1.
Resort town
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A resort town, often called a resort city or resort destination, is an urban area where tourism or vacationing is the primary component of the local culture and economy. A typical resort town has one or more actual resorts in the surrounding area, sometimes the term resort town is used simply for a locale popular among tourists. The term can refer to either an incorporated or unincorporated contiguous area where the ratio of transient rooms. Generally, tourism is the main export in a resort town economy, shops and luxury boutiques selling locally themed souvenirs, motels, and unique restaurants often proliferate the downtown areas of a resort town. In the case of the United States, resort towns were created around the late 1800s, consistent, however, throughout many resort towns includes elements of ambitious architecture, romanticizing a location, and dependence on cheap labor. In addition, resort towns are popular with wealthy retirees and people wishing to purchase vacation homes, which typically drives up property values. Sometimes, resort towns can become due to the quick development of retirement. However, most of the employment available in towns are typically low paying. Many resort towns have spawned nearby bedroom communities where the majority of the resort workforce lives, local residents are generally receptive of the economic impacts of tourism. Increased economic activity in resort towns can also have effects on the countrys overall economic growth. Among the participants, 67% had lived in Antalya for over ten years, 66% had at least a high school degree, the results are as follows, Perceived impact on select economic impact items More recently, resort towns have come under greater scrutiny by local communities. Instances where resort towns are poorly managed have adverse effects on the local economy, one example is the uneven distribution of income and land ownership between local residents and businesses. This results in a preponderance of foreigners in the land market, the revenues amassed from tourism typically do not benefit the host country or the local communities. These funds are referred to as leakages, tourism has also been blamed for other negative economic impacts to local communities. Although resort towns usually boast more improved infrastructure than surrounding areas, reallocating government funds to subsidize infrastructure and tax breaks to firms shift available funding to local education and health services. In addition, resort towns typically do not have dynamic economies, economic dependence on tourism poses particular challenges to resort towns and its local residents given the seasonal nature of the job market in some areas. Local residents of resort towns face job insecurity, difficulties in obtaining training, medical-benefits, every resort town is unique and local governance should be viewed on a case-by-case basis. There are, however, several criteria for insuring the most effective governance models
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Country
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A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. Sometimes the word countries is used to both to sovereign states and to other political entities, while other times it refers only to states. The word country comes from Old French contrée, itself derived from Vulgar Latin contrata and it most likely entered the English language after the Franco-Norman invasion during the 11th century. Areas much smaller than a state may be called by names such as the West Country in England, the Black Country, Constable Country. In many European countries the words are used for sub-divisions of the territory, as in the German Bundesländer. The modern Italian contrada is a word with its meaning varying locally, the term country is frequently used to refer to sovereign states. There is no agreement on the number of countries in the world. There are 206 sovereign states, of which 193 states are members of the United Nations, all are defined as states by declarative theory of statehood and constitutive theory of statehood. The latest proclaimed state is South Sudan in 2011, the Kingdom of Denmark, a sovereign state, comprises Metropolitan Denmark and two nominally separate countries—the Faroe Islands, and Greenland—which are almost fully internally self-governing. The Kingdom of the Netherlands, a state, comprises four separate countries, Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao. The degree of autonomy of non-sovereign countries varies widely, some are possessions of sovereign states, as several states have overseas territories, with citizenry at times identical and at times distinct from their own
4.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
5.
Regions of New Zealand
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New Zealand is divided into sixteen regions for devolved local government. Eleven are administered by councils, and five are administered by unitary authorities. The Chatham Islands Council is similar to an authority, authorised under its own legislation. The regional councils are listed in Part 1 of Schedule 2 of the Local Government Act 2002, the Act requires regional councils to promote sustainable development – the social, economic, environmental and cultural well-being of their communities. The current regions and most of their councils came into being through a government reform in 1989 that took place under the Local Government Act 1974. In addition they took over roles that had previously been performed by county councils. Auckland Regional Council, formed in 1989, was replaced by Auckland Council, the boundaries of the regions are based largely on drainage basins. This anticipated the responsibilities of the Resource Management Act 1991, most regional boundaries conform with territorial authority boundaries but there are a number of exceptions. An example is Taupo District, split between four regions, although most of its area is in the Waikato region, property rates are used to fund both regional and territorial government activities. There is often a degree of co-operation between regional and territorial councils as they have complementary roles. Regional councils have these specific functions under the Resource Management Act 1991, notes, These regions have unitary authorities. The Gisborne Region is still widely but unofficially known by its name or as East Coast. Some outlying islands are not included within regional boundaries, the Chatham Islands is not in a region, although its council has some of the powers of a regional council under the Resource Management Act. Councils may use a first past the post or single transferable vote system, the chairperson is selected by the elected council members. The Auckland Regional Council was preceded by the Auckland Regional Authority, the Wellington Regional Council was first formed in 1980 from a merger of the Wellington Regional Planning Authority and the Wellington Regional Water Board. In 1978, legislation was passed enabling the formation of regions with united councils, twenty regions were designated, excluding the Auckland and Wellington areas. For most of the country this was the first regional level of government since the abolition of provinces in 1876, councillors were not elected directly – they were appointed from the various territorial local authorities within the region. For example, in a number of cases the united council took responsibility for the allocation of revenue from regional petrol taxes, the united councils were based in the facilities of the largest TLA in the region and largely dependent on the TLAs for resources
6.
Otago
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Otago is a region of New Zealand in the south of the South Island administered by the Otago Regional Council. It has an area of approximately 32,000 square kilometres and its population was 219,200 in the June 2016. The name Otago is an old Māori southern dialect word, introduced to the south by Europeans in the 1840s. Otago is also the old name of the European settlement on the Otago Harbour, established by the Weller Brothers in 1831, major centres include Dunedin, Oamaru, Balclutha, Alexandra, and the major tourist centres Queenstown and Wanaka. Kaitangata in South Otago is a prominent source of coal, the Waitaki and Clutha rivers provide much of the countrys hydroelectric power. Some parts of the area covered by Otago Province are now administered by either Canterbury Regional Council or Southland Regional Council. The Central Otago wine region produces award winning wines made from such as the Pinot noir, Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, Merlot. It has a reputation as New Zealand’s leading Pinot noir region. The Otago Province was the whole of New Zealand from the Waitaki River south, including Stewart Island and it included the territory of the later Southland Province and also the much more extensive lands of the modern Southland Region. Initial settlement was concentrated on the port and city, then expanded, notably to the south-west, the 1860s saw rapid commercial expansion after Gabriel Read discovered gold at Gabriels Gully near Lawrence, and the Central Otago goldrush ensued. Further gold discoveries at Clyde and on the Arrow River around Arrowtown led to a boom, New Zealands first daily newspaper, the Otago Daily Times, originally edited by Julius Vogel, dates from this period. New Zealands first university, the University of Otago, was founded in 1869 as the university in Dunedin. The Province of Southland separated from Otago Province and set up its own Provincial Council at Invercargill in 1861, after difficulties ensued, Otago re-absorbed it in 1870. Its territory is included in the region of the old Otago Province which is named after it and is now the territory of the Southland region. The provincial governments were abolished in 1876 when the Abolition of the Provinces Act came into force on 1 November 1876, two in Otago were named after the Scottish independence heroes Wallace and Bruce. From this time the national limelight gradually shifted northwards, beginning in the west, the geography of Otago consists of high alpine mountains. The highest peak in Otago is Mount Aspiring / Tititea, which is on the Main Divide, from the high mountains the rivers discharge into large glacial lakes. In this part of Otago glacial activity - both recent and very old - dominates the landscape, with large U shaped valleys and rivers which have high sediment loads, River flows also vary dramatically, with large flood flows occurring after heavy rain
7.
