1.
King of Nepal
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The King of Nepal, traditionally known as the Mahārājādhirāja, was Nepals head of state and monarch from 1768 to 2008. He served as the head of the Nepalese monarchy—Shah Dynasty, the monarchy was founded in 1768 and was abolished on 28 May 2008 by the Nepalese Constituent Assembly. The subnational monarchies in Mustang, Bajhang, Salyan, and Jajarkot were also abolished in October, the Kingdom of Nepal was de jure an absolute monarchy for most of its history. However, from 1846 until 1951, the country was de facto ruled by the hereditary Prime Ministers from the Rana dynasty, in November 1990, after the Jana Andolan movement, the new Constitution was adopted and the country became a constitutional monarchy. On 13 February 1996, the Nepalese Civil War was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal, with the aim of overthrowing the kingdom and establishing a Peoples Republic. On 1 February 2005, as the security situation deteriorated in the war, King Gyanendra declared a state of emergency, suspended the Constitution. On 24 April 2006, after the Loktantra Andolan movement, the agreed to give up absolute power. On 21 November 2006, the Civil War ended with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Accord, on 15 January 2007, the King was suspended from exercising his duties by the newly formed interim legislature. Finally, on 28 May 2008, the kingdom was abolished by the Constituent Assembly. The subnational monarchies in Mustang, Bajhang, Salyan, and Jajarkot were also abolished in October 2008. On 1 June 2001, Crown Prince Dipendra went on a spree and murdered his father, King Birendra, his mother Queen Aishwarya. Immediately after the massacre, Dipendra was proclaimed king while in a coma and his uncle, Prince Gyanendra, was appointed regent for the three days, then ascended the throne himself after Dipendra died. Prithvi Narayan Shah was the first ruler of unified Nepal, however, prior to 1768, the modern-day Nepal consisted of various small kingdoms, among which Shah Kings continued to rule in a few of them. So the actual history of the Shah dynasty dates much before Prithvi Narayan Shah
2.
Gorkha Kingdom
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Gorkhā was a former kingdom in the confederation of 24 states known as Chaubisi rajya located in present-day western Nepal. The Kingdom of Gorkha extended from the Marshyangdi River in the west to the Trishuli River in the east, the inhabitants of Gorkha were known as Gorkhali. Shah/Jha/Khan controlled whole area of Ganges and Brahmaputra basin or simply whole land between Himalayas and Vindhyas, soon the empire divided into several kingdoms. Mughal Empire, Bengal and Gorakhpur formed after division, from 1736, the Gorkhalis engaged in a campaign of expansion begun by King Nara Bhupal Shah, which was continued by his son, King Prithvi Narayan Shah and grandson Prince Bahadur Shah. Over the years, they conquered huge tracts of land to the east and west of Gorkha, among their conquests, the most important and valuable acquisition was the wealthy Newar confederacy of Nepal Mandala centered in the Kathmandu Valley. Starting in 1745, the Gorkhalis mounted a blockade in a bid to starve the population into submission, the Newars appealed to the British East India Company for help, and in 1767, it sent an expedition under Captain Kinloch which ended in failure. The three Newar capitals of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur fell to the Gorkhalis between 1768 and 1769, the Gorkhali king subsequently moved his capital to Kathmandu. In 1788, the Gorkhalis turned their attention north and invaded Tibet and they seized the border towns of Kyirong and Kuti, and forced the Tibetans to pay an annual tribute. When the Tibetans stopped paying it, the Gorkhalis invaded Tibet again in 1791 and this time the Chinese army came to Tibets defence and advanced close to Kathmandu. The alarmed Gorkhalis appealed to the British East India Company for help, eventually, the Gorkhalis were forced to sign a peace treaty under which they had to pay tribute to Beijing every five years. The Gorkha dominion reached its height at the beginning of the 19th century, extending all along the Himalayan foothills from Kumaon and they were made to return much of the occupied territories after their defeat in the Anglo-Nepalese War. The Gorkha dominion continued to be known as Gorkha Rajya until the beginning of the 20th century, since the 1930s, the name Nepal was used to refer to the entire country as the capital was located in Kathmandu. The name Gorkha Sarkar was also changed to Nepal government, similarly, the Gorkhali language was renamed as Nepali in 1933. The term Gorkhali in the national anthem entitled Shreeman Gambhir was changed to Nepali in 1951. The government newspaper, launched in 1901, is known as Gorkhapatra. The Shah dynasty ruled Nepal until 2008 when it became a republic following a peoples movement, today, Gorkha District, roughly corresponding to the old kingdom, is one of the 75 administrative districts of Nepal. The community name is actually Gorkha/ Gorkhali as it was also called even in Nepal. Not to be confused with the inhabitants of the old Gorkha Kingdom only and their history goes back to the Anglo-Gorkha War and the Sugauli Treaty of 1816
3.
Coronation
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The ceremony can also be conducted for the monarchs consort, either simultaneously with the monarch or as a separate event. A ceremony without the placement of a crown on the head is known as an enthronement. Coronations are still observed in the United Kingdom, Tonga, in addition to investing the monarch with symbols of state, Western-style coronations have often traditionally involve anointing with holy oil, or chrism as it is often called. Wherever a ruler is anointed in this way, as in Great Britain and Tonga, some other lands use bathing or cleansing rites, the drinking of a sacred beverage, or other religious practices to achieve a comparable effect. Such acts symbolise the granting of divine favour to the monarch within the relevant spiritual-religious paradigm of the country, in the past, concepts of royalty, coronation and deity were often inexorably linked. Rome promulgated the practice of worship, in Medieval Europe. Coronations were once a direct expression of these alleged connections. Thus, coronations have often been discarded altogether or altered to reflect the nature of the states in which they are held. However, some monarchies still choose to retain an overtly religious dimension to their accession rituals, others have adopted simpler enthronement or inauguration ceremonies, or even no ceremony at all. In non-Christian states, coronation rites evolved from a variety of sources, buddhism, for instance, influenced the coronation rituals of Thailand, Cambodia and Bhutan, while Hindu elements played a significant role in Nepalese rites. The ceremonies used in modern Egypt, Malaysia, Brunei and Iran were shaped by Islam, Coronations, in one form or another, have existed since ancient times. Egyptian records show coronation scenes, such as that of Seti I in 1290 BC, judeo-Christian scriptures testify to particular rites associated with the conferring of kingship, the most detailed accounts of which are found in II Kings 11,12 and II Chronicles 23,11. Following the assumption of the diadem by Constantine, Roman and Byzantine emperors continued to wear it as the symbol of their authority. Although no specific coronation ceremony was observed at first, one gradually evolved over the following century, the emperor Julian was hoisted upon a shield and crowned with a gold necklace provided by one of his standard-bearers, he later wore a jewel-studded diadem. Later emperors were crowned and acclaimed in a manner, until the momentous decision was taken to permit the Patriarch of Constantinople to physically place the crown on the emperors head. Historians debate when exactly this first took place, but the precedent was established by the reign of Leo II. This ritual included recitation of prayers by the Byzantine prelate over the crown, after this event, according to the Catholic Encyclopedia, the ecclesiastical element in the coronation ceremonial rapidly develop. This was usually performed three times, following this, the king was given a spear, and a diadem wrought of silk or linen was bound around his forehead as a token of regal authority
4.
Pratap Singh Shah
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Pratap Singh Shah, King of Nepal was the second King of Nepal. He was the eldest son of Prithvi Narayan Shah, the king who first unified Nepal and he became King at the age of 24 in 1775. Pratap Singha Shah rules only up to 1777 for 36 months and he was succeeded by his two-year-old son Rana Bahadur Shah. He was more involved in the Royal luxuries rather than the unification campaign
5.
Gorkha Municipality
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Gorkha, also known as Prithivi Narayan Municipality, is a municipality in central Nepal created in 1996. It was initially called Prithibhinarayan after King Prithvi Narayan Shah, who was born in Gorkha, in 2009, the name Prithibhinarayan was changed to Gorkha municipality. The old royal palace, Gorakhnath and Kalika are the main attractions, the lower palace and a modern park are other major attractions. It is also the point of the Manasalu Himal and Mount Ganesh trekking route. Gorkha Hospital is the hospital and Drabya Saha Multiple Campus and Gorkha Education Campus are the two serving the population. To Promote local culture Gorkha has three Community radio Station, they are Radio Manaslu -103.9 MHz, Radio Gorkha -92.8 MHz and Radio Deurali F. M -106.4 MHz
6.
