1.
Model (person)
–
A model is a person with a role either to promote, display, or advertise commercial products or to serve as a visual aide for people who are creating works of art or to pose for photography. Modelling is considered to be different from other types of public performance, although the difference between modelling and performing is not always clear, appearing in a film or a play is not generally considered to be modelling. Types of modelling include, fashion, glamour, fitness, bikini, fine art, body-part, Models are featured in a variety of media formats including, books, magazines, films, newspapers, internet and TV. Fashion models are featured in films, reality TV shows. Celebrities, including actors, singers, sports personalities and reality TV stars, modelling as a profession was first established in 1853 by Charles Frederick Worth, the father of haute couture, when he asked his wife, Marie Vernet Worth, to model the clothes he designed. The term house model was coined to describe this type of work, eventually, this became common practice for Parisian fashion houses. There were no standard physical measurement requirements for a model, with the development of fashion photography, the modelling profession expanded to photo modelling. Models remained fairly anonymous, and relatively poorly paid, until the late 1950s, one of the first well-known models was Lisa Fonssagrives, who was very popular in the 1930s. Fonssagrives appeared on over 200 Vogue covers, and her name recognition led to the importance of Vogue in shaping the careers of fashion models. In 1946, Ford Models was established by Eileen and Gerard Ford in New York, one of the most popular models during the 1940s was Jinx Falkenburg who was paid $25 per hour, a large sum at the time. During the 1940s and 1950s, Wilhelmina Cooper, Jean Patchett, Dovima, Dorian Leigh, Suzy Parker, Evelyn Tripp, Carmen DellOrefice, dorothea Church was among the first black models in the industry to gain notoriety in Paris. However, these models were unknown outside the fashion community, compared to todays models, the models of the 1950s were more voluptuous. Wilhelmina Coopers measurements were 38-24-36 whereas Chanel Imans measurements are 32-23-33, in the 1960s, the modelling world began to establish modelling agencies. Throughout Europe, secretarial services acted as models agents charging them weekly rates for their messages, for the most part, models were responsible for their own billing. In Germany, agents were not allowed to work for a percentage of a persons earnings, with the exception of a few models travelling to Paris or New York, travelling was relatively unheard of for a model. Most models only worked in one market due to different labor laws governing modelling in various countries, in the 1960s, Italy had many fashion houses and fashion magazines but was in dire need of models. Italian agencies would often coerce models to return to Italy without work visas by withholding their pay and they would also pay their models in cash, which models would have to hide from customs agents. It was not uncommon for models staying in such as La Louisiana in Paris or the Arena in Milan to have their hotel rooms raided by the police looking for their work visas
Model (person)
–
Model Posing on a Typical Studio Shooting Set
Model (person)
–
Fashion models on the
runway in 2008
Model (person)
–
Jean Shrimpton in 1965
Model (person)
–
Wilhelmina Cooper, founder of her agency
Wilhelmina Models, photographed by
Edgar de Evia in 1965.
2.
Kwangju
–
Gwangju is the sixth largest city in South Korea. It is a metropolitan city under the direct control of the central governments Home Minister. The city was also the capital of South Jeolla Province until the office moved to the southern village of Namak in Muan County in 2005. Gwang means light and Ju means province, areas of scenery along the outskirts of the city gave birth to gasa, a form of Korean classical poetry. Located in the center of the agricultural Jeolla region, the city is famous for its rich. The city was established in 57 BC and it was one of the administrative centres of Baekje during the Three Kingdoms Period. Modern industry was established in Gwangju with the construction of a railway to Seoul, some of the industries that took hold include cotton textiles, rice mills and breweries. Construction of an industrial zone in 1967 encouraged growth in industry. In May 1980, peaceful demonstrations took place in Gwangju against a head of Shingunbu, the demonstrations were suppressed by military forces, including elite units of the Special Operations Command. The situation escalated after a violent crackdown, resulting in the Gwangju Uprising, by the time that the uprising was suppressed, many hundred civilians and several policemen / soldiers were dead. After civilian rule was reinstated, a cemetery was established honouring the victims of the incident. In 1986, Gwangju separated from Jeollanam-do to become a Directly Governed City, Gwangju is the main campaign capital of the liberal Democratic United Party, and its predecessors. Arts, culture, Automobile, food and democracy are some of the keywords that can represent Gwangju, Gwangju is divided into 5 districts. According to the census of 2005, of the people of Gwangju 32. 7% follow Christianity and 14. 4% follow Buddhism,52. 9% of the population is mostly not religious or follow Muism and other indigenous religions. The population model of Gwangju is as follows, Chonnam National University, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Honam Univ, Gwangju University, Gwangshin University, Gwangju Womens University, Nambu University, Chosun University, and Honam Christian University are private universities. The average number of students per household is 0.8, the city is served by the Gwangju Subway. An extension was completed in April 2008 with another due for completion in 2012, there are two KTX stations in the city, Gwangju Station and Gwangju Songjeong Station. Gwangju Songjeong station connects to the Gwangju Subway and local bus system, now the Songjeong station is mainly used
Kwangju
–
Downtown Gwangju from city hall
3.
Marketing
–
Marketing is the study and management of exchange relationships. Marketing is used to create the customer, to keep the customer, with the customer as the focus of its activities, it can be concluded that Marketing is one of the premier components of Business Management - the other being Innovation. Other services and management activities such as Operations, Human Resources, Accounting, Law, the term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to a market to buy or sell goods or services. The Chartered Institute of Marketing defines marketing as the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably, a similar concept is the value-based marketing which states the role of marketing to contribute to increasing shareholder value. Marketing practice tended to be seen as an industry in the past. The overall process starts with marketing research and goes through market segmentation, business planning and execution, ending with pre and it is also related to many of the creative arts. The marketing literature is also adept at re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times, the term marketing concept pertains to the fundamental premise of modern marketing. This concept proposes that in order to satisfy its organizational objectives, Marketing and marketing concepts are directly related. An orientation, in the context, relates to a perception or attitude a firm holds towards its product or service. There exist several common orientations, A firm employing a product orientation is chiefly concerned with the quality of its own product, a firm would also assume that as long as its product was of a high standard, people would buy and consume the product. A firm using a sales orientation focuses primarily on the selling/promotion of a particular product, consequently, this entails simply selling an already existing product, and using promotion techniques to attain the highest sales possible. Such an orientation may suit scenarios in which a firm holds dead stock, or otherwise sells a product that is in high demand, a firm focusing on a production orientation specializes in producing as much as possible of a given product or service. Thus, this signifies a firm exploiting economies of scale, until the minimum efficient scale is reached, a production orientation may be deployed when a high demand for a product or service exists, coupled with a good certainty that consumer tastes do not rapidly alter. The marketing orientation is perhaps the most common used in contemporary marketing. It involves a firm essentially basing its marketing plans around the marketing concept, the marketing orientation often has three prime facets, which are, A firm in the market economy can survive by producing goods that persons are willing and able to buy. Consequently, ascertaining consumer demand is vital for a firms future viability, in this sense, a firms marketing department is often seen as of prime importance within the functional level of an organization. Information from a marketing department would be used to guide the actions of other departments within the firm. As an example, a department could ascertain that consumers desired a new type of product
Marketing
–
Constructive criticism helps marketers adapt offerings to meet changing customer needs.
4.
Advertising media
–
Advertising is an audio or visual form of marketing communication that employs an openly sponsored, nonpersonal message to promote or sell a product, service or idea. Sponsors of advertising are often businesses who wish to promote their products or services, Advertising is differentiated from public relations in that an advertiser usually pays for and has control over the message. It is differentiated from personal selling in that the message is nonpersonal, the actual presentation of the message in a medium is referred to as an advertisement or ad. Commercial ads often seek to generate increased consumption of their products or services through branding, on the other hand, ads that intend to elicit an immediate sale are known as direct response advertising. Non-commercial advertisers who spend money to advertise items other than a product or service include political parties, interest groups, religious organizations. Non-profit organizations may use free modes of persuasion, such as a service announcement. Advertising may also be used to reassure employees or shareholders that a company is viable or successful, in 2015, the world spent an estimate of US$592.43 billion on advertising. Its projected distribution for 2017 is 40. 4% on TV,33. 3% on digital, internationally, the largest advertising conglomerates are Interpublic, Omnicom, Publicis, and WPP. In Latin, ad vertere means to turn toward, egyptians used papyrus to make sales messages and wall posters. Commercial messages and political campaign displays have been found in the ruins of Pompeii, lost and found advertising on papyrus was common in ancient Greece and ancient Rome. Wall or rock painting for commercial advertising is another manifestation of an ancient advertising form, which is present to this day in many parts of Asia, Africa, the tradition of wall painting can be traced back to Indian rock art paintings that date back to 4000 BC. In ancient China, the earliest advertising known was oral, as recorded in the Classic of Poetry of bamboo flutes played to sell candy, advertisement usually takes in the form of calligraphic signboards and inked papers. Fruits and vegetables were sold in the city square from the backs of carts and wagons, the first compilation of such advertisements was gathered in Les Crieries de Paris, a thirteenth-century poem by Guillaume de la Villeneuve. In the 18th century advertisements started to appear in newspapers in England. However, false advertising and so-called quack advertisements became a problem, thomas J. Barratt from London has been called the father of modern advertising. Working for the Pears Soap company, Barratt created an advertising campaign for the company products. One of his slogans, Good morning, have you used Pears soap. was famous in its day and into the 20th century. Barratt introduced many of the ideas that lie behind successful advertising
Advertising media
–
A
Coca-Cola advertisement from the 1890s
Advertising media
–
Bronze plate for printing an advertisement for the Liu family needle shop at
Jinan,
Song dynasty China. It is considered the world's earliest identified printed advertising medium.
Advertising media
–
Edo period LEL flyer from 1806 for a traditional medicine called Kinseitan
Advertising media
–
A 1900 advertisement for Pears soap
5.
Trade show
–
A few fairs are hybrids of the two, one example is the Frankfurt Book Fair, which is trade only for its first three days and open to the general public on its final two days. They are held on a basis in virtually all markets. Modern trade fairs follow in the tradition of trade fairs established in late medieval Europe, in this era, produce and craft producers visited towns for trading fairs, to sell and showcase products. From the late century, industrial exhibitions in Europe and North America became more common reflecting the technological dynamism of the Industrial Revolution. In the late 19th century, the concept of annual trade shows gained traction. Trade fairs often involve a considerable marketing investment by participating companies, costs include space rental, booth design and construction of trade show displays, telecommunications and networking, travel, accommodations, and promotional literature and items to give to attendees. In addition, costs are incurred at the show for such as electrical, booth cleaning, internet services. Consequently, cities often promote trade shows as a means of economic development, an increasing number of trade fairs are happening online, and these events are called virtual tradeshows. They are increasing in popularity due to their low cost. Large trade fair grounds, List reviewed on March 12,2014, agricultural show Buyers Market of American Craft County fair Lead retrieval List of worlds fairs Rodeo State fair Worlds fair Media related to Trade fairs at Wikimedia Commons Database
Trade show
–
IBM stand during
CeBIT 2010 at the
Hanover fairground, the largest exhibition ground in the world, in
Hanover,
Germany.
Trade show
–
An example of the large format work that can be done at international trade shows.
6.
Race queen
–
A promotional model is a model hired to drive consumer demand for a product, service, brand, or concept by directly interacting with potential customers. A majority of promotional models tend to be conventionally attractive in physical appearance. They serve to make a product or service more appealing and can provide information to journalists and consumers at trade show and convention events. While each model may not be employed by the company they represent, they can be trained to answer questions and provide customer feedback regarding products, services. Marketing campaigns that make use of models may take place in retail stores or shopping malls, at trade shows, special promotional events, clubs. They are often planned at high traffic locations to reach as many consumers as possible, the motorsports scene refers to promo models as race queens. In Japan, they are known as models and are being hired even by government agencies. Spokesmodel is a used for a model who is employed to be associated with a specific brand or product in advertisements. A spokesmodel may be a celebrity used only in advertisements, a classic example of such spokesmodels are the models engaged to be the Marlboro Man between 1954 and 1999, and the Clarion Girl since 1975. Contrary to what the term suggests, a spokesmodel is normally not expected to promote the brand. A trade show model is an assistant that works with a companys sales representatives at a trade show exhibit, working on the space or a booth. The models can be skilled at drawing attendees into the booth, engaging them in conversation, the slang term booth babe, coined in 1986, or booth bunny,1989, is widely used to refer to any female trade show model. The moniker booth babe is also controversial itself as it is considered offensive and degrading by some, the term nevertheless continues to be often used by journalists and by the people opposed to the presence of the models they define as booth babes. Changing social and business standards have resulted in a decrease in the use of models in trade shows. Partial nudity, the display of cleavage and the navel. Celebrity branding Cheerleading Cosplay Gravure idol Maid café Podium girl Pseudo-model Race queen Ring girl Video vixen
Race queen
–
Race queens for the JOMO racing team, 2010
Race queen
–
Models at the
Turkish Grand Prix, 2009
7.
Alison Carroll
–
Alison Laura Carroll is an English gymnast, model, and actress. She was the Lara Croft model from 2008 to 2010, Carroll was born on 21 May 1985, in Croydon, London. She trained at the Urdang Academy in Musical Theatre and graduated in 2007 with a distinction, Carroll has represented the United Kingdom as a professional display gymnast. She is also a gymnastics coach, choreographing the winning junior team at the British National Championships. Since 2007, Carroll has been a registered actress, in August 2008, when working as a receptionist at a golf club, Carroll was announced as the new Lara Croft model for the latest video game featuring the heroine, Tomb Raider, Underworld. Carroll replaced previous Lara model Karima Adebibe, who retired from the earlier in the year. Carroll held the position until 2010, and is the final official Lara Croft model, as the use of models has been discontinued for future Tomb Raider games
Alison Carroll
–
Carroll in September 2008, as
Lara Croft.
8.