Territorial authorities of New Zealand
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Territorial authorities are the second tier of local government in New Zealand, below regional councils. There are 67 territorial authorities,12 city councils,53 district councils, Auckland Council, six territorial authorities also perform the functions of a regional council and thus are unitary authorities. A unitary authority may also have local boards, currently only Auckland Council has them, territorial authority districts are not subdivisions of regions, and some of them fall within more than one region. Taupo District has the distinction of straddling the boundaries of four different regions, Regional council areas are based on water catchment areas, whereas territorial authorities are based on community of interest and road access. Some activities are delegated to council-controlled organisations, the boundaries of councils tended to follow the edge of the built-up area, so little distinction was made between the urban area and the local government area. Regional councils were reduced in number from 20 to 13, territorial authorities from 200 to 75, the new district and city councils were generally much larger and most covered substantial areas of both urban and rural land. Many places that once had a city council were now being administered by a district council, as a result, the term city began to take on two meanings. The word city came to be used in a formal sense to describe major urban areas independent of local body boundaries. This informal usage is jealously guarded, gisborne, for example, adamantly described itself as the first city in the world to see the new millennium. Gisborne is administered by a council, but its status as a city is not generally disputed. Under the current law the minimum population for a new city is 50,000, since the 1989 reorganisations, there have been few major reorganisations or status changes in local government. Incomplete list,1991, Invercargill re-proclaimed a city,1992, Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council abolished by a Local Government Amendment Act. Of its territorial authorities, Kaikoura District was transferred to the Canterbury Region,2004, Tauranga became a city again on 1 March. 2006, Banks Peninsula District merged into Christchurch City as a result of 2005 referendum,2010, Auckland Council, a unitary authority, replaced seven local councils and the regional council. Reports on completed reorganisation proposals since 1999 are available on the Local Government Commissions site, the split areas as well as the current North Shore City would form a Waitemata local council. Waitakere local council would consist of the current Waitakere City as well as the Avondale area, tamaki Makaurau would consist of the current Auckland City and Otahuhu Manukau local council would consist of the urban parts of the current Manukau City and of the Papakura District. Hunua local council would consist of the entire Franklin District, much of which is currently in the Waikato Region, along with areas of the current Papakura District. The entire Papakura District would be dissolved between urban and rural councils, the National-led Government responded within about a week
8.
Queenstown-Lakes District
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The Queenstown Lakes District is part of the Otago Region in the South Island of New Zealand and is one of the districts of New Zealand. It is surrounded by the districts of Central Otago, Southland, Westland, a major part of the Queenstown Lakes District are Lake Wakatipu, Lake Wanaka and Lake Hāwea. The district is administered by the Queenstown Lakes District Council and regionally by the Otago Regional Council, the Queenstown Lakes District is expected to grow faster than Auckland over the period 2006-31. Statistics New Zealand projections show the district shares the highest growth rate in New Zealand of 2. 2% a year with the Selwyn District, the districts population is forecast to be 41,600 by 2031. Southern Lakes Queenstown-Lakes travel guide from Wikivoyage
9.
William Gilbert Rees
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William Gilbert Rees was an explorer, surveyor, and early settler in Central Otago, New Zealand. He and fellow explorer Nicholas von Tunzelmann were the first Europeans to settle the Wakatipu basin, Rees is regarded as the founder of Queenstown. Rees was born in Haroldston St. Issells, Pembrokeshire, Wales in 1827 and his father was a commander with the Royal Navy. Rees was educated at the Royal Naval School, Rees emigrated to New South Wales in 1852, where he became a sheep farmer. He returned to England in 1858 to marry his childhood sweetheart and he established a high country farm in 1860 close to the current location of Queenstowns town centre. His homestead was located near the mouth of the Kawarau River, some historic buildings have been preserved. The Queenstown suburb of Frankton was named after his wife Frances, cecil Peak and Walter Peak were named after the first given names of his son. Gold was discovered not far to the northeast two years later, at which point Rees converted his wool shed into a hotel named the Queens Arms, today, Rees is considered the founding father of Queenstown. Rees was an early New Zealand exponent of the sport of cricket and he was a member of the Grace family, and related as a cousin to W. G. Grace, an early star of the game. He appeared in one match for New South Wales in 1857. He was also a devout Anglican and helped with the building of St Peters Church, in central Queenstown, the Rees River in Central Otago is named after Rees, and his statue stands on Rees Street, near the town pier. There is a hotel called The Rees on Frankton Road in Queenstown which bears his name and he died in Blenheim, New Zealand, on 31 October 1898, and was buried at Omaka Cemetery. List of New South Wales representative cricketers
10.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
11.
South Island
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The South Island or Te Waipounamu is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the smaller but more populous North Island. It is bordered to the north by Cook Strait, to the west by the Tasman Sea, the South Island covers 150,437 square kilometres and has a temperate climate. In the early stages of European settlement of the country, the South Island had the majority of the European population, in prose, the two main islands of New Zealand are called the North Island and the South Island, with the definite article. Charcoal drawings can be found on rock shelters in the centre of the South Island. The drawings are estimated to be between 500 and 800 years old, and portray animals, people and fantastic creatures, possibly stylised reptiles, some of the birds pictured are long extinct, including moa and Haasts eagles. They were drawn by early Māori, but by the time Europeans arrived, early inhabitants of the South Island were the Waitaha. They were largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Kāti Mamoe in the 16th century, Kāti Mamoe were in turn largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Kāi Tahu who migrated south in the 17th century. While today there is no distinct Kāti Mamoe organisation, many Kāi Tahu have Kāti Mamoe links in their whakapapa and, a notable feature of the Moriori culture, an emphasis on pacifism, proved disadvantageous when Māori warriors arrived in the 1830s aboard a chartered European ship. In the early 18th century, Kāi Tahu, a Māori tribe who originated on the east coast of the North Island, There they and Kāti Mamoe fought Ngāi Tara and Rangitāne in the Wairau Valley. Ngāti Māmoe then ceded the east coast regions north of the Clarence River to Kāi Tahu, Kāi Tahu continued to push south, conquering Kaikoura. By the 1730s, Kāi Tahu had settled in Canterbury, including Banks Peninsula, from there they spread further south and into the West Coast. In 1827-1828 Ngāti Toa under the leadership of Te Rauparaha successfully attacked Kāi Tahu at Kaikoura, Ngāti Toa then visited Kaiapoi, ostensibly to trade. When they attacked their hosts, the well-prepared Kāi Tahu killed all the leading Ngāti Toa chiefs except Te Rauparaha, Te Rauparaha returned to his Kapiti Island stronghold. After destroying Te Maiharanuis village they took their captives to Kapiti, John Stewart, though arrested and sent to trial in Sydney as an accomplice to murder, nevertheless escaped conviction. In the summer of 1831–32 Te Rauparaha attacked the Kaiapoi pā, Kaiapoi was engaged in a three-month siege by Te Rauparaha, during which his men successfully sapped the pā. They then attacked Kāi Tahu on Banks Peninsula and took the pā at Onawe, in 1832-33 Kāi Tahu retaliated under the leadership of Tūhawaiki and others, attacking Ngāti Toa at Lake Grassmere. Kāi Tahu prevailed, and killed many Ngāti Toa, although Te Rauparaha again escaped, fighting continued for a year or so, with Kāi Tahu maintaining the upper hand. Ngāti Toa never again made an incursion into Kāi Tahu territory
12.
