1.
Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
2.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
3.
Ferrostaal
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Ferrostaal is a provider of industrial services. With 4,400 employees and a turnover of around euro 1,6 billion euro. Ferrostaal provides industrial services in two areas, Projects and Services, in 2009, the International Petroleum Investment Company of Abu Dhabi has taken over 70% of the shares of Ferrostaal AG from MAN AG, Munich. Due to the acquisition of the majority shares, the company entered the register as Ferrostaal. Ferrostaal was founded in The Hague, Netherlands in 1920, the steel trading company was bought by Gutehoffnungshütte Aktienverein in 1926. Ferrostaal expanded into many countries and, from the 1950s onwards, during the 1960s the company started to build industrial plants. Until the end of the 1960s, Ferrostaal was also known as manufacturer of diesel railcars, in 2004 it was renamed MAN Ferrostaal. Three years later the corporation sold two thirds of its steel business, in 2007 Solar and Biofuels were created as new strategic business areas. As a result of IPIC taking over the majority of shares of MAN Ferrostaal AG, in March 2012, MAN SE announced the sale of Ferrostaal AG to the MPC Group. Since March 2012 Ferrostaals new owner is MPC Industries GmbH and the name has been changed to Ferrostaal GmbH. Official website Website Ferrostaal Industrial Projects Website Ferrostaal Piping Supply
4.
Santa Cruz de la Sierra
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Santa Cruz de la Sierra, commonly known as Santa Cruz, is the capital of the Santa Cruz department in eastern Bolivia. It was not until after World War II and profound agrarian and this has helped make Santa Cruz the most important business center in Bolivia and the preferred destination of migrants from all over the country. However, recent data suggests that the current location of the city of Santa Cruz was inhabited by an Arawak tribe that came to be known by the Spanish as Chané. Remains of ceramics and weapons have been found in the area, the settlement was named after Chaves’s home town in Extremadura, where he grew up before venturing to America. Shortly after the founding, attacks from local tribes became commonplace, many of the inhabitants, however, chose to stay behind and continued living in the original location. On September 13,1590 the city was moved to the banks of the Guapay Empero river. Nevertheless, the proved to be even more severe at the new location forcing the settlers to relocate once again on May 21,1595. After they moved the city was consolidated in 1622 and took its original name of Santa Cruz de la Sierra given by Ñuflo de Chaves over 60 years before. Remnants of the settlement can be visited in Santa Cruz la Vieja. Over the next 200 years, several tribes were incorporated under Spanish control or defeated by force. The efforts for consolidating the borders of the Empire were not overlooked by the authorities in Lima, the province was ruled by a Captain General based in Santa Cruz, and, in turn, the city government was administered by two mayors and a council of four people. Citizens of Santa Cruz were exempt from all taxes and the mita system used in the rest of the Viceroyalty of Peru was not practiced. However, in spite of its importance, the city did not grow much in colonial times. Most of the activity was centered in the mining centers of the west. Animosity towards imperial authorities began at the turn of the 18th century, the seat of government was taken away from the city and moved to Cochabamba, and many of the powers delegated by the viceroyalty were now in the hands of appointees of the crown. A junta of local commanders took control of the government in his place, by 1813 the city was once again under imperial control. At this time, by order of General Manuel Belgrano, the armies of Argentina sent a small force led by Ignacio Warnes to liberate Santa Cruz. After his successful campaign he assumed control of the government of the city and this victory proved to be a serious blow to Spanish forces in the region
5.
