1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Chao Phraya River
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The Chao Phraya is the major river in Thailand, with its low alluvial plain forming the centre of the country. It flows through Bangkok and then into the Gulf of Thailand, on many old European maps, the river is named Menam or Mae Nam, Thai for river. H. Warington Smyth, who served as Director of the Department of Mines in Siam from 1891 to 1896, in the English-language media in Thailand, the name Chao Phraya River is often translated as river of kings. The Chao Phraya begins at the confluence of the Ping and Nan rivers at Nakhon Sawan in Nakhon Sawan Province, after this it flows south for 372 kilometres from the central plains to Bangkok and the Gulf of Thailand. In the low alluvial plain which begins below the Chainat Dam, the khlongs are used for the irrigation of the regions rice paddies. The rough coordinates of the river are 13 N,100 E and this area has a wet monsoon climate, with over 1,400 millimetres of rainfall per year. Temperatures range from 24 to 33 °C in Bangkok, the lower Chao Phraya underwent several man-made modifications during the Ayutthaya period. Several shortcut canals were constructed to bypass large loops in the river, the course of the river has since changed to follow many of these canals. In 1538, Thailands first river engineering of a 3 km long canal was dug at the order of King Chairachathirat and it was called khlong lat, today known as Khlong Bangkok Noi. It shortened the route by 13–14 km for ships from the Gulf of Siam to the then-capital city, in 1542, a two kilometre-long canal, khlong lat Bangkok, was completed. Today its called Khlong Bangkok Yai and it is said to have shortened the river route by 14 km. In 1608, a seven kilometre-long Khlong Bang Phrao canal was completed and has shortened the Chao Phrayas original route by 18 km, in 1636, the khlong lat mueang Nonthaburi was completed. In 1722, the two kilometre long khlong lat Kret Noi shortened the Chao Phraya by 7 km and this route was from the island of Ko Kret. Cities along the Chao Phraya include, from north to south, Nakhon Sawan, Uthai Thani, Chai Nat, Sing Buri, Ang Thong, Ayutthaya, Pathum Thani, Nonthaburi, Bangkok, and Samut Prakan. These cities are among the most historically significant and densely populated settlements of Thailand due to their access to the waterway, in Bangkok, the Chao Phraya is a major transportation artery for a network of river buses, cross-river ferries, and water taxis. More than 15 boat lines operate on the rivers and canals of the city, the principal tributaries of the Chao Phraya River are the Pa Sak River, the Sakae Krang River, the Nan River, the Ping River, and the Tha Chin River. Each of these tributaries is augmented by minor tributaries referred to as khwae, all of the tributaries, including the lesser khwae, form an extensive tree-like pattern, with branches flowing through nearly every province in central and northern Thailand. None of the tributaries of the Chao Phraya extend beyond the nations borders, the Nan and the Yom River flow nearly parallel from Phitsanulok to Chumsaeng in the north of Nakhon Sawan Province
3.
Bangkok
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Bangkok is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon or simply Krung Thep. The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres in the Chao Phraya River delta in Central Thailand, over 14 million people live within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region, making Bangkok an extreme primate city, significantly dwarfing Thailands other urban centres in terms of importance. Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam—later renamed Thailand—during the late 19th century, the city grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailands politics, economy, education, media and modern society. The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their headquarters in Bangkok. The city is now a regional force in finance and business. It is a hub for transport and health care, and has emerged as a regional centre for the arts, fashion. The city is known for its vibrant street life and cultural landmarks. The historic Grand Palace and Buddhist temples including Wat Arun and Wat Pho stand in contrast with other tourist attractions such as the scenes of Khaosan Road. Bangkok is among the top tourist destinations. It is named the most visited city in MasterCards Global Destination Cities Index, Bangkoks rapid growth amidst little urban planning and regulation has resulted in a haphazard cityscape and inadequate infrastructure systems. The city has turned to public transport in an attempt to solve this major problem. Five rapid transit lines are now in operation, with more systems under construction or planned by the national government and the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. The history of Bangkok dates at least back to the early 15th century, because of its strategic location near the mouth of the river, the town gradually increased in importance. Bangkok initially served as a customs outpost with forts on both sides of the river, and became the site of a siege in 1688 in which the French were expelled from Siam. After the fall of Ayutthaya to the Burmese Empire in 1767, the newly declared King Taksin established his capital at the town, in 1782, King Phutthayotfa Chulalok succeeded Taksin, moved the capital to the eastern banks Rattanakosin Island, thus founding the Rattanakosin Kingdom. The City Pillar was erected on 21 April, which is regarded as the date of foundation of the present city, Bangkoks economy gradually expanded through busy international trade, first with China, then with Western merchants returning in the early-to-mid 19th century. As the capital, Bangkok was the centre of Siams modernization as it faced pressure from Western powers in the late 19th century, Bangkok became the centre stage for power struggles between the military and political elite as the country abolished absolute monarchy in 1932
4.
Bangkok Metropolitan Administration
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The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration is the local government of Bangkok, which includes the capital of the Kingdom of Thailand. The government is composed of two branches, the executive and the legislative, the administrations roles are to formulate and implement policies to manage Bangkok. Its purview includes transport services, urban planning, waste management, housing, roads and highways, security services, the Governor of Bangkok is the head of the local government of Bangkok. The governor is also the executive of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. The governor is elected to a term of four years. The office is comparable to that of a city mayor, the current incumbent is Pol Gen Aswin Kwanmuang. He was appointed by Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha using Section 44 of the charter to replace Sukhumbhand Paribatra. The reason given for his ouster was. because he was involved in legal cases. Appoint and remove deputy governors, advisors, board members, city officials, coordinate and carry out the orders of the Cabinet of Thailand, the Prime Minister of Thailand, and the Ministry of Interior. Oversee the smooth running of the agencies and services of the city. The governor is also invested with the powers as any other governor of a province of Thailand. The power to draw up legislation and bills for the city, since 1973 the city was administered by a single executive appointed by the cabinet from city civil servants. However soon it was determined that the office should a popularly elected office instead. The passage of the Bangkok Metropolis Administrative Organisation Act, BE2518, created the Bangkok Metropolis to replace Bangkok Province, the first election for the office was held on the 10 August 1975. Thamnoon Thien-ngern was elected the first elected Governor of Bangkok, conflicts between the governor and the Bangkok Metropolitan Council, however, became so fierce that Tanin Kraivixien, the Prime Minister of Thailand removed him and reinstated the appointment system. Elections resumed with the passing of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Act, elections were held on 14 November 1985. Unless otherwise indicated, they were elected, the Bangkok Metropolitan Council or BMC is the legislative branch of the administration. It is vested with legislative powers as well as the power to scrutinize
5.