Oamaru
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Oamaru (/ɒməˈruː/, the largest town in North Otago, in the South Island of New Zealand, is the main town in the Waitaki District. It is 80 kilometres south of Timaru and 120 kilometres north of Dunedin, on the Pacific coast, and State Highway 1 and the railway Main South Line connect it to both. With a population of 13,850, Oamaru is the 28th largest urban area in New Zealand, the name Oamaru derives from Māori words meaning the place of Maru. The identity of Maru remains open to conjecture, there are some important archaeological sites around Oamaru. Those at the Waitaki River mouth and at Awamoa both date from the Archaic phase of Māori culture, when New Zealands human population clustered along the south-east coast from about AD1100, the Waitaki River mouth had at least 1,200 ovens. Awamoa saw the first archaeological excavation in New Zealand when W. B. D, mantell dug there at Christmas 1847 and in 1852. Smaller Archaic sites exist at Cape Wanbrow and at Beach Road in central Oamaru, the distinctive Archaic art of the Waitaki Valley rock shelters dates from this period — some of it presumably made by the occupants of these sites. The area also features Classic and Protohistoric sites, from after about AD1500, at Tamahaerewhenua, Tekorotuaheka, Te Punamaru, Papakaio and Kakanui. Māori tradition tells of the ancient people Kahui Tipua building a canoe, Arai Te Uru, on its return it became waterlogged off the Waitaki River mouth, lost food baskets at Moeraki beach and ended up wrecked at Matakaea where it turned into Danger Reef. Modern academics have suggested this tale is an explanation of the fact that kumara will not grow south of Banks Peninsula. On 20 February 1770 James Cook in the Endeavour reached a very close to the Waitaki mouth. He said the land here is low and flat and continues so up to the skirts of the Hills which are at least 4 or 5 Miles in land. The whole face of the Country appears barren, nor did we see any signs of inhabitants and he stayed on this part of the coast four days. Sydney Parkinson, the expeditions artist, described what seems to be Cape Wanbrow, on 20 February he wrote. we were near the land, which formed an agreeable view to the naked eye. The hills were of a height, having flats that extended from them a long way. Māori did live in the area, and sealers visited the coast in 1814, the Creed manuscript, discovered in 2003, records, Some of the people absent on a feasting expedition to meet a great party from Taumutu, Akaroa, Orawenua. The boat passed on to the Bluff 8 miles north of Moeraki where they landed & arranged their boat – & lay down to sleep in their boat. At night Pukuheke, father of Te More, went to the boat and they went with 100 killing 5 Europeans & eat them
13.
Dunedin
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Dunedin is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the principal city of the Otago region. It is named for the capital of Scotland, generally Anglicised as Edinburgh, Dunedin was the largest New Zealand city by territorial land area until superseded by Auckland on the creation of the Auckland Council in November 2010. Dunedin was the largest city in New Zealand by population from the 1860s until about 1900, the city population at 5 March 2013 was 120,246. The Dunedin urban area lies on the central-eastern coast of Otago, the harbour and hills around Dunedin represent the remnants of an extinct volcano. The city suburbs extend out into the valleys and hills, onto the isthmus of the Otago Peninsula, and along the shores of the Otago Harbour. The citys most important activity in economic terms centres around tertiary education – Dunedin is home to the University of Otago, New Zealands first university, and the Otago Polytechnic. Students account for a proportion of the population,21.6 percent of the citys population was aged between 15 and 24 at the 2006 census, compared to the New Zealand average of 14.2 percent. In 2014 Dunedin was designated as a UNESCO Creative City of Literature, archaeological evidence shows the first human occupation of New Zealand occurred between AD 1250–1300, with population concentrated along the southeast coast. A camp site at Kaikai Beach, near Long Beach, has dated from about that time. There are numerous sites in what is now Dunedin, several of them large and permanently occupied. The population contracted but expanded again with the evolution of the Classic culture which saw the building of several pā, fortified settlements, notably Pukekura at, there was a settlement in what is now central Dunedin occupied as late as about 1785 but abandoned by 1826. Maori tradition tells first of a people called Kahui Tipua living in the area, then Te Rapuwai, semi-legendary, the next arrivals were Waitaha followed by Kāti Mamoe late in the 16th century and then Kai Tahu who arrived in the mid 17th century. These migration waves have often represented as invasions in European accounts. They were probably migrations like those of the European which incidentally resulted in bloodshed, the sealer John Boultbee recorded in the 1820s that the Kaika Otargo were the oldest and largest in the south. Lieutenant James Cook stood off what is now the coast of Dunedin between 25 February 1770 and 5 March 1770, naming Cape Saunders and Saddle Hill and he reported penguins and seals in the vicinity, which led sealers to visit from the beginning of the 19th century. Permanent European occupation dates from 1831, when the Weller brothers founded their whaling station at Otago, modern Otakou, epidemics badly reduced the Maori population. By the late 1830s the Harbour had become an international whaling port, johnny Jones established a farming settlement and a mission station, the South Islands first, at Waikouaiti in 1840. After inspecting several areas around the eastern coast of the south island, the name comes from Dùn Èideann, the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland
14.
Inlet
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An inlet is an indentation of a shoreline, usually long and narrow, such as a small bay or arm, that often leads to an enclosed body of salt water, such as a sound, bay, lagoon, or marsh. In sea coasts, an inlet usually refers to the connection between a bay and the ocean and is often called an entrance or a recession in the shore of a sea, lake. A certain kind of created by glaciation is a fjord, typically but not always in mountainous coastlines. Complexes of large inlets or fjords may be called sounds, e. g. Puget Sound, Howe Sound, Karmsund. Some fjord-type inlets are called canals, e. g. Portland Canal, Lynn Canal, Hood Canal, and some are channels, e. g. Dean Channel and Douglas Channel. Tidal amplitude, wave intensity, and wave direction are all factors that influence sediment flux in inlets Alaska Panhandle British Columbia Coast Calanque Inside Passage Ria Bruun, Per, stability of Tidal Inlets, Theory and Engineering. Amsterdam, Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co. p.510, be pub co Coastal Inlets Research Program Hood Canal on Google Maps
15.
