1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
River Tees
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The River Tees is in northern England. It rises on the slope of Cross Fell in the North Pennines. The river drains 710 square miles and has a number of tributaries including the River Greta, River Lune, River Balder, River Leven, before the reorganisation of the historic English counties, the river formed the boundary between County Durham and Yorkshire. The head of the valley, whose upper portion is known as Teesdale, has a grandeur, surrounded by moorland and hills. This area is part of the North Pennine Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, the source of the river at Teeshead just below Cross Fell lies at an elevation of approximately 2,401 feet. It flows east-north-east through an area of shake holes through Carboniferous Limestone, below Viewing Hill, it turns south to the Cow Green Reservoir constructed to store water to be released in dry conditions to satisfy the industrial need for water on Teesside. Emerging from the reservoir at Cauldron Snout the river traverses a series of black basalt and dolerite rocks that intrude through the softer limestone. From this point downstream the Tees forms the boundary between the counties of Durham and Yorkshire almost without a break, although since 1974 much of it lies wholly in Durham. The dale widens below Cauldron Snout, and trees appear, contrasting with the rocks where the water descends over High Force. After a short turn northwards, the continues to meander south-easterly. Close to where the B6277 road begins to run parallel to the river is the 98-foot High Force waterfall, about 1 1⁄2 miles downstream is the smaller Low Force waterfall. The scenery becomes gentler and more picturesque as the river descends past Middleton-in-Teesdale and this locality has lead and ironstone resources. Just to the east of Middleton-in-Teesdale, the River Lune joins the Tees, after passing the village of Romaldkirk to the west, the river is joined by the River Balder at Cotherstone. The ancient town of Barnard Castle, Egglestone Abbey, and Rokeby Park, at Rokeby the Tees is joined by the River Greta. From the area near Eggleston, the river is crossing over millstone grit, from here the valley begins to open out, and traverses the rich plain east and south of Darlington in large meandering curves. The course of the valley down to here has been generally east-south-east, passing Ovington and Winston it runs parallel to the A67 south-east past Gainford and Piercebridge to Darlington, passing under the A1 and A66. The section from Piercebridge to Hurworth flows over magnesian limestone and it is at Croft-on-Tees that the River Skerne joins the Tees. The river now flows south past Croft-on-Tees before swinging northwards past Hurworth-on-Tees, a series of large meanders takes the course past Neasham, Low Dinsdale and Sockburn to Middleton St George
3.
Teesdale Way
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The Teesdale Way is a long distance walk between the North Sea coast of North Yorkshire and the Cumbrian Pennines in England. The walk is 100 miles 100 miles /161 km in length, it links in other long distance walks such as the Pennine Way. The Teesdale way ends in Warrenby near Redcar, having passed through the heavily industrialised Teesside area, consisting of Middlesbrough and this gives a great insight into the once proud ship building and industrial heritage of the North East. Between Yarm and Croft-on-Tees the river goes through the meandering lowland section of the Tees Valley, as the river heads downstream Upper Teesdale it passes through the historic settlements of Piercebridge and Barnard Castle. In Upper Teesdale the walk makes a U-turn at Eggleston Hall, heading down the side of the dale. Thornaby and Basleton woods are connected to each other and they are located in Thornaby, in the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees. At six hectares, Thornaby Woods is an area of ancient woodland and features trees such as oak, elm. Roe deer have been seen in and around Thornaby and Basleton woods
4.
