, exporting wool. However even by the standards of the time, medieval Stockton-on-Tees was a town with a population of only around 1,000. The Scots captured Stockton Castle in 1644 and occupied it until 1646 and it was destroyed at the order of Oliver Cromwell at the end of the Civil War. A shopping centre, the Castlegate Centre, now occupies the castle area, No known accurate depictions of the castle exist. The Town House was built in 1735 and the first theatre in Stockton opened in 1766, in 1771 a five arch stone bridge was built replacing the nearby Bishops Ferry. Until the opening of the Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge in 1911, this was the lowest bridging point on the Tees, from the end of the 18th century the Industrial Revolution changed Stockton from a small and quiet market town into a flourishing centre of heavy industry
5.
Teesquay Millennium Bridge
–
Teesquay Millennium Footbridge is a footbridge crossing east-west over the River Tees, in Stockton-on-Tees in the Northeast of England. The bridge links Teesdale Business Park and the University of Durham, the bridge crosses the Teesdale Way cycle route, River Tees and the A1035 Riverside Road. Funding for the bridge was from Stockton-on-Tees Council, the European Regional Development Fund, One NorthEast, teesquay Millennium Footbridge is also referred to as the Millennium Bridge. Stockton Borough Council provided a brief for a design and build competition to construct a bridge across the River Tees. The design and build competition was won by a team comprising Ove Arup and their entry was the only one to satisfy the local councils strictly limited budget. It has a 40-metre A frame pylon/mast with fanned cables and has a span of 153 m. The walkway is 2.7 m wide narrowing to 2 m on the extension over Riverside Road to the Castlegate Centre, the bridge was fabricated in Spain, constructed on site by Birse Construction North East and completed in December 2000 at a cost of £1. 4m. The bridge was opened on 20 December 2000 by Dari Taylor, Member of Parliament for Stockton South, the bridge has been criticised for both wobbling and being too narrow to accommodate cyclists who are required to dismount and are barred from entering the Castlegate Centre in any case. On Castlegate Quay up-river by the side of the bridge there is
6.
Infinity Bridge
–
The Infinity Bridge is a public pedestrian and cycle footbridge across the River Tees in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees in the north-east of England. The bridge had the project title North Shore Footbridge before being given its official name Infinity Bridge, chosen by a made from the funding bodies. The name derives from the infinity symbol formed by the bridge, the brief was for a prestigious and iconic landmark footbridge at North Shore Stockton, to cross the River Tees which is 125 m wide at that point. There were more than 200 entries to the RIBA Competition but this was slimmed down to a shortlist of five, the successful competition design was by Expedition Engineering and Spence Associates. The bridge has a 120-year design life, the bridge is a dual, tied arch bridge or bowstring bridge. It has a pair of continuous, differently-sized structural steel arches with suspended precast concrete decking, the tapering arches with a trapezoidal box section are fabricated from weathering steel plate. The arches both bifurcate within the spans to form a double rib over the river pier, a reflex piece between the two arches holds them together making the two arches one continuous curve. No other bridge is known to have quite the same design, the offset river pier is to accommodate water sports and leisure craft to one side. The river pier is supported by an 11.5 m square by 2.5 m thick pile cap on sixteen 1 m diameter hollow steel pipe piles. On the pile cap beneath the line are four 3 m cylindrical concrete legs onto which are bolted and welded the four inclined grey steel legs visible above water. Riprap covers the bed around the river pier for scour protection against the large flows when the Tees Barrage downstream discharges. Each of the two concrete piers are supported on four 500 mm hollow steel piles and a pile cap. The bridge as proposed was to have been some 272 m long. The design of the approach is largely unaltered and has a staircase connecting it directly to the river frontage. The bridge deck is 5 m wide and 4 m between its custom-made handrails. The main arch of the bridge is 120 m long, weighing 300 tonnes,32 m tall with its top 40 m above the Tees, the hangers are spaced 7.5 m apart and are made from 30 mm diameter high strength locked coil steel cable. Four exposed, high strength post tensioned locked coil steel tie cables run alongside the deck and tie the bases of the arches together, the tie cables are 90 mm diameter on the large arch and 65 mm on the smaller. The aggregate concrete deck sections are 7.5 m long and down to 125 mm thick in places, the handrails and parapet are stainless steel while the balustrade is made from stainless steel wire
7.
Girder
–
A girder is a support beam used in construction. It is the main support of a structure which supports smaller beams. Girders often have an I-beam cross section composed of two load-bearing flanges separated by a web, but may also have a box shape, Z shape. A girder is used to build bridges. In traditional timber framing a girder is called a girt, small steel girders are rolled into shape. Larger girders are made as plate girders, welded or bolted together from pieces of steel plate. The Warren type girder replaces the solid web with a latticework between the flanges. This truss arrangement combines strength with economy of materials and can therefore be relatively light and it is an improvement over the Neville truss which uses a spacing configuration of isosceles triangles. Song W, Ma Z, Vadivelu J, Burdette E, transfer Length and Splitting Force Calculation for Pretension Concrete Girders with High-Capacity Strands. Chen X, Wu S, Zhou J. ”Compressive Strength of Concrete Cores with Different Lengths. ”
8.
North East England
–
North East England is one of the nine regions of England that are classified at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It covers Northumberland, County Durham, Tyne and Wear, the region is home to three large conurbations, Teesside, Wearside, and Tyneside, the latter of which is the largest of the three and the eighth most populous conurbation in the United Kingdom. The city of Durham is the county town of County Durham, other large settlements in the region include Darlington, Gateshead, Hartlepool, Middlesbrough, South Shields, Stockton-on-Tees and Washington. The region is hilly and sparsely populated in the North and West. The highest point in the region is The Cheviot, in the Cheviot Hills, Peters Church in Monkwearmouth, Sunderland and St. Pauls in Jarrow also hold significant historical value and have a joint bid to become a World Heritage Site. The area has a strong religious past, as can be seen in such as the Lindisfarne Gospels. The work of the 7th-century Cuthbert, Bede and Hilda of Whitby being hugely influential in the church and are still venerated today. Bede is regarded as the greatest Anglo-Saxon scholar and his best known work is The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. This body of work is thought to have been done in honour of Cuthbert, British history changed forever that day and three hundred years of Viking raids, battles and settlement were to persist until William the Conqueror defeated King Harold at Hastings in 1066. The last independent Northumbrian king from 947–8 was Eric Bloodaxe who died in battle at the Battle of Stainmore, Westmorland, after Eric Bloodaxes death, all England was ruled by Eadred the grandson of Alfred the Great and so began the machinery of national government. Today the Viking legacy can still be found in the language and place names of Northeast England, the name Newcastle comes from the new castle built shortly after their conquest in 1080 by Robert Curthose, William the Conquerors eldest son. North East England has a climate with narrower temperature ranges than further south in England. Met Office operates several stations in the region. The stations nearest significant urban areas are Durham, Stockton-on-Tees and Tynemouth, the warmest summers in the region are found in Stockton-on-Tees and the Middlesbrough area with a 1981-2010 July average high of 20.4 °C. The summers on the coastlines are clearly cooler than in the southern and central inland areas. Moving further inland, frosts during winter gets more common due to the higher elevation and these companies are members of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster. The early chemical industry in this region was however primarily Tyneside based and associated with the manufacture of soap and glass. The most important chemical activity in the 18th and 19th centuries was the manufacture of alkali to make soap, what came out of the industrial revolution was a period when the Northeast of Englands economy was dominated by iron and steel, coal mining and shipbuilding
9.