Lara Croft
–
Lara Croft is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the Square Enix video game franchise Tomb Raider. She is presented as a beautiful, intelligent, and athletic English archaeologist-adventurer who ventures into ancient, hazardous tombs, created by a team at UK developer Core Design that included Toby Gard, the character first appeared in the 1996 video game Tomb Raider. She has also appeared in video game sequels, printed adaptations, a series of animated films, feature films. Official promotion of the character includes a brand of apparel and accessories, action figures, Croft has also been licensed for third-party promotion, including television and print advertisements, music-related appearances, and as a spokesmodel. As of June 2016, Lara Croft has been featured on over 1,100 magazine covers surpassing any supermodel, Core Design handled initial development of the character and the series. Inspired by Neneh Cherry and comic book character Tank Girl, Gard designed Lara Croft to counter stereotypical female characters, the company modified the character for subsequent titles, which included graphical improvements and gameplay additions. American developer Crystal Dynamics took over the series after the 2003 sequel Tomb Raider, the new developer rebooted the character along with the video game series. The company altered her physical proportions, and gave her additional ways of interacting with game environments, Croft has been voiced by six actresses in the video game series, Shelley Blond, Judith Gibbins, Jonell Elliott, Keeley Hawes, Camilla Luddington and Abigail Stahlschmidt. Critics consider Lara Croft a significant game character in popular culture and she holds six Guinness World Records, has a strong fan following, and is among the first video game characters to be successfully adapted to film. Lara Croft is also considered a sex symbol, one of the earliest in the industry to achieve widespread attention. The characters influence in the industry has been a point of contention among critics, Lara Croft is depicted as an athletic and fast woman with brown eyes and reddish-brown hair, frequently kept in a plait or ponytail. The characters classic costume is a tank top, light brown shorts, calf-high boots. Accessories include fingerless gloves, a backpack, a utility belt with holsters on either side, the video game sequels introduced new outfits designed for different environments, such as underwater and cold weather. In the later games, Croft wears a top, camouflage pants. When exploring, she carries two pistols, but has used other weaponry throughout the series. She is fluent in several languages, Laras backstory has changed dramatically over the course of the series. During the first era, game manuals describe the character as the Wimbledon and she was raised as an aristocrat and betrothed to the fictitious Earl of Farringdon. Lara attended the Scottish boarding school Gordonstoun and a Swiss finishing school, Croft published books and other written works based on her exploits as a mercenary, big-game hunter, and master thief
Lara Croft
–
Swedish pop artist
Neneh Cherry was an early inspiration to Lara Croft's creation.
Lara Croft
–
Toby Gard, Lara Croft's original designer, left
Core Design in 1997, but returned to work with
Crystal Dynamics as a consultant
Lara Croft
–
From 2006 to 2010,
Keeley Hawes performed voice work in four Tomb Raider games, and returned in 2014 for
Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris.
Lara Croft
–
A conceptual render of Lara Croft in the Tomb Raider reboot.
9.
Brand
–
A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes one seller’s product from those of others. Brands are used in business, marketing, and advertising, however, the term has been extended to mean a strategic personality for a product or company, so that ‘brand’ now suggests the values and promises that a consumer may perceive and buy into. Branding is a set of marketing and communication methods that help to distinguish a company from competitors, the key components that form a brands toolbox include a brand’s identity, brand communication, brand awareness, brand loyalty, and various branding strategies. Brand equity is the totality of a brands worth and is validated by assessing the effectiveness of these branding components. To reach such an invaluable brand prestige requires a commitment to a way of doing business. A corporation who exhibits a strong brand culture is dedicated on producing intangible outputs such as customer satisfaction, reduced price sensitivity and customer loyalty. A brand is in essence a promise to its customers that they can expect long-term security, when a customer is familiar with a brand or favours it incomparably to its competitors, this is when a corporation has reached a high level of brand equity. Many companies are beginning to understand there is often little to differentiate between products in the 21st century. Branding remains the last bastion for differentiation, in accounting, a brand defined as an intangible asset is often the most valuable asset on a corporation’s balance sheet. The word ‘brand’ is often used as a referring to the company that is strongly identified with a brand. Marque or make are often used to denote a brand of motor vehicle, a concept brand is a brand that is associated with an abstract concept, like breast cancer awareness or environmentalism, rather than a specific product, service, or business. A commodity brand is a associated with a commodity. The word, brand, derives from Dutch brand meaning to burn and this product was developed at Dhosi Hill, an extinct volcano in northern India. Roman glassmakers branded their works, with Ennion being the most prominent, the Italians used brands in the form of watermarks on paper in the 13th century. Blind Stamps, hallmarks, and silver-makers marks are all types of brand, industrialization moved the production of many household items, such as soap, from local communities to centralized factories. When shipping their items, the factories would literally brand their logo or insignia on the barrels used, Bass & Company, the British brewery, claims their red-triangle brand as the worlds first trademark. Another example comes from Antiche Fornaci Giorgi in Italy, which has stamped or carved its bricks with the same proto-logo since 1731, cattle-branding has been used since Ancient Egypt. The term, maverick, originally meaning an un-branded calf, came from a Texas pioneer rancher, Sam Maverick, use of the word maverick spread among cowboys and came to apply to unbranded calves found wandering alone
Brand
–
Ferrari is the world's most powerful brand according to
Brand Finance.
Brand
–
The color, letter font and style of the
Coca-Cola and
Diet Coca-Cola logos in
English were copied into matching
Hebrew logos to maintain brand identity in Israel.
10.
Advertisement
–
Advertising is an audio or visual form of marketing communication that employs an openly sponsored, nonpersonal message to promote or sell a product, service or idea. Sponsors of advertising are often businesses who wish to promote their products or services, Advertising is differentiated from public relations in that an advertiser usually pays for and has control over the message. It is differentiated from personal selling in that the message is nonpersonal, the actual presentation of the message in a medium is referred to as an advertisement or ad. Commercial ads often seek to generate increased consumption of their products or services through branding, on the other hand, ads that intend to elicit an immediate sale are known as direct response advertising. Non-commercial advertisers who spend money to advertise items other than a product or service include political parties, interest groups, religious organizations. Non-profit organizations may use free modes of persuasion, such as a service announcement. Advertising may also be used to reassure employees or shareholders that a company is viable or successful, in 2015, the world spent an estimate of US$592.43 billion on advertising. Its projected distribution for 2017 is 40. 4% on TV,33. 3% on digital, internationally, the largest advertising conglomerates are Interpublic, Omnicom, Publicis, and WPP. In Latin, ad vertere means to turn toward, egyptians used papyrus to make sales messages and wall posters. Commercial messages and political campaign displays have been found in the ruins of Pompeii, lost and found advertising on papyrus was common in ancient Greece and ancient Rome. Wall or rock painting for commercial advertising is another manifestation of an ancient advertising form, which is present to this day in many parts of Asia, Africa, the tradition of wall painting can be traced back to Indian rock art paintings that date back to 4000 BC. In ancient China, the earliest advertising known was oral, as recorded in the Classic of Poetry of bamboo flutes played to sell candy, advertisement usually takes in the form of calligraphic signboards and inked papers. Fruits and vegetables were sold in the city square from the backs of carts and wagons, the first compilation of such advertisements was gathered in Les Crieries de Paris, a thirteenth-century poem by Guillaume de la Villeneuve. In the 18th century advertisements started to appear in newspapers in England. However, false advertising and so-called quack advertisements became a problem, thomas J. Barratt from London has been called the father of modern advertising. Working for the Pears Soap company, Barratt created an advertising campaign for the company products. One of his slogans, Good morning, have you used Pears soap. was famous in its day and into the 20th century. Barratt introduced many of the ideas that lie behind successful advertising
Advertisement
–
A
Coca-Cola advertisement from the 1890s
Advertisement
–
Bronze plate for printing an advertisement for the Liu family needle shop at
Jinan,
Song dynasty China. It is considered the world's earliest identified printed advertising medium.
Advertisement
–
Edo period LEL flyer from 1806 for a traditional medicine called Kinseitan
Advertisement
–
A 1900 advertisement for Pears soap
11.
IgroMir
–
IgroMir is the first large-scale annual exhibition of computer and video games in Russia, organized by the committee of the Russian Game Developers Conference. The exhibition was held for the first time on November 4–5,2006, at the VDNKh Exhibition Center, Moscow, the exhibition was attended by about 45 companies, both domestic and foreign. More than 100 games for different gaming platforms were shown at the exhibition, in 2007, IgroMir was held in the same location from November 2–4. The exhibition area increased from 9000 to 13000 square meters, and there were about 45,000 to 50,000 visitors, including the exhibitors, some games were shown to the public for the first time. Many were presented by developers, such as the president of Epic Games Mike Capps, Ubisoft\s Jade Raymond and representatives of Bizarre Creations, Creative Assembly, IgroMir was held on November 6–9 in 2008, switching to a four-day exhibition format. The remaining three days were open to the public, the total number of visitors exceeded the 2007 IgroMir, with 65,000 people. IgroMir 2008 was attended by more than 120 exhibitors, among which were the western companies, Electronic Arts, Microsoft, Sony, Nintendo, Sega, Ubisoft. The total exhibition area increased from twelve to fourteen thousand square meters, the 2009 exhibition again took place at the VDNKh Exhibition Center, from November 5–8,2009. According to estimates of the organizers and the department of the OCE. Visitors to the exhibition included actor Joe Kucan, who played Kane in Command & Conquer, in 2010, the fifth IgroMir was held from November 3–6, and was partnered with Gamer. ru and Mail. ru. The exhibition was attended by more than 110 companies, and in that year IgroMir 2010 took almost the entire pavilion—more than 13,000 sq. m. The business day of the exhibition was attended by more than 3,500 professionals, in February 2011, the official website of the Crocus Expo exhibition catalog featured a brief description of the show. On July 11,2011, the exhibition was officially announced. IgroMir 2011 was held from October 6–9 in the exhibition center Crocus Expo, the total size of the exhibition exceeded 16,000 square meters. It attracted Microsoft, Sony Computer Entertainment, Nintendo, Electronic Arts, 1C-SoftKlab, Akella, Buka, Nival, Wargaming. net, Gaijin Entertainment, Panzar Studio, Blizzard Entertainment and others. In addition, all guests of the show were shown a special entertainment program on the main stage, on the first day, Noize MC was shown on stage, on the second Yeah was shown, and the third day, Tony Watkins and Underwood were shown. As in the exhibitions, the closed business day was the first day - October 6. Igromir 2012 was held from October 4–7 at the Crocus Expo again, after the business day, IgroMir was open to all visitors
IgroMir
–
Models at IgroMir 2008
IgroMir
–
Cosplayers at IgroMir 2010
IgroMir
–
Promotion at IgroMir 2012
IgroMir
–
Attendees of IgroMir 2013
12.
Camel (cigarette)
–
Camel is a brand of cigarettes that was introduced by American company R. J. Most current Camel cigarettes contain a blend of Turkish tobacco and Virginia tobacco, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, the city where R. J. Reynolds was founded, is nicknamed Camel City because of the brands popularity, Reynolds developed an innovation, the packaged cigarette. Most tobacco users who smoked cigarettes preferred to roll their own, Reynolds undercut competitors on the cost of the cigarettes, and within a year, he had sold 425 million packs of Camels. Camel cigarettes were originally blended to have a taste in contrast to brands that, at the time of its introduction, were considered much harsher. They were advance-promoted, prior to release, by a careful advertising campaign that included teasers which merely stated that the Camels are coming. This marketing style was a prototype for attempts to sway public opinion that coincided with the United States entry into World War I, another promotion strategy was the use of a Circus camel, Old Joe, which was driven through town and used to distribute free cigarettes. The brands catch-phrase slogan, used for decades, was Id walk a mile for a Camel, the most famous historical style of Camel cigarettes is the soft pack of the regular, unfiltered variety. These were the first blend of Camels to be released, in late 1987, RJR created Joe Camel as the mascot for the brand. In 1991, the American Medical Association published a report stating that 5- and 6-year olds could more easily recognize Joe Camel than Mickey Mouse, Fred Flintstone and this led the association to ask RJR to terminate the Joe Camel campaign. RJR declined, but further appeals followed in 1993 and 1994, in Europe, Camel is also a brand of cigarette rolling papers and cigarette roll-your-own tobacco. It maintains a top 20 level brand of RYO tobacco and papers in Northern Europe with yearly expansion into Southern and Eastern Europe according to the European Subsidiarys annual report, on July 1,2000, The cigarette known as the Oriental variety of Camel cigarette appears on the market. In 2000, Reynolds Tobacco introduced Camel Turkish Gold, a nonmenthol cigarette, in 2001, the company introduced Camel Turkish Jade, a menthol cigarette. In 2005, Camel implemented new changes to the Oriental flavors by adding the name on the paper and changing the filter color. Also in 2005, Turkish Silvers were introduced and these serve as the ultra light version of the three Turkish blends. Turkish Royal serves as the full version, and Turkish Gold serves as the lights version. A menthol version, Turkish Jade, was part of the Turkish Blends but has since been discontinued. After burning, the text on the paper is still visible on the ashes which is also seen in Camel straights
Camel (cigarette)
–
A 1915 Camels ad from
The New York Times, offering a money-back guarantee and stating, "Premiums or coupons don't go with Camels, because the cost of the choice quality tobaccos makes it impossible for us to give them"
Camel (cigarette)
–
Camel Natural Flavor — "smoking may reduce the blood flow and causes impotence" (
European tobacco package warning).
Camel (cigarette)
–
Smoking billboard, Times Square, 1948.
Camel (cigarette)
–
The Lotus 100T sponsored by Camel.
13.