Stockton-on-Tees
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Stockton-on-Tees is a market town in the ceremonial county of County Durham, North East England. It is the settlement in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees. The town sits within the Tees Valley, and the borough had a population of 191,000 in 2011 estimates. Stockton is an Anglo-Saxon name with the typical Anglo-Saxon place name ending ton meaning farm, the name is thought by some to derive from the Anglo-Saxon word Stocc meaning log, tree trunk or wooden post. Stockton could therefore mean a farm built of logs and this is disputed, because when the word Stocc forms the first part of a place name it usually indicates a derivation from the similar word Stoc, meaning cell, monastery or place. Stoc names along with places called Stoke or Stow, usually indicate farms which belonged to a manor or religious house. It is thought that Stockton fell into this category and perhaps the name is an indication that Stockton was an outpost of Durham or Norton which were both important Anglo-Saxon centres. This is a matter of dispute, but Stockton was only a part of Norton until the eighteenth century, today the roles have been reversed and Norton has been demoted to a part of Stockton. Stockton began as an Anglo-Saxon settlement on high ground close to the bank of the River Tees. The manor of Stockton was created around 1138 and was purchased by Bishop Pudsey of Durham in 1189, during the 13th century, the bishop turned the village of Stockton into a borough. When the bishop freed the serfs of Stockton, craftsmen came to live in the new town, the bishop had a residence in Stockton Castle, which was just a fortified manor house. The first recorded reference to the castle was in 1376, stocktons market can trace its history to 1310, when Bishop Bek of Durham granted a market charter – to our town of Stockton a market upon every Wednesday for ever. The town grew into a little port, exporting wool. However even by the standards of the time, medieval Stockton-on-Tees was a town with a population of only around 1,000. The Scots captured Stockton Castle in 1644 and occupied it until 1646 and it was destroyed at the order of Oliver Cromwell at the end of the Civil War. A shopping centre, the Castlegate Centre, now occupies the castle area, No known accurate depictions of the castle exist. The Town House was built in 1735 and the first theatre in Stockton opened in 1766, in 1771 a five arch stone bridge was built replacing the nearby Bishops Ferry. Until the opening of the Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge in 1911, this was the lowest bridging point on the Tees, from the end of the 18th century the Industrial Revolution changed Stockton from a small and quiet market town into a flourishing centre of heavy industry
5.
Teesquay Millennium Footbridge
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Teesquay Millennium Footbridge is a footbridge crossing east-west over the River Tees, in Stockton-on-Tees in the Northeast of England. The bridge links Teesdale Business Park and the University of Durham, the bridge crosses the Teesdale Way cycle route, River Tees and the A1035 Riverside Road. Funding for the bridge was from Stockton-on-Tees Council, the European Regional Development Fund, One NorthEast, teesquay Millennium Footbridge is also referred to as the Millennium Bridge. Stockton Borough Council provided a brief for a design and build competition to construct a bridge across the River Tees. The design and build competition was won by a team comprising Ove Arup and their entry was the only one to satisfy the local councils strictly limited budget. It has a 40-metre A frame pylon/mast with fanned cables and has a span of 153 m. The walkway is 2.7 m wide narrowing to 2 m on the extension over Riverside Road to the Castlegate Centre, the bridge was fabricated in Spain, constructed on site by Birse Construction North East and completed in December 2000 at a cost of £1. 4m. The bridge was opened on 20 December 2000 by Dari Taylor, Member of Parliament for Stockton South, the bridge has been criticised for both wobbling and being too narrow to accommodate cyclists who are required to dismount and are barred from entering the Castlegate Centre in any case. On Castlegate Quay up-river by the side of the bridge there is
6.
Infinity Bridge
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The Infinity Bridge is a public pedestrian and cycle footbridge across the River Tees in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees in the north-east of England. The bridge had the project title North Shore Footbridge before being given its official name Infinity Bridge, chosen by a made from the funding bodies. The name derives from the infinity symbol formed by the bridge, the brief was for a prestigious and iconic landmark footbridge at North Shore Stockton, to cross the River Tees which is 125 m wide at that point. There were more than 200 entries to the RIBA Competition but this was slimmed down to a shortlist of five, the successful competition design was by Expedition Engineering and Spence Associates. The bridge has a 120-year design life, the bridge is a dual, tied arch bridge or bowstring bridge. It has a pair of continuous, differently-sized structural steel arches with suspended precast concrete decking, the tapering arches with a trapezoidal box section are fabricated from weathering steel plate. The arches both bifurcate within the spans to form a double rib over the river pier, a reflex piece between the two arches holds them together making the two arches one continuous curve. No other bridge is known to have quite the same design, the offset river pier is to accommodate water sports and leisure craft to one side. The river pier is supported by an 11.5 m square by 2.5 m thick pile cap on sixteen 1 m diameter hollow steel pipe piles. On the pile cap beneath the line are four 3 m cylindrical concrete legs onto which are bolted and welded the four inclined grey steel legs visible above water. Riprap covers the bed around the river pier for scour protection against the large flows when the Tees Barrage downstream discharges. Each of the two concrete piers are supported on four 500 mm hollow steel piles and a pile cap. The bridge as proposed was to have been some 272 m long. The design of the approach is largely unaltered and has a staircase connecting it directly to the river frontage. The bridge deck is 5 m wide and 4 m between its custom-made handrails. The main arch of the bridge is 120 m long, weighing 300 tonnes,32 m tall with its top 40 m above the Tees, the hangers are spaced 7.5 m apart and are made from 30 mm diameter high strength locked coil steel cable. Four exposed, high strength post tensioned locked coil steel tie cables run alongside the deck and tie the bases of the arches together, the tie cables are 90 mm diameter on the large arch and 65 mm on the smaller. The aggregate concrete deck sections are 7.5 m long and down to 125 mm thick in places, the handrails and parapet are stainless steel while the balustrade is made from stainless steel wire
7.