Lake Wakatipu
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Lake Wakatipu is an inland lake in the South Island of New Zealand. It is in the southwest corner of the Otago region, near its boundary with Southland, Lake Wakatipu comes from the original Māori word Whakatipu wai-māori. With a length of 80 kilometres, it is New Zealands longest lake, the lake is also very deep, its floor being below sea level, with a maximum depth of 380 metres. It is at an altitude of 310 metres, towards the end of the Southern Alps. The general topography is a reversed N shape or dog leg, the Dart River flows into the northern end, the lake then runs south for 30 kilometres before turning abruptly to the east. Twenty kilometres further along, it sharply to the south, reaching its southern end 30 kilometres further south. The lake is drained by the Kawarau River, which flows out from the lakes Frankton Arm,8 km east of Queenstown, until about 18,000 years ago the Mataura River drained Lake Wakatipu. The Kingston Flyer follows part of the river bed now blocked by glacial moraine. Queenstown is on the shore of the lake close to eastern end of its middle section. It has a seiche of period 26.7 minutes which, in Queenstown Bay, causes the level to rise. Lake Wakatipu is renowned for its beauty, being surrounded by mountains. The Remarkables mountain range lies along its southeastern edge and it is a popular venue for adventure tourism, with skifields, paragliding, bungy jumping and tramping tracks within easy reach. A vintage steamboat, the TSS Earnslaw regularly plies its waters, several vineyards are nearby in the Gibbston Valley. The original form and meaning of the name are not known for certain, the name is believed to originate from the Waitaha people, who were later displaced by Kāti Mamoe. Taken literally, Wakatipu would mean growing canoe or possibly growing bay if the original was Whakatipu, the dialect is also known for dropping final vowels, and Wakatipua or Whakatipua have also been recorded historically, as has Wakatapu. A legend says that the bed was formed when a giant ogre. Lake Wakatipu is a habitat for the eel, brown trout, salmon. These and other fish predators such as the pied shag
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The Remarkables
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The Remarkables are a mountain range and skifield in Otago in the South Island of New Zealand. Located on the shore of Lake Wakatipu, the range lives up to its name by rising sharply to create an impressive backdrop for the waters. The range is visible from the nearby town of Queenstown. The highest point in the range is Double Cone, the adjacent Hector Mountains southeast of the Remarkables culminate in Mount Tuwhakaroria. There are a number of lakes on the mountains including Lake Alta which forms part of the Remarkables Skifield. The mountains were named The Remarkables by Alexander Garvie in 1857-58, an alternate explanation for the name given by locals is that early Queenstown settlers, upon seeing the mountain range during sunset one evening, named them the Remarkables to describe the sight. During the winter months The Remarkables skifield has skiing and other winter activities, the ski area has three mountain bowls covering 540 acres. The patrolled area covers 220 ha with seven lifts, terrain is rated as 30% beginners, 40% intermediate and 30% advanced. The whole skifield area is 540 acres with seven lifts, average annual snowfall is 3.67 metres. In 2007 automated snowmaking was installed and a new snow groomer has also been acquired, theres also a snow tubing park and in 2008 a terrain park was developed. The Remarkables are part of NZSki, which incorporate Coronet Peak, in the 2014 winter season, a new lodge base building and a new 6-seater express detachable chairlift have been inaugurated. In the late future, there is plans to extend the terrain, an independent operator have released his plans to build a gondola lift from the Remarkables Town Center to the ski fields base
17.
Cecil Peak
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Cecil Peak is a mountain in the Wakatipu Basin, New Zealand and reaches a height of 1,978 metres. It is on the side of Lake Wakatipu, south south-west of Queenstown and is highly prominent from around this area. Vegetation is mainly grass and tussock with trees near the waterline, hidden Island is one of four islands in Lake Wakatipu and sits very close to the shoreline of Cecil Peak. On 27 March 2010 a local band performed a concert in a natural amphitheatre on the peak playing songs from the band Pink Floyd. Both Cecil Peak and the mountain of Walter Peak were named after William Rees eldest sons first given names by the surveyor James McKerrow in 1862. List of mountains of New Zealand by height Walter Peak
18.
Walter Peak (New Zealand)
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Walter Peak is a mountain located near Queenstown, New Zealand. It has a height of 1,800 metres and it is regularly visited by the TSS Earnslaw steamship, which takes passengers to the base of the mountain to visit the Walter Peak High Country Farm. The Colonels homestead, close to the destination, is also popular and serves lunch. List of mountains of New Zealand by height TSS Earnslaw and Walter Peak High Country Farm
19.
Queenstown Hill
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Queenstown Hill, also known by its Māori name of Te Tapu-nui, is a small 907 metres mountain near Queenstown, New Zealand in the South Island. The lower levels of the hill contain housing especially near Queenstown, Frankton Road, midway up the hill is a large forest of mainly douglas fir and larch, while the top is largely clear and the ground cover is that of tussock and native vegetation. Queenstown Hill is also home to a farm consisting of 1800 sheep which is owned and operated by the Middletons who purchased the lease in 1963, the Queenstown Hill Time Walk is part of the land owned by the Middletons. The Time Walk is a walk on the Queenstown Hill that was created to mark the Millennium in the year 2000, the entrance to the trail is on Belfast Terrace. At the start of the walk is an iron gate which shows symbols of the local area. There are many panels along the walk describing the history of the area, the walk takes about three hours return, but can be shortened by not walking the full loop. This walking track is not allowed to be used by bikes, dogs are allowed, but must be leashed at all times. Not far from the top is a called the Basket of Dreams by Caroline Robinson. There are expansive views from this point of the basin including Lake Wakatipu, Cecil Peak
20.