Ibiza
–
Ibiza is an island in the Mediterranean Sea off the east coast of Spain. It is 150 kilometres from the city of Valencia and it is the third largest of the Balearic Islands, an autonomous community of Spain. Its largest settlements are Ibiza Town, Santa Eulària des Riu and its highest point, called Sa Talaiassa, is 475 metres above sea level. The islands government and the Spanish Tourist Office have been working to promote more family-oriented tourism, the port in Ibiza Town is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Ibiza and the island of Formentera to its south are called the Pine Islands. The official name of the island is in Catalan Eivissa and its name in Spanish is Ibiza. In British English, the name is pronounced in an approximation of the Spanish /ɪˈbiːθə/, whereas in American English the pronunciation is more anglicized. Phoenician colonists called the island Ibossim and it was later known to Romans as Ebusus. The Greeks called the two islands of Ibiza and Formentera the Pityûssai, in the 18th and 19th centuries the island was known to the British, and especially to the Royal Navy, as Ivica. In 654 BC, Phoenician settlers founded a port on Ibiza, with the decline of Phoenicia after the Assyrian invasions, Ibiza came under the control of Carthage, also a former Phoenician colony. The island produced dye, salt, fish sauce, and wool, a shrine with offerings to the goddess Tanit was established in the cave at Es Cuieram, and the rest of the Balearic Islands entered Eivissas commercial orbit after 400 BC. Ibiza was a trading post along the Mediterranean routes. During the Second Punic War, the island was assaulted by the two Scipio brothers in 209 BC but remained loyal to Carthage. With the Carthaginian military failing on the Iberian mainland, Ibiza was last used by the fleeing Carthaginian General Mago to gather supplies and men before sailing to Minorca, for this reason, Ibiza today contains excellent examples of late Carthaginian-Punic civilization. During the Roman Empire, the became a quiet imperial outpost. Ibiza together with the islands of Formentera and Minorca were invaded by the Norwegian King Sigurd I of Norway in the spring of 1110 on his crusade to Jerusalem. The king had previously conquered the cities of Sintra, Lisbon, King Sigurd continued to Sicily where he visited King Roger II of Sicily. The island was conquered by Aragonese King James I in 1235, the local Muslim population got deported as was the case with neighboring Majorca and elsewhere, and Christians arrived from Girona
Ibiza
–
View of the port from the ramparts
Ibiza
–
Flag of Ibiza
Ibiza
–
Old city of Ibiza Town.
Ibiza
–
Ancient Greek
aryballoi found in the necropolis of Puig des Molins. Museo de Puig des Molins, Ibiza.
14.
Electronic Arts
–
Electronic Arts Inc. is an American video game company headquartered in Redwood City, California. Currently, EA develops and publishes games under several labels including EA Sports titles FIFA, Madden NFL, NHL, NCAA Football, NBA Live, and SSX. EA also owns and operates major gaming studios, EA Tiburon in Orlando, EA Canada in Burnaby, BioWare in Edmonton as well as Montreal, the company began developing games in-house and supported consoles by the early 1990s. EA later grew via acquisition of several successful developers, by the early 2000s, EA had become one of the worlds largest third-party publishers. In a note to employees, EA CEO John Riccitiello called this an important milestone for the company. EA began to move toward direct distribution of games and services with the acquisition of the popular online gaming site Pogo. com in 2001. In 2009, EA acquired the London-based social gaming startup Playfish, and in June 2011, EA launched Origin, there is also a On The House feature in Origin that lets you download full versions of EA games for free, it is updated regularly. In July 2011, EA announced that it had acquired PopCap Games, in February 1982, Trip Hawkins arranged a meeting with Don Valentine of Sequoia Capital to discuss financing his new venture, Amazin Software. Valentine encouraged Hawkins to leave Apple Inc. in which Hawkins served as Director of Product Marketing, on May 28,1982, Trip Hawkins incorporated and established the company with a personal investment of an estimated US$200,000. The company was not named Amazin Software, but instead Electronic Arts, seven months later in December 1982, Hawkins secured US$2 million of venture capital from Sequoia Capital, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, and Sevin Rosen Funds. For more than seven months, Hawkins refined his Electronic Arts business plan, with aid from his first employee, Rich Melmon, the original plan was written, mostly by Hawkins, on an Apple II in Sequoia Capitals office in August 1982. The business plan was refined in September and reissued on October 8,1982. By November, employee headcount rose to 11, including Tim Mott, Bing Gordon, David Maynard, having outgrown the office space provided by Sequoia Capital, the company relocated to a San Mateo office that overlooked the San Francisco Airport landing path. Headcount rose rapidly in 1983, including Don Daglow, Richard Hilleman, Stewart Bonn, David Gardner and he recruited his original employees from Apple, Atari, Xerox PARC, and VisiCorp, and got Steve Wozniak to agree to sit on the board of directors. Hawkins was determined to sell directly to buyers, combined with the fact that Hawkins was pioneering new game brands, this made sales growth more challenging. Retailers wanted to buy known brands from existing distribution partners, after more flyers were handed out, former CEO Larry Probst arrived as VP of Sales in late 1984 and helped the company sustain growth into US$18 million in its third full year. This policy of dealing directly with retailers gave EA higher margins and better market awareness, in December 1986, David Gardner and Mark Lewkaspais moved to the UK to open a European headquarters. Up until that point publishing of Electronic Arts Games, and the conversion of many of their games to compact cassette versions in Europe was handled by Ariolasoft
Electronic Arts
–
The EA headquarters building at
Redwood City, California in May 2011.
Electronic Arts
–
Founder of EA Trip Hawkin.
Electronic Arts
–
Headquarters of EA in October 2007.
15.
Video game industry
–
The video game industry is the economic sector involved in the development, marketing and Monetizing of video games. It encompasses dozens of job disciplines and employs thousands of people worldwide, the computer and video game industry has grown from focused markets to mainstream. They took in about US$9.5 billion in the US in 2007,11.7 billion in 2008, sound cards were developed for addition of digital-quality sound to games and only later improved for music and audiophiles. Early on, graphics cards were developed for more colors, later, graphic cards were developed for graphical user interfaces and games, GUIs drove the need for high resolution, and games began using 3D acceleration. They also are one of the pieces of hardware to allow multiple hookups. Product and talent layer, includes developers, designers and artists, production and tools layer, generates content production tools, game development middleware, customizable game engines, and production management tools. Distribution layer, or the industry, involved in generating and marketing catalogs of games for retail. Hardware layer, or the providers of the platform, which may be console-based, accessed through online media. This layer now includes network infrastructure and non-hardware platforms such as machines, or software platforms such as browsers or even further Facebook. End-users layer, or the users/players of the games, the game industry employs those experienced in other traditional businesses, but some have experience tailored to the game industry. Some of the specific to the game industry include, game programmer, game designer, level designer, game producer, game artist. Most of these professionals are employed by video game developers or video game publishers, however, many hobbyists also produce computer games and sell them commercially. Recently, game developers have begun to employ those with extensive or long-term experience within the modding communities, prior to the 1970s, there was no significant commercial aspect of the video game industry, but many advances in computing would set the stage for the birth of the industry. In 1947 Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann filed a patent for a cathode ray tube amusement device and their game, which uses a cathode ray tube hooked to an oscilloscope display, challenges players to fire a gun at target. One of the first known examples is Spacewar, developed by Harvard and MIT employees Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanen. The introduction of easy-to-program languages like BASIC for mainframes allowed for more games to be developed. In 1971 the arcade game, Computer Space was released, the following year, Atari, Inc. released the first commercially successful video game, Pong, the original arcade version of which sold over 19,000 arcade cabinets. That same year saw the introduction of video games to the market with the release of the early video game console
Video game industry
–
The
Magnavox Odyssey, released in 1972, was the first home gaming console.
Video game industry
–
The
Nintendo Entertainment System, released in 1985, helped to revive the American gaming industry after the video game crash of 1983.
Video game industry
–
The
PlayStation was the most popular gaming console of the fifth generation, which saw the common adoption of CD media.
Video game industry
–
Ubisoft Montreal
16.
Consumer electronics
–
Consumer electronics or home electronics are electronic or digital equipment intended for everyday use, typically in private homes. Consumer electronics include devices used for entertainment, communications, and home-office activities, in British English, they are often called brown goods by producers and sellers, to distinguish them from white goods such as washing machines and refrigerators. Radio broadcasting in the early 20th century brought the first major consumer product, later products included telephones, personal computers, MP3 players, audio equipment, televisions and calculators. In the 2010s, consumer electronics stores often sell GPS, automotive electronics, video game consoles, electronic instruments, karaoke machines, digital cameras. Stores also sell digital cameras, camcorders, cell phones, some consumer electronics stores, such as Best Buy have also begun selling office and baby furniture. Consumer electronics stores may be bricks and mortar retail stores, online stores. The CEA estimated the value of 2015 consumer electronics sales at US$220 billion, for its first fifty years the phonograph turntable did not use electronics, the needle and soundhorn were purely mechanical technologies. However, in the 1920s radio broadcasting became the basis of production of radio receivers. The vacuum tubes that had made radios practical were used with record players as well, television was soon invented, but remained insignificant in the consumer market until the 1950s. The transistor, invented in 1947 by Bell Laboratories, led to significant research in the field of semiconductors in the early 1950s. The transistors advantages revolutionized that industry along with other electronics, by 1959 Fairchild Semiconductor had introduced the first planar transistor from which come the origins of Moores Law. Integrated circuits followed when manufacturers built circuits on a substrate using electrical connections between circuits within the chip itself. One overriding characteristic of consumer products is the trend of ever-falling prices. This is driven by gains in manufacturing efficiency and automation, lower costs as manufacturing has moved to lower-wage countries. Semiconductor components benefit from Moores Law, a principle which states that, for a given price. While consumer electronics continues in its trend of convergence, combining elements of many products, there is an ever increasing need to keep product information updated and comparable, for the consumer to make an informed choice. Style, price, specification, and performance are all relevant, there is a gradual shift towards e-commerce web-storefronts. Many products include Internet connectivity using technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, products not traditionally associated with computer use now provide options to connect to the Internet or to a computer using a home network to provide access to digital content
Consumer electronics
–
A typical
CoCo 3 computer system, from the 1980s
Consumer electronics
–
A
JVC camcorder, a typical consumer electronics device
Consumer electronics
–
A modern flat panel
television set
Consumer electronics
–
Gramophone factory in
Hannover-Nordstadt
17.
Information technology
–
Information technology is the application of computers to store, study, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data, or information, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. IT is considered a subset of information and communications technology, the term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Several industries are associated with technology, including computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that the new technology not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology, based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT development, pre-mechanical, mechanical, electromechanical, electronic. This article focuses on the most recent period, which began in about 1940, devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, probably initially in the form of a tally stick. Electronic computers, using either relays or valves, began to appear in the early 1940s, the electromechanical Zuse Z3, completed in 1941, was the worlds first programmable computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete computing machine. Colossus, developed during the Second World War to decrypt German messages was the first electronic digital computer, although it was programmable, it was not general-purpose, being designed to perform only a single task. It also lacked the ability to store its program in memory, programming was carried out using plugs, the first recognisably modern electronic digital stored-program computer was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, which ran its first program on 21 June 1948. The development of transistors in the late 1940s at Bell Laboratories allowed a new generation of computers to be designed with reduced power consumption. The first commercially available stored-program computer, the Ferranti Mark I, by comparison the first transistorised computer, developed at the University of Manchester and operational by November 1953, consumed only 150 watts in its final version. Early electronic computers such as Colossus made use of punched tape, a strip of paper on which data was represented by a series of holes. IBM introduced the first hard drive in 1956, as a component of their 305 RAMAC computer system. Most digital data today is stored magnetically on hard disks. Until 2002 most information was stored on analog devices, but that year digital storage capacity exceeded analog for the first time. As of 2007 almost 94% of the data stored worldwide was held digitally, 52% on hard disks, 28% on optical devices and 11% on digital magnetic tape. It has been estimated that the capacity to store information on electronic devices grew from less than 3 exabytes in 1986 to 295 exabytes in 2007. Database management systems emerged in the 1960s to address the problem of storing and retrieving large amounts of data accurately and quickly, one of the earliest such systems was IBMs Information Management System, which is still widely deployed more than 50 years later
Information technology
–
Zuse Z3 replica on display at
Deutsches Museum in
Munich. The Zuse Z3 is the first programmable computer.
Information technology
–
Employment distribution of computer systems design and related services, 2011
Information technology
–
Punched tapes that were used in early computers to represent data.
18.
Censorship
–
Governments, private organizations and individuals may engage in censorship. When an individual such as an author or other creator engages in censorship of their own works or speech, Censorship could be direct or indirect, in which case it is referred to as soft censorship. Direct censorship may or may not be legal, depending on the type, location, there are no laws against self-censorship. In 399 BC, Greek philosopher, Socrates, defied attempts by the Greek state to censor his philosophical teachings and was sentenced to death by drinking a poison, hemlock. Socrates student, Plato, is said to have advocated censorship in his essay on The Republic, in contrast to Plato, Greek playwright Euripides defended the true liberty of freeborn men, including the right to speak freely. In 1766, Sweden became the first country to abolish censorship by law, the rationale for censorship is different for various types of information censored, Moral censorship is the removal of materials that are obscene or otherwise considered morally questionable. Pornography, for example, is often censored under this rationale, especially child pornography, Military censorship is the process of keeping military intelligence and tactics confidential and away from the enemy. This is used to counter espionage, which is the process of gleaning military information, political censorship occurs when governments hold back information from their citizens. This is often done to control over the populace and prevent free expression that might foment rebellion. Religious censorship is the means by which any material considered objectionable by a religion is removed. This often involves a dominant religion forcing limitations on less prevalent ones, alternatively, one religion may shun the works of another when they believe the content is not appropriate for their religion. Strict censorship existed in the Eastern Bloc, throughout the bloc, the various ministries of culture held a tight rein on their writers. Cultural products there reflected the needs of the state. Party-approved censors exercised strict control in the early years, in the Stalinist period, even the weather forecasts were changed if they suggested that the sun might not shine on May Day. Under Nicolae Ceauşescu in Romania, weather reports were doctored so that the temperatures were not seen to rise above or fall below the levels which dictated that work must stop. Independent journalism did not exist in the Soviet Union until Mikhail Gorbachev became its leader, pravda, the predominant newspaper in the Soviet Union, had a monopoly. Foreign newspapers were available if they were published by Communist Parties sympathetic to the Soviet Union. Possession and use of copying machines was tightly controlled in order to hinder production and distribution of samizdat, illegal self-published books, possession of even a single samizdat manuscript such as a book by Andrei Sinyavsky was a serious crime which might involve a visit from the KGB
Censorship
–
Book burning in Chile following the
1973 coup that installed the
Pinochet regime.