Nuwakot District
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Nuwakot District (Nepali, नुवाकोट जिल्ला Listen, a part of Province No. 3, is one of the districts of Nepal, a landlocked country of South Asia. The district, with Bidur as its headquarters, covers an area of 1,121 km² and had a population of 288,478 in 2001 and 277,471 in 2011. The name, Nuwakot, is made up of two words nawa and kort, nawa means nine in Nepali and kort means sacred religious sites at the top of hill. The district accordingly has 9 nine hills over which various deities are said to dwell thus overseeing and protecting Nuwakot and this has led Nuwakot often being called City of nine hills. Referring to the pages of history, the great king Prithivi Narayan Shah invaded Nuwakot which was under the ruling of Jaya Prakash Malla, Nuwakot, being a hilly area with very less plains, most of the areas are still undeveloped. In last few years, huge changes are observable, the city areas are provided with schools, colleges, hospitals and the road infrastructure is also developed. Two hydro power stations are currently in operation, people are dependent on agriculture, teaching, foreign economy, livestock farming, business, hotels, Agri Tourism, Eco Tourism and Khadya Bank etc. Jiling is recognized as SEZ Area where as lots of business is coming and going to grow business, Nuwakot, Bagmati, A seven storey palace lies on the top of Bidur Municipality. Beautiful sceneries of Nuwakot can be observed from the spot, Trishuli River, One of the major river of Saptakoshi passes right through mid area of Nuwakot. Stunning view of the river and the villages can be entertaining. Kakani, One of the gateway from Kathmandu to Nuwakot, the place is perfect for observing sunset and the mountains. Devighat, Near the union of Trishuli and Suryamati river lies devighat, the death place of the great king Prithvi Narayan Shah lies here. Kashitar, One of the place where people can enjoy and work in Eco Tourism, Agri Tourism. It is best place for work, play and enjoy, Nuwakot, consisting hindu religion as major, is provided with many historically as well as religious important places. There are 10 Village councils and 2 Municipalities
7.
Kingdom of Nepal
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The Kingdom of Nepal, also known as the Kingdom of Gorkha, was a kingdom formed in 1768 by the unification of Nepal. Founded by King Prithvi Narayan Shah, a Gorkhali monarch of Rajput origin, during this period, Nepal was formally under the rule of the Shah dynasty, which exercised varying degrees of power during the kingdoms existence. During the early-nineteenth century, however, the expansion of the East India Companys rule in India led to the Anglo-Nepalese War, beginning with Jung Bahadur, the first Rana ruler, the Rana dynasty reduced the Shah monarch to a figurehead role. Rana rule was marked by tyranny, debauchery, economic exploitation, the mid-twentieth century began an era of moves towards the democratisation of Nepal. In 1923, Britain formally recognised Nepalese sovereignty and ended its protectorate, but continued to exercise political influence through the Rana rulers and its rule in India, which ended in 1947. In July 1950, the independent republic of India signed a friendship treaty in which both nations agreed to respect the others sovereignty. With Indian support for a new government consisting largely of the Nepali Congress, unsuccessful attempts were made to implement reforms and a constitution during the 1960s and 1970s. An economic crisis at the end of the 1980s led to a movement which brought about parliamentary elections. The 1990s saw the beginning of the Nepalese Civil War, a conflict between government forces and the insurgent forces of the Communist Party of Nepal, as a result of the massacre, King Gyanendra returned to the throne. His imposition of rule in 2005 provoked a protest movement unifying the Maoist insurgency and pro-democracy activists. He was eventually forced to restore Nepals House of Representatives, which in 2007 adopted an interim constitution greatly restricting the powers of the Nepalese monarchy. Until the abolition of the monarchy, Nepal was the only country to have Hinduism as its state religion. Prithvi Narayan Shah dedicated himself at an age to the conquest of the Kathmandu Valley and the creation of a single state. The country was called the Gorkha Kingdom. In addition, he says that Gorkhali take their name from the legendary eighth-century Hindu warrior-saint Guru Gorakhnath, a more detailed description of Chauhans thesis is available under the first three sections in the entry on the Gorkha Kingdom. More importantly, Chauhans overall thesis claiming the existence of a Gurkha identity way before the Shahs came to the Nepali hills is not supported by historical evidence available in Nepal. In Nepal the warrior people are not referred to as Gurkhas, they are called Gorkhalis and their famed battle cry is Ayo Gorkhali, meaning the Gorkhali has come. The etymology of the geographical name Gorkha is indeed related to the Hindu mendicant-saint Gorakhnath, in the village of Gorkha is situated a temple dedicated to Gorakhnath as well as another dedicated to Gorakhkali, a corresponding female deity
8.
Dynasty
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A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a house, historians periodize the histories of many sovereign states, such as Ancient Egypt, the Carolingian Empire and Imperial China, using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which the family reigned and to describe events, trends. The word dynasty itself is often dropped from such adjectival references, until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty, that is, to increase the territory, wealth, and power of his family members. The longest-surviving dynasty in the world is the Imperial House of Japan, dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as under the Frankish Salic law. Succession through a daughter when permitted was considered to establish a new dynasty in her husbands ruling house, however, some states in Africa, determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mothers dynasty when coming into her inheritance. It is also extended to unrelated people such as poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team. The word dynasty derives via Latin dynastia from Greek dynastéia, where it referred to power, dominion and it was the abstract noun of dynástēs, the agent noun of dynamis, power or ability, from dýnamai, to be able. A ruler in a dynasty is referred to as a dynast. For example, following his abdication, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom ceased to be a member of the House of Windsor. A dynastic marriage is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, the marriage of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, for example, and their eldest child is expected to inherit the Dutch crown eventually. But the marriage of his younger brother Prince Friso to Mabel Wisse Smit in 2003 lacked government support, thus Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession, lost his title as a Prince of the Netherlands, and left his children without dynastic rights. In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a dynast is a member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchys rules still in force. Even since abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Max and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position. The term dynast is sometimes used only to refer to descendants of a realms monarchs. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people, yet he is not a male-line member of the royal family, and is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor. Thus, in 1999 he requested and obtained permission from Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco. Yet a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time and that exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts prior to triggering it by marriage to a Catholic
9.
Shah dynasty
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The Shah dynasty was the ruling dynasty of the Kingdom of Gorkha until 1768 and of the Kingdom of Nepal from 1768 to 28 May 2008. According to legends, one of the earliest Shah rulers was Rishi-raj Rana-ji and he was made ruler of Chittorgarh and received the title of Bhattarak. The lunar dynasty remained in power for thirteen generations, then, the Muslim Yavanas took power. The Bhattarak had to abdicate and could retain his caste family name. The rajas were titled Rana-ji for four generations and Rana-ji Rava for a further seventeen generations, akbar, the Mughal emperor, wished to marry the daughter of Fatte Sinha Rana-ji Rava. Akbar was refused because he was of an unsatisfactory caste, many rajput, including Fatte Sinha Rana-ji Rava, were killed. The survivors of the war were led by Udaybam Rana-ji Rava, manmath Rana-ji Rava went to Ujjain. His son went to Ridi in the hills and in 1417 AD, to Sargha. The new ruler of Khium had sons, Kancha and Micha, plans for the boys to marry the daughters of the Raghibanshi Rajputs were made. Kancha, the son went to Dhor. He conquered Mangart and reigned over Garhon, Sathum and Birkot, Micha, the younger son, went to Nuwakot in the far west and became ruler there. From Micha, a dynasty of seven rajas commenced in Nuwakot, kumandan, the eldest son of Jagdeva, became ruler of Kaski. He was favoured and became Sah and succeeded his father, kalu, the second son was sent to Dura Danda in Lamjung at the peoples request to become their king. Kalu was killed by the Sekhant tribe, in the 1500s, another son, Yasobramha, became the ruler of Lamjung. The descendants of Yasobramha conquered the Ghale people of neighbouring Ligligkot, Dravya Shah was the first Shah king of Gorkha. Previously, the local Ghale people had chosen their king from the winners of a running race. Dravya Shah was not a physically robust man but he tricked his way to the win and he was backed by the Bhattarai, Aryal, Adhikari, Pant and Acharya clans who were Brahmin. By 1570, when Dravya Shah died, the race was
10.