Teesdale Business Park
–
The park was redeveloped by the Teesside Development Corporation. The area is north of Thornaby railway station, bounded by the River Tees. The area consists of the buildings, businesses and organisations. Public Lending Right and Safe in Tees Valley Ltd, robert House, Westpoint Road / Merchants Wharf – housing Sanderson Weatherall, the Co-op Insurance Society and Barwick Systems St. Marks Court – housing Endeavour Partnerships and LJJ Contractors, shops and services Sainsburys Local, Yale Crescent Teesdale Childrens Day Nursery, Yale Crescent. Public houses The Dubliners – Bridge Street, Residential and nursing homes Alison House Residential Care Home, Fudan Way Kirkdale Nursing Home, Radcliffe Crescent Teesdale Lodge Nursing Home, Radcliffe Crescent. Marks Court Stanford Close Station Street Teesdale Boulevard Trinity Mews University Boulevard Westpoint Road Yale Crescent, bridges Teesquay Millennium Footbridge Princess of Wales Bridge Infinity Bridge. Water features Merchants Wharf Princes Wharf St, marks Basin south east of the Teesquay Millennium Bridge
10.
Thornaby-on-Tees
–
Thornaby-on-Tees is a royal charter town, civil parish and former borough within the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England. It is on the bank of the River Tees,3 miles southeast of Stockton-on-Tees and 4 mi southwest of Middlesbrough. It has a population of 24,741 according to the 2011 census, the name Thornaby came into existence about 800 AD when the land was given by Halfdene, King of the Danes, to Thormod, one of his noblemen, hence Thormods-by – Thormods farmstead. There are other signs of Thornaby being an older settlement. Traces of prehistoric man have been found, the earliest being an axe,8 inches long, dating back to the Mesolithic Period. In 1926, a dugout canoe said to date from about 1600 –1400 BC was found in the mud under 8 feet of water opposite Thornaby High Wood, an arrowhead of the Neolithic Period was found in a garden on Thornaby Village Green. During the Battle of Hastings, one of William the Conquerors noblemen, Robert I de Brus, marched north with a garrison of men, William gave him those lands to control including Thornaby and Middlesbrough. The then King of Denmark, Sweyn, on 9 September 1069 defeated the Normans at York by killing the garrison of 3,000 men. William swore an oath to take revenge on Sweyn by destroying every house and dwelling in the lands under Sweyns rule, leaving all the land in the north east of Yorkshire barren and bare. In the Domesday Book Thornaby is mentioned five times, Thornabys first mention in the Domesday Book states, - Robert Malet has these lands and it appears that they remained undeveloped until the early 19th century as Thurnaby waaste is mentioned in a poem by Tennyson called The Northern Farmer. Over the centuries there have been a number of different spellings of the name Thornaby including Turmozbi, Tormozbi, Tormozbia, the form Thornaby first appears in 1665 and refers to old Thornaby village near the River Tees. In 1825, Thornaby, centred around St Peters Church and the old village green was gradually overshadowed by the newly named town of South Stockton which was 2 mi away. South Stockton was on the Yorkshire side of the river Tees opposite Stockton-on-Tees and it was not until the local government act of 1863 that the district of South Stockton officially came into being. In 1825 South Stockton became the site of William Smiths pottery, Stockton Council made two attempts to take over the local board of South Stockton, first in 1869 and again in 1883, but without success. On 6 October 1892 South Stockton and Old Thornaby merged into one to form the borough of Thornaby-on-Tees. The Anglican parish church on the green is of 12th-century origin. The unusual dedication to St. Peter ad Vincula is derived from the ancient Basilica of San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome, the building, with a simple nave and a bell turret with two bells, was originally dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene. Grace Pace, the mother of Captain James Cook, was baptised at St. Peters in 1702 and it is said that Robert de Thormodbi, wounded in the Crusades at Acre, swore to raise a shrine to the Virgin Mary if he survived his wounds
11.
Teesside Development Corporation
–
Its flagship developments included the Tees Barrage, Hartlepool Marina, Teesside Park and Teesdale Business Park. During its 11-year lifetime 4. 6m sq ft of non-housing development and 1,306 housing units were built, around 12,226 new jobs were created and some £1, 089m of private finance was leveraged in. Circa 1,295 acres of land was reclaimed and 22 miles of new road. The chairman was Sir Ron Norman and the executive was Duncan Hall. The Corporation was later condemned by Labour MP Ashok Kumar for having left a legacy of limited and often inappropriate, the areas it regenerated are clearly marked by distinctive TDC statues
12.