Censorship
–
Madama Anastasie (allegory of
censorship) by
André Gill, June 19, 1874
Censorship
–
Chinese troops destroyed the statue
Goddess of Democracy in
Tiananmen Square in 1989, and continue to censor information about those events. This statue, now known as the
Victims of Communism Memorial was recreated by Thomas Marsh.
Censorship
–
Nikolai Yezhov, standing to the left of
Joseph Stalin, was shot in 1940. He was edited out of the photo by Soviet censors after his execution as a form of
damnatio memoriae. This policy was commonly applied to high-ranking executed political enemies during Stalin's reign.
19.
Puritan
–
Puritanism in this sense was founded as an activist movement within the Church of England. The founders, clergy exiled under Mary I, returned to England shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, Puritanism played a significant role in English history during the first half of the 17th century. One of the most effective stokers of anti-Catholic feeling was John Pym, Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion. They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system and they largely adopted Sabbatarianism in the 17th century, and were influenced by millennialism. Consequently, they became a political force in England and came to power as a result of the First English Civil War. Almost all Puritan clergy left the Church of England after the Restoration of 1660, the nature of the movement in England changed radically, although it retained its character for a much longer period in New England. Puritans by definition were dissatisfied with the extent of the English Reformation. They formed and identified with various groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal. Puritans adopted a Reformed theology and, in sense, were Calvinists. In church polity, some advocated separation from all other established Christian denominations in favor of autonomous gathered churches. The Puritans were never a formally defined sect or religious division within Protestantism, the Congregationalist tradition, widely considered to be a part of the Reformed tradition, claims descent from the Puritans. Historically, the word Puritan was considered a term that characterized Protestant groups as extremists. According to Thomas Fuller in his Church History, the dates to 1564. Archbishop Matthew Parker of that used it and precisian with the sense of the modern stickler. In modern times, the word puritan is often used to mean against pleasure, in this sense, the term Puritan was coined in the 1560s, when it first appeared as a term of abuse for those who found the Elizabethan Religious Settlement of 1559 inadequate. The term Puritan, therefore, was not intended to refer to strict morality, a common modern misunderstanding, the word Puritan was applied unevenly to a number of Protestant churches from the late 16th century onwards. Puritans did not originally use the term for themselves, the practitioners knew themselves as members of particular churches or movements, and not by a single term. Precise men and Precisians were other early derogatory terms for Puritans, seventeenth century English Puritan preacher Thomas Watson used the godly to describe Puritans in the title of one of his more famous works The Godly Mans Picture
Puritan
–
Gallery of famous 17th-century Puritan theologians:
Thomas Gouge,
William Bridge,
Thomas Manton,
John Flavel,
Richard Sibbes,
Stephen Charnock,
William Bates,
John Owen,
John Howe,
Richard Baxter.
Puritan
–
The
Westminster Assembly in a Victorian history painting by
John Rogers Herbert.
Puritan
–
The Snake in the Grass or Satan Transform'd to an Angel of Light, title page engraved by
Richard Gaywood, ca. 1660
Puritan
–
Cotton Mather, influential New England Puritan minister, portrait by
Peter Pelham.
20.
Moral panic
–
A moral panic is a feeling of fear spread among a large number of people that some evil threatens the well-being of society. A Dictionary of Sociology defines a moral panic as the process of arousing social concern over an issue – usually the work of moral entrepreneurs and the mass media. The media are key players in the dissemination of moral indignation, simply reporting the facts can be enough to generate concern, anxiety, or panic. Stanley Cohen states that moral panic is a condition, episode, person or group of persons emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values, marshall McLuhan gave the term academic treatment in his book Understanding Media, written in 1964. According to Stanley Cohen, author of a study about youth culture and media called Folk Devils and Moral Panics. Condition, episode, person or group of persons emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values, many sociologists have pointed out the differences between definitions of a moral panic described by American and British sociologists. British criminologist Jock Young used the term in his participant observation study of drug taking in Porthmadog between 1967 and 1969, employing Cohens definition of moral panic, Hall et al. theorized that the. rising crime rate equation. Performs an ideological function relating to social control, Crime statistics, in Halls view, are often manipulated for political and economic purposes, moral panics could thereby be ignited to create public support for the need to. police the crisis. In 1971 Stanley Cohen investigated a series of moral panics, Cohen used the term moral panic to characterize the reactions of the media, the public, and agents of social control to youth disturbances. This work, involving the Mods and Rockers, demonstrated how agents of social control amplified deviance, according to Folk Devils and Moral Panics, the concept of moral panic were linked to certain assumption about the mass media. Stanley Cohen illustrated that the media is the primary source of the public’s knowledge about deviance. In addition, Cohen claimed that moral panic ‘cause’ folk devil by labeling more actions, transmitting the images – transmitting the claims, by the using the rhetoric of moral panics, Breaking the silence and making the claim Moral panics have several distinct features. The fear of disease and spread of panic dates back centuries and continues into the 21st century with diseases such as AIDS, Ebola, H1N1, Zika. Cohens idea of the devil and epidemics can be compared because of their role in spreading mass panic. The intense concentration on hygiene emerged, before the 20th century, the miasma theory states that disease was the direct result of the polluting emanations of filth, sewer gas, garbage fumes, and stenches that polluted air and water, which results in an epidemic. The Great Stink of 1858 was blamed on miasma, along with reoccurring cholera epidemics during the Victorian era, although the water was safe to drink in most parts of London, such a panic had arisen that very few people would dare drink the water. Research shows that fears of increasing crime is often the cause of moral panics, recent studies have shown that despite declining crime rates, this phenomenon, which often taps into a populations herd mentality, continues to occur in various cultures. There have been calls to violence in video games for nearly as long as the video game industry has existed
Moral panic
–
Preparing to burn a witch in 1544.
Witch-hunts are an example of mass behavior fueled by moral panic.
21.
E3 2011
–
The Electronic Entertainment Expo 2011, commonly known as E32011, was the 17th Electronic Entertainment Expo held. The event took place at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles and it began on June 7,2011, and ended on June 9,2011, with 46,800 total attendees. E32011 was broadcast on the G4 channel, as in previous years, the conference was dominated by announcements from the three main console manufacturers, Microsoft, Sony and Nintendo. The Wii U system was credited by media outlets as a next-generation console. Microsoft did not announce any major hardware releases, but did showcase a number of games for its Kinect controller-free gaming system, konami held its own pre-E3 event on June 2 to showcase its upcoming games. The showcase featured live events in a number of cities, including Los Angeles, San Francisco, Toronto, São Paulo, Microsofts press conference took place on June 6 at 9, 00am. It focused on the Xbox 360, it was titled the Xbox 360 E311 Media Briefing event, call of Duty, Modern Warfare 3 was shown during Microsofts press conference. Electronic Arts took the stage on June 6 at 12, 30pm, ubisoft held a press conference on June 6 at 2, 30pm. Sonys press conference took place on June 6 at 5, 00pm, however, the conference was delayed for 16 minutes. The press conference focused on the companys upcoming device, PlayStation Vita, nintendos press conference took place on June 7 at 9, 00am at the Nokia Theatre. Nintendo unveiled the successor to its Wii console, the Wii U, a prototype of the console was playable to attendees of the event. This is a list of titles that appeared at E32011. This is a list of video game exhibitors who made appearances at E32011
E3 2011
–
The
Los Angeles Convention Center during E3 2011, with
Battlefield 3 occupying entrance advertising.
22.
Electronic Entertainment Expo
–
The Electronic Entertainment Expo, commonly referred to as E3, is an annual trade fair for the video game industry presented by the Entertainment Software Association. It is used by video game publishers and accessory manufacturers to introduce and advertise upcoming games. E3 used to be an event, individuals who wished to attend were required by the ESA to verify a professional connection to the video-game industry. E3 is usually held in late May or early June at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles, the show in 2017 will be held from June 13–15,2017. Before E3, game publishers went to trade shows to display new or upcoming products, these include the Consumer Electronics Show. As the game industry grew rapidly during the early 1990s, industry professionals felt that it had outgrown the older trade shows, according to Tom Kalinske, CEO of Sega America, The CES organizers used to put the video games industry way, way in the back. In 1991 they put us in a tent, and you had to walk past all the vendors to find us. That particular year it was pouring rain, and the rain leaked right over our new Genesis system, I was just furious with the way CES treated the video games industry, and I felt we were a more important industry than they were giving us credit for. Sega did not return to the CES the following year, the first E3 was conceived by IDGs Infotainment World and co-founded by the Interactive Digital Software Association. It coincided with a new generation of consoles, the release of the Sega Saturn, although specifications for the Nintendo Ultra 64 were released, no hardware was displayed. Although the IDSA asked the CES for private meeting space for game developers, patrick Ferrell, CEO of IDGs Infotainment World, sent his vice president of marketing to the meeting, when Ferrell received the CES reply, Infotainment World management announced E3. Needing full industry support, Ferrell negotiated an agreement between IDG and the IDSA and they co-produced the show for several years, the first event was held from May 11–13,1995 in Los Angeles. Keynote speakers included Sega of America president and CEO Thomas Kalinske, Sony Electronic Publishing president Olaf Olafsson and it was one of the largest trade-show debuts in history, with 700,000 square feet of exhibit space and over 48,900 attendees. In its current form, the Expo primarily features presentations from major hardware and software publishers, traditionally including Microsoft, Sony, Activision, Ubisoft, Nintendo and this often includes reveals of new hardware and software products. Following these presentations, the exhibition halls open, allowing attendees to speak to various company representations to get more information on upcoming titles. Here, many developers and publishers will have booths for their products. E3 has traditionally been a closed event expect to members of the game industry. In 2015, ESA distributed 5,000 tickets to the exhibitors to give to their fans, E32016 featured a separate but free E3 Live event at the nearby L. A
Electronic Entertainment Expo
–
The
Los Angeles Convention Center during
E3 2012
Electronic Entertainment Expo
–
E3 2006 press room
23.
E3 2009
–
The Electronic Entertainment Expo 2009, commonly known as E32009, was the 15th Electronic Entertainment Expo held. The event took place at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles, Wii and Super Mario Galaxy 2. The E32009 was greatly expanded in terms of size from the two years as it was reopened to all qualified computer and gaming audiences. In 2007, the E3 was restructured, downsized and renamed to the E3 Media, the move was widely criticized by those both within and outside the gaming industry. The following 2007 and 2008 E3 summits attracted very few attendees in contrast to years, E32007 attracted only 10,000 attendees. The E32009 aimed to return E3 to its pre-E32007 state, as well as having a larger venue and allowing more exhibitors, E32009 also reverted its name to Electronic Entertainment Expo. However, like pre-2007, the event was not open to the general public. E32009 was held at the Los Angeles Convention Center with the occupying the South. The west hall housed both Sony Computer Entertainment and Nintendo as well as third-party publishers Activision, Bethesda, Capcom, THQ and it also housed GameSpots media booth. The south hall housed a number of publisher booths, including Microsoft, Square Enix, Koei, Ubisoft, Namco Bandai. Disney, Eidos, MTV Games, EA, Sega and Konami and this was also where the majority of G4s media coverage took place, and in the media and bloggers lounge. The first floor housed sub booths of publishers on the floor, such as Square Enix, Sega, Capcom. It also housed the main booths of publishers, such as LucasArts. Atari was originally due to exhibit at E32009 but pulled out at the last minute, the reasons for this sudden withdrawal are still currently unclear. Kojima revealed Metal Gear Solid, Rising as the first Metal Gear Solid game on Xbox 360, although the game will also be available for PlayStation 3, the Beatles, Rock Band was featured. Trailers for Crackdown 2, Tom Clancys Splinter Cell, Conviction, Dantes Inferno, Mass Effect 2, Left 4 Dead 2, Halo, Reach was announced by Bungie. Turn 10 Studios announced Forza Motorsport 3, to be released October 2009, facebook and Twitter revealed to get their own programs on the 360. Gameplay for Modern Warfare 2, Assassins Creed II, Tom Clancys Splinter Cell, Conviction, Alan Wake, Halo 3, ODST, Forza Motorsport 3, also, a new upcoming game for Xbox Live Arcade is Shadow Complex, showed by Epic Games and Chair Entertainment
E3 2009
–
Official Logo of the E3 Expo
24.
GameSpot
–
GameSpot is a video gaming website that provides news, reviews, previews, downloads, and other information on video games. The site was launched on May 1,1996, created by Pete Deemer, Vince Broady and it was purchased by ZDNet, a brand which was later purchased by CNET Networks. CBS Interactive, which purchased CNET Networks in 2008, is the current owner of GameSpot, in addition to the information produced by GameSpot staff, the site also allows users to write their own reviews, blogs, and post on the sites forums. In 2004, GameSpot won Best Gaming Website as chosen by the viewers in Spike TVs second Video Game Award Show, the domain gamespot. com attracted at least 60 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete. com study. GameSpot was founded by Pete Deemer, Vince Broady and Jon Epstein in San Francisco, CA, initially, GameSpot focused exclusively on PC games. Its sister site, VideoGameSpot. com, was launched in December 1996 to cover console games, in 1997, VideoGameSpot. com became VideoGames. com for a short period, and by 1998, the PC and console sections were united at GameSpot. com. On October 3,2005, GameSpot adopted a new design similar to that of TV. com, a new layout change was adopted on October 2013. GameSpot UK was started in October 1997 and operated until mid-2002, during this period, GameSpot UK won the 1999 PPAi award for best website, and was short listed in 2001. Following the purchase of ZDNet by CNET, GameSpot UK was merged with the main US site, on April 24,2006, GameSpot UK was relaunched. In a similar fashion, GameSpot AU existed on a scale in the late 1990s with Australian-produced reviews. When a local version of the main CNET portal, CNET. com. au was launched in 2003, the site was fully re-launched mid-2006, with a specialized forum, local reviews, special features, local pricings in A$, Australian release dates, and more local news. GameSpot Japan in its current form launched in 2007 and it provides Japanese video game industry news, previews, reviews, features, and videos as well as translated articles from the other GameSpot sites. Jeff Gerstmann, Editorial Director of the site, was fired on November 28,2007, Gerstmann had previously given Kane & Lynch a fair or undesirable rating along with critique. Both GameSpot and parent company CNET stated that his dismissal was unrelated to the review, a month after Gerstmanns termination, freelance reviewer Frank Provo left GameSpot after eight years stating that I believe CNET management let Jeff go for all the wrong reasons. I believe CNET intends to soften the tone and push for higher scores to make advertisers happy. GameSpot staffers Alex Navarro, Ryan Davis, Brad Shoemaker, Davis co-founded Gerstmanns subsequent project, Giant Bomb, and was later joined by Shoemaker and Caravella. Navarro later returned to Giant Bomb, where he works as a Senior Editor. On March 15,2012, it was announced that CBS Interactive, as part of the deal, the non-disparagement agreement between Gerstmann and CNET was nullified, allowing him to finally speak publicly about his termination over four years prior
GameSpot
–
GameSpot
25.