Bolivia
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Bolivia, officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. It is bordered to the north and east by Brazil, to the southeast by Paraguay, to the south by Argentina, to the southwest by Chile, and to the northwest by Peru. One-third of the country is the Andean mountain range, with one of its largest cities and principal economic centers, El Alto, Bolivia is one of two landlocked countries that lie outside Afro-Eurasia. Bolivia is geographically the largest landlocked country in the Americas, but remains a small country in economic. Before Spanish colonization, the Andean region of Bolivia was part of the Inca Empire, Spanish conquistadors arriving from Cuzco and Asunción took control of the region in the 16th century. During the Spanish colonial period Bolivia was administered by the Royal Audiencia of Charcas, spain built its empire in great part upon the silver that was extracted from Bolivias mines. After the first call for independence in 1809,16 years of war followed before the establishment of the Republic, named for Simón Bolívar, on 6 August 1825. Since independence, Bolivia has endured periods of political and economic instability, including the loss of peripheral territories to its neighbors, such as Acre. The countrys population, estimated at 11 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Mestizos, the racial and social segregation that arose from Spanish colonialism has continued to the modern era. Spanish is the official and predominant language, although 36 indigenous languages also have official status, of which the most commonly spoken are Guarani, Aymara, modern Bolivia is constitutionally a unitary state, divided into nine departments. Its geography varies from the peaks of the Andes in the West, to the Eastern Lowlands and it is a developing country, with a medium ranking in the Human Development Index and a poverty level of 53 percent. Its main economic activities include agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, and manufacturing such as textiles, clothing, refined metals. Bolivia is very wealthy in minerals, especially tin, Bolivia is named after Simón Bolívar, a leader in the Spanish American wars of independence. Sucre opted to create a new nation and, with local support. The original name was Republic of Bolívar, some days later, congressman Manuel Martín Cruz proposed, If from Romulus comes Rome, then from Bolívar comes Bolivia. The name was approved by the Republic on 3 October 1825, the region now known as Bolivia had been occupied for over 2,500 years when the Aymara arrived. However, present-day Aymara associate themselves with the ancient civilization of the Tiwanaku culture which had its capital at Tiwanaku, the capital city of Tiwanaku dates from as early as 1500 BC when it was a small, agriculturally based village. The community grew to urban proportions between AD600 and AD800, becoming an important regional power in the southern Andes
6.
Bus
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A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers. Buses can have a capacity as high as 300 passengers, many types of buses, such as city transit buses and inter-city coaches, charge a fare. Other types, such as elementary or secondary school buses or shuttle buses within a post-secondary education campus do not charge a fare, in many jurisdictions, bus drivers require a special licence above and beyond a regular drivers licence. Horse-drawn buses were used from the 1820s, followed by steam buses in the 1830s, the first internal combustion engine buses, or motor buses, were used in 1895. Recently, interest has been growing in hybrid electric buses, fuel cell buses, as of the 2010s, bus manufacturing is increasingly globalised, with the same designs appearing around the world. Bus is a form of the Latin word omnibus. The first horse-drawn omnibus service was started by a businessman named Stanislas Baudry in the French city of Nantes in 1823, Nantes citizens soon gave the nickname omnibus to the vehicle. The omnibus in Nantes was a success and Baudry moved to Paris, a similar service was introduced in London in 1829. The first mechanically propelled omnibus appeared on the streets of London on 22 April 1833, in parallel to the development of the bus was the invention of the electric trolleybus, typically fed through trolley poles by overhead wires. The Siemens brothers, William in England and Ernst Werner in Germany, sir William first proposed the idea in an article to the Journal of the Society of Arts in 1881 as an. arrangement by which an ordinary omnibus. The first such vehicle, the Electromote, was made by his brother Dr. Ernst Werner von Siemens and presented to the public in 1882 in Halensee, Germany. Although this experimental vehicle fulfilled all the criteria of a typical trolleybus. Max Schiemann opened a trolleybus in 1901 near Dresden, in Germany. Although this system operated only until 1904, Schiemann had developed what is now the standard trolleybus current collection system, in the early days, a few other methods of current collection were used. Leeds and Bradford became the first cities to put trolleybuses into service in Great Britain on 20 June 1911, in Siegerland, Germany, two passenger bus lines ran briefly, but unprofitably, in 1895 using a six-passenger motor carriage developed from the 1893 Benz Viktoria. Another commercial bus line using the same model Benz omnibuses ran for a time in 1898 in the rural area around Llandudno. Daimler also produced one of the earliest motor-bus models in 1898, the vehicle had a maximum speed of 18 kph and accommodated up to 20 passengers, in an enclosed area below and on an open-air platform above. With the success and popularity of bus, Daimler expanded production, selling more buses to companies in London and, in 1899, to Stockholm
7.