Hinduism
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Hinduism is a religion, or a way of life, found most notably in India and Nepal. Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world, and some practitioners and scholars refer to it as Sanātana Dharma, scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions, with diverse roots and no founder. This Hindu synthesis started to develop between 500 BCE and 300 CE following the Vedic period, although Hinduism contains a broad range of philosophies, it is linked by shared concepts, recognisable rituals, cosmology, shared textual resources, and pilgrimage to sacred sites. Hindu texts are classified into Shruti and Smriti and these texts discuss theology, philosophy, mythology, Vedic yajna, Yoga, agamic rituals, and temple building, among other topics. Major scriptures include the Vedas and Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, prominent themes in Hindu beliefs include the four Puruṣārthas, the proper goals or aims of human life, namely Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha, karma, samsara, and the various Yogas. Hindu practices include such as puja and recitations, meditation, family-oriented rites of passage, annual festivals. Some Hindus leave their world and material possessions, then engage in lifelong Sannyasa to achieve Moksha. Hinduism prescribes the eternal duties, such as honesty, refraining from injuring living beings, patience, forbearance, self-restraint, Hinduism is the worlds third largest religion, with over one billion followers or 15% of the global population, known as Hindus. The majority of Hindus reside in India, Nepal, Mauritius, the Caribbean, the word Hindu is derived from the Indo-Aryan/Sanskrit word Sindhu, the Indo-Aryan name for the Indus River in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. The term Hindu in these ancient records is a geographical term, the Arabic term al-Hind referred to the people who live across the River Indus. This Arabic term was taken from the pre-Islamic Persian term Hindū. By the 13th century, Hindustan emerged as an alternative name of India. It was only towards the end of the 18th century that European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of Indian religions collectively as Hindus. The term Hinduism, then spelled Hindooism, was introduced into the English language in the 18th-century to denote the religious, philosophical, because of the wide range of traditions and ideas covered by the term Hinduism, arriving at a comprehensive definition is difficult. The religion defies our desire to define and categorize it, Hinduism has been variously defined as a religion, a religious tradition, a set of religious beliefs, and a way of life. From a Western lexical standpoint, Hinduism like other faiths is appropriately referred to as a religion, in India the term dharma is preferred, which is broader than the western term religion. Hindu traditionalists prefer to call it Sanatana Dharma, the study of India and its cultures and religions, and the definition of Hinduism, has been shaped by the interests of colonialism and by Western notions of religion. Since the 1990s, those influences and its outcomes have been the topic of debate among scholars of Hinduism, Hinduism as it is commonly known can be subdivided into a number of major currents
11.
Nepali language
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Nepali, originally known as Khas Kura, Parbate Bhasa or Gorkhali, is an Indo-Aryan language. It is the language and de facto lingua franca of Nepal. It is also spoken in parts of India, particularly by Indian Gorkha. In India, Nepali language is listed in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India having a status in the Indian state of Sikkim. Nepali developed in proximity to a number of Indo-Aryan languages, most notably the Pahari languages and Magahi, however, owing to Nepals geographical area, it has also been influenced by Tibeto-Burman languages. Nepali is mainly differentiated from Central Pahari, both in grammar and vocabulary, by Tibeto-Burman idioms owing to close contact with the language group. Nepali language shares 40% lexical similarity with the Bengali language, in the nineteenth century, the British resident at Kathmandu Brian Houghton Hodgson observed that it was, in eight-tenths of its vocabulary, substantially Hindi. Historically, the language was first called the Khas language, then Gorkhali or Gurkhali before the term Nepali was adopted, in 1920, during Rana regime in Nepal, the term Nepal which resembled the Nepal Mandala was taken from its people. Soon after that, Nepal Bhasa was renamed into Newari and Parbate/Khas language took over as Nepali language, other names include Parbatiya and Dzongkha Lhotshammikha. It is also known as the Khey language or Partya language among the Newar people and Pahari language among Madhesi, however, due to protests for identity, Newars have restored their languages name as Nepal Bhasa and voices have been raise to re-instate Parbate language in its original name. Nepali developed a significant literature within a period of a hundred years in the 19th century. This literary explosion was fueled by Adhyatma Ramayana, Sundarananda Bara, Birsikka, a collection of folk tales. The contribution of trio-laureates Lekhnath Paudyal, Laxmi Prasad Devkota, the contribution of expatriate writers outside Nepal, especially in Darjeeling and Varanasi in India, is also notable. In the past decade, there have been many contributions to Nepali literature from the Nepali diaspora in Asia, Europe, America, according to the 2011 national census,44.6 percent of the population of Nepal speaks Nepali as a first language. The Ethnologue website reports 12,300,000 speakers within Nepal, Nepali is traditionally spoken in the Hill Region of Nepal, especially in the western part of the country. Although the Newar language dominated the Kathmandu valley, Nepali is currently the most dominant, Nepali is used in government and as the everyday language of a growing portion of the local population. Nevertheless, the use of Nepali in the courts and government of Nepal is being challenged. Recognition of other languages in Nepal was one of the objectives of the Communist Party of Nepals long war
12.
Unification of Nepal
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Before Shah dynasty took over Nepal, Nepal was limited to Kathmandu valley and surrounding territories which consist many kingdoms. After conquering the valley in the century, King Prithvi Narayan Shah moved his ruling state to Nepal from Gorkha. He then started his campaign with the banner of Nepal than Gorkha. With this conquer, Nepal was expanded covering more area forming the shape of modern Nepal, King Prithvi Narayan Shah was born in the Shah dynasty of Gorkha on 11 January 1723 After the death of Narabhupal Shah on 25 Chaitra he became the king of Gorkha. He ascended to the throne of Gorkha kingdom on 3 April 1743 and he was interested in politics and diplomacy and had interests in both visiting and conquering other countries since his days as prince. He decided to enlarge his kingdom, which was confined to the small Gorkha region of present-day Nepal and had an area of just 2,500 square km. He defeated major principalities in wars and unified them under his rule starting from the 1740s, while he was successful at conquering the Kathmandu valley and the Sen kingdoms further east, his efforts were limited in the west of his homeland. He then attacked and absorbed dozens of small principalities and gave a new name Nepal to his Gorkha kingdom. Kalu Pandey employed a strategy involving a blockade of the Kathmandu Valley, in the next two years he captured Mahadevpokhari, Pharping, Chitlang, Dharmasthali, Naldrum, Siranchok and Shivapuri. He then focused his attention on Kirtipur and Makawanpur, two palaces which were also strategic military targets, Kirtipur was in an elevated position with a fort surrounded by walls and jungles, an ideal place to make inroads into the valley. Shah thought that if he could take over Kirtipur, occupying the rest of the valley would be much easier, on 4 December 1757 he made his first attack on Kirtipur. In this war he lost his strong general Kalu pandey which was a loss for gorkha. Kalu Pandey had told him that it was not the time to attack Kritpur. His body was buried in Kirtipur, Prithvi Narayan Shah himself was nearly killed in the battle. As a result, the Gorkha army, having lost a great deal of morale, was defeated and it is said that as revenge for his two earlier defeats, The Gorkha army was repelled again in August 1765. After two defeats, the Gorkha army changed its strategy again and surrounded Kirtipur during the harvest season, the Gorkha army also took over the nearby Balaju fort. After several months of blockade, the people of Kirtipur could not even get water to drink and were forced to surrender to the Gorkha army on 17 March 1766. This time the Gorkha army took over Kirtipur without a fight, Prithvi Narayan Shah had his army cut off the noses and lips of all the people of Kirtipur
13.
Bhaktapur
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Bhaktapur, literally translates to Place of devotees. Also known as Bhadgaon or Khwopa, it is an ancient Newar city in the east corner of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, about 8 miles from the capital city and it is located in Bhaktapur District in the Bagmati Zone. Bhaktapur was the largest of the three Newar kingdoms of the Kathmandu Valley, and was the capital of Nepal during the great Malla Kingdom until the half of the 15th century. Today it is the third largest city in the Kathmandu Valley, with a population of more than 80,000, historically more isolated than the other two kingdoms, Kathmandu and Patan, Bhaktapur has a distinctly different form of Nepal Bhasa language. Bhaktapur has the best preserved palace courtyards and old city center in Nepal, and is listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO for its culture, temples. This is supported by the restoration and preservation efforts of German-funded Bhaktapur Development Project, the city is famous for special type of curd called Ju Ju dhau. It is experienced by the curd makers that the taste of curd prepared in this location cannot be found all over Nepal KHWOPA is the ancient name of Bhaktapur. The term Bhaktapur refers to The City Of Devotees and this Bhaktapur City is also known as Khwopa or Bhadgaon or Ancient Newari Town throughout the Kathmandu Valley. Kh0apa actually refers to the masks which are believed to have worn by gods. Bhaktapur is still an untouched as well as preserved ancient city that is itself a world to explore for tourists, from time immemorial it lay on the trade route between Tibet and India. This position on the caravan route made the town rich. At the time of the 2001 Nepal census it had a population of 72,543, the male inhabitants of this city wear a special type of cap called the Bhadgaunle Topi. Bhaktapur Durbar Square is a conglomeration of pagoda and shikhara-style temples, mostly dedicated to Hindu gods and goddesses grouped around a 55-window palace of brick, the square is one of the most charming architectural showpieces of the valley as it highlights the ancient arts of Nepal. The royal palace was situated at Dattaraya square and was only later moved to the Durbar square location. The square in Bhaktapur was severely damaged by an earthquake in 1934 and hence appears more spacious than the ones at Kathmandu, Nyatapola Temple is a 5-story pagoda located in Bhaktapur, Nepal. The temple was erected by Nepali King Bhupatindra Malla during a 5-month period from late 1701 into 1702 and it is the temple of Siddha Laxmi, the Hindu goddess of prosperity. This is another temple of lord Bhairab, the dreadful aspect of Lord Shiva. It stands near the Nyatapola temple and was constructed by King Jagat Jyoti Malla on a modest scale
14.
