1.
Queen Anne style architecture
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George Devey and the better-known Norman Shaw popularized the Queen Anne style of British architecture of the industrial age in the 1870s. Norman Shaw published a book of architectural sketches as early as 1858, Shaws eclectic designs often included Tudor elements, and this Old English style also became popular in the United States, where it became known as the Queen Anne style. Confusion between buildings constructed during the reign of Queen Anne and the Queen Anne Style still persists, in the late 1850s the name Queen Anne was in the air, following publication in 1852 of William Makepeace Thackerays novel, The History of Henry Esmond, Esq. A Colonel in the Service of Her Majesty Queen Anne, one minor side-effect of Thackerays novel and of Norman Shaws freehand picturesque vernacular Renaissance survives to this day. The British Victorian version of the style more closely with the Arts and Crafts movement than does its American counterpart. A good example is Severalls Hospital in Colchester, Essex, now defunct, in the 20th century Edwin Lutyens and others used an elegant version of the style, usually with red-brick walls contrasting with pale stone details. In the United States, the so-called Queen Anne style is used of a wide range of picturesque buildings with free Renaissance details rather than of a specific formulaic style in its own right. The gabled and domestically scaled Queen Anne style arrived in New York City with the new housing for the New York House and School of Industry Sidney V. Stratton, architect, 1878). Dentils, classical columns, spindle work, oriel and bay windows, horizontal bands of leaded windows, monumental chimneys, painted balustrades, front gardens often had wooden fences. The Federation period went from 1890 to 1915 and included twelve styles and this became the most popular style for houses built between 1890 and 1910. The style often utilised Tudor-style woodwork and elaborate fretwork that replaced the Victorian taste for wrought iron, verandahs were usually a feature, as were the image of the rising sun and Australian wildlife, plus circular windows, turrets and towers with conical or pyramid-shaped roofs. The first Queen Anne house in Australia was Caerleon in the suburb of Bellevue Hill, Caerleon was designed initially by a Sydney architect, Harry Kent, but was then substantially reworked in London by Maurice Adams. This led to controversy over who deserved the credit. The house was built in 1885 and was the precursor for the Federation Queen Anne house that were to become so popular. Caerleon was followed soon after by West Maling, in the suburb of Penshurst, New South Wales and these houses, although built around the same time, had distinct styles, West Maling displaying a strong Tudor influence that was not present in Annesbury. The style soon became popular, appealing predominantly to reasonably well-off people with an Establishment leaning. The style as it developed in Australia was highly eclectic, blending Queen Anne elements with various Australian influences, Old English characteristics like ribbed chimneys and gabled roofs were combined with Australian elements like encircling verandahs, designed to keep the sun out. One outstanding example of this approach is Urrbrae House, in the Adelaide suburb of Urrbrae, South Australia
2.
James Alldis House
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It was built for James Alldis, supervisor at the firm, and a leading citizen of Torrington. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, the property includes a second contributing building, which is a carriage house. Besides variety in massing, variety is also expressed in a variety of window designs. The first floor exterior is straight-lined, composed of narrow smooth clapboards, the houses interior is also Queene Anne style overall in that it includes classical detail work, and it also is very well preserved. Interior details include a tiled fireplace, the house has two colored-glass windows, one believed to be from Tiffany Studios and one from Bigelow Studios. James Alldis was a leading citizen, english-born, he immigrated to the U. S. at age 14. He was supervisor of the Excelsior Needle Company, a manufacturing firm which became the Torrington Company. He worked there from 1869 to 1899, when he retired and he was a principal shareholder in the Torrington and Winsted Street Railway and served as its president from 1899 to 1906, when it was sold to the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. He was a Democrat in a Republican town and he purchased the property to have this substantial house built in 1895. In 1895, the location was in a fine residential neighborhood although very close to the downtown business area. Currently there is a church and other buildings on the same block. The house now houses a law firm on two floors and an apartment above, National Register of Historic Places listings in Litchfield County, Connecticut
3.
Victorian architecture
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Victorian architecture is a series of architectural revival styles in the mid-to-late 19th century. Victorian refers to the reign of Queen Victoria, called the Victorian era, however, many elements of what is typically termed Victorian architecture did not become popular until later in Victorias reign. The styles often included interpretations and eclectic revivals of historic styles mixed with the introduction of middle east, the name represents the British and French custom of naming architectural styles for a reigning monarch. Within this naming and classification scheme, it follows Georgian architecture and later Regency architecture, during the early 19th century, the romantic medieval Gothic revival style was developed as a reaction to the symmetry of Palladianism, and such buildings as Fonthill Abbey were built. Paxton also continued to build houses as Mentmore Towers, in the still popular English Renaissance styles. In this era of prosperity new methods of construction were developed, other notable Scottish architects of this period are Archibald Simpson and Alexander Marshall Mackenzie whose stylistically varied work can be seen in the architecture of Aberdeen. Victorian architecture usually has many intricate window frames inspired by the famous architect Elliot Rae, some chose the United States, and others went to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Normally, they applied architectural styles that were fashionable when they left England, thus, the influence of English architecture spread across the world. Several prominent architects produced English-derived designs around the world, including William Butterfield, the Victorian period flourished in Australia and is generally recognised as being from 1840 to 1890, which saw a gold rush and population boom during the 1880s in the state of Victoria. There were fifteen styles that predominated, The Arts and Crafts style and Queen Anne style are considered to be part of the Federation Period, during the British colonial period of British Ceylon, Sri Lanka Law College, Sri Lanka College of Technology and the Galle Face Hotel. In the United States, Victorian architecture generally describes styles that were most popular between 1860 and 1900, a list of these styles most commonly includes Second Empire, Stick-Eastlake, Folk Victorian, Queen Anne, Richardsonian Romanesque, and Shingle. As in the United Kingdom, examples of Gothic Revival and Italianate continued to be constructed during this period, some historians classify the later years of Gothic Revival as a distinctive Victorian style named High Victorian Gothic. Stick-Eastlake, a manner of geometric, machine-cut decorating derived from Stick, on the other hand, terms such as Painted Ladies or gingerbread may be used to describe certain Victorian buildings, but do not constitute a specific style. The names of architectural styles varied between countries, many homes combined the elements of several different styles and are not easily distinguishable as one particular style or another. San Francisco is well known for its extensive Victorian architecture, particularly in the Haight-Ashbury, Lower Haight, Alamo Square, Noe Valley, Castro, Nob Hill, the extent to which any one is the largest surviving example is debated, with numerous qualifications. The Distillery District in Toronto, Ontario contains the largest and best preserved collection of Victorian-era industrial architecture in North America, cabbagetown is the largest and most continuous Victorian residential area in North America. Other Toronto Victorian neighbourhoods include The Annex, Parkdale, and Rosedale, in the USA, the South End of Boston is recognized by the National Register of Historic Places as the oldest and largest Victorian neighborhood in the country. Old Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky also claims to be the nations largest Victorian neighborhood, richmond, Virginia is home to several large Victorian neighborhoods, the most prominent being The Fan
4.
Victorian era
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The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victorias reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities, the era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period. The later half of the Victorian age roughly coincided with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe, culturally there was a transition away from the rationalism of the Georgian period and toward romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts. The end of the saw the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of political reform, industrial reform. Two especially important figures in period of British history are the prime ministers Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone. Disraeli, favoured by the queen, was a gregarious Conservative and his rival Gladstone, a Liberal distrusted by the Queen, served more terms and oversaw much of the overall legislative development of the era. The population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901, Scotlands population also rose rapidly, from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901. However, Irelands population decreased sharply, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901, mostly due to the Great Famine. Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrants departed the UK permanently, in search of a life in the United States, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia. During the early part of the era, politics in the House of Commons involved battles between the two parties, the Whigs/Liberals and the Conservatives. These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Gladstone, Disraeli, Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign until 1901 was mainly a time of peace, Britain reached the zenith of its economic, political, diplomatic and cultural power. The era saw the expansion of the second British Empire, Historians have characterised the mid-Victorian era as Britains Golden Years. There was prosperity, as the income per person grew by half. There was peace abroad, and social peace at home, opposition to the new order melted away, says Porter. The Chartist movement peaked as a movement among the working class in 1848, its leaders moved to other pursuits, such as trade unions
5.
Stick style
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It is named after its use of linear stickwork on the outside walls to mimic an exposed half-timbered frame. Stick-style architecture is recognizable by the relatively plain layout, often accented with trusses on the gables or decorative shingles, the stickwork decoration is not structurally significant, being just narrow planks or thin projections applied over the walls clapboards. The planks intersect mostly at right angles, and sometimes diagonally as well, the style was commonly used in houses, train stations, life-saving stations, and other buildings from the era. Highly stylized and decorative versions of the Stick style are referred to as Eastlake. Stick-Eastlake is a term that uses details from the Eastlake Movement, started by Charles Eastlake. It is sometimes referred to as Victorian Stick, a variation of Stick, stick-Eastlake enjoyed modest popularity in the late 19th century, but there are relatively few surviving examples of the style when compared to other more popular styles of Victorian architecture. Chatham Train Station in Chatham, Massachusetts Delaware and Hudson Railroad Passenger Station in Altamont, american houses, a field guide to the architecture of the home, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,2004
6.