Greg Kasavin
–
Gregory A. Kasavin is a writer and designer for Supergiant Games, and the former site director and executive editor at the gaming website GameSpot for over 10 years. Kasavin attended University of California, Berkeley, prior to working at GameSpot, he worked on Newtype Gaming Magazine. He also ran a website called Arcadia Magazine, which reviewed video games and pop-culture movies. He joined GameSpot in November 1996, on January 3,2007, GameSpot announced Kasavins resignation from his position as Editor-In-Chief. While working for EA-LA he hosted a program called Command School, part of Command & Conquer TV and he later took a position at 2K Games working as a publishing producer on Spec Ops, The Line. He is currently working for Supergiant Games, and was the writer, interview with Kasavin State of Play interview Getting To Know GameSpot, Episode IX, Greg Kasavin
Greg Kasavin
–
Employees
26.
Entertainment Software Association
–
The Entertainment Software Association is the trade association of the video game industry in the United States. It was formed in April 1994 as the Interactive Digital Software Association and it is based in Washington, D. C. On December 14,2006, game blog Kotaku reported that he was resigning to take a job in finance outside the industry, on May 17,2007, Mike Gallagher replaced Doug Lowenstein as the president of ESA. * In January 2012, the ESA dropped its support for both SOPA and PIPA despite initially lobbying congress for both bills, like other trade associations such as the RIAA, the ESA has been known to actively send copyright infringement notices to websites and ISPs. To effectively combat this, users of the Bit Torrent client are able to thwart the ESA by using a number of IP hiding methods, including VPN, PeerBlock and Proxy servers. Websites however have a more difficult time and have to resort from moving around or getting hosted in countries that do not honor WIPO. The ESA has also known to lobby congress in order to get laws passed that benefit the industrys copyright protection. Members are listed as displayed on the website of the ESA and is current as of January 16,2015. Interactive Entertainment Xseed Games As of May 23,2008, Activision, Vivendi Games, LucasArts, as of October 9,2008, Codemasters has also discontinued its membership in the ESA. As of March 2015, Sega of America and Daybreak Game Company have discontinued membership in the ESA
Entertainment Software Association
–
Logo of the Entertainment Software Association.
27.
Hot Coffee mod
–
Hot Coffee is a normally inaccessible mini-game in the 2004 video game Grand Theft Auto, San Andreas, developed by Rockstar North. Public awareness of the existence of the mini-game arrived with the release of the Hot Coffee mod, created for the Microsoft Windows port of GTA and this mod enables access to the mini-game. The mini-game portrays crudely animated sexual intercourse between the character, Carl CJ Johnson, and his chosen in-game girlfriend. The name of the mod is derived from the offer for the main character to come into her home for coffee. By the middle of July 2005, the discovery attracted considerable controversy from lawmakers and politicians. Entertainment Software Rating Board, and refused classification in Australia, resulting in its removal from sale, an updated version of San Andreas has since been released with the mini-game removed completely, allowing the game to regain its original rating. A patch for the version of the game, Cold Coffee, was designed to counter edit the script and disable the mini-game. Throughout the game, Carl CJ Johnson, the games protagonist, may date up to six girlfriends, carrying out various date missions in order to improve his relationship with a particular woman. In the unmodified version of Grand Theft Auto, San Andreas, however, the Hot Coffee mod replaces this with a minigame which allows the player to actually enter the girlfriends bedroom and control Carls actions during sex, with the same controls as dancing. These new methods of accessing Hot Coffee demonstrated that the content was, indeed. The PC mod itself is only a copy of the main game script file with a single bit changed. The mod was also possible on the console versions, by changing the bit inside a users saved game file or by using a third-party modding device. Take-Two has stated that the mod constitutes a violation of the End User License Agreement, however, the oral sex animations are clearly visible in the background during one scene of the mission Cleaning the Hood, even in the re-released game. This may explain why the minigame was not simply removed when the decision was made to cut it from the game, its assets were already in use elsewhere. It also rekindled the debate over the influence of games in general with new protests against several other games such as Killer7, The Sims 2. Jack Thompson was one of the first to criticize the game for its hidden content, Thompson lashed out against Rockstar Games on several occasions for previous games they have developed. Senator Hillary Clinton suggested that new regulations be put on video games sales, the ESRB conducted an investigation that ultimately changed the games rating from Mature to Adults Only 18+. Also, Congress passed a resolution to have the Federal Trade Commission investigate whether Rockstar intentionally undermined the ESRB by having the content in the game
Hot Coffee mod
–
A screenshot of GTA: San Andreas with the Hot Coffee mod
28.
Dress code
–
Dress codes are written and, more often, unwritten rules with regard to clothing. Clothing like other aspects of physical appearance has a social significance, with different rules and expectations being valid depending on circumstance. Different societies and cultures will have different dress norms although Western styles are commonly accepted as valid, the dress code has built in rules or signals indicating the message being given by a persons clothing and how it is worn. For example, wearing expensive clothes can communicate wealth, the image of wealth, all factors apply inversely to the wearing of inexpensive clothing and similar goods. The observer sees the resultant, expensive clothes, but may incorrectly perceive the extent to which these apply to the person observed. Clothing can convey a message, even if none is intended. If the receivers code of interpretation differs from the code of communication, misinterpretation follows. In every culture, current fashion governs the manner of consciously constructing, assembling, the rate of change of fashion varies, clothes and its accessories within months or days, especially in small social groups or in communications media-influenced modern societies. More extensive changes, requiring time, money, and effort to effect. When fashion changes, the messages communicated by clothing change, in the Middle Ages, the European royalty and nobility used a dress code to differentiate themselves from other classes of people. The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast had a social structure, including slaves, commoners, and nobles. John R. Jewitt resented the imposition of this code, finding the loose untailored garments very cold. He was not allowed to cut his hair, and had to paint his face, in some traditions, certain types of clothing are worn exclusively or predominantly by either men or women. For example, the wearing of a skirt or a dress tends to be associated with female dress, hairdressing in some societies may also conform to a dress code, such as long hair for women and short hair for men. In many societies, particular clothing may be a status symbol, in China before the establishment of the republic, only the emperor could wear yellow. Many school districts in the United States took up the idea, by requiring students to wear a school uniform they are less likely to have something to make fun of other students for. This would cause the students to get to one another by their personality. Military, police, and firefighters usually wear uniforms, as do workers in many industries, school children often wear school uniforms, while college and university students sometimes wear academic dress
Dress code
–
Alim Khan 's bemedalled
robe communicates a social message
Dress code
–
Dress code sign outside the
Sheikh Zayed Mosque in
Abu Dhabi
Dress code
–
A placard informs tourists about the minimum clothing standards for entering
St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican
Dress code
–
Poster in
Qatar calling on foreign women to dress modestly
29.
San Diego Comic-Con International
–
San Diego Comic-Con International is a multi-genre entertainment and comic convention held annually in San Diego, California. The name, as given on its website, is Comic-Con International, San Diego and it is a four-day event held during the summer at the San Diego Convention Center in San Diego. On the Wednesday evening prior to the opening of the event, there is a preview for professionals, exhibitors. Comic-Con International also produces two other conventions, WonderCon, held in Los Angeles, and the Alternative Press Expo and it is also the home of the Will Eisner Awards. In 2010, it filled the San Diego Convention Center to capacity with more than 130,000 attendees, the convention was founded in 1970 by Shel Dorf, Richard Alf, Ken Krueger, Mike Towry, Barry Alfonso, Bob Sourk, and Greg Bear. Detroit, Michigan-born, comics fan Shel Dorf, had, in the mid-1960s, mounted the Detroit Triple-Fan Fairs, one of the first commercial comics-fan conventions. When he moved to San Diego, California, in 1970, he organized a convention on March 21,1970. Dorf went on to be associated with the convention as president or manager, variously, Alf co-chaired the first convention with Krueger and became chairman in 1971. Following the initial gathering, Dorfs first three-day San Diego comics convention, other locations in the conventions early years included the El Cortez Hotel, the University of California, San Diego, and Golden Hall, before being moved to the San Diego Convention Center in 1991. I was quietly walking the floor stunned and in awe of just how much bigger it really was, the convention is organized by a panel of 13 board members,16 to 20 full-time and part-time workers, and 80 volunteers who assist via committees. Comic Con International is an organization, and proceeds of the event go to funding it, as well as the Alternative Press Expo. The convention logo was designed by Richard Bruning and Josh Beatman in 1995, in September 2010, the convention announced that it would stay in San Diego through 2015. In 2015, working with Lionsgate, a channel was created to host Comic-Con related content. According to the San Diego Convention and Visitors Bureau, the convention has a regional economic impact of $162.8 million. Along with panels, seminars, and workshops with comic book professionals, there are previews of upcoming feature films, like most comic-book conventions, Comic-Con features a large floorspace for exhibitors. These include media companies such as studios and TV networks, as well as comic-book dealers. And like most comics conventions, Comic-Con includes an area, as well as the Artists Alley where comics artists can sign autographs. Despite the name, artists alleys can include writers and even models, academics and comic industry professionals annually hold the Comics Arts Conference at Comic-Con, presenting scholarly studies on comics as a medium
San Diego Comic-Con International
–
Signs outside Hall H
San Diego Comic-Con International
–
Comic-Con International: San Diego: Creator
San Diego Comic-Con International
–
Comic Con crowds in 2011 as seen from a helicopter – Panorama.
San Diego Comic-Con International
–
Comic-Con crowd inside the second floor of the convention center in 2011 awaiting the exhibition hall to open.
30.
SuicideGirls
–
SuicideGirls is an online community based website that revolves around pin-up photography sets of models known as the Suicide Girls. The website was founded in 2001 by Selena Mooney and Sean Suhl, most of the site is only accessible to paying members. There is also an online store offering a range of clothing, books. In 2001, Mooney returned to Portland, Oregon to study photography after working as director of technology at Ticketmaster, mooneys friend, Sean Suhl joined her and the two founded the website. SuicideGirls was originally based in Portland, but relocated its operations to Los Angeles, California in 2003 to be closer to its distributor, label and that same year,70 models from the website appeared in a music video for the band Probot. Mooney has stated that the purpose of the site is to give control over how their sexuality is depicted. According to Missy, the term Suicide Girl originally comes from Chuck Palahniuks novel Survivor, Its the same with these suicide girls calling me up. In September 2005, SuicideGirls announced that it would remove a number of images from its pages. The images involved depicted bondage, weapons, or simulated blood, the Justice Department indicated that images of that type might be the subject of obscenity prosecutions. Although SuicideGirls was not mentioned as a target, they removed the images until the furor passed, in January 2007, the images were made visible again. In 2006, some of the Suicide Girls were featured in an episode of CSI, in 2015, it was reported that the website had 5 million monthly visitors, with 51 percent of them being female. SuicideGirls 15th anniversary was celebrated at its Peek-A-Boo burlesque show, which is an act at Pour Vous nightclub in Los Angeles. The website is a community, formed around pin-up photosets of Suicide Girls. Photosets are a collection of images ranging from fully clothed to fully nude that must share a theme or concept, each photoset contains 40-60 images and is created by the model and photographer to portray images of alternative beauty, showcasing each models ideas regarding their own beauty. As of May 2015, there were nearly 8 million images live on the site, each day, a Set of the Day is bought and featured, appearing on the front page, where official Suicide Girl status begins. The photographs are intended both as an homage to classic pin-up art and a portrayal of images of alternative beauty, the site hosts a collection of staff photographers, however anyone can submit photosets to the site. Actress Paget Brewster has photographed models for the site, as have guitarist Dave Navarro, the members and the models all have the option to create a personal profile, keep journals, upload their own photos and videos, and join public and private groups. The site also features interviews conducted by members and a merchandise shop, SuicideGirls have released seven movies since 2005, each directed by Mike Marshall
SuicideGirls
–
Sam Doumit signing the Suicide Girls mag/book at San Diego ComicCon 2007.
31.
Penny Arcade Expo
–
PAX is a series of gaming festivals held in Seattle, Boston, Melbourne, Philadelphia, and San Antonio. PAX was created by Jerry Holkins and Mike Krahulik, the authors of the Penny Arcade webcomic, created in 2004, PAX has been hailed as a celebration of gamer culture. Every PAX also features the Omegathon, a long tournament consisting of a group of randomly selected attendees competing for a grand prize. The final round of the Omegathon makes up the ceremony of PAX. Past games for the final round have included Tetris, Pong, Halo 3, and Skee ball. The first PAX, known at the time as the Penny Arcade Expo, was held on August 28–29,2004, in Bellevue, Washington, at the Meydenbauer Center, the event was held annually in August, at the same venue, for the next two years. Attendance grew rapidly, with over 9,000 attendees in 2005, by 2007, the event had outgrown its previous venue, and moved to the Washington State Convention and Trade Center, which was twice the size. Attendance in 2007 was counted at 39,000, in 2008, attendance grew to 58,500, and in 2009, it grew to 60,750. In 2010, PAX held its first event on the East Coast, PAX East 2010 was held in Boston, from March 26–28, at the Hynes Convention Center. Attendance levels rivaled those of PAX2009, PAX East 2010 was attended by 52,290, from then on, the original Washington festival was referred to as PAX Prime in order to avoid confusion between the two. PAX Prime 2010 was attended by 67,600 people, PAX Prime 2011 was attended by over 70,000 people. For the two prior to PAX Prime, an event called PAX Dev was held, it was exclusive to the game developer community, no press were permitted. This supplemental event was created as a forum where developers speak freely, the same year, the second annual PAX East was held in March 2011, at a new venue, the Boston Convention and Exhibition Center. PAX East 2012 was held April 6–8, and PAX Prime 2012 was held from August 31 to September 2, PAX East 2013 took place March 22–24. 2013 also marked the first year that a PAX event was held outside of the United States, PAX Prime 2013 was the first four-day PAX and took place from August 30 to September 2,2013. Passes for PAX Prime 2013 sold out six hours. An agreement reached in early 2012 has extended Boston as the home of PAX East until 2023. PAX Australia 2014 was held at the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre on October 31 to November 2,2014, the first PAX South was held in San Antonio, Texas at the Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center on January 23–25,2015
Penny Arcade Expo
–
PAX Logo
32.