Bogie
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A bogie is a chassis or framework carrying wheels, attached to a vehicle, thus serving as a modular subassembly of wheels and axles. Bogies take various forms in various modes of transport, while bogie is the preferred spelling and first-listed variant in various dictionaries, bogey and bogy are also used. A bogie in the UK, or a truck, wheel truck. In Indian English, bogie may also refer to a railway carriage. In South Africa, the bogie is often alternatively used to refer to a freight or goods wagon. The first standard gauge British railway to build coaches with bogies, an alternate configuration often is used in articulated vehicles, which places the bogies under the connection between the carriages or wagons. Most bogies have two axles, but some cars designed for heavy loads have more axles per bogie, heavy-duty cars may have more than two bogies using span bolsters to equalize the load and connect the bogies to the cars. Suspension to absorb shocks between the frame and the rail vehicle body, Common types are coil springs, or rubber airbags. At least one wheelset, composed of an axle with bearings and a wheel at each end The bolster, the railway car is supported at the pivot point on the bolster. Axle box suspensions absorb shocks between the bearings and the bogie frame. The axle box suspension usually consists of a spring between the frame and axle bearings to permit up-and-down movement, and sliders to prevent lateral movement. A more modern design uses solid rubber springs, brake equipment, Two main types are used, brake shoes that are pressed against the tread of the wheel, and disc brakes and pads. More modern, bolsterless bogie designs omit these features, instead taking advantage of the movement of the suspension to permit rotational movement. The Commonwealth bogie, manufactured by the English Steel Corporation under licence from the Commonwealth Steel Company in Illinois, fitted with SKF or Timken bearings, it was introduced in the late 1950s for all BR Mark 1 vehicles. It was a heavy, cast-steel design weighing about 6.5 long tons, with sealed roller bearings on the axle ends, the leaf springs were replaced by coil springs running vertically rather than horizontally. The advanced design gave a better quality than the BR1. The side frame of the bogie was usually of bar construction, with simple horn guides attached, the axle boxes had a cast-steel equaliser beam or bar resting on them. The bar had two steel coil springs placed on it and the bogie frame rested on the springs, the effect was to allow the bar to act as a compensating lever between the two axles and to use both springs to soften shocks from either axle
8.
Railcar
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A railcar, in British English and Australian English, is a self-propelled railway vehicle designed to transport passengers. The term railcar is usually used in reference to a train consisting of a single coach, some railways, e. g. the Great Western Railway, used the term Railmotor. If it is able to pull a train, it is rather called a motor coach or a motor car. In its simplest form it may be more than a motorised version of a railway handcar. The term is also used as an alternative name for the small types of multiple unit which consist of more than one coach. The term is used more generally now in Ireland to refer to any multiple unit. In North America the term “railcar” has a broader meaning. Railcars have also employed on premier services. It is possible for several railcars to run together, each with its own driver, the reason for this was to keep costs down, since small railcars were not always fitted with multiple unit control. There are also articulated railcars, with bogies under the point between the rather than two pivoting bogies under each carriage. Like many high-end DMUs, these vehicles are made of 2 or 3 connected units that are coupled as “married pairs or triplets”. Passengers may walk between the married pair units without having to open or pass through doors, unit capacities range from 70 to over 300 seated passengers. The equipment is highly customisable with a variety of engine, transmission, coupler systems. This restriction makes it impossible to operate them on existing rail corridors with conventional passenger rail service. The light regional railcars are used by a number of railroads in Germany amongst others, railbuses were used commonly in countries such as Germany, Italy, France, United Kingdom, the Czech Republic and Sweden. A type of known as a Pacer is still commonly used in the United Kingdom. In Australia, where they were often called Rail Motors, railcars were used for passenger services on lightly used lines. In France they are called an Autorail, once very common their use died out as local lines were closed
9.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
10.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
11.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
12.
TecnoTren
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TecnoTren is an Argentine manufacturer of railbuses. The TecnoTren units use readily available parts from the Argentine automotive industry, with the 1.7 litre engine being from a Fiat Duna and this makes them extremely economical both in price per unit and with regards to its fuel consumption, as well as maintenance costs. As a result, the railbuses are ideal for low-traffic rural lines while being easily adapted to the three primary track gauges. The TecnoTren is available in 1,2 and 3 carriage configurations, all of which have disc brakes, automatic gearboxes, all components of the railbus areDisc brake#Railroad and tram use| made in Argentina, with the exception of the engine which is no longer in production. TecnoTren was established by Jorge Beritich, a former car manufacturer that conceived. The line had closed in 1978. Although Beritich died soon after the prototype was launched, the production of railbuses was continued by Tecnoporte, the prototype was later modified and improved, resulting in current TecnoTren. The journey time took 40 with 25 stops along the way, in 2013, those services were transferred to national company Trenes Argentinos which runs the trains to the present day. They are also used in some specialist cases, such as for transport at the Tecnopolis exposition ground and it was also announced that TecnoTren is going to run in Santiago del Estero Province under the name Tren del Desarrollo on Mitre Railway tracks. The service will cross the Puente Negro through Río Dulce, santa Fe Urban Train Tren al Desarrollo University train of La Plata Rail transport in Argentina Official website
13.
Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic
14.
University train of La Plata
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The University train of La Plata is a commuter rail service part of Roca Line, currently being operated by State-owned company Trenes Argentinos. Trains run within La Plata city of buenos Aires Province in Argentina, the service was officially opened on 26 April 2013. The train runs through the Paseo del Bosque of La Plata, connecting La Plata station with the University of La Plata campus buildings, the service was interrupted in February 2014 when the units were sent to workshops for maintenance and inspection works, being reestablished one month later. In December 2014, the TecnoTren units were replaced by NOHAB railcars built in 1948, State-owned company Trenes Argentinos took over Roca line after the Government of Argentina rescinded the contracts signed with the company on 2 March 2015. The contract terms specified that the concession could be cancelled with no right to claim compensation, the agreements had been signed in February 2014, committing Argentren and Corredores Ferroviarios to operate the lines. Santa Fe Urban Train Tren al Desarrollo TecnoTren Operadora Ferroviaria Sociedad del Estado Roca Line Official website Argentren, former operator TecnoTren
15.
Streamliner
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A streamliner is a vehicle incorporating streamlining in a shape providing reduced air resistance. The term is applied to high-speed railway trainsets of the 1930s to 1950s, less commonly, the term is applied to fully faired recumbent bicycles. In land speed racing, it is a term applied to the long, slender, custom built, the first high-speed streamliner in Germany was the Schienenzeppelin, an experimental propeller driven single car, built 1930. On 21 June 1931, it set a record of 230.2 km/h on a run between Berlin and Hamburg. In 1932 the propeller was removed and a system installed. The Schienenzeppelin made 180 km/h in 1933, the Schienenzeppelin led to the construction of the diesel-electric DRG Class SVT877 Flying Hamburger. This two-car train set had 98 seats and a top speed of 160 km/h, during regular service starting on 15 May 1933, this train ran the 286 kilometres between Hamburg and Berlin in 138 minutes with an average speed of 124.4 km/h. The SVT877 was the prototype for the DRG Class SVT137, during test drives, the SVT137 Bauart Leipzig set a world speed record of 205 km/h in 1936. The fastest regular service with SVT137 was between Hannover and Hamm with an speed of 132.2 km/h. This service lasted until 22 August 1939, three examples were built during 1935-36. Built for top speeds of over 85 mph, they soon proved much faster in test runs, DRG 05-002 made seven runs during 1935-36 during which it attained top speeds of more than 177 km/h with trains up to 254 t weight. On 11 May 1936 it set the speed record for steam locomotives after reaching 200.4 km/h on the Berlin–Hamburg line hauling a 197 t train. The engine power was more than 2,535 kW ) and that record was broken two years later by the British LNER Class A44468 Mallard engine.4 km/h average between start and stop. In 1938 on a test run, the locomotive Mallard built for this set the official record for the highest top speed attained by a steam locomotive. That record stands to this day, the London Midland and Scottish Railway introduced streamline locomotives of the Princess Coronation Class shortly before the outbreak of war. The Ferrovie dello Stato developed the FS Class ETR200, a three-unit electric streamliner and these trains went into service in 1937. On 6 December 1937, an ETR200 made a top speed of 201 km/h between Campoleone and Cisterna on the run Rome-Naples, in 1939 the ETR212 even made 203 km/h. The 219-kilometre journeys from Bologna to Milan were made in 77 minutes, in the Netherlands, Nederlandse Spoorwegen introduced the Materieel 34, a three unit 140 km/h streamlined diesel-electric trainset in 1934
16.