Richardsonian Romanesque
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Richardson first used elements of the style in his Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane in Buffalo, New York, designed in 1870. This very free revival style incorporates 11th and 12th century southern French, Spanish, the style includes work by the generation of architects practicing in the 1880s before the influence of the Beaux-Arts styles. It is epitomised by the American Museum of Natural Historys original 77th Street building by J. Cleaveland Cady of Cady, Berg and See in New York City. It was seen in communities in this time period such as in St. Thomas, Ontarios city hall and Menomonie. Some of the practitioners who most faithfully followed Richardsons proportion, massing and detailing had worked in his office and these include, Alexander Wadsworth Longfellow and Frank Alden, George Shepley and Charles Coolidge, Herbert Burdett. Bate designed the Grays Armory in this style in Cleveland, Ohio, the style also influenced the Chicago school of architecture and architects Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright. In Finland, Eliel Saarinen was influenced by Richardson, research is underway to try to document the westward movement of the artisans and craftsmen, many of whom were immigrant Italians and Irish, who built in the Richardsonian Romanesque tradition. The style began in the East, in and around Boston, as the style was losing favor in the East, it was gaining popularity further west. Stone carvers and masons trained in the Richardsonian manner appear to have taken the style west, as an example, four small bank buildings were built in Richardsonian Romanesque style in Osage County, Oklahoma, during 1904–1911. For pictures of H. H. Richardson’s own designs and some of the details, with the exception of the Richardson Olmsted Complex, none of the following structures were designed by Richardson. They illustrate the strength of his personality on progressive North American architecture from 1885 to 1905. They are divided into categories denoting the various different uses of the buildings, civic Buildings Educational Institutions and Libraries Service-related buildings Churches and chapels Residences Henry Hobson Richardson H
7.
Shingle style architecture
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In the Shingle style, English influence was combined with the renewed interest in Colonial American architecture which followed the 1876 celebration of the Centennial. The plain, shingled surfaces of buildings were adopted. Aside from being a style of design, the style also conveyed a sense of the house as continuous volume, perhaps the most famous Shingle-style house built in American was Kragsyde the summer home commissioned by Bostonian G. Nixon Black, from Peabody and Stearns. Kragsyde was built atop the rocky shore near Manchester-By-the-Sea, Massachusetts. The William G. Low House, designed by McKim, Mead & White, many of the concepts of the Shingle style were adopted by Gustav Stickley, and adapted to the American version of the Arts and Crafts Movement. Additionally, there are other notable styles of Victorian architecture, including Italianate, Second Empire, Folk. Some concentrations of shingle-style architecture are listed in the U. S. National Register of Historic Places and this was followed by several magazine articles on the subject, culminating in Scullys The Shingle Style with the Stick Style in 1971 and The Shingle Style Today in 1974. This impression of the passage of time is enhanced by the use of shingles, some architects, in order to attain a weathered look on a new building, had the cedar shakes dipped in buttermilk, dried and then installed, to leave a grayish tinge to the façade. Shingle-style houses often use a single, large roof, such as a gambrel or hip roof, the houses thus emanate a more pronounced mass and a greater emphasis on horizontality. The Shingle Style eventually spread beyond North America, in Australia, it was introduced by the Canadian architect John Horbury Hunt in the nineteenth century. Some of his Shingle Style homes still survive and are heritage-listed, some of his most notable examples of the style are Highlands, a home in the Sydney suburb of Wahroonga, and Pibrac, in the nearby suburb of Warrawee. The latter house has featured in a television commercial. Gatehouse, also in Wahroonga, was not one of Hunts designs, Victorian architecture Queen Anne style architecture in the United States Scully, Vincent. ISBN 0-8076-0760-6 About Shingle architecture, photo-essay at About. Com Definition with examples at Phorio Standards
8.
English Baroque
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Baroque aesthetics, whose influence was so potent in mid-17th century France, made little impact in England during the Protectorate and the first Restoration years. Sir Christopher Wren presided over the genesis of the English Baroque manner, following the Great Fire of London, Wren rebuilt fifty three churches, where Baroque aesthetics are apparent primarily in dynamic structure and multiple changing views. His most ambitious work was St Pauls Cathedral, which bears comparison with the most effulgent domed churches of Italy, in this majestically proportioned edifice, the Palladian tradition of Inigo Jones is fused with contemporary continental sensibilities in masterly equilibrium. Although Wren was also active in architecture, the first truly Baroque country house in England was built to a design by William Talman at Chatsworth. The culmination of Baroque architectural forms comes with Sir John Vanbrugh, each was capable of a fully developed architectural statement, yet they preferred to work in tandem, most notably at Castle Howard and Blenheim Palace. Appuldurcombe House, Isle of Wight, now in ruins, but conserved by English Heritage, Castle Howard is a flamboyant assembly of restless masses dominated by a cylindrical domed tower. Blenheim is a solid construction, where the massed stone of the arched gates. Vanbrughs final work was Seaton Delaval Hall, a comparatively modest mansion yet unique in the audacity of its style. It was at Seaton Delaval that Vanbrugh, a playwright, achieved the peak of Restoration drama. Despite his efforts, Baroque was never truly to the English taste, in the early 18th century the style was associated with Toryism, the Continent and Popery by the dominant Whig aristocracy. So a huge new Palladian building was added, leaving the one intact
9.
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
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Anne became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702. On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union, two of her realms, the kingdoms of England and Scotland, united as a sovereign state known as Great Britain. She continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death, Anne was born in the reign of her uncle Charles II, who had no legitimate children. Her father, James, was first in line to the throne and his suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England, and on Charless instructions Anne was raised as an Anglican. Three years after he succeeded Charles, James was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, Annes Dutch Protestant brother-in-law and cousin William III became joint monarch with his wife, Annes elder sister Mary II. Although the sisters had been close, disagreements over Annes finances, status and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after Marys accession, William and Mary had no children. After Marys death in 1694, William continued as sole monarch until he was succeeded by Anne upon his death in 1702, as queen, Anne favoured moderate Tory politicians, who were more likely to share her Anglican religious views than their opponents, the Whigs. The Whigs grew more powerful during the course of the War of the Spanish Succession and her close friendship with Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, turned sour as the result of political differences. Anne was plagued by ill health throughout her life, from her thirties onwards, she grew increasingly lame and obese. Despite seventeen pregnancies by her husband, Prince George of Denmark, she died without any surviving children and was the last monarch of the House of Stuart. Anne was born at 11,39 p. m. on 6 February 1665 at St Jamess Palace, London, the child and second daughter of James, Duke of York. At her Anglican baptism in the Chapel Royal at St Jamess, her sister, Mary, was one of her godparents, along with the Duchess of Monmouth. The Duke and Duchess of York had eight children, but Anne, as a child, Anne suffered from an eye condition, which manifested as excessive watering known as defluxion. For medical treatment, she was sent to France, where she lived with her grandmother, Queen Henrietta Maria. Following her grandmothers death in 1669, Anne lived with an aunt, Henrietta Anne, on the sudden death of her aunt in 1670, Anne returned to England. Her mother died the following year, as was traditional in the royal family, Anne and her sister were brought up separated from their father in their own establishment at Richmond, London. On the instructions of Charles II, they were raised as Protestants, placed in the care of Colonel Edward and Lady Frances Villiers, their education was focused on the teachings of the Anglican church. Henry Compton, Bishop of London, was appointed as Annes preceptor, around 1671, Anne first made the acquaintance of Sarah Jennings, who later became her close friend and one of her most influential advisors
10.
Carson Mansion
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The Carson Mansion is a large Victorian house located in Old Town, Eureka, California. Regarded as one of the highest executions of American Queen Anne Style architecture and it is one of the most written about and photographed Victorian houses in California, and perhaps, in the United States. Originally the home of William Carson, one of Northern Californias first major lumber barons, since 1950 it has been a club, The house. William Carson, for whom the house was built, arrived in San Francisco from New Brunswick, after rolling out gold slugs in San Francisco, they joined in the northern gold rush, arriving in the Trinity Mountains via the Eel River and Humboldt Bay. They left the Trinity Mountains to overwinter at Humboldt Bay and contracted to provide logs for a small sawmill, in November 1850 Carson and Jerry Whitmore felled a tree, the first for commercial purposes on Humboldt Bay. All winter, Carson and his team hauled logs from the Freshwater slough to the Pioneer Mill on the shores of Humboldt Bay, in spring, the party went back to the mines where they had previously staked claim on Big Bar by the Trinity. They built a dam and continued mining until they heard that a large sawmill was being built at Humboldt Bay. They went south through the Sacramento Valley, bought oxen, and returned to Humboldt Bay by August 1852, in 1854, he shipped the first loads of redwood timber to San Francisco. Previously, only fir and spruce had been logged, in 1863 Carson and John Dolbeer formed the Dolbeer and Carson Lumber Company. At about the time, Carson was involved in the founding of the Eel River. In 1884, on the eve of construction of the great home, pacific Lumber Company purchased the company in 1950 and maintained milling operations at the original Humboldt Bay site, located bay-side below the house, well into the 1970s. Following the Carson family divestiture of remaining family holdings in 1950, the house is a mix of every major style of Victorian architecture, including but not limited to, Eastlake, Italianate, Queen Anne, and Stick. One nationally-known architectural historian described the house as a castle in Redwood. The style of the house has been described as eclectic and peculiarly American, unlike most other houses dating from the period, this property always has been maintained, and is in nearly the same condition as when it was built. In May 1964, the house was included in the Historic American Buildings Survey as catalog number CA-1911 and this is the only official historical building listing of the house. Although the historic house does merit National Register of Historic Places status, samuel and Joseph Cather Newsom of San Francisco, were nineteenth century builder-architects contracted by Carson to create the house by 1883. The Newsoms produced many styles and types of buildings from homes to churches to public buildings including, the Oakland City Hall, the Alameda County Courthouse, and the Napa County Courthouse. Of their many commissions in California, a few buildings remain in addition to the Carson house, including the Napa Valley Opera House
11.