Eurogamer Expo
–
EGX is a trade fair for video games held annually in the United Kingdom. The first Eurogamer Expo took place at the Old Truman Brewery as part of the London Games Festival 2008 and was attended by 4,000 people. In 2009, the took place at The Royal Armouries in Leeds. In 2012, Eurogamer and Rock, Paper, Shotgun announced Rezzed, Rezzed was first held at the Brighton Centre on 6–7 July 2012. In September 2012, Eurogamer announced that Eurogamer Expo would also host a Rezzed component, in October 2013, the Eurogamer Expo was renamed to EGX London, and Rezzed was renamed EGX Rezzed
Eurogamer Expo
–
EGX
Eurogamer Expo
–
Outside the 2009 Eurogamer Expo at
Old Billingsgate Market,
London
33.
Consumer Electronics Association
–
The Consumer Technology Association, formerly Consumer Electronics Association, is a standards and trade organization for the consumer electronics industry in the United States. CTA works to public policy, holds events such as the International CES and SINOCES, conducts market research. CTA is led by Gary Shapiro, the International CES is a major technology trade show held each January in Las Vegas. The CTA-sponsored show typically hosts previews of products and new product announcements, the first CES was held in 1967 in New York City. It was a spinoff from the Chicago Music Show, which then had served as the main event for exhibiting consumer electronics. The event had 17,500 attendees and over 100 exhibitors, from 1978 to 1994, CES was held twice each year, once in January in Las Vegas known as Winter Consumer Electronics Show and once in June in Chicago, known as Summer Consumer Electronics Show. In 1998, the changed to a once-a-year format with Las Vegas as the location. CES is one of the largest and longest trade shows held in Las Vegas, taking up to 18 days to set up, run, SINOCES is a tradeshow held annually in the Chinese city of Qingdao in Shandong. The original organizers of SINOCES appropriated the CES trademark without the permission of CTA, CTA later successfully negotiated for joint sponsorship of the event. SINOCES serves as a platform for both Chinese and American companies to new products into the Chinese market. SINOCES also serves as forum for Chinese electronics companies and their counterparts from overseas, CTA launched The Innovation Movement, a broad based group with more than 200,000 members, in order to spur economic growth and technological innovation. The Innovation Movement is active on issues including trade, immigration, deficit reduction, broadband deployment. CTA believes that spectrum is the oxygen of innovation, CTA supports legislation to allow the FCC to conduct voluntary incentive auctions in order to obtain 500 megahertz of new radio spectrum for wireless broadband internet services. CTA supports making this available for licensed and unlicensed use. In March 2011, CEA and CTIA sent a joint letter to Congress in support of voluntary incentive auctions, in February of the same year, the two groups also released a white paper on freeing up broadcast television spectrum for use by wireless broadband services. On the issue of net neutrality, CTA states, We believe that consumers should have the right to attach devices of their choice to broadband networks as well as have unfettered access to content. CTA believes that the government can most effectively address the net neutrality debate by reallocating spectrum for wireless broadband use and this reallocation would ensure rapid broadband deployment and a competitive, pro-consumer broadband marketplace. CEA supported the FCCs National Broadband Plan in 2010, CEA specifically praised the FCCs efforts to address the spectrum crunch, competition in the market for video devices, and improved internet access for underserved populations
Consumer Electronics Association
–
Consumer Electronics Association
34.
Gary Shapiro
–
Gary Shapiro is president and CEO of the Consumer Technology Association, which represents more than 2,400 tech companies and owns and produces CES. He is considered an “influencer” on LinkedIn, and is a highly sought-after speaker, having taken the stage at conferences including DLD, Milken, The Next Web, Shapiro holds a law degree from the Georgetown University Law Center. He is also a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of the Binghamton University, prior to joining CTA in 1982, Shapiro was an associate at the law firm of Squire, Sanders and Dempsey. He also worked as an aide on Capitol Hill. CTA has more than 2,200 member companies –80 percent of which are small businesses and startups, CTA membership benefits include policy advocacy, market research, training, industry promotion, standards development and the fostering of business and strategic relationships. Under Shapiro’s leadership, CTA regularly wins awards for its success as a family friendly employer, the healthiest workplace of its size in Washington, in 2015, CTA earned its second consecutive selection as a Washington Post Top Workplace. The Consumer Technology Association owns and produces CES – the world’s gathering place for all who thrive on the business of consumer technology, CTA also co-hosts several smaller events around the world throughout the year. CES is a major technology-related trade show held each January in the Las Vegas Convention Center, CES has served as the proving ground for innovators and breakthrough technologies since 1967—the global stage where next-generation innovations are introduced to the marketplace. As the largest hands-on event of its kind, CES features all aspects of the industry, not open to the public, the CTA-sponsored show typically hosts previews of products and new product announcements. Launched in 2015, CES Asia serves as the event for the consumer technology industry. Attendees have exclusive access to some of the largest brands from China and around the world, CES Asia will also feature companies currently doing business in China who want to expand and enhance their business presence in China and across Asia. Shapiro has been a leader in the development and launch of HDTV. He helped found and chaired the HDTV Model Station, and has served on the board of the Advanced Television Test Center, Shapiro is chairman of the Home Recording Rights Coalition. The HRRC is an advocacy organization in the United States whose mission is to protect the right of consumers to view, listen to and record radio. Founded in 1981 in response to the Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. case, while Shapiro was at Georgetown, J. Edward Day, a senior partner at Squire, began to mentor Shapiro. He instructed Shapiro to begin monitoring developments in the Sony case, the case was filed to prevent Sony and retailers from making and selling video cassette recorders. Movie studios claimed the right to copy their works and said Sony was contributing to copyright infringement by allowing consumers to record broadcast television using VCRs. In 1979, a district court rejected the movie industrys claims
Gary Shapiro
–
Gary Shapiro
Gary Shapiro
–
Gary Shapiro introduces
Mitt Romney at CEA HQ in
Arlington, Virginia, 2009
35.
Change.org
–
The company is headquartered in San Francisco, California. The website serves to facilitate petitions by the general public, corporations including Virgin America, and organizations such as Amnesty International and the Humane Society, pay the site to host and promote their petitions. Change. orgs stated mission is to people everywhere to create the change they want to see. Popular topics of Change. org petitions are economic and criminal justice, human rights, education, environmental protection, animals rights, health, and sustainable food. Change. org was launched on February 7,2007, by current chief executive Ben Rattray, with the support of founding chief technology officer Mark Dimas, Darren Haas, as of February 2012, the site had 100 employees with offices on four continents. By the end of 2012, Rattray stated he plans to have offices in 20 countries and to operate in more languages, including Arabic. In May 2013, the company announced a $15 million round of investment led by Omidyar Network, in 2011, there was a proposal to merge the Spanish-speaking counterpart website Actuable into Change. org. It took place in 2012 when they approved the union of Actuable users into the Change. org platform. In 2012, Arizona State University decided to access to Change. org in response to a petition created by student Eric Haywood protesting rising tuition costs at the school. It was reported on April 5,2012, that Change. org hit 10 million members, at that time, they were receiving 500 new petitions per day. In January 2013, Jennifer Dulski joined the company as president and they will also be able to create their own Decision Maker page, which will show all petitions against them, the number of signatures gathered, and their statuses. On March 8,2012, a petition entitled Prosecute the killer of our son, the petition received over 2.2 million signatures – at that time the largest number of signatures for any campaign in Change. orgs history. The petition called for the prosecution of George Zimmerman, a neighborhood watch volunteer, who, on February 26,2012, shot and killed Trayvon Martin in Sanford, Florida, Zimmerman said he was acting in self-defense, and was set free without being charged. On April 11,2012, Zimmerman was arrested and charged with second-degree murder and he stood trial in the months of June and July and was acquitted of all charges on July 13,2013. Less than one month later,300,000 signatures were collected, the petition was widely cited as a contributing cause for the bank formally announcing to drop the new banking fee. U. S. President Barack Obama signed the petition, U. S, senator Dick Durbin, the Democratic senator from Illinois, responded to Bank of America and the petition on Twitter. It may have contributed to the U. S. Congress deciding to look at legislation for out-of-control banking fees, the website and trailer lacked the important message from the book, to help the environment. The petition collected over 57,000 signatures, and on January 26,2012 and that afternoon the company changed its forbearance fee policy
Change.org
–
Change.org
36.
Forbes
–
Forbes is an American business magazine. Published bi-weekly, it features articles on finance, industry, investing. Forbes also reports on related subjects such as technology, communications, science, politics and its headquarters is located in Jersey City, New Jersey. Primary competitors in the business magazine category include Fortune and Bloomberg Businessweek. The magazine is known for its lists and rankings, including its lists of the richest Americans. Another well-known list by the magazine is The Worlds Billionaires list, the motto of Forbes magazine is The Capitalist Tool. Its chairman and editor-in-chief is Steve Forbes, and its CEO is Mike Perlis, Forbes, a financial columnist for the Hearst papers, and his partner Walter Drey, the general manager of the Magazine of Wall Street, founded Forbes magazine on September 15,1917. Forbes provided the money and the name and Drey provided the publishing expertise, the original name of the magazine was Forbes, Devoted to Doers and Doings. Drey became vice-president of the B. C. Forbes Publishing Company, while B. C. Forbes became editor-in-chief, B. C. Forbes was assisted in his later years by his two eldest sons, Bruce Charles Forbes and Malcolm Stevenson Forbes. Bruce Forbes took over on his fathers death, and his strengths lay in streamlining operations, during his tenure, 1954–1964, the magazines circulation nearly doubled. On Malcolms death, his eldest son Malcolm Stevenson Steve Forbes Jr. became President and Chief Executive of Forbes, between 1961 and 1999 the magazine was edited by James Michaels. In 1993, under Michaels, Forbes was a finalist for the National Magazine Award. com, a 2009 New York Times report said,40 percent of the enterprise was sold. For a reported $300 million, setting the value of the enterprise at $750 million, according to Mark M. Edmiston of AdMedia Partners, Its probably not worth half of that now. The companys headquarters moved to the Newport section of downtown Jersey City. In November 2013, Forbes Media, which publishes Forbes magazine, was put up for sale and this was encouraged by Elevation Partners, of whom were minority shareholders. Sales documents prepared by Deutsche Bank revealed that the publishers 2012 EBITDA was $15 million, Forbes reportedly sought a price of $400 million. In July 2014, Forbes sold a majority of itself to Integrated Whale Media Investments, Steve Forbes and his magazines writers offer investment advice on the weekly Fox TV show Forbes on Fox and on Forbes On Radio. Other company groups include Forbes Conference Group, Forbes Investment Advisory Group, from the 2009 Times report, Steve Forbes recently returned from opening up a Forbes magazine in India, bringing the number of foreign editions to 10
Forbes
–
Cover for December 20, 2010, featuring
Julian Assange
Forbes
–
Forbes's former headquarters on
5th Avenue in Manhattan (now owned by New York University)
Forbes
–
Forbes Building on
Fifth Avenue in New York City (now owned by
New York University)
37.
Taliban
–
Until his death in 2013, Mullah Mohammed Omar was the supreme commander and spiritual leader of the Taliban. Mullah Akhtar Mansour was elected as his replacement in 2015, and following Mansours killing in a May 2016 U. S. drone strike, Mawlawi Hibatullah Akhundzada became the groups leader. The Taliban emerged in 1994 as one of the prominent factions in the Afghan Civil War, under the leadership of Mohammed Omar, the movement spread throughout most of Afghanistan, sequestering power from the Mujahideen warlords, whose corruption and despotism Afghans had tired of. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was established in 1996 and the Afghan capital transferred to Kandahar and it held control of most of the country until being overthrown by the American-led invasion of Afghanistan in December 2001 following the September 11 attacks. At its peak, formal recognition of the Talibans government was acknowledged by only three nations, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The group later regrouped as a movement to fight the American-backed Karzai administration. The Taliban have been condemned internationally for the enforcement of their interpretation of Islamic Sharia law. In its post-9/11 insurgency, the group has accused of using terrorism as a specific tactic to further their ideological and political goals. According to the United Nations, the Taliban and their allies were responsible for 76% of Afghan civilian casualties in 2010, 80% in 2011, Pakistan states that it dropped all support for the group after the September 11 attacks. Al-Qaeda also supported the Taliban with fighters from Arab countries and Central Asia, hundreds of thousands of people were forced to flee to United Front-controlled territory, Pakistan, and Iran. The word Taliban is Pashto, طالبان ṭālibān, meaning students and this is a loanword from Arabic طالب ṭālib, using the Persian plural ending -ān ان. In Arabic طالبان ṭālibān means not students but two students, as it is a form, the Arabic plural being طلاب ṭullāb—occasionally causing some confusion to Arabic speakers. Since becoming a loanword in English, Taliban, besides a plural noun referring to the group, has also used as a singular noun referring to an individual. For example, John Walker Lindh has been referred to as an American Taliban, in the English language newspapers of Pakistan, the word Talibans is often used when referring to more than one Taliban. The spelling Taliban has come to be predominant over Taleban in English, in the meantime, the United States and Saudi Arabia joined the struggle against the Soviet Union by providing all the funds. Zia-ul-Haq aligned himself with Pakistans Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam and later picked General Akhtar Abdur Rahman to lead the insurgency against the Soviet Union inside Afghanistan, about 90,000 Afghans, including Mohammed Omar, were trained by Pakistans ISI during the 1980s. After the fall of the Soviet-backed regime of Mohammad Najibullah in 1992, several Afghan political parties agreed on a peace and power-sharing agreement, the accord created the Islamic State of Afghanistan and appointed an interim government for a transitional period. With the exception of Gulbuddin Hekmatyars Hezb-e Islami, all of the parties, were ostensibly unified under this government in April 1992
Taliban
–
Darul Uloom Deoband, India
Taliban
–
Flag of the Taliban.