Cable-stayed bridge
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A cable-stayed bridge has one or more towers, from which cables support the bridge deck. A distinctive feature are the cables run directly from the tower to the deck. The cable-stayed bridge is optimal for spans longer than cantilever bridges and this is the range where cantilever bridges would rapidly grow heavier if the span were lengthened, while suspension bridge cabling would not be more economical if the span were shortened. Cable-stayed bridges have been known since the 16th century and used widely since the 19th, early examples often combined features from both the cable-stayed and suspension designs, including the famous Brooklyn Bridge. The design fell from favor through the 20th century as larger gaps were bridged using pure suspension designs, Cable-stayed bridges date back to 1595, where designs were found in Machinae Novae, a book by Venetian inventor Fausto Veranzio. Their designers found that the combination of technologies created a stiffer bridge, john A. Roebling took particular advantage of this to limit deformations due to railway loads in the Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge. Eduardo Torroja designed an aqueduct at Tempul in 1926. Albert Caquots 1952 concrete-decked cable-stayed bridge over the Donzère-Mondragon canal at Pierrelatte is one of the first of the modern type, the steel-decked Strömsund Bridge designed by Franz Dischinger is, therefore, more often cited as the first modern cable-stayed bridge. Other key pioneers included Fabrizio de Miranda, Riccardo Morandi, early bridges from this period used very few stay cables, as in the Theodor Heuss Bridge. However, this involves substantial erection costs, and more modern structures tend to use many more cables to ensure greater economy, Cable-stayed bridges may appear to be similar to suspension bridges, but in fact, they are quite different in principle and in their construction. In suspension bridges, large main cables hang between the towers and are anchored at each end to the ground and this can be difficult to implement when ground conditions are poor. The main cables, which are free to move on bearings in the towers, before the deck is installed, the cables are under tension from their own weight. Along the main cables smaller cables or rods connect to the bridge deck, as this is done, the tension in the cables increases, as it does with the live load of traffic crossing the bridge. The tension on the cables is transferred to the ground at the anchorages. Difference between types of bridges In the cable-stayed bridge, the towers are the primary load-bearing structures which transmit the loads to the ground. A cantilever approach is used to support the bridge deck near the towers. The mono design uses a cable from its towers and is one of the lesser-used examples of the class. In the harp or parallel design, the cables are nearly parallel so that the height of their attachment to the tower is proportional to the distance from the tower to their mounting on the deck
6.
China State Construction Engineering
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The China State Construction Engineering Corporation is a Chinese construction company ranked the 3rd largest in the world and the 20th largest general contractor in terms of overseas sales. Thus, CSCEC granted the listed company supervising rights, the CSCEC has numerous branches or subsidiaries. The main business units of the group are planning and design, project development, equipment leasing, trade, construction and its subsidiary and listed company, China State Construction Engineering Corporation Limited, was established in 2007. It was listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange in 2009 with its IPO price at RMB$4.18 per share, the shares closed at RMB$6.53, 56% higher than its IPO price, at the first trading day. It was the worlds biggest IPO in 2009, raising the capital of US$7.3 billion, the CSCEC was founded in 1957 as a state company. Early on the country had an international profile building heavy industry and infrastructure in Asia, Africa, the predecessor company opened its first overseas office in Kuwait in the late 1970s. The company broke from its regionally confined work pattern when it entered the U. S. market in 1985, opening an office in Atlanta. With the encouragement of the Chinese government and financing assistance from the Export-Import Bank of China, CSCEC has taken bold steps as a builder. It was the largest construction project undertaken by a Chinese company outside of China, the China State Construction Engineering Corporation is also constructing the new Athletics and Football Stadium in Grenada
7.
Annual average daily traffic
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Annual average daily traffic, abbreviated AADT, is a measure used primarily in transportation planning and transportation engineering. Traditionally, it is the volume of vehicle traffic of a highway or road for a year divided by 365 days. AADT is a useful and simple measurement of how busy the road is, newer advances from traffic data providers are now providing AADT by side of the road, by day of week and by time of day. One of the most important uses of AADT is for determining funding for the maintenance, in the United States the amount of federal funding a state will receive is related to the total traffic measured across its Highway network. Each year on June 15, every state in the United States submits a Highway Performance Monitoring System HPMS report, the HPMS report contains various information regarding the road segments in the state based on a sample of the road segments. In the report, the AADT is converted to Vehicle Miles Traveled, VMT is the AADT multiplied by the length of the road segment. To determine the amount of traffic a state has, the AADT cannot be summed for all road segments since an AADT is a rate, the VMT is summed and is used as an indicator of the amount of traffic a state has. For federal-funding, formulas are applied to include the VMT and other highway statistics, to measure AADT on individual road segments, traffic data is collected either by an automated traffic counter or hiring an observer to record traffic. There are two different techniques of measuring the AADTs for road segments, one technique is called continuous count data collection method. This is where sensors are embedded into a road and traffic data is measured all 365 days. The AADT would be the sum of the traffic for the entire year divided by 365 days. There is a problem calculating the AADT with this method. The continuous count equipment is not operating for the full 365 days due to being shut down for maintenance or repair, because of this, seasonal or day-of-week biases might skew the calculated AADT. In 1992, AASHTO released the AASHTO Guidelines for Traffic Data Programs, for every month and day-of-week, a Monthly Average Day of Week is calculated. Each day-of-weeks MADW is then calculated across months to calculate an Annual Average Day of Week, finally, the AADWs are averaged to calculate an AADT. The United States Federal Highway Administration has adopted this method as the method in the. While providing the most accurate AADT, installing and maintaining continuous count stations method is costly, most agencies are only able to monitor a very small percentage of the roadway using this method. Most AADTs are generated using data collection methods sometimes known as the coverage count data collection method
8.