Eureka, California
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Eureka is the principal city and county seat of Humboldt County in the Redwood Empire region of California. The city is located on U. S. Route 101 on the shores of Humboldt Bay,270 miles north of San Francisco and 100 miles south of the Oregon border. At the 2010 census, the population of the city was 27,191, Eureka is the largest coastal city between San Francisco and Portland, and the westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states. It is the center for government, health care, trade. Greater Eureka, one of Californias major commercial fishing ports, is the location of the largest deep-water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay, a stretch of about 500 miles. The headquarters of both the Six Rivers National Forest and the North Coast Redwoods District of the California State Parks System are in Eureka. As entrepôt for hundreds of mills that once existed in the area. Eureka is home to Californias oldest zoo, the Sequoia Park Zoo, Eurekas Pacific coastal location on Humboldt Bay, adjacent to abundant redwood forests, provided the reason for settlement of this 19th-century seaport town. Before the arrival of Euro-American settlers, including farmers, miners, fishermen, and loggers, the Wiyot people lived in Jaroujiji, now known as Eureka, for thousands of years prior to European arrival. They are the farthest-southwest people whose language has Algonquian roots and their traditional coastal homeland ranged from the lower Mad River through Humboldt Bay and south along the lower basin of the Eel River. The Wiyot are particularly known for their basketry and fishery management, an extensive collection of intricate basketry of the areas indigenous groups exists in the Clarke Historical Museum in Old Town Eureka. As of 2013, Eureka High School has the largest Yurok language program in California, the timing of this discovery would lead to the May 13,1850 founding of the settlement of Eureka on its shore by the Union and Mendocino Exploring companies. Eureka received its name from a Greek word meaning I have found it and this exuberant statement of successful gold rush miners is also the official Motto of the State of California. Eureka is the only U. S. location to use the seal as the state for its seal. In the United States, Eureka, California is the largest of about a dozen towns, the first Europeans venturing into Humboldt Bay encountered the indigenous Wiyot. Records of early forays into the bay in 1806 reported that the violence of the indigenous people made it nearly impossible for landing parties to survey the area. After 1850, Europeans ultimately overwhelmed the Wiyot, whose maximum population before the Europeans was in the hundreds in the area of what would become the primary city. The 1860 Wiyot Massacre took place on Indian Island in the spring of 1860, committed by a group of locals, thought to be primarily Eureka businessmen
12.
Second Empire architecture
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Second Empire is an architectural style, most popular in the latter half of the 19th century and early years of the 20th century. It was so named for the elements in vogue during the era of the Second French Empire. The style quickly spread and evolved as Baroque Revival architecture throughout Europe and its suitability for super-scaling allowed it to be widely used in the design of municipal and corporate buildings. In the United States, where one of the architects working in the style was Alfred B. Mullett, buildings in the style were often closer to their 17th-century roots than examples of the found in Europe
13.
Asymmetry
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Asymmetry is the absence of, or a violation of, symmetry. Symmetry is an important property of physical and abstract systems and it may be displayed in precise terms or in more aesthetic terms. The absence of or violation of symmetry that are expected or desired can have important consequences for a system. Due to how cells divide in organisms, asymmetry in organisms is fairly usual in at least one dimension, louis Pasteur proposed that biological molecules are asymmetric because the cosmic forces that preside over their formation are themselves asymmetric. While at his time, and even now, the symmetry of physical processes are highlighted, it is known there are fundamental physical asymmetries. Asymmetry is an important and widespread trait, having evolved numerous times in many organisms, in other examples, division of function between the right and left half may have been beneficial and has driven the asymmetry to become stronger. Such an explanation is given for mammal hand or paw preference. Training the neural pathways in a skill with one hand may take less effort than doing the same with both hands, nature also provides several examples of handedness in traits that are usually symmetric. The following are examples of animals with obvious left-right asymmetries, Fiddler crabs have one big claw, the narwhals tusk is a left incisor which can grow up to 10 feet in length and forms a left-handed helix. Flatfish have evolved to swim with one side upward, and as a result have both eyes on one side of their heads, several species of owls exhibit asymmetries in the size and positioning of their ears, which is thought to help locate prey. Many animals have asymmetric male genitalia, the evolutionary cause behind this is, in most cases, still a mystery. Certain disturbances during the development of the organism, resulting in birth defects, injuries after cell division that cannot be biologically repaired, such as a lost limb from an accident. Since birth defects and injuries are likely to indicate poor health of the organism, in particular, a degree of facial symmetry is associated with physical attractiveness, but complete symmetry is both impossible and probably unattractive. Pre-modern architectural styles tended to place an emphasis on symmetry, except where extreme conditions or historical developments lead away from this classical ideal. To the contrary, modernist and postmodern architects became more free to use asymmetry as a design element. Some asymmetrical structures There are no a and b such that a < b and b < a and this form of asymmetry is an asymmetrical relation. Certain molecules are chiral, that is, they cannot be superposed upon their mirror image, chemically identical molecules with different chirality are called enantiomers, this difference in orientation can lead to different properties in the way they react with biological systems. Asymmetry arises in physics in a number of different realms, the original non-statistical formulation of thermodynamics was asymmetrical in time, it claimed that the entropy in a closed system can only increase with time
14.
Gable
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A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches. The shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the system used, which reflects climate, material availability. A gable wall or gable end more commonly refers to the wall, including the gable. A variation of the gable is a gable, which has a stairstep design to accomplish the sloping portion. Gable ends of more recent buildings are often treated in the way as the Classic pediment form. But unlike Classical structures, which operate through trabeation, the ends of many buildings are actually bearing-wall structures. Thus, the detailing can be ambiguous or misleading, gable style is also used in the design of fabric structures, with varying degree sloped roofs, dependent on how much snowfall is expected. Sharp gable roofs are a characteristic of the Gothic and classical Greek styles of architecture, the opposite or inverted form of a gable roof is a V-roof or butterfly roof. While a front-gabled building faces the street with its gable, a building faces it with its cullis. The terms are used in architecture and city planning to determine a building in its urban situation, front-gabled buildings are considered typical for German city streets in the medieval gothic period, while later Renaissance buildings, influenced by Italian architecture are often side-gabled. In America, front-gabled houses, such as the Gablefront house, were primarily between the early 19th century and 1920. A wimperg is a German and Dutch word for a Gothic ornamental gable with tracery over windows or portals and it was a typical element in Gothic Architecture especially in cathedral architecture. Wimpergs often had crockets or other elements in the Gothic style. The intention behind the wimperg was the perception of increased height, the gable end roof is a poor design for hurricane regions, as it easily peels off in strong winds. The part of the roof overhangs the triangular wall very often creates a trap that can catch wind like an umbrella. A series of ornamental timber gables, from existing examples in England and France of the 16th Century
15.
Cantilever
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A cantilever is a rigid structural element, such as a beam or a plate, anchored at only one end to a support from which it is protruding. Cantilevers can also be constructed with trusses or slabs, when subjected to a structural load, the cantilever carries the load to the support where it is forced against by a moment and shear stress. Cantilevers are widely found in construction, notably in cantilever bridges and balconies, in cantilever bridges the cantilevers are usually built as pairs, with each cantilever used to support one end of a central section. The Forth Bridge in Scotland is an example of a truss bridge. A cantilever in a timber framed building is called a jetty or forebay. In the southern United States a historic barn type is the barn of log construction. Temporary cantilevers are used in construction. The partially constructed structure creates a cantilever, but the structure does not act as a cantilever. This is very helpful when temporary supports, or falsework, cannot be used to support the structure while it is being built. So some truss arch bridges are built each side as cantilevers until the spans reach each other and are then jacked apart to stress them in compression before final joining. Nearly all cable-stayed bridges are built using cantilevers as this is one of their chief advantages, many box girder bridges are built segmentally, or in short pieces. This type of construction lends itself well to balanced cantilever construction where the bridge is built in both directions from a single support and these structures are highly based on torque and rotational equilibrium. In an architectural application, Frank Lloyd Wrights Fallingwater used cantilevers to project large balconies, the East Stand at Elland Road Stadium in Leeds was, when completed, the largest cantilever stand in the world holding 17,000 spectators. The roof built over the stands at Old Trafford Football Ground uses a cantilever so that no supports will block views of the field, the old, now demolished Miami Stadium had a similar roof over the spectator area. The largest cantilever in Europe is located at St James Park in Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, less obvious examples of cantilevers are free-standing radio towers without guy-wires, and chimneys, which resist being blown over by the wind through cantilever action at their base. Another use of the cantilever is in fixed-wing aircraft design, pioneered by Hugo Junkers in 1915, early aircraft wings typically bore their loads by using two wings in a biplane configuration braced with wires and struts. They were similar to bridges, having been developed by Octave Chanute. The wings were braced with crossed wires so they would stay parallel, the cables and struts generated considerable drag, and there was constant experimentation for ways to eliminate them
16.
Eaves
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The eaves are the edges of the roof which overhang the face of a wall and, normally, project beyond the side of a building. The eaves form an overhang to throw water clear of the walls and may be decorated as part of an architectural style. Eaves is derived from Old English efes meaning edge, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, eaves is both the singular and plural form of the word. However, the Merriam-Webster website lists the word as eave and states that it is used in plural. The word was used before the 12th century in the form efes, the primary function of the eaves is to keep rain water off the walls and to prevent the ingress of water at the junction where the roof meets the wall. The eaves may also protect a pathway around the building from the rain, prevent erosion of the footings, the eaves overhang may also shelter openings to ventilate the roof space. Aesthetic, traditional or purely decorative considerations may prevail over the functional requirements of the eaves. At the gables the eaves may extend beyond the end wall by projecting the purlins and are usually capped off by bargeboards to protect the wall. Eaves must be designed for wind speeds as the overhang can significantly increase the wind loading on the roof. Chhajja Eavesdrip Eavesdropping Gargoyle Lookout Rainhead Soffit Media related to Eaves at Wikimedia Commons
17.