Diana, Princess of Wales
–
Diana, Princess of Wales, was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, who is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Diana was born into a family of British nobility with royal ancestry and was the child and third daughter of John Spencer, Viscount Althorp. She grew up in Park House, situated on the Sandringham estate, in 1975, after her father inherited the title of Earl Spencer, she became known as Lady Diana Spencer. She came to prominence in February 1981 when her engagement to Prince Charles was announced and her wedding to the Prince of Wales on 29 July 1981, held at St Pauls Cathedral, reached a global television audience of over 750 million people. While married, Diana bore the titles Princess of Wales, Duchess of Cornwall, Duchess of Rothesay, the marriage produced two sons, the princes William and Harry, who were then respectively second and third in the line of succession to the British throne. As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and she was celebrated for her charity work and for her support of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines. She was involved with dozens of charities including Londons Great Ormond Street Hospital for children, Diana remained the object of worldwide media scrutiny during and after her marriage, which ended in divorce on 28 August 1996. Media attention and public mourning were extensive after her death in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997, Diana was born on 1 July 1961, in Park House, Sandringham, Norfolk. She was the fourth of five children of John Spencer, Viscount Althorp, the Spencer family has been closely allied with the British Royal Family for several generations. Both of Dianas grandmothers had served as ladies-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, on 30 August 1961, Diana was baptised at St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, with wealthy commoners as godparents. Diana had three siblings, Sarah, Jane, and Charles and her infant brother, John, died shortly after his birth one year before Diana was born. The desire for an added strain to the Spencers marriage. Diana grew up in Park House, situated on the Sandringham estate, the Spencers leased the house from its owner, Queen Elizabeth II. The Royal Family frequently holidayed at the neighbouring Sandringham House, and Diana played with Princes Andrew, Diana was seven years old when her parents divorced. Her mother later had an affair with Peter Shand Kydd and married him in 1969, Diana lived with her mother in London during her parents separation in 1967, but during that years Christmas holidays, Lord Althorp refused to let Diana return to London with Lady Althorp. Shortly afterwards he won custody of Diana with support from his former mother-in-law, Ruth Roche, in 1972, Lord Althorp began a relationship with Raine, Countess of Dartmouth, the only daughter of Alexander McCorquodale and Dame Barbara Cartland. They married at Caxton Hall, London in 1976, as an upper-class child at the time, Diana was first educated under the supervision of her governess, Gertrude Allen. She began her education at Silfield Private School in Gayton, Norfolk, and moved to Riddlesworth Hall School, an all-girls boarding school near Diss
13.
Rowing (sport)
–
Rowing, often referred to as crew in the United States, is a sport with origins back to Ancient Egyptian times. It is based on propelling a boat on water using oars, by pushing against the water with an oar, a force is generated to move the boat. The sport can be recreational, where the focus is on learning the technique of rowing, or competitive. There are a number of different boat classes in which athletes compete, modern rowing as a competitive sport can be traced to the early 10th century when races were held between professional watermen on the River Thames in London, United Kingdom. Often prizes were offered by the London Guilds and Livery Companies, amateur competition began towards the end of the 18th century with the arrival of boat clubs at the British public schools of Eton College and Westminster School. Similarly, clubs were formed at the University of Oxford, with a race held between Brasenose College and Jesus College in 1815, at the University of Cambridge the first recorded races were in 1827. In 1843, the first American college rowing club was formed at Yale University, the International Rowing Federation, responsible for international governance of rowing, was founded in 1892 to provide regulation at a time when the sport was gaining popularity. Across six continents,150 countries now have rowing federations that participate in the sport, Rowing is one of the oldest Olympic sports. Though it was on the programme for the 1896 games, racing did not take due to bad weather. Womens rowing was added to the Olympic programme in 1976, today, only fourteen boat classes race at the Olympics, Each year the World Rowing Championships is staged by FISA with 22 boat classes raced. In Olympic years only the boat classes are raced at the World Championships. The European Rowing Championships are held annually, along with three World Rowing Cups in which each event earns a number of points for a country towards the World Cup title, since 2008, rowing has also been competed at the Paralympic Games. Many other competitions often exist for racing clubs, schools, and universities in each nation. While rowing, the athlete sits in the boat facing toward the stern and this may be done on a canal, river, lake, sea, or other large bodies of water. The sport requires strong core balance, physical strength, flexibility, whilst the action of rowing and equipment used remains fairly consistent throughout the world, there are many different types of competition. These include endurance races, time trials, stake racing, bumps racing, the many different formats are a result of the long history of the sport, its development in different regions of the world, and specific local requirements and restrictions. There are two forms of rowing, In sweep or sweep-oar rowing, each rower has one oar and this is generally done in pairs, fours, and eights. In some regions of the world, each rower in a boat is referred to either as port or starboard
14.
Canoeing
–
Canoeing is a sport or recreational activity which involves paddling a canoe with a single-bladed paddle. In some parts of Europe canoeing refers to both canoeing and kayaking, with a canoe being called an Open canoe, an ancient mode of transportation, modern recreational canoeing was established in the late 19th century. In 1924, canoeing associations from Austria, Germany, Denmark and Sweden founded the Internationalen Representation for Kanusport, canoeing became part of the Olympic Games in the summer of 1936. The main form of sport was sprint canoe. Others include canoe polo, whitewater canoeing, canoe marathon, ICF canoe marathon, national canoe associations include the American, Canadian, British, Scottish, and Welsh. A recreational form of canoeing is canoe camping, others include a wide range of casual canoeing on lakes, rivers, ponds and streams
15.
Waterskiing
–
Water skiing is a surface water sport in which an individual is pulled behind a boat or a cable ski installation over a body of water, skimming the surface on two skis or one ski. The sport requires sufficient area on a stretch of water. In addition, the skier must have adequate upper and lower strength, muscular endurance. Skiing is a fun pastime that allows people of all skill levels, there is no minimum age necessary to water ski. There are water ski participants around the world, in Asia and Australia, Europe, Africa, in the United States alone, there are approximately 11 million water skiers and over 900 sanctioned water ski competitions every year. Australia boasts 1.3 million water skiers, there are many options for recreational or competitive water skiers. These include speed skiing, trick skiing, show skiing, slaloming, jumping, barefoot skiing, similar, related sports are wakeboarding, kneeboarding, discing, tubing, and sit-down hydrofoil. Water skiers can start their ski set in one of two ways, wet is the most common, but dry is possible, Water skiing typically begins with a deep water start. The skier enters the water with their skis on or they jump in without the skis on their feet, have the skis floated to them, most times it can be easier to put the skis on when they are wet. Once the skier has their skis on they will be thrown a tow rope from the boat, the skier can also perform a dry start by standing on the shore or a pier, however, this type of entry is recommended for professionals only. When the skier is ready, the driver accelerates the boat, as the boat accelerates and takes up the slack on the rope, the skier allows the boat to pull him/her out of the water by applying some muscle strength to get him/her into an upright body position. By leaning back and keeping the legs bent, the skis will eventually plane out. The skier turns by shifting weight left or right, the skiers body weight should be balanced between the balls of the feet and the heels. While being towed, the arms should be relaxed but still fully extended so as to reduce stress on the arms. The handle can be vertically or horizontally, depending on whichever position is more comfortable for the skier. In addition to the driver and the skier, a person known as the spotter or the observer should be present. The spotters job is to watch the skier and inform the driver if the skier falls, the spotter usually sits in a chair on the boat facing backwards to see the skier. The skier and the boats occupants communicate using hand signals, Water skiing can take place on any type of water – such as a river, lake, or ocean – but calmer waters are ideal for recreational skiing
16.