Thailand
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Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand, formerly known as Siam, is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total area of approximately 513,000 km2, Thailand is the worlds 51st-largest country and it is the 20th-most-populous country in the world, with around 66 million people. The capital and largest city is Bangkok, Thailand is a constitutional monarchy and has switched between parliamentary democracy and military junta for decades, the latest coup being in May 2014 by the National Council for Peace and Order. Its capital and most populous city is Bangkok and its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest. The Thai economy is the worlds 20th largest by GDP at PPP and it became a newly industrialised country and a major exporter in the 1990s. Manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism are leading sectors of the economy and it is considered a middle power in the region and around the world. The country has always been called Mueang Thai by its citizens, by outsiders prior to 1949, it was usually known by the exonym Siam. The word Siam has been identified with the Sanskrit Śyāma, the names Shan and A-hom seem to be variants of the same word. The word Śyâma is possibly not its origin, but a learned, another theory is the name derives from Chinese, Ayutthaya emerged as a dominant centre in the late fourteenth century. The Chinese called this region Xian, which the Portuguese converted into Siam, the signature of King Mongkut reads SPPM Mongkut King of the Siamese, giving the name Siam official status until 24 June 1939 when it was changed to Thailand. Thailand was renamed Siam from 1945 to 11 May 1949, after which it reverted to Thailand. According to George Cœdès, the word Thai means free man in the Thai language, ratcha Anachak Thai means kingdom of Thailand or kingdom of Thai. Etymologically, its components are, ratcha, -ana- -chak, the Thai National Anthem, written by Luang Saranupraphan during the extremely patriotic 1930s, refers to the Thai nation as, prathet Thai. The first line of the anthem is, prathet thai ruam lueat nuea chat chuea thai, Thailand is the unity of Thai flesh. There is evidence of habitation in Thailand that has been dated at 40,000 years before the present. Similar to other regions in Southeast Asia, Thailand was heavily influenced by the culture and religions of India, Thailand in its earliest days was under the rule of the Khmer Empire, which had strong Hindu roots, and the influence among Thais remains even today. Voretzsch believes that Buddhism must have been flowing into Siam from India in the time of the Indian Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire, later Thailand was influenced by the south Indian Pallava dynasty and north Indian Gupta Empire. The Menam Basin was originally populated by the Mons, and the location of Dvaravati in the 7th century, the History of the Yuan mentions an embassy from the kingdom of Sukhothai in 1282
9.
Phra Pinklao Bridge
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The Somdet Phra Pinklao Bridge is a bridge over the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok, in Thailand near the Grand Palace linking Rattanakosin Island with Thonburi. It is named after Pinklao, vice-king of Siam, 1851-66, in the project phase, the bridge was referred to as the Tha Chang Wang Na Bridge, however, in June 1973, it was officially named the Somdej Phra Pinklao Bridge. The Chalerm Sawan 58 Bridge, along Saphan Siaw or Crescent Bridge, had to be dismantled to make way for the new bridge, Construction of the bridge started on August 4,1971 and it was opened on 24 September 1973 to traffic by Prime Minister Thanom Kittikachorn. The bridge was built by the joint company of Obayashi Gumi Ltd. Ltd under the supervision of Swiss Engineering Project who acted as the trustee of the Department of Public and Municipal Works. Some residents expressed their desire in 2010 to have the bridge dismantled mainly due to the air, Phra Pin Klao Bridge at Structurae Bureau of Maintenance and Traffic Safety, Thailand
10.
Ananda Mahidol
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Ananda Mahidol was the eighth monarch of Thailand from the House of Chakri as Rama VIII. At the time he was recognised as king by the National Assembly in March 1935 and he returned to Thailand in December 1945, but six months later in June 1946, he was found shot dead in his bed. Although at first thought to have been an accident, his death was ruled a murder by medical examiners, the mysterious circumstances surrounding his death have been the subject of much controversy. Ananda Mahidol is one word in Thai and is his given name, King Vajiravudh, his uncle, sent a telegram on 13 October 1925 giving him this name. It is pronounced Ananta Mahidon and means the joy of Mahidol, when he held his birth rank of mom chao—the lowest rank of Thai princes—he used the surname Mahidol, his fathers given name. His full name and title was thus, Mom Chao Ananda Mahidol Mahidol and his full royal name was Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poramenthra Maha Ananda Mahidol Phra Atthama Ramathibodindara, RTGS, —Ananthamahidon Phra Atthamaramathibodin), or Rama VIII. Prince Ananda Mahidol was born in Heidelberg, Germany and he was the first son of Prince Mahidol Adulyadej of Songkhla and Mom Sangwal who were studying there at the time. The family returned to Thailand in 1928 after Prince Mahidol finished his studies at Harvard University. Prince Mahidol died at age 37 in 1929, when Ananda Mahidol was just four years old and his widowed mother was thus left to raise her family alone. A coup détat in 1932 ended the monarchy and raised the possibility that King Prajadhipok might abdicate. Queen Savang Vadhana, his grandmother, was concerned about Prince Ananda Mahidols safety and it was then suggested that Mom Sangwal and her children return to Lausanne, and when they did so in 1933, the official reason given was for the health and further education of the princes. Prince Ananda Mahidol spent most of his youth in Switzerland, however, when King Prajadhipoks abdication appeared imminent, the princes mother was approached by a member of the government, asking for her opinion about Ananda Mahidol succeeding as monarch. See also King Prajadhipoks circumstance of succession King Prajadhipok abdicated in 1935 due to quarrels with the new quasi-democratic government as well as health problems. The king decided to abstain from exercising his prerogative to name a successor to the throne, a half-brother, Prince Vajiravudh replaced Prince Vajirunhis as the crown prince. He eventually succeeded to the throne in 1910 as King Rama VI, in 1924 the king instituted the Palace Law of Succession in order to govern subsequent successions. The law gave priority to the children of his mother Queen Regent Saovabha Phongsri over the children of King Chulalongkorns two other royal wives, the law was enacted on the death of King Vajiravudh in 1925 and the crown passed to his youngest brother, Prince Prajadhipok of Sukhothai. Offering the throne to Prince Prajadhipok was not without a debate and it was questioned whether the Succession Law enacted by King Vajiravudh actually barred Prince Chakrabongse Bhuvanath from succession on the grounds that he married a foreigner. However, his marriage had taken place before this law was enacted and had been endorsed by King Chulalongkorn himself, there was no clear resolution, but in the end the many candidates were passed over and Prince Prajadhipok was enthroned
11.