Cowra
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Cowra is a town in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia. It is the largest population centre and the seat for the Cowra Shire. Cowra is located approximately 310 m above sea level on the banks of the Lachlan River in the Lachlan Valley, by road it is approximately 310 km South-West of the state capital Sydney and 189 km North of the nations capital Canberra. The town is situated at the intersection of three state highways the Mid-Western Highway, Olympic Highway and the Lachlan Valley Way. Cowra is included in the records and weather forecast region for the Central West Slopes. The first explorer, George William Evans, entered the Lachlan Valley in 1815 and he named the area the Oxley Plains after his superior the surveyor-general, John Oxley. In 1817 he deemed the area unfit for settlement, a military depot was established not long after at Soldiers Flat near present-day Billimari. Arthur Ranken and James Sloan, from Bathurst, were amongst the first white settlers on the Lachlan and they moved to the area in 1831. The township of Coura Rocks had its beginnings in 1844, around 1847, the township site became known as Cowra, and in 1849, was proclaimed a village. In the 1850s many gold prospectors passed through headed for gold fields at Lambing Flat, the first school was established in 1857. The first bridge over the Lachlan River was built in 1870, gold was discovered at Mount McDonald in the 1880s. The rail head, from Sydney, reached Cowra in 1886, local government was granted in 1888. The first telephone exchange was established in 1901, the town water supply was established in 1909, the gasworks in 1912 and town supplied electricity was introduced in 1924. Cowra hosts an annual Festival of International Understanding, featuring a parade, balloons for the kids, during World War II, Cowra was the site of a prisoner of war camp. Most of the detainees were captured Japanese and Italian military personnel, on 5 August 1944, at least 545 Japanese POWs attempted a mass breakout from the camp. Simultaneously, other Japanese prisoners committed suicide, or were killed by their countrymen, during the breakout and subsequent recapture of POWs, four Australian guards and 231 Japanese died, and 108 prisoners were wounded. The dead Japanese were buried in Cowra in the specially created Japanese War Cemetery and this is the only such cemetery in Australia, and also holds some of the dead from the World War II air raids on Darwin. An Avenue of Honour also commemorates those who died in World War I, Cowra has a temperate climate, with average maximum temperatures ranging from 32 °C in summer to 14 °C in winter, while minimums range from 16 °C to 2 °C
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Harden, New South Wales
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The town is a twin town between Harden and Murrumburrah. The town is traversed by the Burley Griffin Way, the link from. Cunningham Creek runs along the edge of the town, the Olympic Highway traverses the western end of the shire and is the major link through the central west to the Blue Mountains and from there to the Sydney region. Harden is 3½ hours away by road from Sydney, and 1½ hours from Canberra, the shire is accessible via the XPT passenger rail service. Before European settlement the Harden area was inhabited by the Wiradjuri people, Hume and Hovell passed nearby in 1824. In the late 1820s, the Murrumburra was established and its superintendent, James Kennedy, established an inn on the townsite in the late 1840s. Gold was found in the area in the 1850s, Harden has remained as the main station and, as a result, became the main town. Harden Post Office opened on 1 January 1870, the first Australian Lighthorse was also founded in Harden-Murrumburrah, with the Lighthorse festival occurring annually. The towns rugby team competed for the Maher Cup. The Main Southern Railway passes through Harden which was one of the great railway towns. Media related to Harden, New South Wales at Wikimedia Commons Harden Shire Council Harden-Murrumburrah Website
18.
Railmotor
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In the earliest days of railways, designers wished to produce a vehicle for passenger carrying that was economical to build and operate on routes where passenger numbers were light. William Bridges Adams started building railmotors in small numbers as early as 1848, the Bristol and Exeter Railway used a steam carriage. In many cases the tramways soon adopted electric traction instead, the railways responded by opening new stopping places and sought to reduce their operating cost by reintroducing railmotors, which were cheaper to construct. The London and North Western Railway, Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, London Brighton and South Coast Railway, nonetheless the railmotors had a number of disadvantages, their frequency, and the closeness of their stopping places, could not match that of the tramcars. There were two designs, A small 0-4-0 or 0-2-2 steam locomotive with one end of a coach hung on it like an articulated lorry. A coach with an engine built into one end of it. This type would sometimes have a vertical boiler and these machines were not a great success because they lacked flexibility. Most could haul a single trailer, but no more and this meant they were unable to cope with greater than expected passenger demands – a classic example being busy market days on an otherwise lightly used rural branch line. They were also unable to haul goods wagons, requiring a conventional locomotive to be stationed on the line in any case for these duties. For this reason, they were superseded by push-pull trains. The South Eastern & Chatham Railway built its P Class of small, in the late 1920s there was another revival of railmotors with the introduction of new designs from Clayton and Sentinel with high-speed motors and geared drive. The London and North Eastern Railway bought over 80 of them but, again, some lasted no more than 10 years and all had been withdrawn by 1947. From the 1930s the diesel railcar made great progress and by the 1950s the railmotor was consigned to history, the diesels ability to use multiple unit control was an advantage. The Great Western Society, based at Didcot, has restored a Great Western Railway steam railmotor and it regularly operates throughout the summer and has visited other preserved railways in the west country and Wales. It also operated on the mainline between Liskeard and Looe in November 2012, after withdrawal it was used as private accommodation in a field but has now been restored to working order. The D&CDR also has Great Southern and Western Railway No,90, which was built in 1875 as a railmotor but had its carriage portion removed in 1915. Autorail Railbus Railcar Rail motor coach Dempsey, G Drysdale, extracts from a Rudimentary Treatise on the Locomotive Engine. The Rise and Fall of the Steam Rail Motor, the Barry Railway, Diagrams and photographs of Locomotives, Coaches and Wagons
19.