Taliban
–
The Taliban emerged in the southern Afghan city of
Kandahar around September 1994.
Taliban
–
Taliban border guard in 2001
38.
Consumer Electronics Show
–
The Consumer Electronics Show is an annual trade show organized by the Consumer Technology Association. Held in January at the Las Vegas Convention Center in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, the first CES was held in June 1967 in New York City. It was a spinoff from the Chicago Music Show, which then had served as the main event for exhibiting consumer electronics. The event had 17,500 attendees and over 100 exhibitors, from 1978 to 1994, CES was held twice each year, once in January in Las Vegas known as Winter Consumer Electronics Show and once in June in Chicago, known as Summer Consumer Electronics Show. The winter show was held in Las Vegas in 1995 as planned. However, the inaugural E3 gaming show was scheduled to be held on the West Coast in May and proved a source of increasing competition, causing the Philadelphia Summer CES show to be cancelled. The 1996 Winter show was held in Las Vegas in January, followed by a Summer show this time in Orlando, Florida. Again, the 1997 Winter show in Las Vegas was very successful, the next Summer show was scheduled to be held in conjunction with Spring COMDEX in Atlanta, however when only two dozen-or-so exhibitors signed on, the CES portion of the show was cancelled. In 1998, the changed to a once-a-year format with Las Vegas as the location. In Las Vegas, the show is one of the largest, taking up to 18 days to set up, run, organizers held the first CES in New York City from June 24 to 28,1967. The 200 exhibitors attracted 17,500 attendees to the Hilton, on view, the latest pocket radios and TVs sporting integrated circuits. In a one-time experiment, the Summer CES1993 was open to the general public, major announcements during this edition were, Capcom unveils Mega Man X First Time in North American. The Blu-ray Group held at the January 2004 CES the first US press conference to promote the Blu-ray Disc format, the 2005 CES was from January 6–9,2005, in Las Vegas, Nevada at the Las Vegas Convention Center. Samsung showed off a 102-inch plasma television, zimiti Ltd won the Best of Innovators award for Personal Electronics. It is the only British company to have won this award, the 2006 exhibition took place on January 5–8,2006 at the Las Vegas Convention Center, the Sands Convention Center, the Alexis Park Hotel and the Las Vegas Hilton Hotel. HDTV was a theme in the Bill Gates keynote as well as many of the other manufacturers speeches. The standards competition between HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc was conspicuous, with some of the first HD movie releases, philips showed a rollable display prototype whose screen can retain an image for several months without electricity. Hillcrest Labs won the Best Of Innovations award in the video category for software and hardware that allows a television to be controlled with natural gestures
Consumer Electronics Show
–
Attendees walking by the
LG Electronics display at CES 2010
Consumer Electronics Show
39.
Celebrity branding
–
Marketers use celebrity endorsers in hopes that the positive images of the celebrity endorser of the brand will also be passed on to the products or the brand image associated with the celebrities. Through the 1760s, royal endorsements were used as a type of celebrity branding to promote products, in 1875–1900s trade cards were introduced, this is where there would be a picture of a celebrity with a photo of the product. Typically, these cards would be given to consumers with the product or would be inserted on the packaging of the product itself. Cigarette brands became hugely involved in celebrity branding, Kodas cigarettes introduced baseball cards into the packets of cigarettes as part of a customer loyalty scheme. This created a demand for consumers to buy more cigarettes so they could all the cards of all baseball players due to celebrity endorsement of the cards. In the early 1930s the major trending celebrity endorsers were athletes, then by 1945 the trend changed, companies and firms in 1980s then decided to start making products around celebrities. An example of this is in 1984 when the company Nike noticed a talented, Michael Jordan, then became Nikes celebrity brand ambassador for their sports industry. Nike extremely relied on Michael Jordans social status to make the brand internationally well known, due to salaries always increasing because of the demands of the celebrity, usually sales for the company that the celebrity was promoting would increase. As more companies got their celebrity ambassador to hold conferences and announce special deals, sales for the brands were increasing immensely. Celebrity branding, or celebrity endorsement of a product is effective largely because celebrities have the potential to reach a large amount of prospective consumers. Reach can be defined as the number of people that have seen and/or heard the brands intended message at least once. An example of the usefulness of a celebritys reach can be shown in statistics taken from telegraph. co. uk regarding the worlds most followed Instagram celebrities. The most followed Instagram celebrity is Selena Gomez, with each post that she makes being viewed by all or most of her 69.5 million followers. Taylor Swift is 2nd, with 69.3 million followers, the most followed male celebrity is Justin Bieber with 61.6 million followers. Imagine the effect of a celebrity posting an endorsement across all of their social media, Brand image can be described as the set of beliefs held about a particular brand. Research carried out by Keller & Aaker in 1992 suggests that a brand with better positive brand image and attitudes is more likely to achieve heightened development within their relevant market. Therefore, choosing a celebrity who is going to contribute to the existing, or intended image. Brand recognition is a part to celebrity branding
Celebrity branding
–
In 2001, actress
Anna Friel and her partner
David Thewlis, who posed for fashion photographer
Henry Bond, were reportedly paid £50,000 to appear in
Mulberry 's 2001 autumn/winter campaign.
Celebrity branding
–
Actress and model
Lin Chi-ling at the LG New Chocolate Phone launching event for the BL40, 2009,
Hong Kong
40.
Cheerleading
–
Cheerleading ranges from chanting, to intense physical activity for sports team motivation, audience entertainment, or competition based upon organized routines. Competitive routines typically range anywhere from one to three minutes, and contain components of tumbling, dance, jumps, cheers, and stunting, Cheerleading originated in the United States, and remains predominantly in America, with an estimated 1.5 million participants in all-star cheerleading. The global presentation of cheerleading was led by the 1997 broadcast of ESPNs International cheerleading competition, Cheerleading began during the late 18th century with the rebellion of male students. After the American Revolutionary War, students experienced harsh treatment from teachers, in response to facultys abuse, college students violently acted out. The undergraduates began to riot, burn down buildings located on their college campuses, as a more subtle way to gain independence, however, students invented and organized their own extracurricular activities outside their professors control. This brought about American sports, beginning first with collegiate teams, in the 1860s, students from Great Britain began to cheer and chant in unison for their favorite athletes at sporting events. Soon, that gesture of support crossed overseas to America, on November 6,1869, the United States witnessed its first intercollegiate football game. It took place between Princeton and Rutgers University, and marked the day the original Sis Boom Rah. cheer was shouted out by student fans, organized cheerleading started as an all-male activity. As early as 1877, Princeton University had a Princeton Cheer, documented in the February 22,1877, March 12,1880 and this cheer was yelled from the stands by students attending games, as well as by the athletes themselves. Remains in use with modifications today, where it is now referred to as the Locomotive. Princeton class of 1882 graduate Thomas Peebles moved to Minnesota in 1884 and he transplanted the idea of organized crowds cheering at football games to the University of Minnesota. These students would cheer for the team also at football practices and it was not until 1898 that University of Minnesota student Johnny Campbell directed a crowd in cheering Rah, Rah, Rah. Making Campbell the very first cheerleader, November 2,1898 is the official birth date of organized cheerleading. Soon after, the University of Minnesota organized a yell leader squad of six male students, in 1903, the first cheerleading fraternity, Gamma Sigma, was founded. In 1923, at the University of Minnesota, women were permitted to participate in cheerleading, however, it took time for other schools to follow. In the late 1920s, many school manuals and newspapers that were published still referred to cheerleaders as chap, fellow, women cheerleaders were overlooked until the 1940s. In the 1940s, collegiate men were drafted for World War II, as noted by Kieran Scott in Ultimate Cheerleading, Girls really took over for the first time. During the 1950s, cheerleading in America also increased in popularity, by the 1960s, some began to consider cheerleading a feminine extracurricular for boys, and by the 1970s, girls primarily cheered at public school games
Cheerleading
–
College cheerleaders performing a
liberty stunt
Cheerleading
–
All-Star cheerleaders performing a
prep double
Cheerleading
–
Minnesota Gopher cheerleader Johnny Campbell
Cheerleading
–
Cheerleaders at the
University of Wisconsin, Madison in 1948
41.
Cosplay
–
Cosplay, a contraction of the words costume play, is a performance art in which participants called cosplayers wear costumes and fashion accessories to represent a specific character. Cosplayers often interact to create a subculture and a use of the term cosplay applies to any costumed role-playing in venues apart from the stage. Any entity that lends itself to dramatic interpretation may be taken up as a subject, favorite sources include manga and anime, comic books and cartoons, video games, and live-action films and television series. The term cosplay is a Japanese portmanteau of the English terms costume, the term was coined by Nobuyuki Takahashi of Studio Hard while attending the 1984 World Science Fiction Convention in Los Angeles. He was impressed by the hall and the fans and reported on both in Japanese magazine My Anime. The coinage reflects a common Japanese method of abbreviation in which the first two moras of a pair of words are used to form an independent compound, costume becomes kosu, Costume parties or fancy dress parties were popular from the 19th century onwards. Most specific costumes described therein are for historical figures although some are sourced from fiction, one of the earliest recorded examples of costuming based on an existing character from popular media were costumes based on A. D. Condos science fiction comic character Mr. Skygack, from Mars, in 1908, a Mr. and Mrs. William Fell attended a masquerade at a skating rink in Cincinnati, Ohio wearing Mr. Skygack and Miss Dillpickles costumes. Shortly after, in 1910, a woman won first prize at masquerade ball in Tacoma. The first people to wear costumes to attend a convention were science fiction fans Forrest J Ackerman, paul and the 1936 film Things to Come, designed and created by Douglas. Ackerman later stated that he thought everyone was supposed to wear a costume at a science fiction convention, although only he and Douglas did. Fan costuming caught on, however, and the 2nd Worldcon, david Kyle won the masquerade wearing a Ming the Merciless costume created by Leslie Perri, while Robert A. W. Lowndes received second place with a Bar Senestro costume. Other costumed attendees included guest of honor E. E. Smith as Northwest Smith and both Ackerman and Douglas wearing their futuristicostumes again, masquerades and costume balls continued to be part of World Science Fiction Convention tradition thereafter. Early Worldcon masquerade balls featured a band, dancing, food, contestants either walked across a stage or a cleared area of the dance floor. Ackerman wore a Hunchbackerman of Notre Dame costume to the 3rd Worldcon in 1941, which included a designed and created by Ray Harryhausen. Douglas wore an Akka costume, the mask made by Harryhausen, to the 3rd Worldcon. Rules governing costumes became established in response to specific costumes and costuming trends, the first nude contestant at a Worldcon masquerade was in 1952 but the height of this trend was in the 1970s and early 1980s, with a few every year. This eventually led to No Costume is No Costume rule, which banned full nudity, mike Resnick describes the best of the nude costumes as Kris Lundi wearing a harpy costume to the 32nd Worldcon in 1974
Cosplay
–
A group of cosplayers on stage at Yukicon 2014 convention in Finland
Cosplay
–
A cosplay of
Yuna at
FanimeCon 2014
Cosplay
–
Silent Hill cosplayers at the 2014
Nipponbashi Street Festa in
Osaka
Cosplay
–
Padmé Amidala cosplay at
Japan Expo 2012 in France
42.
Gravure idol
–
A model is a person with a role either to promote, display, or advertise commercial products or to serve as a visual aide for people who are creating works of art or to pose for photography. Modelling is considered to be different from other types of public performance, although the difference between modelling and performing is not always clear, appearing in a film or a play is not generally considered to be modelling. Types of modelling include, fashion, glamour, fitness, bikini, fine art, body-part, Models are featured in a variety of media formats including, books, magazines, films, newspapers, internet and TV. Fashion models are featured in films, reality TV shows. Celebrities, including actors, singers, sports personalities and reality TV stars, modelling as a profession was first established in 1853 by Charles Frederick Worth, the father of haute couture, when he asked his wife, Marie Vernet Worth, to model the clothes he designed. The term house model was coined to describe this type of work, eventually, this became common practice for Parisian fashion houses. There were no standard physical measurement requirements for a model, with the development of fashion photography, the modelling profession expanded to photo modelling. Models remained fairly anonymous, and relatively poorly paid, until the late 1950s, one of the first well-known models was Lisa Fonssagrives, who was very popular in the 1930s. Fonssagrives appeared on over 200 Vogue covers, and her name recognition led to the importance of Vogue in shaping the careers of fashion models. In 1946, Ford Models was established by Eileen and Gerard Ford in New York, one of the most popular models during the 1940s was Jinx Falkenburg who was paid $25 per hour, a large sum at the time. During the 1940s and 1950s, Wilhelmina Cooper, Jean Patchett, Dovima, Dorian Leigh, Suzy Parker, Evelyn Tripp, Carmen DellOrefice, dorothea Church was among the first black models in the industry to gain notoriety in Paris. However, these models were unknown outside the fashion community, compared to todays models, the models of the 1950s were more voluptuous. Wilhelmina Coopers measurements were 38-24-36 whereas Chanel Imans measurements are 32-23-33, in the 1960s, the modelling world began to establish modelling agencies. Throughout Europe, secretarial services acted as models agents charging them weekly rates for their messages, for the most part, models were responsible for their own billing. In Germany, agents were not allowed to work for a percentage of a persons earnings, with the exception of a few models travelling to Paris or New York, travelling was relatively unheard of for a model. Most models only worked in one market due to different labor laws governing modelling in various countries, in the 1960s, Italy had many fashion houses and fashion magazines but was in dire need of models. Italian agencies would often coerce models to return to Italy without work visas by withholding their pay and they would also pay their models in cash, which models would have to hide from customs agents. It was not uncommon for models staying in such as La Louisiana in Paris or the Arena in Milan to have their hotel rooms raided by the police looking for their work visas
Gravure idol
–
Gravure models posing in
Akihabara
43.