Malla (Nepal)
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The Malla Dynasty was a ruling dynasty of Nepal c. They have claimed Kshatriya status themselves, the Mallas means wrestlers in Sanskrit. The first of the Malla kings came to power in Kathmandu Valley around 1200, the Malla period was a golden one that stretched over 600 years, though it was peppered with fighting over the valuable trade routes to Tibet. The Mallas were noted for their patronisation of the Maithili language which was afforded a status to that of Sanskrit in the Malla court. Maithil Brahmin priests were invited to Kathmandu and many Maithil families settled in Kathmandu during Malla rule, beginning in the early twelfth century, leading notables in Nepal began to appear with names ending in the term malla, indicating a person of great strength and power. Arimalla was the first king to be so called, and the practice of adopting such a name was followed regularly by rulers in Nepal until the eighteenth century. This long Malla period witnessed the continued importance of the Kathmandu Valley as a political, cultural, other areas also began to emerge as significant centers in their own right, increasingly connected to the Kathmandu Valley. The time of the earlier Malla kings was not one of consolidation, in the twelfth century, Muslim Turks set up a powerful kingdom in India at Delhi, and in the thirteenth century they expanded their control over most of northern India. During this process, all of the kingdoms in India underwent a major reshuffling. This process resulted in an increasing militarization of Nepals neighbors and sections of Nepal as well and these Khas kings expanded into parts of western Tibet and sent raiding expeditions into the Kathmandu Valley between 1275 and 1335. In 1312 the Khas king, Ripumalla, visited Lumbini and had his own inscription carved on Ashokas pillar and he then entered the Kathmandu Valley to worship publicly at Matsyendranath, Pashupatinath, and Swayambhunath. These acts were all public announcements of his overlordship in Nepal, the first Malla rulers had to cope with several disasters. In 1255, one-third of the population of Kathmandu were killed when the valley suffered an earthquake with the right below the city. A devastating Muslim invasion by Sultan Shams-ud-din of Bengal in 1345-46, during the reign of Jayaraja Deva, left plundered Hindu, the invasion however did not leave a lasting cultural effect. In India the damage was widespread and many Hindus were driven into the hills and mountains of Nepal. In fact, none of the buildings in the valley proper dates from before this raid. He is said to have destroyed the Lichchhavi palaces of Managriha and he also damaged all the temples in the Kathmandu valley except the Changu Narayan Temple, which he could not locate as it lies some hills away from Kathmandu. He returned after 3 days of looting and burning, apart from this, the earlier Malla years were largely stable
15.
Kathmandu
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Kathmandu is the capital city of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, the largest Himalayan state in Asia. Kathmandu is also the largest metropolis in the Himalayan hill region, the city stands at an elevation of approximately 1,400 metres above sea level in the bowl-shaped Kathmandu Valley of central Nepal. The valley is termed as Nepal Proper and has been the home of Newar culture. The city was the capital of the Kingdom of Nepal and hosts palaces. It has been home to the headquarters of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation since 1985, today, it is the seat of government of the Nepalese republic established in 2008, and is part of the Bagmati Zone in Nepalese administrative geography. Kathmandu has been the center of Nepals history, art, culture and it has a multiethnic population within a Hindu and Buddhist majority. Religious and cultural festivities form a part of the lives of people residing in Kathmandu. Tourism is an important part of the economy as the city is the gateway to the Nepalese Himalayas, there are also seven casinos in the city. In 2013, Kathmandu was ranked third among the top ten upcoming travel destinations in the world by TripAdvisor, historic areas of Kathmandu were devastated by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake on 25 April 2015. Nepali is the most spoken language in the city, while English is understood by the citys educated residents, the city of Kathmandu is named after Kasthamandap temple, that stood in Durbar Square. In Sanskrit, Kāṣṭha means wood and Maṇḍap means covered shelter and this temple, also known as Maru Satal in the Newar language, was built in 1596 by Biseth in the period of King Laxmi Narsingh Malla. The two-story structure was entirely of wood, and used no iron nails nor supports. According to legend, all the used to build the pagoda was obtained from a single tree. The structure collapsed during the earthquake on 25 April 2015. The colophons of ancient manuscripts, dated as late as the 20th century, the city is called Kāṣṭhamaṇḍap in a vow that Buddhist priests still recite to this day. Thus, Kathmandu is also known as Kāṣṭhamaṇḍap, during medieval times, the city was sometimes called Kāntipur. This name is derived from two Sanskrit words – Kānti and pur, Kānti is a word that stands for beauty and is mostly associated with light and pur means place. Thus, giving it a meaning as City of light, among the indigenous Newar people, Kathmandu is known as Yeṃ Deśa, and Patan and Bhaktapur are known as Yala Deśa and Khwopa Deśa
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Varanasi
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The spiritual capital of India, it is the holiest of the seven sacred cities in Hinduism and Jainism, and played an important role in the development of Buddhism. Varanasi lies along National Highway 2, which connects it to Kolkata, Kanpur, Agra, and Delhi, Varanasi is also one of 72 districts in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. At the time of the 2011 census, there were a total 8 blocks and 1329 villages in this district, Varanasi grew as an important industrial centre, famous for its muslin and silk fabrics, perfumes, ivory works, and sculpture. Buddha is believed to have founded Buddhism here around 528 BC when he gave his first sermon, The Setting in Motion of the Wheel of Dharma, at nearby Sarnath. The citys religious importance continued to grow in the 8th century, Tulsidas wrote his epic poem on Ramas life called Ram Charit Manas in Varanasi. Several other major figures of the Bhakti movement were born in Varanasi, including Kabir, Guru Nanak Dev visited Varanasi for Shivratri in 1507, a trip that played a large role in the founding of Sikhism. The kingdom of Benares was given official status by the Mughals in 1737, silk weaving, carpets and crafts and tourism employ a significant number of the local population, as do the Diesel Locomotive Works and Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited. Varanasi Hospital was established in 1964, Varanasi has been a cultural centre of North India for several thousand years, and is closely associated with the Ganges. Hindus believe that death in the city will bring salvation, making it a centre for pilgrimage. The city is known worldwide for its ghats, embankments made in steps of stone slabs along the river bank where pilgrims perform ritual ablutions. Of particular note are the Dashashwamedh Ghat, the Panchganga Ghat, the Manikarnika Ghat and the Harishchandra Ghat, the last two being where Hindus cremate their dead. The Ramnagar Fort, near the bank of the Ganges, was built in the 18th century in the Mughal style of architecture with carved balconies, open courtyards. Among the estimated 23,000 temples in Varanasi are Kashi Vishwanath Temple of Shiva, the Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple, the Kashi Naresh is the chief cultural patron of Varanasi, and an essential part of all religious celebrations. One of Asias largest residential universities is Banaras Hindu University, the Hindi-language nationalist newspaper, Aj, was first published in 1920. The old city is located on the shores of the Ganges, bounded by Varuna. The name was used by pilgrims dating from Buddhas days. Hindu religious texts use many epithets to refer to Varanasi, such as Kāśikā, Avimukta, Ānandavana, according to legend, Varanasi was founded by the god Shiva. It is regarded as one of seven cities which can provide Moksha, Ayodhyā, Mathurā, Gayā, Kāśi, Kañchi, Avantikā
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Tibet
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Tibet is a region on the Tibetan Plateau in Asia, spanning about 2.4 million km2 and nearly a quarter of Chinas territory. Tibet is the highest region on Earth, with an elevation of 4,900 metres. The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest, Earths highest mountain, the Tibetan Empire emerged in the 7th century, but with the fall of the empire the region soon divided into a variety of territories. The current borders of Tibet were generally established in the 18th century, following the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty in 1912, Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of Tibet Area. The region subsequently declared its independence in 1913 without recognition by the subsequent Chinese Republican government, later, Lhasa took control of the western part of Xikang, China. There are tensions regarding Tibets political status and dissident groups that are active in exile and it is also said that Tibetan activists in Tibet have been arrested or tortured. The economy of Tibet is dominated by agriculture, though tourism has become a growing industry in recent decades. The dominant religion in Tibet is Tibetan Buddhism, in there is Bön, which is similar to Tibetan Buddhism. Tibetan Buddhism is an influence on the art, music. Tibetan architecture reflects Chinese and Indian influences, staple foods in Tibet are roasted barley, yak meat, and butter tea. The Tibetan name for their land, Bod བོད་, means Tibet or Tibetan Plateau, although it meant the central region around Lhasa. The Standard Tibetan pronunciation of Bod, is transcribed Bhö in Tournadre Phonetic Transcription, Bö in the THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription and Poi in Tibetan pinyin. Tibetan people, language, and culture, regardless of where they are from, are referred to as Zang although the geographical term Xīzàng is often limited to the Tibet Autonomous Region. The term Xīzàng was coined during the Qing dynasty in the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor through the addition of a prefix meaning west to Zang, the best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet is Tubo. This name first appears in Chinese characters as 土番 in the 7th century, in the Middle Chinese spoken during that period, as reconstructed by William H. Baxter, 土番 was pronounced thux-phjon and 吐蕃 was pronounced thux-pjon. Other pre-modern Chinese names for Tibet include Wusiguo, Wusizang, Tubote, the English word Tibet or Thibet dates back to the 18th century. Historical linguists generally agree that Tibet names in European languages are loanwords from Semitic Ṭībat orTūbātt, itself deriving from Turkic Töbäd, literally, according to Matthew Kapstein, From the perspective of historical linguistics, Tibetan most closely resembles Burmese among the major languages of Asia. More controversial is the theory that the Tibeto-Burman family is part of a larger language family, called Sino-Tibetan
18.