Ford flathead V8 engine
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The Ford flathead V8 is a V8 engine of the valve-in-block type designed by the Ford Motor Company and built by Ford and various licensees. It was the first independently designed and built V8 engine produced by Ford for mass production, a fascination with ever-more-powerful engines was perhaps the most salient aspect of the American car and truck market for a half century, from 1923 until 1973. The Ford flathead V8 was perfectly in tune with the moment of its introduction. Thus it became a phenomenal success, the engine was on Wards list of the 10 best engines of the 20th century. It was a staple of hot rodders in the 1950s, and it remains famous in the classic car hobbies even today, before this engines introduction, almost all mass-produced cars affordable to the average mass-market consumer used inline-four and inline-six cylinder engines. Since French engineer Léon Levavasseurs invention of the V8 engine in 1902, multi-cylinder V-engines were produced, for example, the first Cadillac V8 engine was in that category. Even though Ford had a team assigned to develop the engine, many of the ideas. The Model A, its variants, and this V8 engine were developed between 1926 and 1932, and this period was the elder Fords last central contribution to the companys engineering. He remained an innovator until his death, but his ideas were not immediately central to the companys business. An economizing design feature of this engine was the use of three main bearings to support the crankshaft, rather than the customary five bearings used with most V-8s, the flathead mounted the camshaft above the crankshaft, as in the later pushrod operated overhead-valve engine. Valves for each bank were mounted inside the area formed by the Vee of cylinders. The intake manifold fed both banks from inside the Vee but the exhaust ports had to pass between the cylinders to reach the outboard exhaust manifolds. Such an arrangement transferred exhaust heat to the block, imposing a large cooling load, it required far more coolant, Ford flathead V8s were notorious for cracking blocks if their barely adequate cooling systems were overtaxed. The Ford flathead V8 was licensed to other producers and it was used by Simca in France until 1961 and in Brazil until 1964 for cars and until 1990 in the Simca Unic Marmon Bocquet military truck. In the United States, the flathead V8 was replaced by the more modern overhead-valve Ford Y-block engine in 1954, the crankshaft development for the Ford flathead V8 was pioneering. The simple three-main-bearing crankshaft attached two connecting rods to a single crankpin, one rod from each cylinder bank, as with other crankshafts, static and dynamic balancing was performed. The short crankshaft proved quite durable in comparison to six-cylinder engines when roughly handled, for these reasons, the flathead Ford became a favorite among hot-rodders, and this in turn led to a rich supply of aftermarket performance parts. The sought-after crankshaft by hot rodders is the four-inch stroke Mercury version and it can be identified by the clean-out plug in the front of the crankshaft
20.