Influencer marketing
–
Influencer marketing is a form of marketing in which focus is placed on specific key individuals rather than the target market as a whole. It identifies the individuals that have influence over potential buyers, Influencer content may be framed as testimonial advertising where they play the role of a potential buyer themselves, or they may be third parties. These third parties exist either in the chain or may be so-called value-added influencers. Most discussion on the topic of social influence centres on compliance and persuasion in a social environment. In the context of Influencer Marketing, influence is less about argument and coercion to a point of view. Influence is often equated to advocacy, but may also be negative, Influencer marketing tends to be broken into two sub-practices, earned influencer marketing and paid influencer marketing. Earned marketing stems from unpaid or preexisting relationships with influencers or third party content that is promoted by the influencer to further their own personal social growth. Paid influencer marketing campaigns can take the form of sponsorship, pre-roll advertising or testimonial messaging, budgets vary widely and are usually based on audience reach. The influencer marketer can also take to marketing diversified products and services leveraging, leveraging upon the credibility earned over time, therefore, the value that influencer marketing creates can be measured in multiple ways. Some marketers measure Earned Media Value, others track impressions, Influencer marketing derives its value from 3 sources, Social reach, Influencers are able to reach millions of consumers through their social channels and blogs. Original content, Influencers produce original, and oftentimes effective, marketing content for the brand, consumer trust, Influencers maintain strong relationships with their audience, who have a certain level of trust in the influencer’s opinions. Influencer Marketing, as practiced in a commercial context, comprises four main activities, Identifying influencers. Influencer Marketing is enhanced by a continual evaluation activity that sits alongside the four main activities, Influencer Marketing is not synonymous with word of mouth marketing, but influence may be transmitted in this manner. Thus WOM is a part of the mechanics of Influencer Marketing. There are substantial differences in the definition of what an influencer is, peck defines influencers as a range of third parties who exercise influence over the organization and its potential customers. Similarly, Brown and Hayes define an influencer as a party who significantly shapes the customers purchasing decision. Exactly what is included in Influencer Marketing depends on the context, but it is increasingly accepted that companies are keen to identify and engage with influencers. As Keller and Berry note, Business is working harder and paying more to people who are trying to watch
Influencer marketing
–
Influencer roles through the decision process
44.
Podium girl
–
In the Tour de France, a team of four podium girls is employed by the races main sponsor, the French bank LCL S. A. Although they are forbidden to interact with the riders, other than kissing them in the award ceremonies, several podium girls have ended up marrying cyclists. The women work as ambassadors for the sponsors, serving drinks and snacks to clients and VIPs in the morning, presenting prizes in the afternoon. According to one Tour de France podium girl, Anne-Marie, we start every day between 6 am and 7 am, were present in the departure village at the LCL stand to attend the departure of the caravan and the race. During the awards ceremony at the end of stage, two of the women, working in pairs on alternate days, present the winning riders with their jerseys and prizes. In the evening, says Anne-Marie, we often host parties for LCL with gifts to win, the most prestigious part of a podium girls Tour is the final presentation ceremony in Paris, which is seen worldwide in photographs and on television. However, only two of the four women get to out the ceremony. Today, they are selected from applications put forward by modelling agencies or individual applicants, the women are chosen by the sponsors of the four coloured racing jerseys awarded to those leading in particular categories. The women are selected not just for their looks but for their endurance, personality, many are students, in the 2009 Tour de France, three of the four were students. One woman, Elisabeth Petzl, was a candidate in political science who could speak four languages. According to Laura, They asked me if I could share a bathroom with two girls for a month and if I could drive a car up a mountain if I needed to. Then they asked me about my endurance level and if I could smile even if I’m tired, and I said I could work all day, with a smile. I quickly realized that hey, this isn’t as glamorous as I thought it was, following Simonneaus departure from the Tour, she eventually married Hincapie and now has two children with him. Hincapie admits that he pretty much ended up chasing her throughout the entire Tour de France, nonetheless, they began exchanging text messages and meeting in the departure villages before she was given an ultimatum to choose Hincapie or the job. She chose Hincapie, left the Tour three days before the finish, and now says that it was the best thing I ever did, another podium girl, Laura Leturgie from Bethune, married Belgian rider Gert Steegmans after the 2007 Tour de France. According to the German cyclist Jens Voigt, they are not the only girls who have gotten married to riders. Although podium girls are a tradition in European cycle racing. Laura Weislo of Cyclingnews. com has criticised the way that cycling has reduced women to just beautiful ornaments to stand beside successful men
Podium girl
–
Podium girls kissing stage and general classification winner
Daryl Impey at the
2014 Tour of Alberta
Podium girl
–
Danilo Napolitano is applauded by the podium girls on the 2007
Tour of Poland
Podium girl
–
Peter Sagan embraces two podium girls on the 2010
Tour de Romandie
45.
Pseudo-model
–
Lang mo models arose to prominence in Hong Kong in the late 2000s. Lang mos often work as promotional models at fairs and expositions and they often attract publicity by welcoming photos of them being taken in skimpy outfits like bikinis. Lang mo is a derived from Cantonese slang to describe teenage models without formal training in modeling. The word lang, written alternatively as o靚 or 口靚, means young or lacking in maturity in Cantonese and it is used mainly in Hong Kong and does not exist in Putonghua. The addition of lang to model acts as a diminutive, so for example, in English, the English characterisation of lang mo as pseudo-models first appeared in the South China Morning Post in a story by reporter Vivienne Chow. According The Standard, lang mo was the most popular new term in Hong Kong in 2009, during the late 1980s, Hong Kongs modeling industry produced many professional and proper models, such as Janet Ma and Sophia Kao. But in the early 2000s, lang mo gradually rose to prominence due primarily to negative media attention, instead of performing catwalk shows for high fashion, they are hostesses at shows and exhibitions, particularly those promoting video games and electronic products. They soon accrued a large fanbase consisting mainly of young otaku men, many have now issued albums, which are launched at book fairs and sold at news stands. These have been criticised as low-class and inappropriate. Public figures, notably pundit Chip Tsao, said, allowing these vulgar photo books to be sold in the book fair reflects a wide spread of stupidity in Hong Kong, some web groups such as public culture protection groups are opposed to the models making appearances in certain places. In July 2009, they complained against the appearance in the annual Hong Kong Book Fair. More than 30,000 signatures were gathered in a petition against the models. Already mindful about potential disruption to the fair, organisers Hong Kong Trade Development Council dedicated an area for those autograph sessions in 2009. Citing numerous complaints from the year, the Trade Development Corporation decided to ban promotion of lang mo photograph collections at the 2010 Book Fair. They said that wanted to minimise disruption caused by the presence of these girls publicising their books. The decision was welcomed by 22 parent-teacher groups, Chip Tsao, publishers and the models objected, and many stationed themselves outside the book fair venue, holding autograph sessions. The organisers attempt to contain the exploits of the lang mo did not succeed from taking away the attention on them. Following the ban on promotions at the Book Fair, organisers of the annual Animation-Comic-Game Hong Kong also decided to ban pseudo-models from taking part in promotions within their salon, sex and the city, The Standard, Hong Kong
Pseudo-model
–
Lang mos in
Causeway Bay.
46.
Media manipulation
–
Media manipulation is a series of related techniques in which partisans create an image or argument that favours their particular interests. It is used within public relations, propaganda, marketing, etc, while the objective for each context is quite different, the broad techniques are often similar. As illustrated below, many of the modern mass media manipulation methods are types of distraction, on the assumption that the public has a limited attention span. Activism is the practice or doctrine that has an emphasis on direct vigorous action especially supporting or opposing one side of a controversial matter and it is quite simply starting a movement to effect or change social views. It is frequently started by individuals but is done collectively through social movements with large masses. These social movements can be done through public rallies, strikes, street marches, most of Kings movements were done through non-violence rallies and public speeches to show the white American population that they were peaceful but also wanted change in their community. In 1964, the Civil Rights Acts commenced giving African Americans equality with all races, advertising is the action of attracting public attention to something, especially through paid announcements for products and services. This tends to be done by businesses who wish to sell their product by paying media outlets to show their products or services on television breaks, banners on websites and these advertisements are not only done by businesses but can also be done by certain groups. Non-commercial advertisers are those who spend money on advertising in a hope to raise awareness for a cause or promote specific ideas and these include groups such as interest groups, political parties, government organizations and religious movements. Most of these organizations intend to spread a message or sway public opinion instead of trying to sell products or services, advertising can not only be found on social media, it is also evident on billboards, newspapers, magazines and even word of mouth. A hoax is something intended to deceive or defraud, when a newspaper or the news reports a fake story, it is known as a hoax. Misleading public stunts, scientific frauds, false bomb threats and business scams as hoaxes, a common aspect that hoaxes have is that they are all meant to deceive or lie. For something to become a hoax, the lie must have something more to offer and it must be outrageous, dramatic but also has to be believable and ingenious. Above all, it must be able to attract attention from the public, once it has done that then a hoax is in full effect. The word hoax became popular in the middle to late eighteenth century and it is thought to have come from the saying hocus pocus. Hocus pocus means meaningless talk which is designed to trick others or conceal the truth about a situation. The key word in something becoming a hoax is public, a lie or a deception only becomes a hoax when it is acknowledged by the public. A popular hoax that is evident in todays times would be the Microwave your spoon hoax and this hoax originated from a video which shows a metallic spoon being heated inside a microwave oven
Media manipulation
47.
Media bias
–
Media bias is the bias or perceived bias of journalists and news producers within the mass media in the selection of events and stories that are reported and how they are covered. The term media bias implies a pervasive or widespread bias contravening the standards of journalism, the direction and degree of media bias in various countries is widely disputed. Practical limitations to media neutrality include the inability of journalists to report all available stories and facts, government influence, including overt and covert censorship, biases the media in some countries, for example North Korea and Burma. There are a number of national and international groups that report on bias in the media. The most commonly discussed forms of bias occur when the support or attack a particular political party, candidate. DAlessio and Allen list three forms of bias as the most widely studied, Coverage bias, when actors or issues are more or less visible in the news. Gatekeeping bias, when stories are selected or deselected, sometimes on ideological grounds and it is sometimes also referred to as agenda bias, when the focus is on political actors and whether they are covered based on their preferred policy issues. Statement bias, when coverage is slanted towards or against particular actors or issues. Other common forms of political and non-political media bias include, Advertising bias, concision bias, a tendency to report views that can be summarized succinctly, crowding out more unconventional views that take time to explain. Corporate bias, when stories are selected or slanted to please corporate owners of media, mainstream bias, a tendency to report what everyone else is reporting, and to avoid stories that will offend anyone. Sensationalism, bias in favor of the exceptional over the ordinary, giving the impression that rare events, such as crashes, are more common than common events. Structural bias, when an actor or issue receives more or less favorable coverage as a result of newsworthiness and media routines, not as the result of ideological decisions. Other forms of bias include reporting that favors or attacks a particular race, religion, gender, age, sexual orientation, ethnic group, or even person. Media bias in the United States occurs when the media in the United States systematically emphasizes one particular point of view in a way that contravenes the standards of professional journalism. Claims of media bias in the United States include claims of bias, conservative bias, mainstream bias. To combat this, a variety of groups that attempt to find the facts behind both biased reporting and unfounded claims of bias have been founded. Research about media bias is now a subject of scholarship in a variety of disciplines. Media bias is studied at schools of journalism, university departments, in the United States, many of these studies focus on issues of a conservative/liberal balance in the media
Media bias
–
Journalism
48.
Deception
–
Deception, beguilement, deceit, bluff, mystification, ruse, and subterfuge is the act of propagating beliefs in things that are not true, or not the whole truth. Deception can involve dissimulation, propaganda, and sleight of hand, as well as distraction, camouflage, there is also self-deception, as in bad faith. Deception is a relational transgression that often leads to feelings of betrayal. Deception violates relational rules and is considered to be a violation of expectations. Most people expect friends, relational partners, and even strangers to be truthful most of the time, if people expected most conversations to be untruthful, talking and communicating with others would require distraction and misdirection to acquire reliable information. A significant amount of deception occurs between romantic and relational partners, Deceit and dishonesty can also form grounds for civil litigation in tort, or contract law, or give rise to criminal prosecution for fraud. It also forms a part of psychological warfare in Denial. Deception includes several types of communications or omissions that serve to distort or omit the complete truth, examples of deception range from false statements to misleading claims in which relevant information is omitted, leading the receiver to infer false conclusions. Deception itself is intentionally managing verbal and/or nonverbal messages so that the receiver will believe in a way that the message sender knows is false. Intent is critical with regard to deception, intent differentiates between deception and an honest mistake. The Interpersonal Deception Theory explores the interrelation between communicative context and sender and receiver cognitions and behaviors in deceptive exchanges, some forms of deception include, Lies, making up information or giving information that is the opposite or very different from the truth. Equivocations, making an indirect, ambiguous, or contradictory statement, concealments, omitting information that is important or relevant to the given context, or engaging in behavior that helps hide relevant information. Exaggerations, overstatement or stretching the truth to a degree, understatements, minimization or downplaying aspects of the truth. Many people believe that they are good at deception, though this confidence is often misplaced, while it is difficult to deceive a partner over a long period of time, deception often occurs in day-to-day conversations between relational partners. Detecting deception is difficult because there are no completely reliable indicators of deception. Deception, however, places a significant cognitive load on the deceiver and he or she must recall previous statements so that his or her story remains consistent and believable. As a result, deceivers often leak important information both verbally and nonverbally, Deception and its detection is a complex, fluid, and cognitive process that is based on the context of the message exchange. A deceivers actions are interrelated to the message receivers actions and it is during this exchange that the deceiver will reveal verbal and nonverbal information about deceit
Deception
–
The Beguiling of Merlin, by
Edward Burne-Jones, 1874
Deception
–
Deception of woman, with self-portrait by
Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, 1927 (
National Museum, Warsaw.
Deception
–
This
wallaby has adaptive colouration which allows it to blend with its environment.
.jpg)