Girder
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A girder is a support beam used in construction. It is the main support of a structure which supports smaller beams. Girders often have an I-beam cross section composed of two load-bearing flanges separated by a web, but may also have a box shape, Z shape. A girder is used to build bridges. In traditional timber framing a girder is called a girt, small steel girders are rolled into shape. Larger girders are made as plate girders, welded or bolted together from pieces of steel plate. The Warren type girder replaces the solid web with a latticework between the flanges. This truss arrangement combines strength with economy of materials and can therefore be relatively light and it is an improvement over the Neville truss which uses a spacing configuration of isosceles triangles. Song W, Ma Z, Vadivelu J, Burdette E, transfer Length and Splitting Force Calculation for Pretension Concrete Girders with High-Capacity Strands. Chen X, Wu S, Zhou J. ”Compressive Strength of Concrete Cores with Different Lengths. ”
8.
North East England
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North East England is one of the nine regions of England that are classified at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It covers Northumberland, County Durham, Tyne and Wear, the region is home to three large conurbations, Teesside, Wearside, and Tyneside, the latter of which is the largest of the three and the eighth most populous conurbation in the United Kingdom. The city of Durham is the county town of County Durham, other large settlements in the region include Darlington, Gateshead, Hartlepool, Middlesbrough, South Shields, Stockton-on-Tees and Washington. The region is hilly and sparsely populated in the North and West. The highest point in the region is The Cheviot, in the Cheviot Hills, Peters Church in Monkwearmouth, Sunderland and St. Pauls in Jarrow also hold significant historical value and have a joint bid to become a World Heritage Site. The area has a strong religious past, as can be seen in such as the Lindisfarne Gospels. The work of the 7th-century Cuthbert, Bede and Hilda of Whitby being hugely influential in the church and are still venerated today. Bede is regarded as the greatest Anglo-Saxon scholar and his best known work is The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. This body of work is thought to have been done in honour of Cuthbert, British history changed forever that day and three hundred years of Viking raids, battles and settlement were to persist until William the Conqueror defeated King Harold at Hastings in 1066. The last independent Northumbrian king from 947–8 was Eric Bloodaxe who died in battle at the Battle of Stainmore, Westmorland, after Eric Bloodaxes death, all England was ruled by Eadred the grandson of Alfred the Great and so began the machinery of national government. Today the Viking legacy can still be found in the language and place names of Northeast England, the name Newcastle comes from the new castle built shortly after their conquest in 1080 by Robert Curthose, William the Conquerors eldest son. North East England has a climate with narrower temperature ranges than further south in England. Met Office operates several stations in the region. The stations nearest significant urban areas are Durham, Stockton-on-Tees and Tynemouth, the warmest summers in the region are found in Stockton-on-Tees and the Middlesbrough area with a 1981-2010 July average high of 20.4 °C. The summers on the coastlines are clearly cooler than in the southern and central inland areas. Moving further inland, frosts during winter gets more common due to the higher elevation and these companies are members of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster. The early chemical industry in this region was however primarily Tyneside based and associated with the manufacture of soap and glass. The most important chemical activity in the 18th and 19th centuries was the manufacture of alkali to make soap, what came out of the industrial revolution was a period when the Northeast of Englands economy was dominated by iron and steel, coal mining and shipbuilding
9.