Polygon
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In elementary geometry, a polygon /ˈpɒlɪɡɒn/ is a plane figure that is bounded by a finite chain of straight line segments closing in a loop to form a closed polygonal chain or circuit. These segments are called its edges or sides, and the points where two edges meet are the vertices or corners. The interior of the polygon is called its body. An n-gon is a polygon with n sides, for example, a polygon is a 2-dimensional example of the more general polytope in any number of dimensions. The basic geometrical notion of a polygon has been adapted in various ways to suit particular purposes, mathematicians are often concerned only with the bounding closed polygonal chain and with simple polygons which do not self-intersect, and they often define a polygon accordingly. A polygonal boundary may be allowed to intersect itself, creating star polygons and these and other generalizations of polygons are described below. The word polygon derives from the Greek adjective πολύς much, many and it has been suggested that γόνυ knee may be the origin of “gon”. Polygons are primarily classified by the number of sides, Polygons may be characterized by their convexity or type of non-convexity, Convex, any line drawn through the polygon meets its boundary exactly twice. As a consequence, all its interior angles are less than 180°, equivalently, any line segment with endpoints on the boundary passes through only interior points between its endpoints. Non-convex, a line may be found which meets its boundary more than twice, equivalently, there exists a line segment between two boundary points that passes outside the polygon. Simple, the boundary of the polygon does not cross itself, there is at least one interior angle greater than 180°. Star-shaped, the interior is visible from at least one point. The polygon must be simple, and may be convex or concave, self-intersecting, the boundary of the polygon crosses itself. Branko Grünbaum calls these coptic, though this term does not seem to be widely used, star polygon, a polygon which self-intersects in a regular way. A polygon cannot be both a star and star-shaped, equiangular, all corner angles are equal. Cyclic, all lie on a single circle, called the circumcircle. Isogonal or vertex-transitive, all lie within the same symmetry orbit. The polygon is cyclic and equiangular
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Dutch gable
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A Dutch gable or Flemish gable is a gable whose sides have a shape made up of one or more curves and has a pediment at the top. The gable may be an entirely decorative projection above a section of roof line, or may be the termination of a roof. The preceding is the definition, but the term is sometimes used more loosely. The term Dutch gable is also used in America and Australasia to refer to a gablet roof, the Dutch gable was a notable feature of the Renaissance architecture which spread to northern Europe from the Low Countries, arriving in Britain during the latter part of the 16th century. Later Dutch gables with flowing curves became absorbed into Baroque architecture, examples of Dutch-gabled buildings can be found in historic cities across Europe. In Potsdam, Germany,150 red brick houses featuring steep Dutch gables form part of the citys Dutch Quarter, while in Bruges, Belgium, the Flemish culture also had a strong architectural impact in Arras, northern France. The style also spread beyond Europe, for example Barbados is well known for the Dutch gables on its historic buildings, the formation of Dutch gables requires careful detailing, to weatherproof the junction of the roof with the inner face of the Dutch gable wall with a flashing. Clock gable Awning History and Evolution of Cape Dutch Architecture
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Porch
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There are various styles of porches, all of which depend on the architectural tradition of its location. All porches will allow for sufficient space for a person to comfortably pause before entering or after exiting the building, verandahs, for example, are usually quite large and may encompass the entire facade as well as the sides of a structure. An extreme example is the Grand Hotel on Mackinac Island, Michigan, in the Southwestern United States, ranch-style homes often use a porch to provide shade for the entrance and southern wall of the residence. Adobe-style homes in Santa Fe, New Mexico, often include large porches for entertainment called portals, which are not usually seen in the more traditional adobe homes. Older American homes, particularly those built during the era of Victorian architecture, or built in the Queen Anne style, the back porch is used as another sitting space. However, many American homes built with a porch since the 1940s have only a one, usually too small for comfortable social use. The New Urbanism movement in architecture urges a reversal in this trend, recommending a large front porch, some porches are screened in to exclude flying insects. Normally, the porch is architecturally unified with the rest of the house and it may be integrated into the roof line or upper storey. In Great Britain the projecting porch had come into use in churches by early medieval times. They were usually built of stone but occasionally were of timber, normally they were placed on the south side of the church, but also on the west and north sides, sometimes in multiple. The porches served to cover to worshipers, but they also had a liturgical use. At a baptism, the priest would receive the sponsors, with the infant, in the porch and the service began there. In later medieval times, the porch sometimes had two storeys, with a room above the entrance which was used as a school, meeting room, storeroom. If the village or town possessed a collection of books, it would be housed there, sometimes the church custodian lived in the upper storey and a window into the church would allow supervision of the main church interior. Some British churches have highly ornamented porches, both externally and internally, the south porch at Northleach, Gloucestershire, in the Cotswolds, built in 1480, is a well-known example, and there are several others in East Anglia and elsewhere in the UK. In India porches and verandahs are popular elements of secular as well as religious architecture, in the Hindu temple the mandapa is a porch-like structure through the gopuram and leading to the temple. It is used for dancing and music and is part of the basic temple compound
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Pediment
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The tympanum, the triangular area within the pediment, is often decorated with relief sculpture. The pediment is found in classical Greek temples, renaissance, a prominent example is the Parthenon, where it contains a tympanum decorated with figures in relief sculpture. This architectural element was developed in the architecture of ancient Greece, in Ancient Rome, the Renaissance, and later architectural revivals, the pediment was used as a non-structural element over windows, doors and aedicules. A variant is the segmental or arch pediment, where the normal angular slopes of the cornice are replaced by one in the form of a segment of a circle, both traditional and segmental pediments have broken and open forms. In the broken pediment the raking cornice is left open at the apex, the open pediment is open along the base – often used in Georgian architecture. A further variant is the Swan-necked pediment, where the cornice is in the form of two S-shaped brackets. The decorations in the tympanum frequently extend through these openings, in the form of Alto-relievo sculpture, tondo paintings and these forms were adopted in Mannerist architecture, and applied to furniture designed by Thomas Chippendale. The terms open pediment and broken pediment are often used interchangeably, a pediment is sometimes the top element of a portico
21.
Terracotta
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Terracotta, terra cotta or terra-cotta, a type of earthenware, is a clay-based unglazed or glazed ceramic, where the fired body is porous. The term is used to refer to the natural, brownish orange color, of most terracotta. This article covers the senses of terracotta as a medium in sculpture, as in the Terracotta Army and Greek terracotta figurines, asian and European sculpture in porcelain is not covered. Glazed architectural terracotta and its version as exterior surfaces for buildings were used in Asia for some centuries before becoming popular in the West in the 19th century. In archaeology and art history, terracotta is used to describe objects such as figurines not made on a potters wheel. An appropriate refined clay is formed to the desired shape, after drying it is placed in a kiln or atop combustible material in a pit, and then fired. The typical firing temperature is around 1,000 °C, though it may be as low as 600 °C in historic and archaeological examples. In some contexts, such as Roman figurines, white-colored terracotta is known as pipeclay, as such clays were later preferred for tobacco pipes, fired terracotta is not watertight, but surface-burnishing the body before firing can decrease its porousness and a layer of glaze can make it watertight. It is suitable for use below ground to carry pressurized water, for garden pots or building decoration in many environments, most other uses, such as for tableware, sanitary piping, or building decoration in freezing environments, require the material to be glazed. Terracotta, if uncracked, will ring if lightly struck, painted terracotta is typically first covered with a thin coat of gesso, then painted. It has been widely used but the paint is only suitable for indoor positions and is much less durable than fired colors in or under a ceramic glaze. Terracotta sculpture was rarely left in its raw fired state in the West until the 18th century. Terracotta/earthenware was the known type of ceramic produced by Western and pre-Columbian people until the 14th century. Terracotta has been used throughout history for sculpture and pottery as well as for bricks, in ancient times, the first clay sculptures were dried in the sun after being formed. They were later placed in the ashes of open hearths to harden, however, only after firing to high temperature would it be classed as a ceramic material. Terracotta female figurines were uncovered by archaeologists in excavations of Mohenjo-daro, along with phallus-shaped stones, these suggest some sort of fertility cult and a belief in a mother goddess. The Burney Relief is a terracotta plaque from Ancient Mesopotamia of about 1950 BC. In Mesoamerica, the majority of Olmec figurines were in terracotta
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Relief
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Relief is a sculptural technique where the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background of the same material. The term relief is from the Latin verb relevo, to raise, to create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background plane. What is actually performed when a relief is cut in from a surface of stone or wood is a lowering of the field. The technique involves considerable chiselling away of the background, which is a time-consuming exercise. In other materials such as metal, clay, plaster stucco, ceramics or papier-mâché the form can be just added to or raised up from the background, and monumental bronze reliefs are made by casting. There are different degrees of relief depending on the degree of projection of the form from the field. There is also sunk relief, which was restricted to Ancient Egypt. However the distinction between high relief and low relief is the clearest and most important, and these two are generally the only used to discuss most work. Hyphens may or may not be used in all these terms, works in the technique are described as in relief, and, especially in monumental sculpture, the work itself is a relief. Reliefs are common throughout the world on the walls of buildings and a variety of settings. Relief is more suitable for depicting complicated subjects with figures and very active poses, such as battles. Most ancient architectural reliefs were painted, which helped to define forms in low relief. Rock reliefs are carved into solid rock in the open air. This type is found in cultures, in particular those of the Ancient Near East and Buddhist countries. A stele is a standing stone, many of these carry reliefs. The distinction between high and low relief is somewhat subjective, and the two are often combined in a single work. In particular, most later high reliefs contain sections in low relief, a low relief or bas-relief is a projecting image with a shallow overall depth, for example used on coins, on which all images are in low relief. Other versions distort depth much less and it is a technique which requires less work, and is therefore cheaper to produce, as less of the background needs to be removed in a carving, or less modelling is required
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Dentil
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In classical architecture a dentil is a small block used as a repeating ornament in the bedmould of a cornice. The earliest example is found on the tomb of Darius, c.500 BC, cut in the rock. Its first employment in Athens is in the cornice of the portico or tribune of the Erechtheum. When subsequently introduced into the bed-mould of the cornice of the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates it is smaller in its dimensions. In the later temples of Ionia, as in the temple of Priene, the dentil was the chief decorative feature employed in the bedmould by the Romans and in the Italian Renaissance. As a general rule, the projection of the dentil is equal to its width, thus appearing square, and the intervals between are half this measure. In some cases, the band has never had the sinkings cut into it to divide up the dentils, as in the Pantheon at Rome. The Venetian dentil was also introduced as a label round arches and as a string course
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Oriel window
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An oriel window is a form of bay window which projects from the main wall of a building but does not reach to the ground. Supported by corbels, brackets or similar, a window is most commonly found projecting from an upper floor but is also sometimes used on the ground floor. Oriel windows are seen in Arab architecture in the form of mashrabiya, in Islamic culture these windows and balconies project from the street front of houses, providing an area in which women could peer out and see the activities below while remaining invisible. Oriel College, Oxford, took its name from a balcony or oriel window forming a feature of a building occupied the site the college now stands on. Oriel Chambers in Liverpool was a controversial building when it was built. It is seen as an example of modernism. Bay window for more details Bow window Bretèche Turret window
25.