Bhumibol Adulyadej
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Bhumibol Adulyadej, conferred with the title King Bhumibol the Great in 1987, was the ninth monarch of Thailand from the Chakri dynasty as Rama IX. Having reigned since 9 June 1946, he was, at the time of his death, the worlds longest-serving head of state, during his reign, he was served by a total of 30 prime ministers beginning with Pridi Banomyong and ending with Prayut Chan-o-cha. Although Bhumibol did invite public criticism in a 2005 speech, the lèse majesté laws have not been revoked by the Thai parliament, in May 2014, Bhumibols wealth was once again listed as US$30 billion. After 2006, Bhumibol suffered declining health and spent extended periods at Siriraj Hospital and he was generally highly revered by the people in Thailand – many even saw him as close to divine. Notable political activists and Thai citizens who criticized the king or the institution of monarchy were often forced into exile or to suffer frequent imprisonments. His successor Vajiralongkorn does not share the popularity of his father, leading to concerns that the Thai monarchy will lose prestige and influence under the latters reign. Bhumibols U. S. birth certificate reads simply Baby Songkla, as the parents had to consult his uncle, King Rama VII, then head of the House of Chakri, for an auspicious name. The king chose a name of Sanskrit origin, Bhumibol Adulyadej, a compound of Bhūmi, meaning Land, Bala, meaning Strength or Power, Atulya, meaning Incomparable, and Tej, meaning Power. Thus, Bhūmibala Atulyateja, or Bhumibol Adulyadej as it is transliterated in Thai, literally means Strength of the Land, Bhumibol was born at Cambridge Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the United States, on 5 December 1927. He was the youngest son of Prince Mahidol Adulyadej, the Prince of Songkla and his father was enrolled in the public health program at Harvard University, which is why Bhumibol was the only monarch to be born in the US. Bhumibol had a sister, Princess Galyani Vadhana, and an older brother. Bhumibol came to Thailand in 1928, after his father obtained a certificate from Harvard and his father died of kidney failure in September 1929, when Bhumibol was less than two years old. He briefly attended Mater Dei school in Bangkok, but in 1933 his mother took her family to Switzerland, in 1934 Bhumibol was given his first camera, which ignited his lifelong enthusiasm for photography. When Bhumibols childless uncle Prajadhipok abdicated in 1935, his nine-year-old brother Ananda became the new King Rama VIII, however, the family remained in Switzerland and the affairs of the head of state were conducted by a regency council. They returned to Thailand for only two months in 1938, in 1942, Bhumibol became a jazz enthusiast, and started to play the saxophone, a passion that he kept throughout his life. Bhumibol ascended the throne following the death by gunshot wound of his brother, King Ananda Mahidol, on 9 June 1946, while a first government statement stated that Ananda had accidentally shot himself, an investigation committee ruled this was virtually impossible. Two palace aides were convicted of regicide and executed. Bhumibol succeeded his brother, but returned to Switzerland before the end of the 100-day mourning period, despite his interest in science and technology, he changed his major and enrolled in law and political science to prepare for his duties as head of state
12.
Mott MacDonald
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The Mott MacDonald Group is a multidisciplinary consultancy with headquarters in the United Kingdom. It provides engineering, management and development services internationally, with 16,000 staff in 150 countries, Mott MacDonald is one of the largest employee-owned companies in the world. It was established in 1989 by the merger of Mott, Hay and it has won more than 500 industry awards in the last five years and is among the top ranked firms in the annual league tables published by Engineering News Record and New Civil Engineer. Projects completed by the firm include the Hong Kong International Airport, Mott MacDonald was formed in 1989 through the merger of Mott, Hay and Anderson, and Sir M MacDonald & Partners. The merger made Mott MacDonald one of the first international engineering, management, Mott, Hay and Anderson was founded as a private partnership between Basil Mott and David Hay in 1902, with the original firm name of Mott & Hay. Prior to forming the partnership, Mott and Hay had spent time building London tube railways. Both engineers had worked together since 1888 on the City and South London Railway under Sir Benjamin Baker, Mott and Hay employed a young engineer called David Anderson as resident engineer for the latter project. The firm also advised on proposals for railways in Sydney, Africa. David Anderson was made a partner in 1920 after returning from army service, the firm was thereafter known as Mott, Hay and Anderson. During the 1920s, it designed the bridge over the River Dee at Queensferry, the Tyne Bridge in Newcastle. It also designed the enlargement of the City & South London Railway tunnels and their extension past Camden Town, both founding partners died in 1938, at which time most of the construction projects stopped. Sir M MacDonald & Partners was named after Murdoch MacDonald, a British civil engineer and later politician, the company formed out of affairs relating directly to British infrastructure development in Egypt between 1890 and 1930, in particular MacDonalds involvement with Aswan Low Dam, starting in 1898. MacDonald was involved in the construction of the Aswan Dam. He became closely associated with the development and first heightening of the Aswan Low Dam for the development of hydroelectricity, MacDonald retired from his service with the Egyptian government in 1921 and returned to Britain where he began a partnership with Archibald MacCorquodale. In 1927, the two were joined by PH East and OL Prowde, at which time the name of the company was changed to Sir M MacDonald & Partners. One of the first major projects of the partnership included the second heightening of the Aswan Low Dam, the firm continued on projects through its merger with Mott, Hay and Anderson in 1989. Mott MacDonald began to expand after the 1989 merger, early acquisitions included the consultancies of Husband and Company as well as James Williamson & Partners. These acquisitions brought Mott MacDonalds total staffing to 3,300 and its 1994 acquisition of Ewbank Preece expanded its reach into the power and telecommunication fields, with its 2000 purchase of Cambridge Education Associates expanding its education consultancy
13.
1997 Asian financial crisis
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At the time, Thailand had acquired a burden of foreign debt that made the country effectively bankrupt even before the collapse of its currency. As the crisis spread, most of Southeast Asia and Japan saw slumping currencies, devalued stock markets and other asset prices, Indonesia, South Korea and Thailand were the countries most affected by the crisis. Hong Kong, Laos, Malaysia and the Philippines were also hurt by the slump, brunei, China, Singapore, Taiwan and Vietnam were less affected, although all suffered from a loss of demand and confidence throughout the region. Foreign debt-to-GDP ratios rose from 100% to 167% in the four large Association of Southeast Asian Nations economies in 1993–96, in South Korea, the ratios rose from 13% to 21% and then as high as 40%, while the other northern newly industrialized countries fared much better. Only in Thailand and South Korea did debt service-to-exports ratios rise, the efforts to stem a global economic crisis did little to stabilize the domestic situation in Indonesia, however. After 30 years in power, President Suharto was forced to step down on 21 May 1998 in the wake of rioting that followed sharp price increases caused by a drastic devaluation of the rupiah. The effects of the crisis lingered through 1998, in 1998 the Philippines growth dropped to virtually zero. By 1999, however, analysts saw signs that the economies of Asia were beginning to recover, after the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, economies in the region are working toward financial stability on financial supervision. Until 1999, Asia attracted almost half of the capital inflow into developing countries. The economies of Southeast Asia in particular maintained high interest rates attractive to investors looking for a high rate of return. As a result, the regions received a large inflow of money. At the same time, the economies of Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore. This achievement was widely acclaimed by financial institutions including IMF and World Bank, the causes of the debacle are many and disputed. Thailands economy developed into an economic bubble fueled by hot money, more and more was required as the size of the bubble grew. The same type of situation happened in Malaysia, and Indonesia, the short-term capital flow was expensive and often highly conditioned for quick profit. Development money went in an uncontrolled manner to certain people only, not particularly the best suited or most efficient. As the U. S. economy recovered from a recession in the early 1990s, the U. S. Federal Reserve Bank under Alan Greenspan began to raise U. S. interest rates to head off inflation. S. dollar. For the Southeast Asian nations which had pegged to the U. S. dollar
14.