Jet skiing
–
Jet skis typically can carry 1-2 people seated in a configuration more like a typical bike or motorcycle. It was the first commercially successful personal watercraft in America, having released in 1972. The term is used generically to refer to any type of personal watercraft. Though the proper noun Jet Ski is a trademark of Kawasaki. The Oxford English Dictionary records the term in use in 1961 to describe the aquatic motorbike, U. S. astronaut Alan G. Poindexter died in 2012 due to an accident with a jet ski in Florida
17.
Dragon boat racing
–
A dragon boat is a human-powered watercraft. They were traditionally made in the Pearl River Delta region of Chinas southern Guangdong Province out of wood to various designs. In other parts of China, different kinds of wood are used to build these traditional watercraft and it is one of a family of traditional paddled long boats found throughout Asia, Africa, the Pacific islands and also Puerto Rico. Currently, boats are being made for competitive purposes out of fiber and other lightweight materials. But the history of boats in competition reaches as far back as the same era as the original games of Olympia in ancient Greece. Both dragon boat racing and the ancient Olympiad included aspects of religious observances, for competition events, dragon boats are generally rigged with decorative Chinese dragon heads and tails. At other times, decorative regalia is usually removed, although the drum often remains aboard for drummers to practice, Dragon boat races were traditionally held as part of the annual Duanwu Festival or Duen Ng observance in China. Not understanding the significance of Duanwu, 19th-century European observers of the racing ritual referred to the spectacle as a boat festival. This is the term that has known in the West. Duanwu is reckoned annually in accordance with the calendar system of China. In December 2007, the government of the Peoples Republic of China added Duanwu, along with Qingming and Mid-Autumn festivals. The celebration was an important part of the ancient Chinese agricultural society, Dragon boat racing was historically situated in the Chinese subcontinents southern-central rice bowl, where there were rice paddies, so were there dragon boats. Of the twelve animals which make up the traditional Chinese zodiac, all the rest are non-mythical animals, yet all twelve of the zodiac creatures were well known to members of ancient Chinese agrarian communities. Dragons were traditionally believed to be the rulers of water on earth, rivers, lakes, and seas, they also were thought to dominate the waters of the heavens, clouds, mists, and rains. There are earth dragons, mountain dragons, and sky or celestial dragons in Chinese tradition, mythical dragons and serpents are also found widely in many cultures around the world. Traditional dragon boat racing, in China, coincides with the 5th day of the 5th Chinese lunar month, the Summer Solstice occurs around 21 June and is the reason why Chinese refer to their festival as Duan Wu or Duen Ng. Both the sun and the dragon are considered to be male, the sun and the dragon are at their most potent during this time of the year, so cause for observing this through ritual celebrations such as dragon boat racing. It is also the time of farming year when rice seedlings must be transplanted in their paddy fields, Wu or Ng refers to the sun at its highest position in the sky during the day, the meridian of high noon
18.
The Independent
–
The Independent is a British online newspaper. The printed edition of the paper ceased in March 2016, nicknamed the Indy, it began as a broadsheet newspaper, but changed to tabloid format in 2003. Until September 2011, the paper described itself on the banner at the top of every newspaper as free from party political bias and it tends to take a pro-market stance on economic issues. The daily edition was named National Newspaper of the Year at the 2004 British Press Awards. In June 2015, it had a daily circulation of just below 58,000,85 per cent down from its 1990 peak. On 12 February 2016, it was announced that The Independent, the last print edition of The Independent on Sunday was published on 20 March 2016, with the main paper ceasing print publication the following Saturday. Launched in 1986, the first issue of The Independent was published on 7 October in broadsheet format and it was produced by Newspaper Publishing plc and created by Andreas Whittam Smith, Stephen Glover and Matthew Symonds. All three partners were former journalists at The Daily Telegraph who had left the paper towards the end of Lord Hartwells ownership, marcus Sieff was the first chairman of Newspaper Publishing, and Whittam Smith took control of the paper. The paper was created at a time of a change in British newspaper publishing. Rupert Murdoch was challenging long-accepted practices of the print unions and ultimately defeated them in the Wapping dispute, consequently, production costs could be reduced which, it was said at the time, created openings for more competition. As a result of controversy around Murdochs move to Wapping, the plant was effectively having to function under siege from sacked print workers picketing outside, the Independent attracted some of the staff from the two Murdoch broadsheets who had chosen not to move to his companys new headquarters. Launched with the advertising slogan It is, and challenging both The Guardian for centre-left readers and The Times as the newspaper of record, The Independent reached a circulation of over 400,000 by 1989. Competing in a market, The Independent sparked a general freshening of newspaper design as well as, within a few years. Some aspects of production merged with the paper, although the Sunday paper retained a largely distinct editorial staff. It featured spoofs of the other papers mastheads with the words The Rupert Murdoch or The Conrad Black, a number of other media companies were interested in the paper. Tony OReillys media group and Mirror Group Newspapers had bought a stake of about a third each by mid-1994, in March 1995, Newspaper Publishing was restructured with a rights issue, splitting the shareholding into OReillys Independent News & Media, MGN, and Prisa. In April 1996, there was another refinancing, and in March 1998, OReilly bought the other 54% of the company for £30 million, brendan Hopkins headed Independent News, Andrew Marr was appointed editor of The Independent, and Rosie Boycott became editor of The Independent on Sunday. Marr introduced a dramatic if short-lived redesign which won critical favour but was a commercial failure, Marr admitted his changes had been a mistake in his book, My Trade
19.
Portrack
–
Portrack is a housing estate in Stockton-on-Tees. It is situated close to Billingham opposite Thornaby and just West of Middlesbrough, portrack was the site of a large municipal incinerator which took in and burned waste from all over Teesside. The incinerator was closed in 1996 and demolished in 1999 and 2000, portrack Lane has a number of large stores. Some you can find are B&Q Superstore, Asda, Franks, Pets At Home, portrack houses both a business and industrial estate
20.