Baluster
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Multiplied in this way, they form a balustrade. Individually, a baluster shaft may describe the form taken by a brass or silver candlestick. According to OED, baluster is derived through the French, balustre, from Italian, balaustro, from balaustra, pomegranate flower, from Latin balaustium, from Greek βαλαύστιον. The earliest examples are shown in the bas-reliefs representing the Assyrian palaces. The application to architecture was a feature of the early Renaissance, late fifteenth-century examples are found in the balconies of palaces at Venice and these quattrocento balustrades are likely to be following yet-unidentified Gothic precedents. They form balustrades of colonnettes as an alternative to miniature arcading, sangallo passed the motif to Bramante and Michelangelo, through whom balustrades gained wide currency in the 16th century. Because of its low center of gravity, this vase-baluster may be given the modern term dropped baluster. The baluster, being a structure, tends to follow design precedents that were set in woodworking and ceramic practices, where the turners lathe. The profile a baluster takes is often diagnostic of a style of architecture or furniture. Some complicated Mannerist baluster forms can be read as a vase set upon another vase, modern baluster design is also in use for example in designs influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement in a 1905 row of houses in Etchingham Park Road Finchley London England. The modern term baluster shaft is applied to the shaft dividing a window in Saxon architecture, in the south transept of the Abbey in St Albans, England, are some of these shafts, supposed to have been taken from the old Saxon church. Norman bases and capitals have been added, together with plain cylindrical Norman shafts, balusters are normally separated by at least the same measurement as the size of the square bottom section. Placing balusters too far apart diminishes their aesthetic appeal, balustrades normally terminate in columns, building walls or more properly in heavy newel posts because otherwise they will not be structurally strong enough. Balusters may be formed in several ways, wood and stone can be shaped on the lathe, wood can be cut from square or rectangular section boards, while concrete, plaster, iron, and plastics are usually formed by molding and casting. Turned patterns or old examples are used for the molds, Cast iron Cast stone Hardwoods and softwoods Plaster Polymer stone Polyurethane/polystyrene Wrought iron The word banister refers to the balusters of a stairway. According to many dictionaries - a, a handrail, especially on a staircase. Such a handrail together with its supporting structures, the Renaissance baluster and Palladio in Palladio and English Palladianism
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Slate
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Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through low-grade regional metamorphism. It is the finest grained foliated metamorphic rock, foliation may not correspond to the original sedimentary layering, but instead is in planes perpendicular to the direction of metamorphic compression. The foliation in slate is called slaty cleavage and it is caused by strong compression causing fine grained clay flakes to regrow in planes perpendicular to the compression. Slate is frequently grey in color, especially when seen, en masse, Slate is not to be confused with shale, from which it may be formed, or schist. The word slate is used for certain types of object made from slate rock. It may mean a single roofing tile made of slate, or a writing slate and this was traditionally a small smooth piece of the rock, often framed in wood, used with chalk as a notepad or noticeboard, and especially for recording charges in pubs and inns. The phrases clean slate and blank slate come from this usage, before the mid-19th century, the terms slate, shale and schist were not sharply distinguished. In the context of underground mining in the United States. For example, roof slate referred to shale above a coal seam, occasionally, as in the purple slates of North Wales, ferrous reduction spheres form around iron nuclei, leaving a light green spotted texture. These spheres are sometimes deformed by a subsequent applied stress field to ovoids, Slate can be made into roofing slates, a type of roof shingle, or more specifically a type of roof tile, which are installed by a slater. Slate has two lines of breakability – cleavage and grain – which make it possible to split the stone into thin sheets, when broken, slate retains a natural appearance while remaining relatively flat and easy to stack. Slate is particularly suitable as a material as it has an extremely low water absorption index of less than 0. 4%. In fact, this natural slate, which requires only minimal processing, has the lowest embodied energy of all roofing materials, natural slate is used by building professionals as a result of its beauty and durability. Slate is incredibly durable and can last several hundred years, often little or no maintenance. Its low water makes it very resistant to frost damage and breakage due to freezing. Natural slate is also fire resistant and energy efficient, Slate roof tiles are usually fixed either with nails, or with hooks as is common with Spanish slate. In the UK, fixing is typically with double nails onto timber battens or nailed directly onto timber sarking boards, nails were traditionally of copper, although there are modern alloy and stainless steel alternatives. Both these methods, if used properly, provide a long-lasting weathertight roof with a lifespan of around 80–100 years, Slate roofs are still used today
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Richard Norman Shaw
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Richard Norman Shaw RA, occasionally styled as Norman Shaw, was a Scottish architect who worked from the 1870s to the 1900s, known for his country houses and for commercial buildings. Shaw was born in Edinburgh, and trained in the London office of William Burn with George Edmund Street, Shaw attended the Royal Academy classes and received a grounding in classicism. There, he met William Eden Nesfield, with whom he partnered in some architectural designs. In 1854–1856 Shaw travelled with a Royal Academy scholarship, collecting sketches that were published as Architectural Sketches from the Continent,1858, in 1863, after sixteen years of training, Shaw opened a practice for a short time with Nesfield. In 1872, he was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy, Shaw worked, among others, for the artists John Callcott Horsley and George Henry Boughton, and the industrialist Lord Armstrong. He designed large houses such as Cragside, Grims Dyke, and Chigwell Hall, Shaw was elected to the Royal Academy in 1877, and co-edited the 1892 collection of essays, Architecture, a profession or an Art. He firmly believed it was an art, in later years, Shaw moved to a heavier classical style which influenced the emerging Edwardian Classicism of the early 20th century. Shaw died in London, where he had designed buildings in areas such as Pont Street. Shaws houses soon attracted the misnomer the Queen Anne style, 1–2 St. Leonards Sussex, 1877–79, private house, now nursing home Bedford Park, London, the first garden city suburban development, housing, including St. Originally built as the new headquarters of the Metropolitan Police, the two buildings are now used as Parliamentary offices. Andrew Saint, Richard Norman Shaw, revised edition,2010, great Buildings on-line, Richard Norman Shaw Illustrations of Adcote Flickr photoset Archiseek, Richard Norman Shaw
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Sidney V. Stratton
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Sidney Vanuxem Stratton was an American architect born in Natchez, Mississippi, but whose practice was entirely in New York City. This building was designated a New York City landmark in 1990, other works include, Avamaya, Bar Harbor, Maine, for Maj. George Montague Wheeler. Carriage House,150 East 22nd Street, for Miss E. L, breese, Flemish Renaissance, of Roman brick and limestone, with a stepped gable. Stratton was a member of the Architectural League of New York and he seems to have retired to Natchez, where he had been born and where his father had married his second wife, Miss Caroline Matilda Williams, daughter of Austin Williams of Natchez. Notes Media related to Sidney V. Stratton at Wikimedia Commons
29.
Astral Apartments
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The Astral Apartments is a historic apartment building located in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, New York, New York. The Astral was built in 1885–1886 as affordable housing for employees of Charles Pratts Astral Oil Works and it is a massive brick and terra cotta building in the Queen Anne style. It features a projecting section with a deep, three story high round arch recess. The roof features inward-looking decorative gargoyles, originally, a branch of the Pratt Institute Free Library operated from the ground floor of the Astral. The building was designed to echo red-brick apartments built for workers by George Peabody in London and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 and designated a City Landmark in 1983. The building is the setting for Kate Christensens 2011 novel The Astral
30.