Alex Fraser Bridge
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The Alex Fraser Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge over the Fraser River that connects Richmond and New Westminster with North Delta in Greater Vancouver, British Columbia. The bridge is named for Alex Fraser, a former British Columbia Minister of Transportation, the bridge was the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world when it opened on September 22,1986 and was the longest in North America until the Arthur Ravenel Jr. As of 2009 it is the 32nd-longest cable-stayed bridge in the world and it is 2,525 m long with a main span of 465 m. The towers are 154 m tall and it consists of six lanes, three in each direction, and has a maximum speed limit of 90 km per hour. Upon opening in 1986, only four of the six lanes were open. Cyclists and pedestrians share two narrow side-walks one on each side, all six lanes opened in 1987 after traffic demand justified the need. The bridges southern end is in North Delta and its end is on Deltas Annacis Island. Connections on its southern end lead to Blaine, Washington and to White Rock, the connections on the northern end lead into the cities of New Westminster, Richmond, and Burnaby, and on into Vancouver itself. It is an artery in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia. The bridge was constructed for the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and was designed by a joint venture of Klohn Crippen Berger and its total cost was $58 million. Announced on January 19/2017 a new lane will be added on the bridge, by narrowing the existing lanes. A counterflow system with movable barrier will be added to ease traffic during morning. This will be a joint venture by the provincial and federal government, construction is slated to be completed as of spring 2018. In December 2016 the Alex Fraser Bridge along with the Port Mann Bridge dropped ice bombs, the Port Mann is more susceptible to this issue compared to the Alex Fraser due to the design of the two bridges being different. The Alex Fraser has the cables along the sides of the lanes where as the Port Mann has them cross over-top of the driving lanes. In addition to 2016, this happened on the Alex Fraser in 2005,2008. The Alex Fraser needed to be closed a few times during December 2016 due to the possibility of ice bombs, this caused major traffic problems in the region. To combat this issue, the BC Government announced that a heavy lift helicopter will be used to blow snow, List of crossings of the Fraser River List of bridges in Canada List of bridges
15.
Scott Wilson Group
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Scott Wilson Group plc was a global integrated design and engineering consultancy with its headquarters in the United Kingdom. Founded as an engineering firm in 1951, the company broadened its range of services through acquisitions. Scott Wilson became a limited company in 2006, and in 2010 was purchased by the American firm URS Corporation. In 2014, yet another American firm AECOM purchased URS corporation, therefore, Scottwilson is now part of AECOM. Sir Cyril Kirkpatrick was Chief Engineer to the Port of London Authority from 1913 to 1924, during the Second World War Kirkpatrick advised on the construction of the concrete caissons which formed the Mulberry Harbour that facilitated the D-Day landings. In 1945 engineers William Scott and Dr Guthlac Wilson founded a partnership, between them they were responsible for the design of the Chiswick and Twickenham Bridges over the Thames in 1933, and the Royal Festival Hall in London. The two firms merged in 1951, forming Scott & Wilson, Kirkpatrick & Partners, in the late 1960s Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick & Partners was responsible for engineering works on the M6 Motorway through the Lune Gorge in north-west England. The firm grew through acquisitions over the following decades, in 1995, on the privatisation of British Rail, the company purchased two of the former engineering design offices in Swindon and Glasgow. Other acquisitions were in the fields of environmental consultancy, health and education property, power and mining, landscape design, in 1997 the firm adopted the name Scott Wilson, and it floated on the London Stock Exchange on 15 March 2006. The company acquired the civil engineering specialist Benaim Enterprise in 2008 for £5.5 million, on 10 September 2010, American engineering design firm URS Corporation completed its acquisition of Scott Wilson Group plc. Scott Wilson Group plc is no longer listed in the London Stock Exchange, Scott Wilson rebranded initially as URS-Scott Wilson, though the Scott Wilson name was dropped in the UK, Ireland, Europe and the Middle East in 2012, and in India in 2013. At the time of the acquisition, Scott Wilson Group had 5,500 employees in 80 offices, mainly located in the UK, Europe, India, the Asia-Pacific region, and the Middle East. The Groups regional main offices were in London, Hong Kong, Warsaw, New Delhi, Bahrain, Scott Wilson Group was involved in a large number of high-profile engineering projects worldwide. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010
16.
Thai baht
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The baht is the currency of Thailand. It is subdivided into 100 satang, the issuance of currency is the responsibility of the Bank of Thailand. According to SWIFT, as of October 2014, the Thai baht ranked as the tenth most frequently used world payment currency, the Thai baht, like the pound, originated from a traditional unit of mass. These were pieces of solid silver cast to various weights corresponding to a system of units related by simple fractions and multiples. However, coins denominated in the old units were issued until 1910, until 27 November 1902, the baht was fixed on a purely silver basis, with 15 grams of silver to the baht. This caused the value of the currency to vary relative to currencies on a gold standard, in 1857, the values of certain foreign silver coins were fixed in law, with the one baht =0.6 Straits dollar and five baht = seven Indian rupees. Before 1880 the exchange rate was fixed at eight baht per pound sterling, falling to 10 to the pound during the 1880s. In 1902, the government began to increase the value of the baht by following all increases in the value of silver against gold but not reducing it when the silver price fell. Beginning at 21.75 baht = one pound sterling, the rose in value until, in 1908. This was revised to 12 baht in 1919 and then, after a period of instability, during World War II, the baht was fixed at a value of one Japanese yen. From 1956 until 1973, the baht was pegged to the U. S. dollar at a rate of 20.8 baht = one dollar. A strengthening US economy caused Thailand to re-peg its currency at 25 to the dollar from 1984 until 2 July 1997, the baht was floated and halved in value, reaching its lowest rate of 56 to the dollar in January 1998. It has since risen to about 30 per dollar, the baht was originally known to foreigners by the term tical, which was used in English language text on banknotes until 1925. Rama III was the first king to consider the use of a flat coin and he did so not for the convenience of traders, but because he was disturbed that the creatures living in the cowrie shells were killed. When he learned of the use of copper coins in Singapore in 1835, he contacted a Scottish trader. The name of the put on these first coins was Muang Thai. Cowrie shells from the Mekong River had been used as currency for small amounts since the Sukhothai period,1860, Thailand did not produce coins using modern methods. Instead, a so-called bullet coinage was used, consisting of bars of metal, thicker in the middle,1 gold baht was generally worth 16 silver baht
17.
Kanchanaphisek Bridge
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The Kanchanaphisek Bridge is a cable stayed bridge crossing the Chao Phraya river in Samut Prakan Province, Thailand. It is part of the Outer Ring Road encircling Bangkok, the bridge was opened to traffic on November 15,2007, and has a main span of 500 metres. The bridge was designed by Parsons Brinckerhoff, the bridge is part of the Outer Ring Road network, thus there is a toll for its use. King Bhumibol Adulyadej South Outer Bangkok Ring Road Bridge at Structurae
18.