Tees Barrage
–
The Tees Barrage comprises a river barrage, road bridge, footbridge, barge lock, fish pass and white water course. The barrage is accessible by only from Thornaby-on-Tees as there is very limited road access to the north bank of the Tees. The Tees Barrage and Tees Barrage International White Water Course are developments of the Teesside Development Corporation, the concrete base of the barrage is 70 m wide,32 m long, and 5 m thick, it is supported by five concrete piers. In between the piers are four 8 m tall,50 tonne fish belly plates to control the flow of water, the 600 ton road bridge is of a tubular steel arched viaduct design specified at 45 units of HB motorway loading. The bridge has eight welded tubular steel arches each 17.5 m wide with a 5 m rise, the arches are sprayed with green paint and are sealed against corrosion. Some 16,500 cubic metres of concrete and 650 tons of steel went into the building of the barrage, on the downstream side of the central pier is a 29 m tower of lights with reflective globes and plates, supported by guy ropes. Illumination is provided by four lights on the concrete base for ease of maintenance. The barrage has two pavilions, one on the bank, and a little-used one on the north bank. The south bank pavilion houses the control room and the offices of the SMi – Stockton Middlesbrough Initiative. A visitors centre is planned for the barrage. The barrage has a life of 120 years. The project also included the regeneration of 100 ha of adjacent derelict land producing riverside walks, parkland, the barrage was constructed by Tarmac Construction. Construction work was started on 4 November 1991 and with WJ Groundwater Limited diverting the Tees from its course and it was at the time the largest civil engineering project in the UK. The barrage was opened on 22 April 1995 with a competition on the white water course. In April 2001 ownership of the Tees Barrage and white water course was passed to British Waterways from its original owners English Partnerships. The Canal & River Trust are also responsible for managing the 11 miles of navigable grade A two star waters of the river Tees from the barrage up to the Low Moor Weir at Low Worsall beyond Yarm. Operation of the river below the barrage is the responsibility of the Tees, the lock is a single-rise lock with two pairs of lock gates to allow light river traffic to negotiate the barrage. The dimensions of the lock are length 24.88 m, beam 6.08 m, if necessary, when the lock is in use, a single leaf steel bascule lifting bridge over the lock is raised to allow the passage of lock traffic
21.
Stockton on Tees
–
Stockton-on-Tees is a market town in the ceremonial county of County Durham, North East England. It is the settlement in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees. The town sits within the Tees Valley, and the borough had a population of 191,000 in 2011 estimates. Stockton is an Anglo-Saxon name with the typical Anglo-Saxon place name ending ton meaning farm, the name is thought by some to derive from the Anglo-Saxon word Stocc meaning log, tree trunk or wooden post. Stockton could therefore mean a farm built of logs and this is disputed, because when the word Stocc forms the first part of a place name it usually indicates a derivation from the similar word Stoc, meaning cell, monastery or place. Stoc names along with places called Stoke or Stow, usually indicate farms which belonged to a manor or religious house. It is thought that Stockton fell into this category and perhaps the name is an indication that Stockton was an outpost of Durham or Norton which were both important Anglo-Saxon centres. This is a matter of dispute, but Stockton was only a part of Norton until the eighteenth century, today the roles have been reversed and Norton has been demoted to a part of Stockton. Stockton began as an Anglo-Saxon settlement on high ground close to the bank of the River Tees. The manor of Stockton was created around 1138 and was purchased by Bishop Pudsey of Durham in 1189, during the 13th century, the bishop turned the village of Stockton into a borough. When the bishop freed the serfs of Stockton, craftsmen came to live in the new town, the bishop had a residence in Stockton Castle, which was just a fortified manor house. The first recorded reference to the castle was in 1376, stocktons market can trace its history to 1310, when Bishop Bek of Durham granted a market charter – to our town of Stockton a market upon every Wednesday for ever. The town grew into a little port, exporting wool. However even by the standards of the time, medieval Stockton-on-Tees was a town with a population of only around 1,000. The Scots captured Stockton Castle in 1644 and occupied it until 1646 and it was destroyed at the order of Oliver Cromwell at the end of the Civil War. A shopping centre, the Castlegate Centre, now occupies the castle area, No known accurate depictions of the castle exist. The Town House was built in 1735 and the first theatre in Stockton opened in 1766, in 1771 a five arch stone bridge was built replacing the nearby Bishops Ferry. Until the opening of the Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge in 1911, this was the lowest bridging point on the Tees, from the end of the 18th century the Industrial Revolution changed Stockton from a small and quiet market town into a flourishing centre of heavy industry
22.
Teesquay Millennium Footbridge
–
Teesquay Millennium Footbridge is a footbridge crossing east-west over the River Tees, in Stockton-on-Tees in the Northeast of England. The bridge links Teesdale Business Park and the University of Durham, the bridge crosses the Teesdale Way cycle route, River Tees and the A1035 Riverside Road. Funding for the bridge was from Stockton-on-Tees Council, the European Regional Development Fund, One NorthEast, teesquay Millennium Footbridge is also referred to as the Millennium Bridge. Stockton Borough Council provided a brief for a design and build competition to construct a bridge across the River Tees. The design and build competition was won by a team comprising Ove Arup and their entry was the only one to satisfy the local councils strictly limited budget. It has a 40-metre A frame pylon/mast with fanned cables and has a span of 153 m. The walkway is 2.7 m wide narrowing to 2 m on the extension over Riverside Road to the Castlegate Centre, the bridge was fabricated in Spain, constructed on site by Birse Construction North East and completed in December 2000 at a cost of £1. 4m. The bridge was opened on 20 December 2000 by Dari Taylor, Member of Parliament for Stockton South, the bridge has been criticised for both wobbling and being too narrow to accommodate cyclists who are required to dismount and are barred from entering the Castlegate Centre in any case. On Castlegate Quay up-river by the side of the bridge there is
23.
Victoria Bridge (Stockton-on-Tees)
–
Commonly referred to as the Victoria Bridge, it is located just south east of Stockton town centre. Before the existence of a bridge at this location communication was provided by Bishops Ferry, the first bridge was a five arch Stockton Bridge completed in 1771, designed by Joseph Robson of Sunderland and which was toll free by 1820. The design is an arch bridge by Charles Neate and consulting engineer Harrison Haytor. The foundations of the abutments and piers are five columns,40 feet deep and 14 feet in diameter. The abutments are faced with granite and sandstone and are filled in large stone rubble. The bridge has three arches – the centre arch is 110 feet wide and the arches are 85 feet. The arches each have eight wrought iron ribs that vary in thickness from 3 feet at the centre to 4 feet at the bearings, the deck is carried on buckled plates resting on secondary beams. The road is 40 feet wide and the pavement 10 feet wide, at either side of the bridge are land-based arches that are currently impassable on the upriver side. These were designed to allow barges to pass under the bridge. Whitaker Brothers of Leeds began construction in 1882, and completed the bridge in 1887, the bridge was opened on 20 June 1887 and replaced Yarm Bridge as the lowest bridge point on the river Tees. Shortly after the opening the system was extended over the bridge. During the second World War a bomb passed through the roadway without exploding, the bridge used to carry the A66 and A67 until the Surtees Bridge was built in 1981. In 2010 the bridge was made a grade II listed building, webpages, Bridges on the Tyne, Structurae Google Books, Civil engineering heritage Photographs, Flickr Historic photographs, This is Stockton on Tees
24.