Terraced house
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They are also known in some areas as row houses or linked houses. Terrace housing can be throughout the world, though it is in abundance in Europe and Latin America. The Place des Vosges in Paris is one of the examples of the style. Sometimes associated with the class, historical and reproduction terraces have increasingly become part of the process of gentrification in certain inner-city areas. Yarmouth Rows in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk is an example where the building fronts uniformly ran right to the property line, Townhouses are generally two- to three-storey structures that share a wall with a neighbouring unit. As opposed to an apartment building, townhouses do not have neighbouring units above or below them and they are similar in concept to row houses or terraced houses, except they are usually divided into smaller groupings of homes. The first and last of these houses is called an end terrace, in Australia, the term terrace house refers almost exclusively to Victorian and Edwardian era terraces or replicas almost always found in the older, inner city areas of the major cities. Terraced housing was introduced to Australia from England in the century, basing their architecture on those in the UK, France. Large numbers of terraced houses were built in the suburbs of large Australian cities, particularly Sydney and Melbourne. Detached housing became the style of housing in Australia following Federation in 1901. The most common building material used was brick, often covered with cement render, many terraces were built in the Filigree style, a style distinguished through heavy use of cast iron ornament, particularly on the balconies and sometimes depicting native Australian flora. In the 1950s, many urban renewal programs were aimed at eradicating them entirely in favour of modern development, in recent decades these inner-city areas and their terraced houses have been gentrified. The suburbs in which houses are often found are often sought after in Australia due to their proximity to the CBD of the major cities. They are therefore sometimes quite expensive even though they are not the preferred accommodation style. The lack of windows on the side, the gardens. The lack of off-street parking that most have is also an issue for the majority Australians, terraced housing has long been a popular style in Paris, France. The Place des Vosges was one of the earliest examples of the style, in Parisian squares, central blocks were given discreet prominence, to relieve the façade. Terraced building including housing was used primarily during Haussmanns renovation of Paris between 1852 and 1870 creating whole streetscapes consisting of terraced rows
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Adams Morgan
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Adams Morgan is a culturally diverse neighborhood in Northwest Washington, D. C. centered at the intersection of 18th Street and Columbia Road. Much of the neighborhood is composed of 19th- and early 20th-century row houses, adjacent to Adams Morgan is Dupont Circle to the south, Kalorama-Sheridan to the southwest, Mount Pleasant to the north, and Columbia Heights to the east. The neighborhood is bounded by Connecticut Avenue to the southwest, Rock Creek Park to the west, Harvard Street to the north, 16th Street to the east, pursuant to the 1954 Bolling v. Sharpe Supreme Court ruling, District schools were desegregated in 1955. The Adams-Morgan Community Council, comprising both Adams and Morgan schools and the neighborhoods they served, was formed in 1958, throughout the 20th century, the Adams Morgan community has also stood on behalf of social justice, political activism, and inclusive, progressive values. The development was named the Marie H. Reed Learning Center after Bishop Reed and it featured a daycare center, tennis and basketball courts, a solar-heated swimming pool, health clinic, athletic field and outdoor chess tables. From 2010 to 2012, one of the main commercial corridors, 18th Street NW, was reconstructed with wider sidewalks, more crosswalks. As part of the all of the mature trees on the street were cut down. Along with its adjacent sister communities to the north and east, Mount Pleasant and Columbia Heights, since the 1960s, the predominant international presence in both communities has been Latino, with the majority of immigrants coming from El Salvador, Guatemala and other Central American countries. Since the early 1970s, like areas of the nation, Adams Morgan had seen a growing influx of immigrants from Africa, Asia. Adams Morgan also has become a spot for night life, with a number of bars. Over 90 establishments possess liquor licenses, putting it on level with other popular nightlife areas like Georgetown, the moratorium was renewed in 2004, but eased to allow new restaurant licenses. Adjacent Mt. Pleasant also hosts a number of enterprises, social service agencies. Another barometer of the pull of Adams Morgan for immigrants is the linguistic. Many of the families served live beyond the established for routine student enrollment, however, Adams, Reed. Cooke elementary schools all have populations, with children from well over 30 nations in attendance. Latino and African-American children comprise the majority of students in the public schools, the second Sunday of September, the neighborhood hosts the Adams Morgan Day Festival, a multicultural street celebration with live music and food and crafts booths. In the 1960s, the attractions included the Avignon Freres bakery and restaurant, the Café Don restaurant, the Ontario motion picture theater. In the 1980s, Hazels featured live blues and jazz and its soul food offerings made it a favorite of black jazz musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie when they came to town
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Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
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Ephraim Francis Baldwin
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Ephraim Francis Baldwin was an American architect, best known for his work for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and for the Roman Catholic Church. Although born in Troy, New York, Baldwin lived most of his life in Baltimore, after his father, a civil engineer, died, his mother moved to her hometown of Baltimore, where Baldwin would be educated and raised. He attended Loyola Blakefield from 1850 to 1852 and he attended Mount St. Marys University in Emmitsburg, Maryland briefly, from 1854 to 1855. Little else is known about Baldwins personal life and he married Ellen Douglas Jamison in 1873, they had seven sons and two daughters, and his eldest son, Francis J. Baldwin, became an architect and joined his fathers firm. He was known as a devout Catholic and was a member of various Catholic societies, in 1870, he was elected a director of the newly organized Maryland Academy of Arts. Baldwin died at his home in Baltimore in 1916 and he is buried in New Cathedral Cemetery in Baltimore. Baldwin developed a love and talent for architecture as a draftsman and his first work of any consequence was Mt. He left Niernsee & Neilson in 1867 and practiced on his own for two years, in 1869, Baldwin entered into a partnership with Bruce Price, whom he had met as a trainee at Niernsee & Neilson. They are credited with designing 10 East Chase Street, Baltimore, Maryland, the partnership of Baldwin & Price was short-lived, in 1873, Price moved to Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. During the next ten years, Baldwin practiced alone, in 1883, he entered in a long and fruitful partnership with Josias Pennington, who had been a draftsman at Baldwin & Price, and they formed the firm Baldwin & Pennington. Baldwin and Price were elected to membership in the Baltimore Chapter of the American Institute of Architects in December 1870, Baldwin served as a Secretary of the Chapter until his resignation in 1888 over a disagreement between himself and a competitor, George A. His work can be found from New York to Ohio, and from Pennsylvania to Georgia, about 150 of those buildings still stand. In 1872, Baldwin was appointed the architect for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Over the next 25 years he designed stations and other structures for the railroad, other surviving Baldwin stations can be found in, Rockville, Maryland. Moved and converted to law offices, NRHP74000961 Keyser, West Virginia, a brick station built in 1875. Hancock, West Virginia, known as Brosius Station, after the name of its location. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad company offices, Baltimore, Maryland Paw Paw, West Virginia Lexington, moved, currently the headquarters of Omicron Delta Kappa leadership honor society Mountain Lake Park, Maryland, a large wooden station. The Laurel Railroad Station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, the Gaithersburg B&O Railroad Station and Freight Shed was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978
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Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
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The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad is one of the oldest railroads in the United States and the first common carrier railroad. At first this railroad was located entirely in the state of Maryland with a line from the port of Baltimore west to Sandy Hook. At this point to continue westward, it had to cross into Virginia over the Potomac River, adjacent to the confluence of the Potomac, from there it was extended to the Ohio River at Wheeling and a few years later also to Parkersburg, West Virginia. It is now part of the CSX Transportation network, and includes the oldest operational railroad bridge in the USA, the B&O also included the Leiper Railroad, the first permanent horse-drawn railroad in the U. S. In later years, B&O advertising carried the motto, Linking 13 Great States with the Nation, the B&O Warehouse at the Camden Yards rail junction in Baltimore now dominates the view over the right-field wall at the Baltimore Orioles current home, Oriole Park at Camden Yards. At the end of 1970 B&O operated 5552 miles of road and 10449 miles of track, not including the Staten Island Rapid Transit or the Reading and its subsidiaries. The fast-growing port city of Baltimore, Maryland faced economic stagnation unless it opened routes to the western states, as New York had done with the Erie Canal in 1820. In 1827, twenty-five merchants and bankers studied the best means of restoring that portion of the Western trade which has recently been diverted from it by the introduction of steam navigation and their answer was to build a railroad—one of the first commercial lines in the world. Two men — Philip E. Thomas and George Brown — were the pioneers of the railroad and they spent the year 1826 investigating railway enterprises in England, which were at that time being tested in a comprehensive fashion as commercial ventures. Their investigation completed, they held a meeting on February 12,1827, including about twenty-five citizens. Thomas was elected as the first president and Brown the treasurer, the capital of the proposed company was fixed at five million dollars, but the B&O was initially capitalized in 1827 with a three million dollar issue of stock. Virtually every citizen of Baltimore owned a share, as the offering was oversubscribed, construction began on July 4,1828, when Charles Carroll of Carrollton did the groundbreaking. The initial tracks were built with granite stringers topped by iron rails. The first section, from Baltimore west to Ellicotts Mills, opened on May 24,1830. Developers decided to follow the Patapsco River to a point near Parrs Ridge, a later compromise allowed the two companies to share the right of way. The State of Maryland granted the B&O a charter to build a line from Baltimore to Washington, D. C. in 1831, and the Washington Branch was opened in 1835. This line joined to the mainline at Relay, Maryland, crossing the Patapsco on the Thomas Viaduct. This line was funded by the state, and was operated separately until the 1870s
35.
Business magnate
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A business magnate refers to an entrepreneur of great influence, importance, or standing in a particular enterprise or field of business. Such individuals may also be called czars, moguls, proprietors, tycoons, taipans, barons, the word magnate derives from the Latin magnates, meaning a great man or great nobleman. The word tycoon derives from the Japanese word taikun, which means great lord, the word entered the English language in 1857 with the return of Commodore Perry to the United States. U. S. President Abraham Lincoln was humorously referred to as the Tycoon by his aides John Nicolay, the term spread to the business community, where it has been used ever since. The word mogul is an English corruption of mughal, Persian or Arabic for Mongol and it alludes to emperors of the Mughal Empire in the Medieval India, who possessed great power and storied riches capable of producing wonders of opulence such as the Taj Mahal. Modern business magnates are entrepreneurs that amass on their own or wield substantial family fortunes in the process of building or running their own businesses and their dominance was known as the Second Industrial Revolution, the Gilded Age, or the Robber Baron Era. The Famous 15, Americas Most Fascinating Tycoons,25 Tycoons Who Run the World
36.
Eastlake Movement
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The Eastlake Movement was an American nineteenth-century architectural and household design reform movement started by architect and writer Charles Eastlake. The movement is considered part of the late Victorian period in terms of broad antique furniture designations. In architecture the Eastlake Style or Eastlake architecture is part of the Queen Anne style of Victorian architecture, manufacturers in the United States used the drawings and ideas in the book to create mass-produced Eastlake Style or Cottage furniture. The geometric ornaments, spindles, low relief carvings, and incised lines were designed to be affordable and easy to clean, nevertheless, two well-known Eastlake style houses in the Los Angeles area, in Echo Park and Angelino Heights, are both on Carroll Avenue. The first is at 1330 Carroll Avenue and it was used in Michael Jacksons Thriller music video, as well as in episodes of the television show Charmed, and was a focus set in the episode Size Matters. The second house is at 1329 Carroll Avenue, the exterior of this house has been shown, in one way or another, in all 178 episodes of Charmed, through eight seasons, from 1999–2006. In the show the house was dubbed Halliwell Manor, the house depicted in the show shares the same house number,1329, but is on the fictional Prescott Street in San Francisco. This house is depicted in the Sims video game, where it is a dollhouse. Chateau-sur-Mer, on Bellevue Avenue in Newport, Rhode Island, was altered and expanded during the age to incorporate an Eastlake style billiard room. Victorian decorative arts Category, Victorian architectural styles Stick-Eastlake
37.