Lake Wanaka
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Lake Wanaka is located in the Otago region of New Zealand, at an altitude of 300 metres. Covering an area of 192 km2, it is New Zealands fourth largest lake and its name is Māori, a corruption of Oanaka. Wanaka is a town on the lake with which it shares its name, Lake Wanaka lies at the heart of the Otago Lakes in the lower South Island of New Zealand. The township is situated in a glacier carved basin on the shores of the lake and is the gateway to Mt Aspiring National Park, Lake Hāwea is a 15-minute drive away, en route to the frontier town of Makarora, the last stop before the West Coast Glacier region. To the south is the historic Cardrona Valley, offering a route to neighbouring Queenstown. Otago Geography At its greatest extent, which is roughly along a north-south axis and its widest point, at the southern end, is 10 kilometres. The lakes western shore is lined with high peaks rising to over 2000 metres above sea level, along the eastern shore the land is also mountainous, but the peaks are somewhat lower. Wanaka lies in a valley formed by glacial erosion during the last ice age. It is fed by the Matukituki- and Makarora Rivers, and is the source of the Clutha River, nearby Lake Hāwea lies in a parallel valley carved by a neighbouring glacier eight kilometres to the east. At their closest point, the lakes are only 1,000 metres apart, numerous small islands are to be found at the southern end of the lake, with some now serving as ecological sanctuaries, for example for buff weka in case of Stevensons Island. The only flat land around the lake is also to be found here, the towns of Wanaka and Albert Town are situated here. While Māori had long known of its existence, the first European to reach the lake is thought to have been Nathaniel Chalmers in 1853, accompanied by Māoris, he walked from Tuturau to the lake via the Kawarau River, later returning by a raft floating down the Clutha. Around 1859, other explorers who were now mapping the area found a ruined Māori village in the Makarora Valley. Around 1861, several new stations had been established in around the south end of the lake, and in 1862. The early European name was Lake Pembroke, in addition to ongoing sheep farming, the lake is now a popular resort, and is much used in the summer for fishing, boating and swimming. The nearby mountains and fast-flowing rivers allow for adventure tourism year-round, Lake Wanaka was repeatedly mentioned in the movie Mission Impossible III as a location the lead couple visited. It was the answer to Tom Cruises question on the phone to verify the identity of his wife, the cook and author Annabel Langbein owns a small estate at the side of the lake and filmed her series The Free Range Cook and Simple Pleasures here. As one of the few lakes in the South Island with an unmodified shoreline and this established a Guardians of Lake Wanaka group, whose members are appointed by the Minister of Conservation, and advise on measures to protect the lake
21.
Arrowtown
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Arrowtown is a historic gold mining town in the Otago region of the South Island of New Zealand. Arrowtown is located on the banks of the Arrow River approximately 7.5 km from State Highway 6, there is also road access directly to Queenstown via the Shotover Gorge and a third route via the picturesque Lake Hayes. The town reached a low of fewer than 200 people in the 1960s before gaining popularity again. According to the 2006 New Zealand census, the resident population of Arrowtown was 2,151. The town has seen growth and construction, but it falls under strict appearance covenants applied by the local authority that aim to preserve the appearance of the town. There are many preserved buildings used by European and Chinese immigrants dating from the gold mining days of the town. Arrowtown is the home of the Lakes District Museum and Ah Lums store which is part of the historic Arrowtown Chinese Settlement, bordering the town is Sir Michael Hills Championship Golf Course which is home to the New Zealand Golf Open. This championship golf course is a membership club, but does allow green fee players by appointment only. The Club also provides a Day Spa that is available to the public, nearby is the luxury Millbrook Resort, which has a spa and 27-hole golf course. It was the site of the agreement of the Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme, Arrowtown was constituted as a borough in 1867 and became part of the Queenstown-Lakes District in the local government reorganisation of 1989. Ebenezer Sandford, politician Arrowtown Arrowtown Village Arrowtown travel guide from Wikivoyage
22.
Glenorchy, New Zealand
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Glenorchy is a small settlement at the northern end of Lake Wakatipu in the South Island region of Otago, New Zealand. It is approximately 45 km by road or boat from Queenstown, there are several pubs, a café and a range of small shops in the town catering mainly to tourists but also to the small resident population. There is also an airstrip which caters to small planes. The Dart River and Rees River flow into the head of Lake Wakatipu next to Glenorchy, Glenorchy was named after Glen Orchy in Argyll, Scotland. Glenorchy is a popular tourist spot, close to many tramping tracks and it lies near the borders of Mount Aspiring National Park and Fiordland National Park. The Routeburn Track, one of the New Zealand Great Walks can be accessed by passing through Glenorchy, lesser known tracks such as the Greenstone and Caples Tracks and the Rees and Dart Tracks can also be accessed. Some of the activities that can be experienced in or near Glenorchy include, canyoning, fly fishing, jet boating, horse riding, kayaking, mountain biking, skiing, snowboarding, skydiving and boating. Just past the Glenorchy Golf Club is a circular public boardwalk which passes through the Glenorchy Lagoon and is a short walk for tourists. The local scenery was used as one of the settings in the first of Peter Jacksons Lord of the Rings films, lothlórien, Orthanc, and the scene where Boromir was slain and leant near a tree were a few that were shot in nearby Paradise. Vertical Limit, The Chronicles of Narnia, Prince Caspian, and X-Men Origins, other films that did location shots in Glenorchy and the surrounding area are Race for the Yankee Zephyr and The Water Horse. The 2013 BBC television miniseries Top of the Lake was also filmed in the area and was set in, while Queenstown is referred to during the series, Glenorchy doubles as the fictitious town of Laketop. The Reed Dictionary of New Zealand Place Names, Glenorchy Community Association Glenorchy travel guide from Wikivoyage
23.
Kingston, New Zealand
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Kingston is a small town at the southernmost end of Lake Wakatipu, just north of the border of Otago and Southland, in New Zealands South Island. It is 47 kilometres south of Queenstown by a road which winds between the lake to the west and The Remarkables mountains to the east and it is 70 kilometres north of Lumsden, and close to the headwaters of the Mataura River. Kingston was originally named St Johns after police commissioner St. John Branigan, the Kingston Flyer historic railway service is closely associated with the town. Media related to Kingston, New Zealand at Wikimedia Commons
24.