NSW Rail Museum
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The Trainworks Railway Museum was previously known as New South Wales Rail Transport Museum and is the main museum division of Transport Heritage NSW. The Blue Mountains division is located at the Valley Heights Locomotive Depot Heritage Museum, a Northern Division has also been formed based at the Broadmeadow Locomotive Depot. The collection features steam, diesel and electric locomotives and other rolling stock, a large proportion of the collection is owned by Transport for New South Wales. At Thirlmere, THNSW operates steam trains on the Picton – Mittagong railway line between Picton, Thirlmere and Buxton. It also hosts the Thirlmere Festival of Steam in March each year, in addition to this, Transport Heritage NSW regularly operates mainline tours under the Heritage Express branding. These can consist of day or extended tours, usually over a weekend, the NSWRTM was established in October 1962 with 62 members. A survey of sites around Sydney found Enfield Locomotive Depot to be the most suitable. Under the arrangement the department would retain ownership of the locomotives and rolling stock, as Enfield depot was still active, exhibits were sent to Enfield for storage but not able to be accessed. In 1967 the Department made an adjacent to Petersham station available to the museum. The first locomotives outshopped were 3526 and 3609 painted blue and green, in July 1969 the NSWRTM was able to move into Enfield Roundhouse Number 3 with all exhibits transferred by September. In 1970 the museum was able to relocate into the larger Roundhouse Number 1, in October 1972 the display at Enfield was officially opened by Commissioner for Railways, Neil McCusker. The NSWRTM had always maintained a relationship with the Department of Railways. The PTC also decided it wanted nothing to do with maintaining the NSWRTMs collection, the PTC also wanted to demolish the Enfield roundhouses to make way for a container terminal and offered the museum a site at Thirlmere on the then lightly used Picton – Mittagong loop line. Site clearing began in late 1974 and works were sufficiently advanced for the transfer of stock to begin in June 1975, while some trains were hauled by diesel locomotives, most were worked by the museums own steam locomotives. The NSWRTM opened at its current location in on 1 June 1976, services on the loop line between Thirlmere and Buxton began on 13 June 1976. Initially uncovered, the first section of roofing was completed in 1979 and it was over a decade before the whole site was covered. The PTC relaxed its ban on main line steam in October 1976,3801 returned to the main line. By the early 1980s it was operating enthusiast journeys on a regular basis including a service from Sydney Central to Thirlmere
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Thirlmere, New South Wales
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Thirlmere is a small semi-rural town in the Macarthur Region of New South Wales, Australia, in Wollondilly Shire. Popularly known for its origins, the town is located 89 km south west of Sydney. At the 2011 census, Thirlmere had a population of 3,530 people, Thirlmere was previously known as Village of Thirlmere and was originally named after Lake Thirlmere in England. The Thirlmere area was first discovered by the British in 1798, whose attention was focussed more on the Thirlmere Lakes area and finding an alternate route north towards Bathurst. Thirlmere boomed with the creation of the Great Southern Railway in 1863 to 1867, Thirlmere was valued mostly for the proximity of the Thirlmere Lakes which were used to provide water for the steam trains. During this period Thirlmere was also the home for a number of timber mills, the Thirlmere section of the Main Southern Railway was deviated in 1919 to a less steep alignment with easier grades, and the original line became the Picton Loop Line. This transformed the village from a hive of steam train activity to a farming region. In the 1960s and 1970s nearby coal mines provided a boost in employment and also more people into the area to work. A few coal mines are operating today but these do not employ as many people as they once did. The 2011 Census showed Thirlmeres population to be 3,530,79. 8% of the population is Australian born,3. 9% England,2. 2% Estonian, with approximately 1% born in New Zealand, Lebanon and Scotland. The most common ancestries in Thirlmere were Australian 32. 3%, English 29. 1%, Irish 7. 6%, Scottish 6. 2%, the median age of people in Thirlmere was 38 years. Children aged 0 –14 years made up 21. 2% of the population and people aged 65 years,30. 9% of people were attending an educational institution. Of these,29. 5% were in school,22. 0% in secondary school and 15. 4% in a tertiary or technical institution. The areas highest recorded temperature is 42.8 °C and its lowest recorded temperature is -10.0 °C. The area receives an average of 812. 6mm of annual rainfall, the area, part of Sydneys water catchment area, experiences most of its rainfall during the months from January to March. Thirlmere Lakes National Park is an important environmental area - it is a series of lakes which have a sandstone bed. The lakes area is sheltered, providing an ideal home to many freshwater inhabitants such as platypuses, mussels, jellyfish. The parks is also host to a significant wombat population, the areas dense bushland surroundings make the town vulnerable to bushfires, with fires recently destroying a house in 2006
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Queensland