Teesdale Business Park
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The park was redeveloped by the Teesside Development Corporation. The area is north of Thornaby railway station, bounded by the River Tees. The area consists of the buildings, businesses and organisations. Public Lending Right and Safe in Tees Valley Ltd, robert House, Westpoint Road / Merchants Wharf – housing Sanderson Weatherall, the Co-op Insurance Society and Barwick Systems St. Marks Court – housing Endeavour Partnerships and LJJ Contractors, shops and services Sainsburys Local, Yale Crescent Teesdale Childrens Day Nursery, Yale Crescent. Public houses The Dubliners – Bridge Street, Residential and nursing homes Alison House Residential Care Home, Fudan Way Kirkdale Nursing Home, Radcliffe Crescent Teesdale Lodge Nursing Home, Radcliffe Crescent. Marks Court Stanford Close Station Street Teesdale Boulevard Trinity Mews University Boulevard Westpoint Road Yale Crescent, bridges Teesquay Millennium Footbridge Princess of Wales Bridge Infinity Bridge. Water features Merchants Wharf Princes Wharf St, marks Basin south east of the Teesquay Millennium Bridge
10.
Thornaby-on-Tees
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Thornaby-on-Tees is a royal charter town, civil parish and former borough within the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England. It is on the bank of the River Tees,3 miles southeast of Stockton-on-Tees and 4 mi southwest of Middlesbrough. It has a population of 24,741 according to the 2011 census, the name Thornaby came into existence about 800 AD when the land was given by Halfdene, King of the Danes, to Thormod, one of his noblemen, hence Thormods-by – Thormods farmstead. There are other signs of Thornaby being an older settlement. Traces of prehistoric man have been found, the earliest being an axe,8 inches long, dating back to the Mesolithic Period. In 1926, a dugout canoe said to date from about 1600 –1400 BC was found in the mud under 8 feet of water opposite Thornaby High Wood, an arrowhead of the Neolithic Period was found in a garden on Thornaby Village Green. During the Battle of Hastings, one of William the Conquerors noblemen, Robert I de Brus, marched north with a garrison of men, William gave him those lands to control including Thornaby and Middlesbrough. The then King of Denmark, Sweyn, on 9 September 1069 defeated the Normans at York by killing the garrison of 3,000 men. William swore an oath to take revenge on Sweyn by destroying every house and dwelling in the lands under Sweyns rule, leaving all the land in the north east of Yorkshire barren and bare. In the Domesday Book Thornaby is mentioned five times, Thornabys first mention in the Domesday Book states, - Robert Malet has these lands and it appears that they remained undeveloped until the early 19th century as Thurnaby waaste is mentioned in a poem by Tennyson called The Northern Farmer. Over the centuries there have been a number of different spellings of the name Thornaby including Turmozbi, Tormozbi, Tormozbia, the form Thornaby first appears in 1665 and refers to old Thornaby village near the River Tees. In 1825, Thornaby, centred around St Peters Church and the old village green was gradually overshadowed by the newly named town of South Stockton which was 2 mi away. South Stockton was on the Yorkshire side of the river Tees opposite Stockton-on-Tees and it was not until the local government act of 1863 that the district of South Stockton officially came into being. In 1825 South Stockton became the site of William Smiths pottery, Stockton Council made two attempts to take over the local board of South Stockton, first in 1869 and again in 1883, but without success. On 6 October 1892 South Stockton and Old Thornaby merged into one to form the borough of Thornaby-on-Tees. The Anglican parish church on the green is of 12th-century origin. The unusual dedication to St. Peter ad Vincula is derived from the ancient Basilica of San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome, the building, with a simple nave and a bell turret with two bells, was originally dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene. Grace Pace, the mother of Captain James Cook, was baptised at St. Peters in 1702 and it is said that Robert de Thormodbi, wounded in the Crusades at Acre, swore to raise a shrine to the Virgin Mary if he survived his wounds
Princess of Wales Bridge
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