Wanaka
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Wanaka /ˈwɒnəkə/ is a popular ski and summer resort town in the Otago region of the South Island of New Zealand. It is situated at the end of Lake Wanaka, at the start of the Clutha River. It is the gateway to Mount Aspiring National Park, Wanaka is primarily a resort town but has both summer and winter seasons. Its economy is based on the many outdoor opportunities this offers, the town was originally settled during the gold rush of the 19th century. Along with the rest of the Queenstown-Lakes District, it is growing rapidly, the first European in the area was Nathaniel Chalmers, who was guided inland by Chief Reko in 1853. Maori knowledge of the region is evidenced by a sketch map from Chief Te Huruhuru at Waimate. European settlement began in the Upper Clutha River Valley in the 1850s, the first station was at Albert Town, the only place where settlers could ford the Clutha River. Tourism in the began in 1867 with the opening of the first hotel. Wanaka proved a popular tourist destination because of its borderline continental climate and easy access to snow. The worlds first sheepdog trials were held in Wanaka in 1867. Pembroke was renamed Wanaka in 1940, the town of Wanaka is situated at the southern end of Lake Wanaka. To the southwest is the Crown Range and town of Queenstown, to the northeast are the towns of Omarama and Twizel. Very close to Lake Wanaka is Lake Hāwea, in a glacial valley. To the south of the lies more of the Southern Alps. The Glendhu Bay motorpark is close to the town, leading into the Matukituki River valley and this gives access to the Mount Aspiring National Park. The centre of the lies on flat land beside Roys Bay. Parts of the town have expanded into the surrounding the centre. The lakeside area of the town is prone to flooding in spring
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Alexandra, New Zealand
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Alexandra is a town in the Central Otago district of the South Island of New Zealand. It is located on the banks of the Clutha River, on State Highway 8,188 kilometres by road from Dunedin and 33 kilometres south of Cromwell, at the time of the 2013 census, the permanent population was 4,800, a decrease of 24 since 2006. 27.1 per cent of the population was aged over 65, the town was founded during the Central Otago goldrush in the 1860s, and was named after Alexandra of Denmark by John Aitken Connell who surveyed the town. It was known to miners of the day by several names, the Lower Township, the Junction Township, and Manuherikia. Many orchards were destroyed in the 1980s as a result of construction,10 km upriver, of the Clyde High Dam, Alexandra is the service centre for a significant stone-fruit industry, which is celebrated by a blossom festival in the town each spring. Grape production is another industry in the Central Otago Wine Region. Alexandra has the worlds southernmost vineyard, Black Ridge, the town is a popular holiday destination mainly due to the hot and sunny climate during summer. Alexandra is perhaps best known for the Alexandra Blossom Festival, an event that began in 1957. The Festival celebrates the advent of Spring in the Central Otago District as evidenced by the blooming of the fruit trees, Alexandra has had two bridges crossing the Clutha River, the current one opening in 1958. The Alexandra Aerodrome is Alexandras only airport, SPANZ, NAC and Mount Cook Airlines were main users of the airport till the 1980s. It is home to the Central Otago Flying Club, and gliding and it is reasonably quiet, and commercial passenger flights are no longer scheduled, Queenstown International Airport is the nearest facility for those. A portion of the Central Otago Rail Trail runs through Alexandra, temperatures regularly drop below zero in winter and will rise above thirty degrees Celsius in the summer months. In spite of its southerly latitude it is known to be one of the warmest areas in New Zealand during summer, the hottest and coldest temperatures recorded in Alexandra are 37.2 °C and −11.2 °C respectively. Independently owned Blue Skies FM was established in 2001 as a station to serve the local community, broadcasting to the Alexandra basin, Cromwell. The station successfully established itself as the voice of the region, featuring guests from the local mayor to the Prime Minister. Its main driving force was its managing Director Mike Bain and his team that was behind him, announcers on air were Mike Bain, Jack Crookes and John Prestney. Alexandra once had its own local More FM station with the studios being located in Alexandra, previously this station was known as Radio Central. Central Otagos More FM broadcasts into Roxburgh, Clyde and Cromwell, wanaka also has More FM but this is a relay of the Queenstown More FM station
26.
Cromwell, New Zealand
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Cromwell is a town in Central Otago in the Otago region of New Zealand. It is situated between State Highway 6 and State Highway 8 leading to the Lindis Pass,75 km northeast, the road to Alexandra winds through the Cromwell Gorge. A point near Cromwell lies 119 kilometres from the sea, the farthest from the sea anywhere in New Zealand, a prominent feature surrounding much of the town is the man-made Lake Dunstan. Cromwell also has the newly constructed Highlands Motorsport Park, nearby settlements are at Bannockburn, Lowburn, Tarras, and Ripponvale. Cromwell is also the home of the Cromwell Chafer Beetle, the 45th parallel south runs just North of the township. Cromwell was originally known as The Junction, being at the confluence of the Clutha, in 1862, gold was discovered below the Junction by two miners, Hartley and Reilly. Once the word of a strike was out, there was an influx of several thousand miners to the area. As gold ran out, Cromwell became the centre for an extensive farming. It has a location between the Lindis and the Haast passes, and acts as a hub between the towns of Wanaka, Queenstown and Alexandra. The former is commemorated with the giant sculpture of stone fruit which stands outside the end of the town. Since the construction of the Clyde Dam and the filling of Lake Dunstan in the early 1990s the river confluence was drowned, the decision to build Clyde Dam and use Cromwell as the accommodation base brought many changes to the town. Approximately one-third of the town was rebuilt on higher ground, the changes included the doubling of the residential area, relocation of the old town centre, upgrading of services, and the provision of modern educational and sports facilities, and a new bridge. The relocated town centre, or The Mall, now houses the retail, service. Several of the old buildings of the town escaped the flooding have been retained as a historic precinct close to the shore of the Kawarau. The town was named after Oliver Cromwell and, as well as The Junction, Cromwell is nicknamed the Fruit Bowl of the South. Cromwell has five pre-school facilities, two schools and a co- educational secondary school. An Otago Polytechnic campus specialises in horticulture, catering and tourism and its crop centre provides advisory services to horticulturalists on commercially viable new crops. Cromwell receives around 400 mm of rain a year due to its inland location, although it is widely believed to have a continental climate, the town officially has an oceanic climate with rainfall just enough to escape the semi-arid climate classification
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Invercargill