Bhumibol Bridge
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The Bhumibol Bridge, also known as the Industrial Ring Road Bridge is part of the 13 km long Industrial Ring Road connecting southern Bangkok with Samut Prakan Province. The bridge crosses the Chao Phraya River twice, with two striking cable-stayed spans of lengths of 702 m and 582 m supported by two diamond-shaped pylons 173 m and 164 m high. Where the two meet, another road rises to join them at a free-flowing interchange suspended 50 metres above the ground. The bridge opened for traffic on 20 September 2006, before the opening date of 5 December 2006. According to tradition, all bridges over the Chao Phraya in Bangkok are named after a member of the royal family, the unofficial name Mega Bridge was also widely used. The bridge was featured on the Discovery Channel, Bhumibol Bridge 1 is the northern bridge connecting Yan Nawa District, Bangkok and Phra Pradaeng District, Samut Prakan. It is a bridge with seven lanes together with two high pillars. The structure is reinforced concrete 50 m above water level, Bhumibol Bridge 2 is the southern bridge. The structure is almost the same as Bhumibol Bridge 1, with seven lanes, king Bhumibol Adulyadej Map Mega Bridge at Structurae Mega Bridge at Structurae
19.
Rama IX Bridge
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Rama IX Bridge is a bridge in Bangkok, Thailand over the Chao Phraya river. It connects the Yan Nawa district to Rat Burana district as a part of the Dao Khanong – Port Section of Chalerm Maha Nakhon Expressway, the bridge was named in honour of King Bhumibol Adulyadejs 60th birthday, the opening date coincides with the Kings birthday. It was the first cable-stayed bridge in Thailand and had the second longest cable-stayed span in the world when it opened in 1987, the original colour scheme, with white pylons and black cables, was replaced with an all yellow scheme representing the King in 2006. The steel superstructure includes the bridge, rigged mast, cable, the Main Span of the bridge, which is stretched between two poles has a length of 450 meters. The Main Span is a trapezoid shape 33 meters wide. The bridge has a walkway along its side, the bridgehas two main pylons 3.00 m x 4.50 m. This serves to hold the tension of the cable and weight into the pylon pier, the 121 –167 mm diameter cables consist of many small wires wound together. The cables vary in lengthfrom 50 to 223 meters can absorb the tension for 1,500 -3,000 tons, King Bhumibol Adulyadej Rama IX Bridge at Structurae
20.
Krungthep Bridge
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The Krungthep Bridge is a bascule bridge spanning the Chao Phraya river in Bangkok, Thailand. It was the bridge to be built across the Chao Phraya river. It was constructed by Fuji Car Manufacturing Co, ltd, with a budget of 31,912,500 baht. Heavy congestion on the led to the construction of the nearby Rama III Bridge. Bureau of Maintenance and Traffic Safety, Ministry of Transport, Thailand, archived from the original on May 28,2008
21.
Taksin Bridge
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The Taksin Bridge is a bridge crossing the Chao Phraya river in Bangkok, Thailand. The bridge was designed with a gap between opposing traffic directions to accommodate a canceled mass transit system. The disused foundations were eventually adapted for the BTS Skytrain, with services across the bridge beginning on 15 May 2009. 31 October 2011 The entry ramp on the east side of the river contains the Saphan Taksin Skytrain station as well as a pier for the Chao Phraya Express Boat, Saphan Taksin BTS Station Taksin Bridge Bureau of Maintenance and Traffic Safety, Thailand
22.
Phra Pok Klao Bridge
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Phra Pok Klao Bridge is a bridge crossing the Chao Phraya river in Bangkok, Thailand. The bridge was designed to alleviate congestion on the adjacent Memorial Bridge. The bridge is composed of 3 viaducts, with the viaduct designed to carry future mass transit links. As of December 2007 there are no plans to use the central viaduct,28 December 2002 Pokklao Bridge Bureau of Maintenance and Traffic Safety, Thailand
23.
Memorial Bridge (Thailand)
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The Memorial Bridge is a bascule bridge over the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok, Thailand, connecting the districts of Phra Nakhon and Thonburi. Construction of the bridge was started on 3 December 1929 by Dorman Long, Middlesbrough, England, the bridge used to have a double-leaf bascule-type lifting mechanism, which is now disused. The bombs fell over two kilometres away damaging no civilian structures, but downed some tram lines and destroyed a Japanese military hospital and it was not until 1947 that Thai authorities learned of the intended target
24.
Phra Pin-klao Bridge
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The Somdet Phra Pinklao Bridge is a bridge over the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok, in Thailand near the Grand Palace linking Rattanakosin Island with Thonburi. It is named after Pinklao, vice-king of Siam, 1851-66, in the project phase, the bridge was referred to as the Tha Chang Wang Na Bridge, however, in June 1973, it was officially named the Somdej Phra Pinklao Bridge. The Chalerm Sawan 58 Bridge, along Saphan Siaw or Crescent Bridge, had to be dismantled to make way for the new bridge, Construction of the bridge started on August 4,1971 and it was opened on 24 September 1973 to traffic by Prime Minister Thanom Kittikachorn. The bridge was built by the joint company of Obayashi Gumi Ltd. Ltd under the supervision of Swiss Engineering Project who acted as the trustee of the Department of Public and Municipal Works. Some residents expressed their desire in 2010 to have the bridge dismantled mainly due to the air, Phra Pin Klao Bridge at Structurae Bureau of Maintenance and Traffic Safety, Thailand
25.
Krung Thon Bridge
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Krung Thon Bridge is a bridge over the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok, in Thailand, connecting the districts Dusit and Bang Phlat. The bridge has 6 spans, and consists of a steel superstructure resting on concrete piers, construction on the bridge began on August 31,1954, by the Japanese company Fuji Car Manufacturing Co. Ltd. with Sahawitsawa Kan Yotha Co. Ltd. as its local representative. A cornerstone ceremony was held on June 24,1955, construction was completed in late 1957, and the bridge was first opened to traffic on March 7,1958. It was constructed to relieve traffic on Memorial Bridge, and cost 24,837,500 baht. Krung Thong Bridge has been known to locals as Sang Hi Bridge since construction began, before it was christened, because it extends from Ratchawithi Road. The length of the bridge alone is 366.20 metres, with a 185.50 metre approach on the east side of the river, at its central point, the bridge is 7.5 metres above mean sea level. The bridge has four lanes for vehicle traffic, two in each direction, with no divider. Pedestrian paths 2.5 metres wide run along either side of the bridge, krung Thon Bridge, Bureau of Maintenance and Traffic Safety, Thailand
26.
