Psychology
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Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans, both conscious and unconscious phenomena, and mental processes such as th
James McKeen Cattell, the first psychologist in the United States
Wilhelm Wundt (seated), a German psychologist, with colleagues in his psychological laboratory, the first of its kind, c. 1880
One of the dogs used in Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov's experiment with a surgically implanted cannula to measure saliva, preserved in the Pavlov Museum in Ryazan, Russia
Skinner's teaching machine, a mechanical invention to automate the task of programmed instruction
Cognition
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Cognition encompasses mental processes that deal with knowledge. It includes psychological activities that acquire, store, retrieve, transform, or apply information. Cognitions are a pervasive part of
The ability to employ tools is an example of animal cognition, such as a bonobo fishing for termites with a stick.
fMRI is a neuroimaging technique that can measure regional brain activity corresponding to specific cognitive tasks.
John Locke argued that humans have no inborn knowledge and need to learn everything from experience.