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Invercargill is the southernmost and westernmost city in New Zealand, and one of the southernmost cities in the world. It is the centre of the Southland region. It lies in the heart of the expanse of the Southland Plains on the Oreti or New River some 18 km north of Bluff. Many streets in the city, especially in the centre and main shopping district, are named after rivers in Great Britain, mainly Scotland. These include the main streets Dee and Tay, as well as named after the Forth, Tyne, Esk, Don, Thames, Mersey, Ness, Yarrow, Spey. The 2013 census showed the population was 51,696, up 2. 7% on the 2006 census number, Southland was a scene of early extended contact between Europeans and Maori, notably whalers and missionaries – Wohlers at Ruapuke. In 1853, Walter Mantell purchased Murihiku from local Maori iwi, Otago, of which Southland was itself part, was the subject of planned settlement by the Free Church, an offshoot of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. Settlement broadened with the discovery of gold in Central Otago in the 1860s, today, traces of Scottish speech persist in Southland voices, with R often pronounced with a rolling burr. This is more noticeable among country people, in 1856, a petition was put forward to Thomas Gore Browne, the Governor of New Zealand, for a port at Bluff. Due to the Otago gold rush, the population grew during the 1860s with the settlement of Bluff. Browne agreed to the petition and gave the name Invercargill to the settlement north of the port, the settlements chief surveyor was John Turnbull Thomson, a British civil engineer. Under the influence of James Menzies, Southland Province seceded from Otago in 1861 following the escalation of political tensions, however, rising debt forced Southland to rejoin Otago in 1870 and the provincial system, and with it the province of Otago, was abolished entirely in 1876. This debt was caused by a population decline stemming from poor returns from pastoral farming, in 1874, Invercargills population was less than 2,500 which reflected the drift north to large centres. In the 1880s, the development of an industry based on butter. In December 1905, Invercargill voted in local prohibition of alcohol sales and this lasted for 40 years until voted out by returning servicemen in the Second World War. When prohibition ended, a committee of citizens persuaded the Government to give the monopoly on sales in Invercargill to the specially formed Invercargill Licensing Trust. Based on a scheme in Carlisle, England, it returns profits to city amenities, even today, alcohol is not sold in supermarkets. In recent years, publicity has been brought to the city by the election of Tim Shadbolt
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Mataura River
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The Mataura River is in the Southland Region of the South Island of New Zealand. The rivers headwaters are located in the Eyre Mountains to the south of Lake Wakatipu, from there it flows southeast towards Gore, where it turns southward. It then passes through the town of Mataura, and enters the Pacific Ocean at Toetoes Bay on the southern coast of the South Island, much of its channel is braided. The Mataura is renowned as a source of trout, and is a popular fishing venue. It has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because it supports breeding colonies of the endangered black-billed gull, the Mataura, along with the three other main Southland rivers, the Waiau, Oreti and Aparima, breached during the Southland floods of January 1984. Commercial and residential areas of the town of Mataura were particularly affected, including the pulp, until about 18,000 years ago the Mataura drained Lake Wakatipu. The Kingston Flyer follows part of the river bed, now blocked by glacial moraine
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Pounamu
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Pounamu refers to several types of hard, durable and highly valued nephrite jade, bowenite, or serpentinite stone found in southern New Zealand. These rocks are also known as greenstone in New Zealand English. There are two systems for classifying pounamu, geologically, the rock falls into the three categories named above, but Māori classify pounamu by appearance. The main classifications are kawakawa, kahurangi, īnanga, and tangiwai, the first three are nephrite jade, while tangiwai is a form of bowenite. Īnanga pounamu takes its name from a freshwater fish and is pearly-white or grey-green in colour. Kahurangi pounamu is highly translucent and has a shade of green. It is named after the clearness of the sky and is the rarest variety of pounamu, kawakawa pounamu comes in many shades, often with flecks or inclusions, and is named after the leaves of the native kawakawa tree. It is the most common variety of pounamu, tangiwai pounamu is clear like glass but in a wide range of shades. The name comes from the word for the tears come from great sorrow. In modern usage pounamu almost always refers to nephrite jade, Pounamu is generally found in rivers in specific parts of the South Island as nondescript boulders and stones. These are difficult to identify as pounamu without cutting them open, Pounamu plays a very important role in Māori culture. It is considered a taonga and therefore protected under the Treaty of Waitangi, Pounamu taonga increase in mana as they pass from one generation to another. The most prized taonga are those with known histories going back many generations and these are believed to have their own mana and were often given as gifts to seal important agreements. Pounamu taonga include tools such as toki, whao, whao whakakōka, ripi pounamu, scrapers, awls, hammer stones, and drill points. Hunting tools include matau and lures, spear points, and kākā poria, weapons such as mere, and ornaments such as pendants, ear pendants, and cloak pins. Functional pounamu tools were widely worn for practical and ornamental reasons, and continued to be worn as purely ornamental pendants even after they were no longer used as tools. Pounamu is found only in the South Island of New Zealand, in 1997 the Crown handed back the ownership of all naturally occurring pounamu to the South Island tribe Ngāi Tahu, as part of the Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement. Jewellery and other items made from gold and pounamu were particularly fashionable in New Zealand in the Victorian and Edwardian years in the late 19th
30.
Queenstown Gardens
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Some of the facilities in the Garden include Tennis, Lawn Bowls, Skate Boarding, BMX Biking, Skating, Disc Golf and Ice Skating/Ice Hockey. There is a variety of trails in the garden with views of the mountains and of Lake Wakatipu. The most visible large tree species in the garden is that of the Douglas fir of which there are many large specimens and this tree also forms a protective forest that surrounds much of the gardens. There is also a Rose Garden just past the tennis court, the heritage trees planted by the first Mayor of Queenstown, J. W. The band rotunda near the Park Street entrance was established in 1891. There are two significant memorials in the gardens, The Scott Memorial unveiled in 1913 is a tribute to Robert Falcon Scott and the men who died during the Antarctic expedition of 1912. The Rees Memorial was built in 1978 by the Queenstown and District Historical Society to commemorate the arrival of the areas first settler William Gilbert Rees who arrived in 1860, Tennis Club Bowling Club Queenstown Skate Park Disc Golf Course Queenstown Ice Arena
31.
Arrow River (New Zealand)
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The Arrow River is a short river in Otago, New Zealand. It is a tributary of the Kawarau River, which in turn feeds into the Clutha, the town of Arrowtown lies on the Arrow. A very small amount of gold was discovered by Jack Tewa in the Arrow River in August 1862, in early October much larger finds were made by John McGregor and Peter Stewart of the McGregor and Low party and by William Fox. They disagreed over who found gold there first and it was an important part of the Central Otago Gold Rush of the 1860s. The scene where Arwen challenged the Nazgûl while rushing Frodo to Rivendell was shot at this location for Peter Jacksons The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, the river was originally called Haihainui- big scratches- by Māori who used to visit this area during summer for seasonal hunting and gathering
32.
Eichardt's Hotel
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Eichardt‘s Private Hotel is located on the corner of Marine Parade and Ballarat Street, Queenstown, New Zealand, on the shores of Lake Wakatipu. Eichardt’s is a significant local landmark, and is listed as a Category 2 historic place by the Historic Places Trust, william Gilbert Rees, one of the first Europeans to settle the Queenstown area, arrived at the shores of Lake Wakatipu in 1859, seeking pastoral land. Rees built a large hotel down on present day Frankton Road, an entrepreneurial Rees quickly turned to the hotel keeping business, his woolshed was given a wooden facade and turned into a hotel named the Queens Arms. In early 1866, Rees entered into partnership with Albert Eichardt, Eichardt renamed the hotel Eichardts Queens Arms Hotel, it was renamed Eichardts Hotel during his time. The Eichardts building was affected by the Queenstown floods in November 1999. Following the floods, the owners undertook alterations and renovations to restore the building, Eichardts reopened as Eichardts Private Hotel in December 2001. A member of Small Luxury Hotels of the World, the property is owned by Andrew and Sarah Cox of Melbourne, the property is also a member of the exclusive Virtuoso network and has been recommended by Andrew Harpers Hideaway Report since 2002
33.