Rama VI Bridge
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Rama VI Bridge is a railway bridge over the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok, in Thailand, connecting the districts Bang Sue and Bang Phlat. It was the first bridge to cross the Chao Phraya River, construction started in December 1922 during the reign of Rama VI to link the Northern and Eastern rail lines with the southern rail lines. It was officially opened on 1 January 1927, the bridge was severely damaged during World War II, was repaired 1950-1953 and officially reopened on 12 December 1953. The bridge is located 13.149 km from Hua Lamphong railway station, between Bang Son and Bang Bamru stations. The bridge has 5 spans, all of through-truss design,77.26,83.46,120.00,83.46 m and 77.26 m respectively, for a total length of 441.44 metres. It is thus the longest railway bridge in Thailand, almost 110 metres longer than its nearest rival, archived from the original on 2007-12-10. Photo of the bridge, State Railway of Thailand
27.
Rama VII Bridge
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Rama VII Bridge is a bridge over the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok and Nonthaburi, in Thailand, connecting the districts Bang Sue and Bang Phlat. The roadway is in a dual configuration, with 3 lanes in each direction. Bureau of Maintenance and Traffic Safety, Thailand
28.
Barelang Bridge
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The Barelang Bridge is a chain of 6 bridges of various types that connect the islands of Batam, Rempang, and Galang, Riau Islands. Barelang also refers to the islands themselves, which are all part of the municipality of Batam. The smaller islands of Tonton, Nipah, and Setotok connect Batam, the entire Barelang region covers 715 km². Some locals call the bridge Jembatan Habibie after Dr. Jusuf Habibie, the concept design for the 6 bridges were proposed by Bruce Ramsay of VSL. Dr. Overtime the bridge sites have grown more into a tourist attraction rather than a transportation route, the full stretch of all 6 bridges total to 2 kilometers. Travelling from the first bridge to the last is about 50km, construction of the bridges started in 1992 and took names from fifteenth to eighteenth-century rulers of the Riau Sultanate. The Tengku Fisabilillah bridge connects Batam and Tonton island and it stretches for 642 meters and is the most popular bridge of all, being a cable-stayed bridge with two 118 m high pylons and main span 350 m. Tonton-Nipah Bridge is a bridge with total length 420 m. Setoko-Nipah Bridge is a bridge with total length 270 m. Setoko-Rempang Bridge is a bridge with total length 365 m. Barelang Bridge is a bridge with total length 385 m. Your best Batam Island Info guide
29.
Suramadu Bridge
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The Suramadu Bridge, also known as the Surabaya–Madura Bridge, is a cable-stayed bridge between Surabaya on the island of Java and the town of Bangkalan on the island of Madura in Indonesia. Opened in June 2009, the 5. 4-km bridge is the longest in Indonesia, the cable-stayed portion has three spans with lengths 192 m,434 m and 192 m. The bridge has two lanes in each direction plus an emergency lane and a lane for motorcycles in each direction. The bridge was built by a consortium of Indonesian companies PT Adhi Karya and PT Waskita Karya working with China Road and Bridge Corp. the total cost of the project, including connecting roads, has been estimated at 4.5 trillion rupiah. In July 2004, a collapsed, killing one worker. Work on the bridge halted at the end of 2004 due to lack of funds, the main span of the bridge was connected on 31 March 2009, and the bridge was opened to the public on 10 June 2009. Within a week of the opening, it was discovered that nuts and bolts as well as maintenance lamps had been stolen and that there was evidence of vandalism of cables supporting the main span. The successful completion of the Suramadu bridge has encouraged interest in the possibility of constructing a much larger Sunda Strait Bridge across the Sunda Strait at the end of Java. The bridge was both at the introduction and episode 2 of The Amazing Race 21. As is often the case with public sector infrastructure facilities in Indonesia, tolls were initially set at Rp.30,000 for four-wheeled vehicles and Rp.3,000 for two-wheelers. However, in early 2016, it was announced that President Jokowi favoured a 50% cut in the tolls to help promote the competitiveness of industries on the Madura side of the bridge, no details were available as to how the cuts in the tolls would be funded. However, a spokesperson for the state-owned company P. T, jasa Marga which operated the bridge said that the reductions in tariffs would not cause a problem for the operating firm itself because P. T. Jasa Marga was paid directly by the government to manage the bridge
30.
Langkawi Sky Bridge
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Langkawi Sky Bridge is a 125-metre curved pedestrian cable-stayed bridge in Malaysia, completed in 2005. The bridge deck is located 660 metres above sea level at the peak of Gunung Mat Chinchang on Pulau Langkawi, the main island of the Langkawi archipelago in Kedah. The Langkawi Sky Bridge can be reached by first taking the Langkawi Cable Car to the top station, the bridge was closed in July 2012 for maintenance and upgrading. The reopening was put off several times, but it reopened in February 2015. The bridge is now fully accessible, the bridge is 125 meters long, and 1.8 meters wide, with two steel railings as well as steel wire mesh on either sides. It is designed as a walkway to maximise the viewing experience. The walkway, formed of steel and concrete set on top of an inverted triangular truss. The first 25m of the bridge is straight, following 3 curved 25m sections, at each end of the walkway, the bridge has a 3. 6m-wide triangular viewing platform that serves as resting and viewing areas for visitors. The bridge is suspended by 8 cables from a 81. 5m high single pylon, the pylon is anchored onto a concreted pad set at an elevation of 604. 5m, and its tip reached 686m above sea level. It is inclined at angles of 78° and 2° in two directions, and supported by two cables, the bridge is designed to carry a maximum capacity of 200 persons. The bridge was pre-fabricated, and sections were then lifted to the top of the mountain using Russian Kamov helicopters, and the entire bridge assembled in its current position by the pylon. Helicopters were used in the erection of the pylons and the section of the deck, later decks sections however were assembled using more conventional working cable. The bridge roughly costed $1.2 million dollars to construct, the bridge was constructed in 12 months between August 2003 and August 2004. It was opened to the public on February 2005, in July 2012, the bridge was closed for maintenance, upgrading and structural strengthening of the Sky Bridge. The bridge reopened in February 2015, although access was limited as the SkyGlide was not finished until December 2015. An inclinator called SkyGlide and a new platform were built linking the top station and Sky Bridge, the SkyGlide cabin can accommodate 12 passengers or 1,050 kg load per trip, and the ride lasts around two minutes. The ticket for the SkyGlide is sold separately at the top station, a cheaper alternative to the SkyGlide is for visitors to walk 10–15 minutes along a steep and less secure mountain track to the Sky Bridge. The last scene of Indian movie Don, The Chase Begins Again was filmed here
31.
Muar Second Bridge
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Muar Second Bridge is a famous landmark in Muar, Johor, Malaysia. In 1998, the government announced that a second bridge would be built at Parit Bunga to ease traffic congestion on the existing bridge. The bridge was constructed between March 2001 and June 2003 and it was built by Public Works Department of Malaysia while the main contractor was Ranhill Bersekutu Sdn Bhd. The bridge was opened to traffic on 2004 alongside the opening of the Muar Bypass. The bridge project also features an interchange at Parit Bunga. Muar Sungai Muar Muar Bypass Jambatan Sultan Ismail
32.