Lamjung District
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Lamjung District, a part of Province No. 4, is one of the districts of Nepal, a landlocked country of South Asia. The district, with Besisahar as its headquarters, covers an area of 1,692 square kilometres. Lamjung lies in the mid-hills of Nepal with spanning from tropical to trans-himalyan geo-ecological belts and it has mixed habitation of different cast and ethnicity - host probably the highest density of Gurung ethnic population in the country. The epicentre of an earthquake on 25 April 2015 was near Lamjung District, most of the major damage and casualties took place in nearby Kathmandu, Nepals capital. The death toll for the earthquake was placed at over 8,800, however, only four deaths were reported in Lamjung District. While Lamjung is the district with the 20th most deaths in Nepal, the villages of Bichaur, Ilampokhari, Dudhpokhari, Gauda, Kolki and Pyarjung are the most affected in Lamjung district. Twenty-five people were injured in Lamjung District, local police estimate 2,094 houses were completely destroyed while another 2,129 houses were partially damaged in Lamjung District
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Tanahun District
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Tanahun District, a part of Province No. 4, is one of the districts of Nepal. The district, with Damauli as its headquarters, covers an area of 1,546 km² and has a population of 323,288. Previously the town of Bandipur was its district headquarter and this district lies in the middlemost of country Nepal. The postal code of Tanahun is 33900, maharisi Veda Vyash, author of the great Hindu epic Mahabharata, was born in Damauli Tanahun at the meeting point of river Seti and Madi. The headquarter of tanahun is named as Vyas Municipality after his name, Vyash gufa is located near confluence of two rivers seti and madi in Damauli. Latitude,27.91667 Longitude,84. un. org. np/maps/district-maps/western/Tanahu. pdf Western Region Campus Zones of Nepal Bhanubhakta Acharya Nara Nath Acharya Districts of Nepal
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Palpa District
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Palpa District (Nepali, पाल्पा जिल्ला Listen, a part of Province No. 5, is one of the districts of Nepal, a landlocked country of South Asia. The district, with Tansen Municipality as its headquarters, covers an area of 1,373 km² and has a population of 261,180, ramdi is a religious place in the bank of Kali Gandaki River. On the 1st of Baisakh there is a festival in this area, ranighat Palace is also called Tajmahal of Nepal due to similar stories behind the construction of this palace. It was constructed by General Khadka for her wife Tejkumari in 1893 AD, Rishikesh Complex of Ruru Kshetra Hindu pilgrimage and cremation site Rishikesh Temple was built by the King Manimukunda Sen. According to Hindu mythology, this is the place where part of body of Satidevei was cremated. It is famous for festival which occurs in 1st of Magh month when hidus come to take bath in Kali Gandaki River, shrinagar Hill is spot for viewing high Himalayas. Dhawalagiri, Tukuche, Nilgiri, Annapurana, Himchuli and other mountains can be viewed from this place, Tansen is a historic city with palaces, temples, stupas and historic architecture. Vhairabsthan Temple is a Shiva temple with huge trident, believed to be largest in Asia, people have a saying that it looks similar to Nepal in term of its geographical borders. Zones of Nepal Rampur, Palpa Districts of Nepal, UN map of VDC boundaries, water features and roads in Palpa
21.
Kalu Pande
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Kalu Pande was born in 1713 A. D in Gorkha. He was the commander of the forces during the Unification Campaign of Nepal. He died in the first Battle of Kirtipur in 1757 A. D and his real name was Banshidhar Pande. He was a son of Kaji Bhimraj Pande who was minister during reign of King Prithivipati Shah of Gorkha and he was descendent of Minister of Gorkha and Dravya Shahs accomplice Ganesh Pandey. He had three sons, Dewan Kajisaheb Bamsa Raj Pandey, Sardar Ranasur Pandey and Mulkaji Sahib Damodar Pande, Kalu Pande was made the Commander-in-Chief of the Gorkhali Army after Biraj Thapa Magar and his first major Battle was the Battle of Kirtipur. Despite his initial resentment that the kings were well prepared. The Gorkhalis had set up a base on Naikap, a hill on the western rim. They were armed with swords, bows and arrows and muskets, the Valley Kings brought a large number of Doyas from Indian Plains under Shaktiballabh sardar. During the first assault in 1757, the Gorkhali army killed 1200 enemies, mostly Doyas, as they advanced towards Kirtipur, the combined force of Valley Kings under Kaji Gangadhar Jha, Kaji Gangaram Thapa and Sardar Shaktiballabh brought Havoc to the outnumbered Gorkhalis. The two forces fought on the plain of Tyangla Phant in the northwest of Kirtipur, surapratap Shah, the Kings brother lost his right eye to an arrow while scaling the city wall. The Gorkhali commander Kaji Kalu Pande was surrounded and killed, and the Gorkhali king himself barely escaped with his life into the surrounding hills disguised as a saint
22.