Colonial Revival architecture
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Colonial Revival architecture was and is a nationalistic design movement in the United States. The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 reawakened Americans to their colonial past, successive waves of revivals of British colonial architecture have swept the United States since 1876. In the 19th century, Colonial Revival took a formal style, public interest in the Colonial Revival style in the early 20th century helped popularize books and atmospheric photographs of Wallace Nutting showing scenes of New England. Historical attractions such as Colonial Williamsburg helped broaden exposure in the 1930s, in the post-World War II era, Colonial design elements were merged with the then popular ranch-style house design. In the early part of the 21st century, certain regions of the United States embraced aspects of Anglo-Caribbean, Colonial Revival sought to follow American colonial architecture of the period around the Revolutionary War, which drew strongly from Georgian architecture of Great Britain. Structures are typically two stories with the ridge running parallel to the street, have a symmetrical front facade with an accented doorway. William Butler, Another City Upon a Hill, Litchfield, Connecticut, richard Guy Wilson and Noah Sheldon, The Colonial Revival House 2004. Richard Guy Wilson, Shaun Eyring and Kenny Marotta, Re-creating the American Past, Essays on the Colonial Revival 2006
38.
Nashville, Georgia
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Nashville is a city in Berrien County, Georgia, United States. The population was 4,939 at the 2010 census, the city is the county seat of Berrien County. It is called the City of Dogwoods, as the tree grows in numbers around the area. In 1856, Nashville was designated seat of the newly formed Berrien County and it was incorporated as a town in 1892 and as a city in 1900. The last hanging in the state of Georgia was carried out at the Berrien County Jail in Nashville. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 4.7 square miles, of which 4.6 square miles is land and 0.039 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,697 people,1,864 households, the population density was 1,012.2 people per square mile. There were 2,098 housing units at a density of 452.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 75. 94% White,21. 57% African American,0. 28% Native American,0. 45% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 92% from other races, and 0. 83% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 58% of the population,30. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the family size was 3.05. In the city, the population was out with 27. 2% under the age of 18,8. 3% from 18 to 24,27. 5% from 25 to 44,21. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 87.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.0 males, the median income for a household in the city was $26,228, and the median income for a family was $33,320. Males had an income of $22,725 versus $19,533 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,007, about 20. 6% of families and 25. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40. 6% of those under age 18 and 15. 3% of those age 65 or over. Berrien County students in kindergarten to twelve are in the Berrien County School District. The district has 172 full-time teachers and over 3,037 students, the climate in this area is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year
39.
Wainscoting
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Panelling is a millwork wall covering constructed from rigid or semi-rigid components. These are traditionally interlocking wood, but could be plastic or other materials, panelling was developed in antiquity to make rooms in stone buildings more comfortable. The panels served to insulate the room from the cold stone, in more modern buildings, such panelling is often installed for decorative purposes. The term wainscot originally applied to high quality riven oak boards, Wainscot oak came from large, slow-grown forest trees, and produced boards that were knot-free, low in tannin, light in weight, and easy to work with. It was preferred to home-grown oak, especially in Holland and Great Britain, because it was a far superior product, the Oxford English Dictionary states that it derives from the medieval German wagenschot as well as wageschot or wall-board. Johnsons Dictionary defined it thus, Wainscot, the inner wooden covering of a wall, to wainscot, to line the walls with boards A wainscot was therefore a board of riven oak, and wainscoting was the panelling made from it. Also in the 18th century, the style of panelling changed from a covering to one in which only the lower part of the wall was covered. Hence wainscot or wainscoting became a panelling style applied to the lower 90 to 150 cm of a wall, below the dado rail or chair rail. It is traditionally constructed from tongue-and-groove boards, though bead-board or decorative panels, new manufacturing techniques are capable of milling large panels from one sheet, reducing seams, caulking, and expansion/contraction cracks that have plagued traditional construction. Wainscoting may also refer to materials used in a similar fashion. The original purpose of wainscoting was to cover the part of walls. Boiserie is the French term used to define ornate and intricately carved wood panelling, early examples of boiseries were unpainted, but later the raised mouldings were often painted or gilded. Boiseries were popular in seventeenth and eighteenth century French interior design, the panels were not confined to just the walls of a room but were used to decorate doors, frames, cupboards, and shelves also. Often pictures would be set into the boiseries, the framing the picture rather like a conventional frame. Moulding Ornament Panel edge staining Structural insulated panel Vacuum insulated panel Wainscot
40.
Fireplace mantel
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Fireplace mantel or mantelpiece, also known as a chimneypiece, originated in medieval times as a hood that projected over a grate to catch the smoke. The term has evolved to include the decorative framework around the fireplace, mantelpiece is now the general term for the jambs, mantel shelf, and external accessories of a fireplace. The most prolific designer of chimneypieces was G. B. Piranesi, who in 1765 published a series, on which at a later date the Empire style in France was based. In France, the finest work of the early Renaissance period is to be found in the chimneypieces, which are of infinite variety of design. In the latter part of the century the classic architrave was abandoned in favor of a bolder and more effective molding, as in the chimneypieces at Hampton Court. In the eighteenth century, the returned to the Inigo Jones classic type. Towards the close of the century the designs of the Adam Brothers superseded all others. The Adam mantels are in wood enriched with ornament, cast in molds, mantels or fireplace mantels can be the focus of custom interior decoration. A mantel traditionally offers an opportunity for the architect/designer to create a personal statement unique to the room they are creating. Historically the mantel defines the style of the interior decor, whether it be traditional i. e. Classic, Renaissance, Italian, French, American, Victorian. The choice of material for the mantel includes such rich materials as marble, limestone, granite, certainly the most luxurious of materials is marble. In the past only the finest of rare colored and white marbles were used, today many of those fine materials are no longer available, however many other beautiful materials can be found world wide. The defining element of a great mantel is the design and workmanship, a mantel offers a unique opportunity in its design for a sculptor/artisan to demonstrate their skill in carving each of the fine decorative elements. Elements such as capitals, moldings, brackets, figurines, animals, fruits, one might say that a mantel can be an encyclopedia of sculpture. More than the material, it is the quality of the carving that defines the quality of the piece thus highlighting the magnificence of the room. In 1834 Gideon Algernon Mantell, was given a block containing Iguanodon bones. Up to the century, fires were simply made in the middle of a home by a hypocaust, or with braziers
41.
Kragsyde
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Kragsyde was a Shingle Style mansion designed by the Boston architectural firm of Peabody & Stearns and built at Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts. Although long demolished, it is considered an icon of American architecture and it was commissioned by George Nixon Black, Jr. heir to a Boston real estate fortune, who had been a Harvard classmate of architect Robert Swain Peabody. In 1882, Black paid $10,000 for the 6 acre oceanfront plot on a peninsula called Smiths Point, local contractor Roberts & Hoare built the house, 1883-85, for approximately $60,000. Dramatically set upon a rock outcropping, the rambling house was famous in its day and was published both in America and Europe. Black and his sister occupied it every summer from May to October until the end of their lives, Architectural historian Vincent Scully described Kragsyde as a masterpiece, and stated that Peabody & Stearns never again, to my knowledge, created a house of such quality. Kragsydes footprint was that of broad V – the three-and-a-half-story main house facing the Atlantic Ocean, and it was designed not only to maximize the views, but to capture the cool sea breezes. The houses most dramatic feature was an arch that formed a porte cochere and supported the loggia. Guests arriving by carriage would be dropped off under the arch, enter through the front door, and climb an interior stair to the main floor, service rooms and the kitchen were located on the ground floor, and a service stair kept the servants out of sight. A dumbwaiter carried food from the kitchen to the pantry on the main floor. A piazza the length of the house faced the ocean, the parlor was surrounded on three sides by the piazza and an L-shaped covered porch. Stairs led down from the loggia to a series of terraces, the second floor contained bedrooms for the Blacks and their guests. The third floor contained bedrooms for servants, the terraced landscape surrounding the house was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. Some of his original walls survive, cragside, a house in Northumberland, England designed by Richard Norman Shaw, cited as influencing the design of Kragsyde. Kragsydes carriage house, also by Peabody & Stearns, stands at 29 Smiths Point Road, Kragsyde II, a house based on the original was built on Swans Island, near Bar Harbor, Maine. Its location is 44°8′38. 88″N 68°23′40. 13″W Kragsyde, a house built upon the demolished mansions foundations. Like the original, it features a wing with porte cochere set at a 45-degree angle to the main house, VIDEO, The American Architect and Building News, March 7,1885. Annie Robinson, Peabody & Stearns, Country Houses and Seaside Cottages, the Shingle Style and the Stick Style, Architectural Theory and Design from Richardson to the Origins of Wright. George William Sheldon, Artists Country-Seats, Types of Recent American Villa and Cottage Architecture with Instances of Country Club-Houses, volume II
42.
Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts
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Manchester-by-the-Sea is a town on Cape Ann, in Essex County, Massachusetts, in the United States. The town is known for beaches and vista points. At the 2010 census, the population was 5,136. Manchester was first settled by Europeans in 1629 and was incorporated in 1645. It was formed out of territory taken from Salem and Gloucester, the community thrived primarily as a fishing community for over 200 years. Its economy shifted to that of a Boston area summer colony starting in 1845, when Richard Dana, over the next fifty years, development of summer houses along the coastline established the community as Boston societys community of choice for summer residency. The trend continued with designs by other architects, such as Sunny Waters, designed by John Hubbard Sturgis for his older brother, Russell. The most famous of these cottages was Kragsyde, built on Smiths Point in 1883. Commissioned by George Nixon Black, the Peabody and Stearns-designed residence has been hailed as the zenith of the Shingle style substyle of the Queen Anne style of architecture, the name change was driven by Edward Corley, a longtime resident of Manchester. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 18.3 square miles, of which 9.2 square miles is land and 9.0 square miles. The town lies along the North Shore of Massachusetts Bay, which in turn leads to the Atlantic Ocean, there are seven beaches lining the coast, and several small islands dot the coast, the largest being Kettle Island and House Island. Several small coves line the coast, the largest being Manchester Harbor, manchester-by-the-Sea is bordered by Beverly and Wenham to the west, Hamilton to the northwest, Essex to the north, and Gloucester to the east. The town is located 9 miles northeast of Salem and 24 miles northeast of Boston, manchester-by-the-Sea lies along Massachusetts Route 128, which has two exits within town as it passes from Beverly to Gloucester, with a small portion crossing through the corner of Essex. Route 127 also passes from west to east through town, traveling through the center of town, there is no bus service directly into town, with service passing east via the Cape Ann Transportation Authority in Gloucester and MBTA Bus, which provides service to Beverly. The town is served by a stop along the Newburyport/Rockport Line of the MBTA Commuter Rail, the nearest airport is the Beverly Municipal Airport, with the nearest national and international service at Bostons Logan International Airport. As of the census of 2010, there were 5,136 people,2,147 households, the population density was 562.7 people per square mile. There were 2,276 housing units at a density of 250.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 6% White. 1% African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 9% Asian,0. 1% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 5% of the population
43.