Masonic lodge
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A Masonic lodge, often termed a private lodge or constituent lodge, is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry. It is also commonly, but erroneously, used as a term for a building in such a unit meets. Every new lodge must be warranted or chartered by a Grand Lodge, a Freemason is generally entitled to visit any Lodge in any jurisdiction in amity with his own. In some jurisdictions this privilege is restricted to Master Masons and he is first usually required to check, and certify, the regularity of the relationship of the Lodge – and be able to satisfy that Lodge of his regularity of membership. Freemasons gather together as a Lodge to work the three basic Degrees of Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft and Master Mason, technically, Freemasons meet as a lodge not in a lodge. In this context, the lodge refers to a local chapter of Freemasons. However, the term is misused to refer to the buildings or rooms that Masons meet in. Masonic premises are also referred to as temples. In many countries Masonic centre or Masonic hall has now replaced these terms to avoid arousing prejudice, several different lodges, or other Masonic organisations, often use the same premises at different times. Blue lodges, craft lodges or ancient craft lodges refer to the lodges that work the first three Masonic degrees, rather than the appendant Masonic orders such as York Rite and Scottish Rite, the term craft lodge is used in Great Britain. The blue lodge is said to refer to the colour of regalia in lodges derived from English or Irish Freemasonry. Although the term was originally frowned upon, it has gained widespread, research lodges have the purpose of furthering Masonic scholarship. Quatuor Coronati Lodge is an example of a lodge, it has a strictly limited membership. Many jurisdictions have well-established research lodges, which usually meet less frequently than blue lodges, in Great Britain, a lodge of instruction may be associated with a Lodge, but is not constituted separately. In Great Britain, the mother lodge is used to identify the particular Lodge where the individual was first made a Mason. Provincial Grand Lodges exercise an intermediate authority, and also appoint Provincial Grand Officers, in any case, Grand Lodges have limited jurisdiction over their member Lodges, and where there is no prescribed ritual Lodges may thus have considerable freedom of practice. Despite these minor differences, fraternal relations exist between Lodges of corresponding degrees under different Grand Lodges. Generally, to be accepted for initiation as a regular Freemason, believe in some kind of Supreme Being
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Queenstown Police Station
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Queenstown Police Station, Phone 034411600 is the largest police station in the Otago Lakes Central Area which is one of three policing areas in the Southern District of the New Zealand Police. The Otago Lakes Central Area headquarters has returned to Queenstown Police Station after a period at Alexandra Police Station, the police station site has been used since gold was found nearby in Arrowtown and on the banks of the Shotover River in 1862. The adjacent historic Court House was built between 1875 and 1877 after operating out of tents, the police station is at 11 Camp Street, and Queenstown was known as the Camp. The station opened in November 1862, by March 1863 more than 1000 people lived in the town. The Gold Escort was contracted to Cobb and Co, near Skippers and along the Shotover, branch escorts transported prisoners who were shackled to posts halfway along. The escort troopers were armed with carbines and swords, the Otago Daily Times reported that robberies were numerous and frequent drunkenness prevalent, with pick pocketing complaints common. Claim jumping and stick-ups were also common, in 1867 there were police stations at Queenstown, Arrowtown, Frankton, Skippers, Maori Point, Nevis, Nokomai and Cardrona. Almost daily practically all the staff at Queenstown Station travelled to Frankton where the first court sat in McBride Street. The courthouse later became the Presbyterian church, the original police station in Queenstown can be seen at the same site in early photographs with a stable, small cell, and house alongside. The stone bridge at the Hotops Rise end of the grounds was built by prisoners. In July 1960, with the closure of the Arrowtown station, Constable Leo Daly took charge of Queenstown station, the police house was beside the station. The station was cramped with one room doubling as interview room, breath testing room, the current police station was designed by architects Mason and Wales and opened on Friday 10 July 1998 by Hon. Jack Elder, minister of police. It was built by Amalgamated Builders at a cost of $2.3 million, the exterior is modelled to suit the historic precinct where it is situated. The land is owned by Māori tribe Ngāi Tahu, the station is staffed over three rotating shifts by five sections each composed of one sergeant and one to three constables. In addition to this are, An Inspector in charge of the Otago Lakes Central Area, a Senior Sergeant in charge of crime prevention for the Otago Lakes Central Area. A Senior Sergeant, in charge of response for the Queenstown area, an alcohol harm reduction officer, at the rank of sergeant. A prevention sergeant, also responsible for the coordination of family violence offending, a community constable/prevention officer at the rank of constable. A police prosecutor, at the rank of sergeant, a youth aid officer, at the rank of constable
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Cobh
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Cobh, known from 1849 until 1920 as Queenstown, is a tourist seaport town on the south coast of County Cork, Ireland. Cobh is on the side of Great Island in Cork Harbour and is home to Irelands only dedicated cruise terminal. Tourism in the draws on the maritime and emigration legacy of the town - including its association with the RMS Titanic. Facing the town are Spike Island and Haulbowline Island, and on a point in the town stands St Colmans Cathedral, one of the tallest buildings in Ireland. The port, which has had several Irish-language names, was first called Cove in 1750 and it was renamed Queenstown in 1849 to commemorate a visit by Queen Victoria. This remained the name until 1920, when it was renamed Cobh by the new authorities of the Irish Free State. Cobh is a Gaelicisation of the English name Cove and it shares the same pronunciation but has no meaning in the Irish language, according to legend, one of the first colonists of Ireland was Neimheidh, who landed in Cork Harbour over 1000 years BC. He and his followers were said to have wiped out in a plague. Later it became known as Crich Liathain because of the powerful Uí Liatháin kingdom who ruled in the area from Late Antiquity into the early 13th century, the island subsequently became known as Oilean Mor An Barra, after the Barry family who inherited it. The village on the island was known as Ballyvoloon, overlooking The Cove and in 1743 a fort, the settlement itself was first referred to as Cove village in 1750 by Smith the historian who said it was inhabited by seamen and revenue officials. The Cork directory of 1787 shows about thirty businesses in the town including one butcher, the Water Club established at Haulbowline in 1720 was the progenitor of the present Royal Cork Yacht Club and is the oldest yacht club in the world. The RCYC was based for years in Cobh and the present Sirius Arts Centre used to be a clubhouse of the RCYC organisation. In 1966 the RCYC merged with the Royal Munster Yacht Club, retaining the name of the RCYC, International upheaval led to Cobh experiencing rapid development in the early 19th century. Today, the Irish Naval Service headquarters is based on Haulbowline island facing Cobh, the wars against the French led to the town becoming a British Naval port with its own admiral, and many of the present-day buildings date from this time. The eventual cessation of hostilities dented Cobhs prosperity for a while but it became known as a health resort. Notable amongst these people was Charles Wolfe who wrote The Burial of Sir John Moore After Corunna, Wolfe is buried in the Old Church Cemetery outside the town. One of the major transatlantic Irish ports, the former Queenstown was the point for 2.5 million of the six million Irish people who emigrated to North America between 1848 and 1950. On 11 April 1912, Queenstown was famously the final port of call for the RMS Titanic when she set out across the Atlantic on her maiden voyage
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Republic of Ireland
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Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the part of the island. The state shares its land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint Georges Channel to the south-east, and it is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The head of government is the Taoiseach, who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President, the state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955. It joined the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union, after joining the EEC, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth. The country achieved considerable prosperity between the years of 1995 and 2007, which known as the Celtic Tiger period. This was halted by a financial crisis that began in 2008. However, as the Irish economy was the fastest growing in the EU in 2015, Ireland is again quickly ascending league tables comparing wealth and prosperity internationally. For example, in 2015, Ireland was ranked as the joint sixth most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index and it also performs well in several national performance metrics, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. Ireland is a member of the European Union and is a member of the Council of Europe. The 1922 state, comprising 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland, was styled, the Constitution of Ireland, adopted in 1937, provides that the name of the State is Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland. Section 2 of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 states, It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland. The 1948 Act does not name the state as Republic of Ireland, because to have done so would have put it in conflict with the Constitution. The government of the United Kingdom used the name Eire, and, from 1949, Republic of Ireland, for the state, as well as Ireland, Éire or the Republic of Ireland, the state is also referred to as the Republic, Southern Ireland or the South. In an Irish republican context it is referred to as the Free State or the 26 Counties. From the Act of Union on 1 January 1801, until 6 December 1922, during the Great Famine, from 1845 to 1849, the islands population of over 8 million fell by 30%
New Zealand
Otago
Queenstown