Mir Qasim
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Mir Qasim was the Nawab of Bengal from 1760 to 1763. However, Mir Jafar was in conflict with the East India company over too many demands, the British eventually overran the Dutch forces at Chinsura and played a major role in replacing Mir Jafar with Mir Qasim. Qasim later fell out with the British and fought them at the Battle of Buxar and his defeat has been suggested as the last real chance of preventing a gradual British expansion in large parts of North East India following Britains victory in the Seven Years War. Upon ascending the throne, Mir Qasim repaid the British with lavish gifts, to please the British, Mir Qasim robbed everybody, confiscated lands, reduced Mir Jafars purse and depleted the treasury. However, he was tired of British interference and endless avarice and like Mir Jafar before him. He shifted his capital from Murshidabad to Munger in present-day Bihar where he raised independent army and he opposed the British East India Companys position that their imperial Mughal licence meant that they could trade without paying taxes. Frustrated at the British refusal to pay taxes, Mir Qasim abolished taxes on the local traders as well. This upset the advantage that the British traders had been enjoying so far, Mir Qasim overran the Company offices in Patna in 1763, killing several Europeans including the Resident. Mir Qasim allied with Shuja-ud-Daula of Avadh and Shah Alam II, the itinerant Mughal emperor, however, their combined forces were defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764. Mir Qasim had also attacked Nepal during the reign of Prithvi Narayan Shah and he was badly defeated as the Nepali soldiers had various advantages including terrain, climate and good leadership. The short campaign of Mir Qasim was significant as a fight against British outsiders. Unlike Siraj-ud-Daulah before him, Mir Qasim was an effective and popular ruler, by 1793 British East India company abolished Nizamat and were completely in charge of this former Mughal province. Mir Qasim was defeated by during the Battle of Murshidabad, Battle of Gherain, Mir Qasim died in obscurity and abject poverty possibly from dropsy, at Kotwal, near Delhi on 8 May 1777. His two shawls, the property left by him, had to be sold to pay for his funeral. Mughal Empire Nawabs of Bengal List of rulers of Bengal History of Bengal History of Bangladesh History of India
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Pyuthan District
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Pyuthan District(Nepali, प्युठान जिल्ला Listen, is a hill district some 250 km west of Kathmandu in Province No.5 in midwestern Nepal. Pyuthan covers an area of 1,309 km² with population of 212,484 in 2001 and 226,796 in 2011, Pyuthan Khalanga is the districts administrative center. Pyuthan borders Rolpa district to the west, of the two upper tributaries of the West Rapti River, Pyuthan contains all of Jhimruk Khola and the lower part of Madi Khola after it exits Rolpa. The Madi-Jhimruk confluence is in southern Pyuthan, in the Mahabharat Range, on the southeast Pyuthan borders Lumbini Zone including Arghakhanchi and Gulmi districts. The valley of Jhimruk Khola is the core of Pyuthan district and its alluvial plain is intensively planted in rice during the summer monsoon. Wheat is grown as the winter crop, Madi Khola has eroded an inner gorge and is less suited to traditional irrigated agriculture. Bahun and Chhetri farmers cultivate irrigated fields along the Jhimruk and unirrigated fields partway up the hillsides and they are served by Newar merchants and service castes such as Damai, Gaine, Kami, Kumal, Sarki and Sunar. Highlands around the valley are mostly inhabited by Magars, including Kham Magars at higher elevations, the district center Pyuthan Khalanga is situated on a hillside east of the Jhimruk, some 500 meters above it. The valleys have a climate with temperatures reaching 40 Celsius in May. There is a little too much winter chill for bananas and papayas, at about 800m elevation, the Jhimruk Valley approaches the upper limit for mangoes, however Madi Khola is lower. Citrus, Asian pear and mulberries are grown as cash crops in surrounding hills, maize is grown on sloping un-irrigated bari fields up to about 2, 000m. Snow occasionally falls on adjacent peaks reaching 2, 400m but seldom lasts more than a day or two, at Cherneta the Jhimruk hydroelectric project exploits the Jhimruk bending within 2 km of Madi Khola while some 200 meters higher. It has a capacity of 12 megawatts and supplies electricity for lighting, electronics, electricity is considered too costly for cooking and heating, so firewood is still in widespread use with limited use of biogas. Scheduled buses serve Pyuthan via a road off the main east-west Mahendra Highway at Bhalubang in Lalmitiya VDC. An old trade route was upgraded for motor vehicles in conjunction with the Jhimruk hydro project and is now being paved. A longer, now less-traveled gravel road from Tribhuvannagar in Dang Valley traverses the Mahabharat Range to Tiram, Pyuthan was one of 24 small kingdoms in the Chaubisi Rajya confederation before Prithvi Narayan Shah unified modern Nepal in the second half of the 18th century. Pyuthan is home district of Dr. Yadav Pandit a research scholar working in the field of Experimental Nuclear Physics, Dr. Pandit is an expert in measurements of anisotropy, studying fluid-like behavior and phase transitions in the dense and highly excited matter created in heavy ion collisions. Pyuthan is also the district of Mohan Bikram Singh, a founder of the Communist Party of Nepal
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Kukri
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The kukri or khukuri is a Nepalese knife with an inwardly curved blade, similar to a machete, used as both a tool and as a weapon in Nepal. Traditionally it was, and in many cases still is, the utility knife of the Nepalese people. The khukuri often appears in Nepalese heraldry and is used in traditional rituals such as wedding ceremonies. In India, it has also hypothesized that the kukri was the origin of the kopis. Similar instruments have existed in several forms throughout South Asia and were used both as weapons and as tools, such as for sacrificial rituals, burton writes that the British Museum housed a large kukri-like ancient Nepal falchion inscribed with writing in Pali. Among the oldest existing kukri are those belonging to Drabya Shah, the kukri came to be known to the Western world when the East India Company came into conflict with the growing Gorkha Kingdom, culminating in the Gurkha War of 1814–1816. It gained literary attention in the 1897 novel Dracula by Irish author Bram Stoker, all Gurkha troops are issued with two kukri, a Service No.1 and a Service No.2, in modern times members of the Brigade of Gurkhas receive training in its use. The weapon gained fame in the Gurkha War and its use through both World War I and World War II enhanced its reputation among both Allied troops and enemy forces. Its acclaim was demonstrated in North Africa by one units situation report and it reads, Enemy losses, ten killed, ours nil. Elsewhere during the Second World War, the kukri was purchased and used by other British, Commonwealth and US troops training in India, including the Chindits, the notion of the Gurkha with his kukri carried on through to the Falklands War. On 2 September 2010, Bishnu Shrestha, a retired Indian Army Gurkha soldier, alone and armed only with a kukri and he was reported to have killed three of the bandits, wounded eight more and forced the rest of the band to flee. A contemporaneous report in the Times of India, that includes an interview with Shrestha, the kukri is designed primarily for chopping. The shape varies a great deal from being quite straight to highly curved with angled or smooth spines, there are substantial variations in dimensions and blade thickness depending on intended tasks as well as the region of origin and the smith that produced it. As a general guide the spines vary from 5–10 mm at the handle, a kukri designed for general purpose is commonly 40–45 cm in overall length and weighs approximately 450–900 grams. Larger examples are impractical for use and are rarely found except in collections or as ceremonial weapons. Smaller ones are of limited utility, but very easy to carry. Another factor that affects its weight and balance is the construction of the blade, to reduce weight while keeping strength the blade might be hollow forged, or a fuller is created. Kukris are made several different types of fuller including, tin chira, dui chira, angkhola
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Panauti
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Panauti, a small town located 32 km Southeast of Kathmandu, found in the central regions of Nepal. Panauti is a historical city found in Nepal, as it was originally a state given by King Bhupatindra Malla as a dowry to his sister. This town has a population of under 10,000 people, Panauti, consists of a variety of Buddhist and Hindu religious monuments, and is considered to be one of the areas most important medieval sites. Panauti is quaint and interesting destination of Nepal and it feels as if has been left exactly the way the founders had built the town. A nostalgic atmosphere covers the town streets and ancient structures. It is known as a Newari town that is located near Roshi khola & Punyamata Khola, Panauti can be easily reach from Kathmandu, which is at a distance of 32 km south-east. Visitors will often find colorful stones, petals and other items that are out on the pavement to welcome everyone with great hospitality. Panauti, situated at the confluence of the two rivers Rosi and Punyamati, has regarded as an important religious site since very early times. In Nepali society, such river scared places, a visit or just an ablution in such places enables man to be freed from many sins and anxieties. Moreover, it is believed that at Panauti, in addition to aforesaid two rivers, a third river Lilawati also converges making it again a tri-junction called Triveni. However, the last one is said to be only to the sheers. The presence of this at Panauti has added and remarkably enhanced its religious sanctity and popularity as well, the site is also regarded as Prayagtirtha of Nepal. Panauti is one of the oldest towns in Nepal, consisting of temples that are still present till this day dating back to the 15th Century or earlier. The Indreshwar temple is one of the largest and tallest pagoda style temples in Nepal and it was originally built over a lingam in 1294, making it the oldest surviving temple of Nepal. The roof struts embellishing the two stories of the temple are distinct Nepalese wood-carving and architecture. The upper section of the temple is hung with pots and pans, offerings from young married couples hoping for a happy, unfortunately, the 1998 earthquake caused considerable damage and the building is still awaiting for restoration. Other than this temple, there is also the king’s palace, nevertheless, there are many artifacts and remnants such as stone taps, bricks, water wells and coins found among some of the excavated sections of the palace. Although Panauti was founded independently, as went on the influence of Bhaktapur increased
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Banepa
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Banepa is a valley situated at about 4800 ft above sea level in central Nepal which is said to be the smallest municipality of the country. Banepa, the town, is about 25 km east from Kathmandu. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, it has a population of 24,764, the main attraction of Banepa is the temple of Chandeshwori, located approximately 1 km northeast of the town along the Rudramati River. The Dhaneshwor Temple is 1 km south of the town, Banepa is also well known for its eight different temples of Lord Ganesh, Narayanthan, the temple of Lord Narayan, Bhimshenthan, the temple of Lord Bhimshen and eight different ponds. King Anandedeva Malla united the scattered villages and made modern Banepa surrounded by eight gates with a Ganesh at each of the gates in eight different directions in Kaligat Year 4197 and he also built a temple of Chandeshwori and arranged a trust fund for the goddess. It is also believe that when entire Kathmandu Valley was covered with lake, some of the ancient names of Banepa were Banepur, Baniyapur, Banipur. As it had trade relationship with Tibet from ancient period, Banepa is also known as Bhont, Bhonta, Banepa is the combination of two words i. e. Bane means Business and Pa means Place. Therefore, Banepa means Place of Business, the old Newari town is located at the central part of the City. It is surrounded by 8 ganesh temples with 8 adjacent ponds, the name of the Ganesh are, Tukampwo Ganeshat South Temple of Tukampwo Ganesh was established first of all other Ganesh Temple by King Anandadeva Malla after forming new Kingdom of Banepa. It is also the temple of Banepa. Many Temple is Ganesh Temple but main temple of Banepa city is Chandeswori, Dhaneshwor temple is famous for the followers of Lord Shiva. Waste materials produced from local industry have turned the river water black, the surrounding countryside is also being polluted. Although Banepa is a place of an area of 5.56 sq. km. it has got the population density of 4454 per sq. km. Due to the connection of Banepa with other places through roadways, about 300 buses, minibuses, cars, trucks, along with this, the gases emitted from those vehicles have polluted the environment of Banepa. In the boundary of three municipalities of Kavrepalanchowk District, namely, Banepa, Dhulikhel and Panauti, the countrys only IT Park is being contructed, all the three cities have been declared as the Cyber City. Banepa has a Seventh-day Adventist hospital called Scheer Memorial Hospital, which was established in 1957 and this hospital has been expanded as a medical college associated with Vanderbilt University in the USA and Kathmandu University. Many students enroll in the MBBS and B. Sc, Banepa is also the location of the Hospital and Rehabilitation Centre for Disabled Children and Reiyukai Eiko Masunaga Eye Hospital. Banepa is also a trade route to Tibet, with the Arniko Rajmarg
27.