Peabody and Stearns
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Peabody & Stearns was a premier architectural firm in the Eastern United States in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Based in Boston, Massachusetts, the firm consisted of Robert Swain Peabody and John Goddard Stearns, the firm worked on in a variety of designs but is closely associated with shingle style. With addition of Pierce P. Furber, presumably as partner, bayley House,16 Fairmont Ave. Newton Kragsyde,27 Smiths Point Rd. Manchester-by-the-Sea - Demolished 1929. Building,195 State St. Springfield U. S. Custom House Tower, unitarian Church of the Messiah,508 N. Garrison Ave. Turner Building,304 N. 8th St. St. Louis - Demolished 1902, St. Louis Club, T. E. Huntley Ave. George Blackman House,5843 Bartmer Ave, St. Louis Alvah Mansur House,3700 Lindell Blvd. St. Louis Charles F. Morse House,200 E. 36th St. Kansas City - Demolished, henry L. Newman House,21 Westmoreland Pl. Security Building,319 N. 4th St. St. Louis, St. Louis John T. Davis House,17 Westmoreland Pl. St. Louis James J. Hill House,240 Summit Ave, St. Paul - Peabody & Stearns were fired from the project in 1889. Union Depot,509 W. Michigan Ave. Duluth Elberon Casino, Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal, Jersey City George W. Childs-Drexel House,1726 Locust St. Philadelphia Nathaniel Holmes House, Morewood & 5th Aves. Harvey Childs House,718 Devonshire St. Pittsburgh Sarah Drexel Fell House,1801 Walnut St. Philadelphia Durbin Horne House,7418 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh Joseph Horne & Co. Dept. Pittsburgh East Liberty Market,5900 Baum Blvd, Pittsburgh Remsen V. Messler House,651 Morewood Ave. Pittsburgh Laurento, Darby-Paoli Rd. Villanova - Demolished 1980s, penshurst, Conshohocken State Rd. Lower Merion - Demolished. Krisheim,7514 McCallum St. Philadelphia Westview, Westview Rd. Bryn Mawr - Demolished, frederick S. G. DHauteville House,489 Bellevue Ave. Nathan Matthews House,492 Bellevue Ave, Newport Grace W. Rives House,30 Red Cross Ave. Newport The Breakers,44 Ochre Point Ave, Newport - Burned 1892, later replaced. Newport Vinland, Newport - Now Salve Reginas Mcauley Hall, Newport Pavilion, Eastons Beach, Memorial Blvd. Newport - Destroyed 1938 Ocean Lawn,51 Cliff Ave, Newport Rough Point,680 Bellevue Ave
44.
William Berryman Scott
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William Berryman Scott was an American vertebrate paleontologist, authority on mammals, and principal author of the White River Oligocene monographs. He was a professor of geology and paleontology at Princeton University, born in Cincinnati, Ohio, he graduated from Princeton University in 1877 and received a Ph. D. from University of Heidelberg in 1880. He married Alice Adeline Post on December 15,1883, Scott served as president of The Geological Society of America in 1925. 1910 Wollaston Medal from the Geological Society of London,1930 Mary Clark Thompson Medal from the National Academy of Sciences. 1939 Penrose Medal from the Geological Society of America,1940 Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the National Academy of Sciences. American Elephant Myths, Scribners, April 1887, 469-478, reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899 Princeton, The University, 1901-328 v. in 13. A history of mammals in the western hemisphere. Illustrated with 32 plates and more than 100 drawings, by Bruce Horsfall, new York, The MacMillan Company,1913. Scott, William Berryman, 1858- The osteology and relations of Protoceras, simpson, Biographical Memoir of William Berryman Scott
45.
A. Page Brown
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Page Brown, born Arthur Page Brown, was an American architect known for buildings incorporating historic styles in the Beaux Arts manner. Starting with McKim, Mead and White in New York City in 1879 and he moved his office to San Francisco, California in 1889 with commissions by Mary Ann Crocker, the widow of the wealthy Charles Crocker. Brown is best known for designing the San Francisco Ferry Building, which opened in 1898 and he introduced the Mission Revival style to Santa Barbara and it was widely adopted in the city to shape its visual identity. Arthur Page Brown was born in Ellisburg, New York, in Jefferson County, after attending local schools, he studied for a year at Cornell University School of Architecture but left in 1879 to join the architectural firm of McKim, Mead and White. He later traveled in Paris and other major European cities, where he was influenced by the École des Beaux-Arts style and he married Lucy Pryor on February 25,1886 at the Church of the Transfiguration in Manhattan, also known as The Little Church Around the Corner. She was the daughter of Sara Agnes Rice and Roger Atkinson Pryor, Lucy and her six Pryor siblings were all born in Petersburg, Virginia, her father was a general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. Their family moved to New York City in the late 1860s to recover from postwar poverty, Roger A. Pryor became a successful attorney, active in Democratic Party politics, and later was appointed as justice to the New York State Supreme Court. Sara Agnes Rice Pryor founded several organizations and was active in civic affairs. She also had books, novels, histories and memoirs. Her memoirs were the basis of joint biography of her and her husband by John C, waugh, which he published in 2002. The Browns had three children together, in New York, Brown joined the first office of McKim, Mead & White in 1879, he left for a brief period and joined it again in 1882. At that time, architecture could be learned by a kind of apprenticeship, in which men joined first as draftsmen working with established architects, after an extensive tour of Europe in 1883-1884, Brown rejoined the firm in 1884. At that point, he started doing some work for Mrs. Cyrus McCormick. With her patronage, he opened his own office in December 1884, Page Brown, as he became known. In 1889 Brown was commissioned by the widow Mary Ann Crocker to design a mausoleum for her husband, the massive granite structure is located on Millionaires Row at Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, California. The widow also commissioned him to design an Old Peoples Home in the city, Brown persuaded the younger Willis Polk to go with him to San Francisco for the work and moved his office in San Francisco, where business was booming. Polk worked in his office until 1890, the two were among a number of talented architects who moved from the East Coast and established firms in San Francisco, California in the 1890s because of its opportunities as a new society. With his office and talented hires, for a time Brown led the reorientation of San Francisco architecture from the Victorian to the academic sphere and he hired Willis Polk, Bernard Maybeck and A. C
46.
Princeton, New Jersey
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As of the 2010 United States Census, the municipalitys population was 28,572, reflecting the former townships population of 16,265, along with the 12,307 in the former borough. Princeton was founded before the American Revolution and is best known as the location of Princeton University, Princeton is roughly equidistant from New York City and Philadelphia. It is close to major highways that serve both cities, and receives major television and radio broadcasts from each. It is also close to Trenton, New Jerseys capital city, the governor of New Jerseys official residence has been in Princeton since 1945, when Morven in the borough became the first Governors mansion. It was later replaced by the larger Drumthwacket, a mansion located in the former Township. Morven became a property of the New Jersey Historical Society. Princeton was ranked 15th of the top 100 towns in the United States to Live, although residents of Princeton traditionally have a strong community-wide identity, the community had been composed of two separate municipalities, a township and a borough. The central borough was completely surrounded by the township, the Borough contained Nassau Street, the main commercial street, most of the University campus, and incorporated most of the urban area until the postwar suburbanization. The Borough and Township had roughly equal populations, the Lenni Lenape Native Americans were the earliest identifiable inhabitants of the Princeton area. Europeans founded their settlement in the part of the 17th century. The first European to find his home in the boundaries of the town was Henry Greenland. He built his house in 1683 along with a tavern, in this drinking hole representatives of West Jersey and East Jersey met to set boundaries for the location of the township. Originally, Princeton was known only as part of nearby Stony Brook, James Leonard first referred to the town as Princetown, when describing the location of his large estate in his diary. The town bore a variety of names subsequently, including, Princetown, Princes Town, although there is no official documentary backing, the town is considered to be named after King William III, Prince William of Orange of the House of Nassau. Another theory suggests that the name came from a large land-owner named Henry Prince, a royal prince seems a more likely eponym for the settlement, as three nearby towns had similar names, Kingston, Queenstown and Princessville. When Richard Stockton, one of the founders of the township, died in 1709 he left his estate to his sons, who helped to expand property, based on the 1880 United States Census, the population of the town comprised 3,209 persons. Local population has expanded from the nineteenth century, according to the 2010 Census, Princeton Borough had 12,307 inhabitants, while Princeton Township had 16,265. Aside from housing the university of the name, the settlement suffered the revolutionary Battle of Princeton on its soil
47.
William G. Low House
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Now an icon of American architecture, the demolished William G. Low House was a seaside cottage at 3 Low Lane in Bristol, Rhode Island. It was designed in 1886-87 by architect Charles McKim of the New York City firm, McKim, the architectural historian Vincent Scully saw it as at once a climax and a kind of conclusion for McKim, since its prototypal form. Was almost immediately to be abandoned for the more conventionally conceived columns and pediments of McKim, Mead, just prior to its 1962 demolition, the house was documented with measured drawings and photographs by the Historic American Buildings Survey. According to architectural historian Leland Roth, Although little known in its own time, rI-346, William G. Low House,3 Low Lane, Bristol, Bristol County, RI,8 photos, supplemental material Low House floor plans from Great Buildings Online
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