Stockton-on-Tees (borough)
–
Stockton-on-Tees is a borough by prescription and unitary authority area in the Tees Valley region situated in the North East of England, with a population of 191,600 shown in the 2011 census. The borough of Stockton-on-Tees consists of the town of Stockton. Durham Tees Valley Airport is also partly within the borough, the Stockton-on-Tees borough accounts for the largest number of residents within the Teesside and Hartlepool urban area. The core of the town was anciently in County Durham, at that time it was designated a non-metropolitan district of Cleveland. It became an authority on 1 April 1996 and part of the Tees Valley region. It is the council area in England or Wales to be split between two ceremonial counties. The Borough has 26 wards with one, two or three Councillors representing each. There are 56 Councillors in total in the Borough of Stockton, Statistics about Stockton-on-Tees from the Office for National Statistics Census 2001
25.
Billingham
–
Billingham is a town in County Durham, England, with a population of 35,765, decreasing slightly to 35,165 at the 2011 Census. It was founded circa 650 by a group of Angles known as Billas people, in modern history, the chemical industry, and in particular the company ICI, has played an important role in the growth of Billingham. Today ICI no longer operates in Billingham, although other companies are working in the area. Following the fragmentation and ultimate loss of the conglomerate, ICI. The chemical, biotechnology and engineering companies that continue to operate at Billingham are members of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster and they include GrowHow, Johnson Matthey, FujiFilm Diosynth Biologics and Fruitarom. Other members of the NEPIC Cluster operate from the 62 acre Belasis Business Park in Billingham such as Cambridge Research Biochemicals, ABB Group, growhow not only manufacture fertilisers & industrial chemicals in Bilingham they also capture the CO2 for use in the food & drink industry. Tomatoes are grown in Billingham by North Bank Growers using the energy from the Billingham complex. A clue to Billinghams early origins is seen in the prominent Anglo-Saxon tower of St Cuthberts Parish Church, AD1000, but elements of a late-7th/early-8th-century Nave also remain, and there is a 7th-century grave-marker from the church in the British Museum. With the declaration of the First World War, a demand for explosives led to a massive expansion of Billingham. In 1917, Billingham was chosen to be the site of a new chemical works supplying ammonia for the war, however, the plant was completed in 1920, after the war had ended. The Brunner Mond Company took over the site, and converted it to manufacture fertilisers, in December 1926, Brunner Mond merged with three other chemical companies to form Imperial Chemical Industries, who took control of the plant. ICI began to produce plastics at Billingham in 1966, aldous Huxley visited the newly opened and technologically advanced Brunner and Mond plant at ICI and gave a detailed account of the processes he saw. The introduction to the most recent print of Brave New World states that Huxley was inspired to write the novel by this Billingham visit. Henry Thorold in the Shell Guide to County Durham states, This is one of the most extraordinary of experiences, on either side of the road are the works. Steaming, sizzling—tall steel towers, great cylinders, pipes everywhere, at night the whole industrial world along the banks of the Tees comes to life. Brilliant with a thousand lights, the girders of the Transporter Bridge dark in silhouette. The latter was decommissioned and demolished in 1987. The site of the station is now Billingham Reach Industrial Estate
26.
Ingleby Barwick
–
In 2011, the population was 21,045. The estate is enclosed by water to the west, north and it was officially opened in 1981 by the mayor of Langbaurgh. Although the development of Ingleby Barwick, as the estate which is present today, did not start until the late 1970s. Ingleby Barwick has a ceremonial Coat of Arms, the arms contain a representation of the three rivers that run around Ingleby Barwick. It also depicts mill-rinds which are a link to the Turner family. The crest shows a Teal bird which refers to a horse named Teal, trained at Middleham by Captain Neville Crump, there are traces of human occupation from as far back as the Stone Age. Work at Quarry farm has discovered prolific concentrations of multi period flintwork along the South Bank of the River Tees in this area, traces of Iron Age field patterns were discovered, also at Quarry Farm. A salvage excavation was carried out in the Windmills Fields area of the town at the end of 1996, five individual burials were found along with a wooden cist, these finds were accompanied by objects containing stone, jet and copper alloy of high status. Roman settlement is also apparent in the town and a Roman Villa circa 200 AD and this has been preserved as a grassed area in The Forum area of Ingleby Barwick. The official report on the excavation was published in 2013 with the title A Roman Villa at the Edge of Empire The name Ingleby Barwick is derived from both Viking and Saxon place names. Ingleby is derived from Old Norse Englar+by and means farmstead or village of the English man, Barwick is Saxon in origin, Bere is Saxon for barley and Wick means farm. This suggests that the area was affected by both the Viking and Saxon invasions. It may have been that until the 17th century, Ingleby, after the Norman invasion The Manor of Barwick was given to Robert Malet the son of William Malet, King Williams great chamberlain. In the 13th century the land was owned by the Priors of Guisborough & Jervaulx until the dissolution of monasteries, between the 14th and 16th centuries landowners included the Percys of Northumberland and the Parrs of Nottingham. The land remaining in the ownership of the Turners, with profits from the used to support the free school and hospital at Kirkleatham. Ingleby Barwick is listed as being a township in the parish of Stainton in 1887 and its population was given as 132. During this time the land was sold off by the Turner estate, during the Second World War Ingleby Barwick stood near to the south-western perimeter of Thornaby Airfield and a number of aircraft crashed where Ingleby Barwick housing estate now stands. On 11 June 1940 a Coastal Command Lockheed Hudson crashed at Quarry Farm killing the four crew after the bomb exploded on crashing. On 28 April 1941 a Bristol Blenheim crashed at Barwick Lane killing all three crew, on 18 December 1941 a Lockheed Hudson stalled soon after take off and crashed into Quarry Farm killing the five crew and four civilians
27.
Yarm
–
Armidale Airport is an airport serving Armidale, a city in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is located 2 nautical miles southwest of the town centre, the airport is operated by the Armidale Dumaresq Shire Council. The airport resides at an elevation of 3,556 ft above sea level. It has two runways, 05/23 with a surface measuring 1,738 m ×30 m. East-West Airlines operated from Sydney and Brisbane to Armidale from 1949 until 1988 when the routes were taken over by Eastern Australia Airlines, hazelton Airlines, an affiliate of Ansett Australia, operated between Sydney and Armidale from 1989 until the company collapsed in 2002. Impulse Airlines operated services to Sydney and Brisbane from 1994 until it was taken over by Qantas in 2001, brindabella Airlines commenced Armidale-Brisbane flights in August 2011 using Metro III turboprop aircraft, however this service was discontinued in June 2012. Previously the council had unsuccessfully submitted a proposal to the Regional Development Australia Fund in 2012 for $2, Armidale Airport was ranked 45th in Australia for the number of revenue passengers served in financial year 2012-2013. List of the busiest airports in Australia List of airports in New South Wales Armidale by Air - info and images of Armidale Airport
28.