Kathmandu Valley
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The Kathmandu Valley, located in Nepal, lies at the crossroads of ancient civilizations of Asia, and has at least 130 important monuments, including several pilgrimage sites for Hindus and Buddhists. There are seven World Heritage Sites within the valley, historically, the valley and adjoining areas made up a confederation known as the Nepal Mandala. Until the 15th century, Bhaktapur was its capital, when two other capitals, Kathmandu and Lalitpur, were established. After the annexation of the valley by the Gorkha Kingdom, and subsequent conversion of the valley as the capital of their empire, the Kathmandu Valley is the most developed and populated place in Nepal. The majority of offices and headquarters are located in the valley and it is popular with tourists for its unique architecture, and rich culture that includes the highest number of jatras in Nepal. The valley itself was referred to as Nepal Proper by British historians, thousands of people died and tens of thousands of buildings and structures collapsed in Kathmandu Valley in the April 2015 Nepal earthquake. The city of Kathmandu is named after a structure in Durbar Square called by the Sanskrit name Kāsṣtha mandapa Wooden shelter and it was destroyed in the 2015 earthquake. This unique temple, also known as the Maru Sattal, was built in 1596 by King Lakshminarasimha Malla, the entire structure contained no iron nails or supports and was made entirely from wood. Legend has it that the used for this two-story pagoda was obtained from a single tree. The Kathmandu Valley may have been inhabited as early as 300 BCE, the earliest known inscription is dated 185 CE. The oldest firmly dated building in the valley is almost 1,992 years old. As with the tales of the Buddhas visit, there is no evidence supporting Ashoks visit, the Licchavis, whose earliest inscriptions date to 464, were the next rulers of the valley and had close ties with the Gupta Empire of India. His victory in the Battle of Kirtipur was the beginning of his conquest of the valley, the Newars are the indigenous inhabitants and the creators of the historic civilization of the valley. The language is known as Nepal Bhasa. They are understood to be the descendants of the various ethnic, scholars have also described the Newars as a nation. They have developed a division of labour and an urban civilization not seen elsewhere in the Himalayan foothills. They are known for their contributions to art, sculpture, architecture, culture, literature, music, industry, trade, agriculture and cuisine, newa architecture consists of the pagoda, stupa, shikhara, chaitya and other styles. The valleys trademark is the pagoda which may have originated in this area and spread to India, China, Indochina
28.
Lalitpur, Nepal
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Lalitpur is also known as Manigal. It is best known for its cultural heritage, particularly its tradition of arts and crafts. It is called city of festival and feast, fine ancient art, making of metallic, at the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 226,728 in 54,748 individual households. The city received extensive damage from an earthquake on 25 April 2015, Lalitpur is on the elevated tract of land in Kathmandu Valley on the south side of the Bagmati River, which separates it from the city of Kathmandu on the northern and western side. The Nakkhu Khola acts as the boundary on the southern side and it was developed on relatively thin layers of deposited clay and gravel in the central part of a dried ancient lake known as the Nagdaha. The city has an area of 15.43 square kilometres and is divided into 29 municipal wards, Climate is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is Cfa, Lalitpur is believed to have been founded in the third century BC by the Kirat dynasty and later expanded by Licchavis in the sixth century. It was further expanded by the Mallas during the medieval period, there are many legends about its name. One of them was called Lalit, a farmer who carried God Rato Machhindranath to the all the way from Assam. The purpose of bringing the God Rato Machhindranath to the valley was to overcome the worst drought there, there was a strong belief that the God Rato Machhindranath would bring rain in the valley. It was due to Lalits effort that the God Rato Machhindranath was settled in Lalitpur, many believe that the name of the town is kept after his name Lalit and pur meaning township. In May, a festival honoring the deity known as Bunga Dyah Jatra is held in Patan. It is the longest and one of the most important religious celebrations in Patan, during the month-long festival, an image of Rato Machhendanath is placed on a tall chariot and pulled through the city streets in stages. Lalitpur said to have founded by King Veer Deva in 299 AD. Several historical records including many other legends indicate that Patan is the oldest of all the cities of Kathmandu Valley, according to a very old Kirat chronicle, Patan was founded by Kirat rulers long before the Licchavi rulers came into the political scene in Kathmandu Valley. According to that chronicle, the earliest known capital of Kirat rulers was Thankot, Kathmandu, the present capital was most possibly removed from Thankot to Patan after the Kirati King Yalamber came into power sometimes around second century AD. One of the most used and typical Newar names of Lalitpur is Yala and it is said that King Yalamber or Yellung Hang named this city after himself, and ever since this ancient city was known as Yala. In 1768, Lalitpur was annexed to the Gorkha Kingdom by Prithvi Narayan Shah without any battle, the city was initially designed in the shape of the Buddhist Dharma-Chakra
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Jaya Prakash Malla
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Jaya Prakash Malla was the last king of Yen or Kantipur which corresponds to present day Kathmandu. He ruled from 1736 to 1746, and then from 1750 until his death in 1768 and he was very unlucky to have to spend a lot of time fighting other kingdoms of Nepal including Prithvi Narayan Shah in the Battle of Kathmandu. He was the last king of Kathmandu before King Prithvi Narayan Shah attacked Kathmandu, when the Kathmanduites were celebrating the festival of Indrajatra, the battle occurred in 1746 where Kashiram Thapa lost the war and Jaya Prakash Malla thought of deceit. Jaya Prakash Malla was angered and killed him, in the day of Indrajatra, when there was festival going on, Prithvi Narayan Shah attacked Yen. Jaya Prakash Malla was helpless and he went to Lalitpur to seek asylum, Tej Narasimha Malla ruled that kingdom. After some time Prithvi Narayan Shah attacked Lalitpur and Jaya Prakash Malla along with Tej Narasimha Malla ran to Bhaktapur to seek asylum, when Prithvi Narayan Shah attacked Bhaktapur, Ranajit Malla surrendered. Later, Ranajit Malla was sent to Kashi to spend rest of his life, Jaya Prakash Malla was sent to Pashupatinath, thereafter, Jaya Prakash Malla then, lived in Pashupatinath and Swoyambhunath as a devotee of God
30.