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Queensland is the second-largest and third-most-populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia. Situated in the north-east of the country, it is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, south-west, to the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean. Queensland has a population of 4,750,500, concentrated along the coast, the state is the worlds sixth largest sub-national entity, with an area of 1,852,642 km2. The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane, Australias third largest city, often referred to as the Sunshine State, Queensland is home to 10 of Australias 30 largest cities and is the nations third largest economy. Tourism in the state, fuelled largely by its tropical climate, is a major industry. Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, the first European to land in Queensland was Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606, who explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula near present-day Weipa. In 1770, Lieutenant James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain. The colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788 by Governor Arthur Phillip at Sydney, New South Wales at that time included all of what is now Queensland, Queensland was explored in subsequent decades until the establishment of a penal colony at Brisbane in 1824 by John Oxley. Penal transportation ceased in 1839 and free settlement was allowed from 1842, the state was named in honour of Queen Victoria, who on 6 June 1859 signed Letters Patent separating the colony from New South Wales. The 6th of June is now celebrated statewide as Queensland Day. Queensland achieved statehood with the Federation of Australia on 1 January 1901, the history of Queensland spans thousands of years, encompassing both a lengthy indigenous presence, as well as the eventful times of post-European settlement. The north-eastern Australian region was explored by Dutch, Spanish and French navigators before being encountered by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770, the Australian Labor Party has its origin as a formal organisation in Queensland and the town of Barcaldine is the symbolic birthplace of the party. June 2009 marked the 150th anniversary of its creation as a colony from New South Wales. The Aboriginal occupation of Queensland is thought to predate 50,000 BC, likely via boat or land bridge across Torres Strait, during the last ice age Queenslands landscape became more arid and largely desolate, making food and other supplies scarce. This led to the worlds first seed-grinding technology, warming again made the land hospitable, which brought high rainfall along the eastern coast, stimulating the growth of the states tropical rainforests. In February 1606, Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon landed near the site of what is now Weipa and this was the first recorded landing of a European in Australia, and it also marked the first reported contact between European and Aboriginal Australian people. The region was explored by French and Spanish explorers prior to the arrival of Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. Cook claimed the east coast under instruction from King George III of the United Kingdom on 22 August 1770 at Possession Island, naming Eastern Australia, including Queensland, the Aboriginal population declined significantly after a smallpox epidemic during the late 18th century
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Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
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Queensland Rail City network
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The Queensland Rail City network provides urban, suburban and inter-urban electric passenger railway services in South East Queensland, Australia. The first railway in Queensland did not actually run to Brisbane, opened in July 1865, the line into Brisbane was not completed until the opening of the Albert Bridge in July 1875. A start on electrification of the network was approved in 1950. It was not until the 1970s that electrification was again brought up, the first part of the new electric system from Darra to Ferny Grove opened on 17 November 1979. The network was completed by 1988, with a number of extensions made since, services were initially operated under the Queensland Rail brand, with the Citytrain name established in 1995. In June 2009 as part the split of Queensland Rails commuter rail, since then almost all traces of the Citytrain brand have been removed from rolling stock and station signage. The Queensland Rail City network is made up of ten suburban lines, centering in the Brisbane City, it extends as far as Gympie in the north, Varsity Lakes in the south, Rosewood in the west, and Cleveland in the east to Moreton Bay. In 2015/16,52.44 million passenger journeys were made, services that connect Metropolitan Brisbane to the Brisbane CBD. These are all-stop services with the Caboolture, Cleveland & Ipswich/Rosewood lines having express services during on-peak times, express services which stop only at major stations linking the Gold Coast, Sunshine Coast and Gympie with Brisbane. The trains used on these lines typically are designed for long distance travel with more comfortable seating, luggage racks. These units also have only 3 powered bogies compared to the 4 powered bogie arrangement for the remaining EMUs, all EMU, SMU and IMU units consist of 3 cars, giving a fleet total of 621 cars, plus the 20 ICE cars. The ICE sets are usually configured as four, five or six car trains, due to increasing patronage, suburban trains may be scheduled on interurban lines. The Sunshine Coast line occasionally requires the use of rolling stock on some services. The Gold Coast line, predominately serviced by IMU trains, is likely to have services operated by suburban sets. While using suburban trains on interurban lines increases operational flexibility, the trains are not provided with the facilities of the IMU or ICE sets, as of 28 October 2012,64 trains in the South East Queensland fleet have free Wi-Fi installed. It is planned for Wi-Fi internet access to be installed in older units as they are upgraded, the Wi-Fi usage is limited to 20MB. 75 new six-car New Generation Rollingstock trains were ordered in January 2014 for delivery between late 2015 and late 2018, a new maintenance facility for these trains was built at Wulkuraka. Commuter rail in Australia TransLink Official website TransLink
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