Aislaby, County Durham
–
Aislaby ) is a small village and civil parish on the north bank of the River Tees within the borough of Stockton-on-Tees and the ceremonial county of County Durham, England. It is located to the west of Eaglescliffe and Yarm, the name, first attested as Asuluebi in 1086, is of Viking origin and means Aslaks farm. Aislaby was listed in the Domesday Book of 1086. Aislaby is historically and ceremonially located in County Durham, but for administrative purposes is located in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees, before this time it was in the non-metropolitan county of Cleveland, created on 1 April 1974 under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972. Aislaby is in the Eaglescliffe ward, which as of 2011 is represented on the Borough Council by Alan Lewis and Maureen Rigg and it is part of the Stockton South parliamentary constituency, which as of 6 May 2010 is represented in parliament by James Wharton. It is in the North East England region, which serves as a constituency for the European Parliament, the local police force is Cleveland Police. Aislaby is in the Stockton district and its nearest police station is in Yarm, grid reference NZ404123 Latitude and longitude, 54°30′N 1°22′W Road access, Minor road off A67 in Egglescliffe Rail access, Yarm, Eaglescliffe and Allens West. Nearest airport, Durham Tees Valley Airport Aislaby is home to the former Middlesbrough and England national football team manager and he bought the house that his predecessor at Middlesbrough FC, Bryan Robson had lived in
29.
Carlton, County Durham
–
Carlton is a village and civil parish within the borough of Stockton-on-Tees and ceremonial county of County Durham, England. The population of the parish taken at the 2011 census was 726. It is situated a few miles to the north-west of Stockton-on-Tees and this layout had been identified as Norman, probably dating to the rebuilding of the village after Williams harrying of the North. The origin of the village of Carlton lies in the remote past and it is 160 ft. Towards the end of the 14th century there were 124 residents and at that time tenants had a common bakehouse, the lease being two shillings paid to the Bishop. Life in Carlton until the beginning of the 20th century was very different and much harder than that enjoyed by residents today. The only water supply was from the pump, situated in the centre of the village, piped water was installed in about 1895. Transport and travel was by foot or horsepower until the introduction of the railway to the east of the village, once the Carlton Station was operating it became the local centre of industry, with goods trains, chemical works, coal depot and passenger trains. Houses and cottages were built for the workers, many of whom were housed in the village, so that it could be delivered at its destination fresh for breakfast. A bus service was introduced in the 1920s, initially the bus ran only twice a week and this has now developed into an hourly service every weekday. Many changes in the way of life in Carlton have taken place in recent years, during the 19th century, travelling men with stallions used to visit the village to service the mares owned by local farmers. As the horse was the predominant method of transport of the day, the horse and cart mode of travel gradually gave way to the motor vehicle during the 20th century, and today the village is troubled with increasing traffic, some exceeding the 30 m. p. h. Speed limit which was introduced in 1978, up until the advent of the combine, a steam thrashing machine travelled the area, spending a day at each farm thrashing the corn. Thrashing day was a big event on the farms, about 20 local men and women worked on the thrasher starting about 6.00 a. m. until dark. The farmers wife had a day starting with breakfast, ten oclocks, dinner. Before the war there were many natural landmarks, which have now disappeared, there were well used footpaths around the village, about five duck ponds, orchards, trees and hedgerows. A public house The Smiths Arms stands well in the centre of the built in about 1900 to replace an ancient inn nearby. Previously the South Durham Hunt used to partake of the Stirrup Cup, the Blacksmiths Shop, now the restaurant, situated next to the bar was a centre of activity in the village, gossip was exchanged, and horses shoed. Although the village was originally a community with associated small industries, before the war there were five working traditional farms
30.
Egglescliffe
–
Egglescliffe is a village and civil parish which for ceremonial purposes is in County Durham, England. Administratively it is located in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees and it was formerly part of the non-metropolitan county of Cleveland. The village sits on top of a hill overlooking and across the River Tees from Yarm, the population of the village is around 595, while the civil parish has a population of 7,908, increasing to 8,559 at the 2011 Census. The parish church is dedicated to St John the Baptist and there has been a place of worship on the site since the twelfth century. Also in the village is a Church of England primary school, small play area, farms, allotments. The second element of Egglescliffe is from Old English clif, steep slope, the first element has been etymologised as Latin ecclesia church or the form it took when borrowed into Cumbric, represented today by Welsh eglwys. However, the first element could also be from an Anglo-Saxon personal name like Ecgi or Ecgel, media related to Egglescliffe at Wikimedia Commons
31.
Hilton, North Yorkshire
–
Hilton is a village and civil parish in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees and the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England. It is a village with an estimated population of around 400. Despite its proximity to Teesside, the village retains its rural feel, the village church, the Church of St Peter, Hilton, which is largely unaltered since its building in the 12th century. The old Hilton Manor House was demolished in the 1960s and the site is now occupied by a number of houses along Manor Drive, the village has no shop, but has retained its pub, The Falcon. At the turn of the Millennium, Hiltons village hall was refurbished and extended, the geographic coordinates are from the Ordnance Survey. Media related to Hilton, North Yorkshire at Wikimedia Commons
32.