East India Company
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The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India. The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600, wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the Companys shares. Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control, during its first century of operation the focus of the Company was trade, not the building of an empire in India. The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its own armies, exercising military power. Despite frequent government intervention, the company had recurring problems with its finances, the official government machinery of British India had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its armies. Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean, one of them, Edward Bonventure, then sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula and returned to England in 1594. In 1596, three ships sailed east, however, these were all lost at sea. Two days later, on 24 September, the Adventurers reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project, the Adventurers convened again a year later. For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. Anybody who traded in breach of the charter without a licence from the Company was liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo, the governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or committees, who made up the Court of Directors. They, in turn, reported to the Court of Proprietors, ten committees reported to the Court of Directors. According to tradition, business was transacted at the Nags Head Inn, opposite St Botolphs church in Bishopsgate. Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601, in March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage. Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the Companys Ascension, thereafter two ships, Ascension and Union sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607–8. Initially, the company struggled in the trade because of the competition from the already well-established Dutch East India Company. The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage, the factory in Bantam was closed in 1683. During this time belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat. In the next two years, the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal
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Pashupatinath Temple
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One of the major Festivals of the temple is Maha Shivaratri on which day over 800,000 devotees visit here. The twelve Jyotirlinga are the body and the Jyotirlinga at Pashupatinath in Kathmandu is the head over this body, the temple is one of the 275 Tamil Paadal Petra Sthalams on the continent. Kotirudra Samhita, Chapter 11 on the Shivalingas of the North, the temple was erected anew in the 15th century by Lichhavi King Shupuspa after the previous building was consumed by termites. Over time, countless further temples have been erected around this two -storied temple and these include the Vaishnava temple complex with a Ram temple from the 14th century and the Guhyeshwari Temple mentioned in an 11th-century manuscript. Pashupatinath Temple is the oldest Hindu temple in Kathmandu and it is not known for certain when Pashupatinath Temple was built. But according to Nepal Mahatmaya and Himvatkhanda, the deity here gained great fame there as Pashupati, the Lord of all Pashus, Pashupatinath Temples existence dates back to 400 B. C. The richly-ornamented pagoda houses the sacred linga or holy symbol of Lord Shiva, there are many legends describing as to how the temple of Lord Pashupatinath came to existence here. Some of them are narrated below, - Legend says that Lord Shiva once took the form of an antelope, the gods later caught up with him, and grabbing him by the horn, forced him to resume his divine form. The broken horn was worshipped as a linga but overtime it was buried, centuries later an astonished herdsmen found one of his cows showering the earth with milk. Digging deep at the site, he discovered the divine linga of Pashupatinath, another chronicle states that Pashupatinath Temple was in the form of Linga shaped Devalaya before Supuspa Deva constructed a five storey temple of Pashupatinath in this place. As the time passed, the need for repairing and renovating this temple arose and it is learnt that this temple was reconstructed by a medieval King named Shivadeva. It was renovated by Ananta Malla adding a roof to it, thousands of pilgrims from all over the world come to pay homage to this temple, that is also known as The Temple of Living Beings. There are several stories involving the origins of Pashupatinath. One story goes, in brief, that Shiva and Parvati came to the Kathmandu Valley, Shiva was so impressed by its beauty and the surrounding forest that he and Parvati changed themselves into deers and walked into the forest. Many spots in the Kathmandu Valley have been identified as places where Shiva went during his time as a deer, after a while the people and gods began to search for Shiva. Finally, after complications, they found him in the forest. More complications ensued, but ultimately Lord Shiva announced that, since he had lived by the Bagmati river in a form, he would now be known as Pashupatinath. It is said that came here and beheld the lingam that appeared there would not be reborn as an animal
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Guhyeshwari Temple
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Guhyeshwari Temple, also spelled Guheswari or Guhjeshwari, is one of the revered holy temples in Kathmandu, Nepal. This temple is dedicated to Adi Shakti, the temple is also a Shakti Peetha near to the Pashupatinath Temple. It is said that temple is the Shakti chair of Pashupatinath Temple. King Pratap Malla built this temple in the 17th century, the goddess is also called Guhyekali. It is the temple, dedicated to Guhyeshwari. It is an important pilgrimage destination for general Hindu and especially for Tantric worshipers, the temple name originates from the Sanskrit words Guhya and Ishwari. In Lalitha Sahasranama the 707th name of Goddess is mentioned as Guhyarupini and it is believed that Sati Devis corpses parts fell in different region when Shiva took it and roamed around the world in sorrow. The Temple of Guhyeshwari lies about 1 km east of Pashupatinath Temple and is located near the banks of the Bagmati River and it led to the development of the concept of Shakti Peethas and there by strengthening Shaktism. When Shiva was insulted by his father in law, Sati Devi was so angry that she jumped into flames of yagya, Shiva was grief-stricken and picked up her corpse and began to wander about as her body parts fell to the earth. The temple marks the spot where her knowledge fell, guhya means main knowledge, the goddess is worshipped at the centre of the temple in a kalasha that is covered with a layer of silver and gold. The temple stands at the centre of a courtyard and is topped with four gilded snakes that support the finial roof and it is often mistaken fact for taking meaning of guhya as vagina. The genitals of Sati Devi fell on the another Shakti Peeth worshipped by the name Kamaru-Kamakshya in Assam, Shakti Peethas are shrines or divine places of the Mother Goddess. There are 51 Shakti Peethas corresponding to the 51 letters of the Sanskrit alphabet, each temple possesses shrines for Shakti and Kalabhairava. The Shakti is Mahashira and the Bhairava is Kapali and this temple is revered by Tantric practitioners and Tantric rites are performed in this temple. The temple is mentioned in the Kali tantra, Chandi tantra. The Vishwasorup of goddess Guheshwori shows her as a many and different coloured headed goddess with innumerable hands, the temple gets much crowded during Dashain and Navaratri. In Tibetan the place is called Pakmo Ngülchu and the water flows from the spring in the well in the temple is believed to be the sexual fluid of Vajravarahi
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Ganges
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The Ganges, also Ganga is a trans-boundary river of Asia which flows through the nations of India and Bangladesh. It is the third largest river in the world by discharge, the Ganges is the most sacred river to Hindus. It is also a lifeline to millions of Indians who live along its course and it is worshipped as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism. It has also important historically, with many former provincial or imperial capitals located on its banks. The Ganges was ranked as the fifth most polluted river of the world in 2007, pollution threatens not only humans, but also more than 140 fish species,90 amphibian species and the endangered Ganges river dolphin. The levels of fecal coliform from human waste in the waters of the river near Varanasi are more than 100 times the Indian governments official limit. The main stem of the Ganges begins at the confluence of the Bhagirathi, the Bhagirathi is considered to be the source in Hindu culture and mythology, although the Alaknanda is longer, and, therefore, hydrologically the source stream. The headwaters of the Alakananda are formed by snowmelt from such peaks as Nanda Devi, Trisul, although many small streams comprise the headwaters of the Ganges, the six longest and their five confluences are considered sacred. The six headstreams are the Alaknanda, Dhauliganga, Nandakini, Pindar, Mandakini, the five confluences, known as the Panch Prayag, are all along the Alaknanda. After flowing 250 km through its narrow Himalayan valley, the Ganges emerges from the mountains at Rishikesh, the Ganges follows an 800 km arching course passing through the cities of Kannauj, Farukhabad, and Kanpur. Along the way it is joined by the Ramganga, which contributes an annual flow of about 500 m3/s. The Ganges joins the Yamuna at the Triveni Sangam at Allahabad, at their confluence the Yamuna is larger than the Ganges, contributing about 2,950 m3/s, or about 58. 5% of the combined flow. Now flowing east, the river meets the Tamsa River, which flows north from the Kaimur Range, after the Tamsa the Gomti River joins, flowing south from the Himalayas. The Gomti contributes an annual flow of about 234 m3/s. Then the Ghaghara River, also flowing south from the Himalayas of Nepal, the Ghaghara, with its average annual flow of about 2,990 m3/s, is the largest tributary of the Ganges. After the Ghaghara confluence the Ganges is joined from the south by the Son River, the Gandaki River, then the Kosi River, join from the north flowing from Nepal, contributing about 1,654 m3/s and 2,166 m3/s, respectively. The Kosi is the third largest tributary of the Ganges, after the Ghaghara and Yamuna. Along the way between Allahabad and Malda, West Bengal, the Ganges passes the towns of Chunar, Mirzapur, Varanasi, Ghazipur, Patna, Bhagalpur, Ballia, Buxar, Simaria, Sultanganj, and Saidpur
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Patna
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Acharya Shri Sudarshan Patna Central School is a co-educational school in Patna, India. The school has nursery, primary and high schools, one of the popular schools in Patna, Bihar. Over the last 32 years, Acharya Shri Sudarshan Patna central school, has been cruising ahead from strength to excellence adding new feathers to its cap, located in plush premises at New Bye Pass, Patna the School got affiliation from CBSE up to +2 level in 1993
![Route of March and Area Occupied by Kinloch[15]](/wiki/File:Kinloch%27s_Expedition.jpg)