Penang Bridge
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The Penang Bridge, route E36, is a 13. 5-kilometre dual carriageway toll bridge and controlled-access highway in the state of Penang, Malaysia. The bridge connects Perai on the side of the state with Gelugor on the island. The bridge was the first and, until 2014, the road connection between the peninsula and the island. The bridge is the second-longest bridge in Malaysia and the fifth-longest in Southeast Asia by total length, with a length over water of 8.4 kilometres, the bridge was inaugurated on 14 September 1985. The current concession holder and maintainer of the bridge is PLUS Expressways, Penang Bridge Sdn Bhd was the concession holder before it was merged with the current concessionaire. The route begins at the Penang Bridge interchange with the North–South Expressway Northern Route, the route then briefly goes southwest, where island-bound commuters proceed to pay the bridge toll. At the shore where the bridge begins, the route turns westwards, in the middle of the bridge, the route bends slightly northwest towards Gelugor. On the island side, the ends at the shore at its interchange with the Tun Dr Lim Chong Eu Expressway. Before 1985, transportation between the island and the mainland was solely dependent on the state-owned Penang Ferry Service that runs between Butterworth and George Town, at the end of 1971, the Malaysian government appointed Christiani Nielsen A/S of Denmark to carry out a feasibility study. In the year 1976, Penang Bridge was planned during the term of 3rd Prime Minister of Malaysias Tun Hussein Onn, in November 1976, Howard Needles Tammen & Bergendorf of United States in association with Jurutera Konsultant Sdn. Bhd. of Malaysia was appointed to design and supervise the construction of the bridge, in 1982, the construction of Penang Bridge officially began. The bridge was constructed by the Hyundai Engineering and Construction Company Ltd from South Korea, on 3 August 1985, the Penang Bridge was officially opened by the 4th Prime Minister of Malaysias Tun Dr. Mahathir Bin Mohamad. He drove across the bridge in a red Proton Saga, carrying the flag to officiate the opening ceremony. On 14 September 1985, Penang Bridge is officially opened to traffic by the fourth Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Penang, when the bridge was constructed, the central span had six lanes, while the rest of the bridge had four lanes. There was a project to have the entire bridge widened to six lanes. Work on the project began on January 2008 and was completed in late 2009, traffic CCTV and Variable Message Sign are installed at all locations along the bridge. The bridge has a Tenaga Nasional TNBs 132kV power cable, since 1985, Penang Bridge has been a tolled bridge. Fees are charged one way, when entering the bridge from the mainland, there are no fees imposed for mainland-bound motorists coming from the island
33.
Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge
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Jambatan Kedua Sdn Bhd is the concessionaire to design, construct, manage, operate and maintain Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge, Penang’s second bridge
34.
Prai River Bridge
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Prai River Bridge is a dual-three lane cable stayed bridge connecting the banks of the Prai River in Prai, Penang. It is part of the Butterworth Outer Ring Road, designed by Dar Al-Handasah Consultants, it won the IStructE Award for Transportation Structures and the prestigious Supreme Award in 2006. Constructed by Lingkaran Luar Butterworth Sdn, the project was carried out by Turnkey contractor, Lingkaran Luar Butterworth Sdn. The main sub-contractors to the Turnkey contractor are Ballast Needam International, bhd. in joint venture with Zublin International Sdn. Two 40 m high, reinforced concrete cable stay pylons, with each pylon accommodating 14 pairs of stay cables, a 185 m glued segmental, cable stayed main span constructed by cantilever erection method. Three precast segmental exit/entry ramps constructed both by the use of a launching gantry and, for some spans, a heavy duty falsework support system. The dual three lane approaches on either side of the bridge are 27.8 m wide, the width of the main bridge deck is 28.8 m. Other items in the IJM-Zublin JV contract are the supply and erection of parapets, application of anti-carbonation paint, Penang Second Bridge Penang Bridge The Butterworth Outer Ring Road IStructE Supreme Award for Engineering Excellence, Sungai Prai Bridge
35.
Seri Saujana Bridge
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The Seri Saujana Bridge is a main bridge in the planned city Putrajaya, the new Malaysian federal territory and administrative centre. The Seri Saujana bridge, also called Bridge No 8, crosses Putrajaya Lake, a lake made to provide natural cooling. The Seri Saujana bridge is a new concept of a symmetric cable-stayed through-arch bridge, the through-arch system, on the other hand, employs inclined hangers anchored on and pick up the outer edges of the main-span deck. With support at the middle and the edges, the main-span bridge deck can be made relatively lightweight. The bridge is controlled by the design parameters to reflect a transparent, elegant and futuristic slender looking structure, with an overall single span of 300m. There are dual three lane carriageways, the deck level varies from RL35. 25m at abutment to RL 35m at centre of the bridge. The builder of this bridge was Road Builder Sdn Bhd at a cost of USD20 million and it was opened on 31 May 2003
36.
Seri Wawasan Bridge
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The Seri Wawasan Bridge is one of the main bridges in the planned city Putrajaya, the new Malaysian federal territory and administrative centre. This futuristic asymmetric cable-stayed bridge with a forward-inclined pylon has a sailing ship appearance, the bridge, also called Bridge No. The Seri Wawasan Bridge is a longitudinally asymmetric cable‐stayed box-girder bridge with a inverted-Y shape concrete/steel pylon 96m high, to counter balance these front stays, a combination of 21 pairs of cable backstays and structural steel tie back was used. The overall complexity of the back stay tie back structure, however, the inclined concrete pylon and the backstays are anchored into bore piled foundation off the roadway in precinct 8. The bridge carries a three lane carriageways of 18. 6m width each, comprising 3 x 3. 5m width lanes,0.5 m hard shoulder,0. 5m marginal strip. The median is 4 m wide and walkway cum cycle track width is 5. 1m giving a total width of 37. 2m at the centre of the bridge
37.
Sungai Johor Bridge
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The Sungai Johor Bridge is an expressway bridge across Johor River on Senai-Desaru Expressway in Johor, Malaysia. The 1.7 km single plane cable stayed bridge connects Pulau Juling near Johor Bahru in the west to Tanjung Penyabong in the east. Opened on June 10,2011, it is currently has the longest central span of any bridge in Malaysia. The bridge also the longest single plane cable-stayed bridge in Malaysia, construction was led by Senai Desaru Expressway Berhad with a main contractor Ranhill Engineers & Constructors Sdn Bhd. The bridge was to have completed by December 2008, but opening of the bridge was repeatedly delayed. The bridge is 1.708 metres long, with a 500-metre main span across the Johor River, the two main pylons of the bridge rise to a height of 143 meters. List of longest cable-stayed bridge spans Senai-Desaru Expressway Berhad Longest cable-stayed bridge planned