Longnewton
–
Longnewton is a village and civil parish in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees and ceremonial county of County Durham, England. The population taken at the 2001 Census was 733 increasing to 828 at the 2011 Census and it is situated between Darlington and Stockton-on-Tees. The village is mostly privately owned dwellings, and has two houses, The Londonderry Arms and The Vane Arms, St. Marys church. Longnewton is not home to a school however it is in the catchment area for Egglescliffe Secondary School. Located in the village is also a community centre, most commonly known as the centre which has 3 different venue rooms, for a variety of activities. Longnewton is also a 10 minutes drive north of Durham Tees Valley Airport, in March 2007 a new bypass and junction on the A66 which runs just north of the village was created after almost 30 years of proposals, the junction was fully open to traffic in May 2008. A new roundabout has been put in place to service Durham Tees Valley Airport, the next recorded date was 1871 where the population was counted at 313, however this is disputed as John Marius Wilson stated the population at this time was 353. By 1901 the population continued to grow along with the development of Longnewton at this stage there were 386 inhabitants and this grew to 439 by 1921. However, in 1961 levels of population had decreased to 429, although this could be linked to the decline of jobs in the north, today Longnewton has 733 residents, and with this 302 households, with only 29 not owning a car. The rural location of the means that the average distance travelled to work for residents is 25.77 km. St. Mary’s church is an Anglican church situated in the centre of the village, the earliest description available of the church was in 1793 by William Hutchinson. The description stated that the church had no aisles or tower, there was also an ornamented area containing two seats, divided by a small column. However, despite this the earliest description being in the 18th century, the church has since had to be rebuilt twice taking place in 1806 and in 1858. The new structure still occupies original site of the church, the current construction was built by Frances Ann the Marchioness of Londonderry, and is where the present Londonderry Arms public house takes its name. Subsequent to the rebuild, the church was developed considerably, and now consists of a nave, chancel and it has a traditional Sunday service, as well as a number of community activities for all ages taking place every day of the week. St Mary’s Primary school is smaller than that of the average sized primary school in the United Kingdom. It is a mixed school, with ages ranging from 3–11. David Moorfoot is the current head teacher, and at present there are 85 pupils attending, the Wilson Centre was built in 1886 donated by Rev. J. Wilson, the vicar of St Mary’s Church to be used to benefit the education of the population of Longnewton
33.
Maltby, North Yorkshire
–
Maltby is a village and civil parish in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees and ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England. It is located to the east of the A19, the population of the civil parish taken at the 2011 census was 293. Since 2015 Maltby has expanded due to the construction of 350 homes on the edge of the parish as part of the Ingleby Manor development. The development also includes a school servicing neighbouring Ingleby Barwick - Ingleby Manor Free School. The village is in the Stockton South constituency, represented by Conservative MP James Wharton, locally it has its own parish council, and is represented on Stockton Council as part of the Ingleby Barwick East ward, along with neighbouring Hilton village. Media related to Maltby, North Yorkshire at Wikimedia Commons
34.
Norton, County Durham
–
Norton is a village in the unitary authority of Stockton-on-Tees and the ceremonial county of County Durham, England. Norton stands on rising ground west of Billingham Beck, which flows south-east to join the River Tees, blakeston is in the north-west of the parish and Hardwick in the west, between them lie Middlefield and Howden. Ouston Moor is in the south-west corner, Newham and Ragworth lie near the south, the original village dates back to at least the Anglo-Saxon period. Once a market town, for centuries Norton was the centre of an important parish that included Stockton, to the south end of High Street, the Victoria Jubilee Memorial Cross stands where the market place was once situated. The red sandstone Anglian style cross commemorates Queen Victorias Diamond Jubilee in 1897, further along, and on the opposite side of the High Street are the Fox almshouses, also founded in 1897 at the bequest of local brewer John Henry Fox. At the north end there is a village green with a duckpond. The ancient parish church of St. Mary the Virgin stands dominantly on the west side of the village Green, the buildings in the middle of the Green now house a newsagent shop, cafe and community hall where once a blacksmiths forge stood. Away from the village lie the estates of Albany, Glebe, Crooksbarn. In 1982, the discovery of human bones by school children playing on a rope swing near the Mill Lane area of the village. Excavations in 1984 revealed 120 burials in graves that contained assorted personal items such as spears, the remains and objects collected suggest the site was dated to around AD 540–610. St. Mary the Virgin, the ancient parish church stands on the village green, is the only cruciform Anglo-Saxon church in Northern England. Its crossing tower with eight triangular head windows has a top of later date. Residing under the floor is an escape tunnel used by the Saxons. The tunnel leads under the floor and Norton Green, eventually surfacing in the Albany housing estate. The church floor was renovated and Saxon remains and artefacts were discovered in the tunnel entrance. The grave of John Walker, the inventor of friction matches, is located in the churchyard, located in the village is Red House School, an independent school established in 1929. Adjacent to St. Marys Church is Red House Nursery & Infant School, on the opposite side of the village green resides Red House Preparatory and Main School. In May 2012, the announced its intention to relocate to nearby Wynyard Park stating that it had outgrown its existing site in Norton
35.
Redmarshall
–
Redmarshall is a village and civil parish in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees and ceremonial county of County Durham, England. The population as of the 2011 census was 287, Redmarshall is situated to the west of Stockton-on-Tees, the Village is also located just north of the A66 road which is one of the main Trunk routes in, out and through Teesside. It is home to the Church of Saint Cuthbert, the pub which is The Ship and several businesses set up homes, such as Flavell welding. A nature reserve is a way out of the village. There is an annual fete held In the village, Redmarshall is now home to 350 people living in 130 households. Redmarshall acquired its name from the marshes and bogs that exist in the area. The Census is a country wide data retrial devise that allows the government to see, the data is available for public use and distribution and is carried out every 10 years. This image shoes the Social Status, based on 1831 occupations, Redmarshall is home to St Cuthbert Church, names so in honour of St. Cuthbert an Anglo-Saxon monk and bishop. St Cuthbert is one of six churches, that together to form the Stockton Deanery in the diocese of Durham. The churches are all of Anglican descent and form the local parish, St Cuthbert is a Grade one listed building built in the late twelfth century. The building is largely of local stone. An escape tunnel ran from Redmarshall church to Castle Hill at Bishopton also contracted in the twelfth century. The Church Fete is a long running Village tradition that used to be held in the grounds of houses and also the village pub. The Fete is held yearly and is in aid of ST Cuthberts Church, for the previous four years the event has been held on the village green in Redmarshall, on the last Sunday in August as 2pm. There will be a tombola, raffle, stalls, games, in 2012 the date will be 26 August. Redmarshall Parish Council meets at 18,30 in the Methodist Chapel Schoolroom, Redmarshall is also belongs to the North Township division and lies in the Stockton-on-Tees district. Local electoral results can be seen in the is a news paper is called Evening Gazette and is published once a week on a Wednesday. Redmarshall once had a school located within the village, however it was closed
36.
Urlay Nook
–
Urlay Nook is a village within the borough of Stockton-on-Tees and the ceremonial county of County Durham, England. It is situated a distance to the west of Eaglescliffe. The village is dominated by the site of the former Elementis chromium chemicals plant, in March 2011 work was underway to dismantle the chemicals plant, and by November 2011 the work was nearing completion. Urlay Nook contains the Tactical Training Centre for Durham Constabulary and Cleveland Police
Princess of Wales Bridge
.svg)
.svg)
