1.
Kose Parish
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Kose Parish is a rural municipality in northern Estonia. It is a part of Harju County, the municipality has a population of 5,737 and covers an area of 237.33 km². The population density is 24.2 inhabitants per km², in October 2013, neighbouring Kõue Parish was merged with Kose Parish. Administrative centre of the Municipalities is the borough of Kose. Stage actress Ester Pajusoo was born in Kose Parish Ócsa, Hungary Peräseinäjoki, Finland Plášťovce, Slovakia Blue Springs of Saula Official website
2.
Estonia
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Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia, across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north. The territory of Estonia consists of a mainland and 2,222 islands and islets in the Baltic Sea, covering 45,339 km2 of land and water, and is influenced by a humid continental climate. The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 6500 BC, in 1988, during the Singing Revolution, the Estonian Supreme Soviet issued the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration in defiance of Soviet rule, and independence was restored on 20 August 1991. Estonia is a parliamentary republic divided into fifteen counties. Its capital and largest city is Tallinn, with a population of 1.3 million, it is one of the least-populous member states of the European Union, Eurozone, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, OECD and Schengen Area. Estonia is a country with an advanced, high-income economy that is among the fastest growing in the EU. Its Human Development Index ranks very highly, and it performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom, civil liberties, the 2015 PISA test places Estonian high school students 3rd in the world, behind Singapore and Japan. Citizens of Estonia are provided with health care, free education. Since independence the country has developed its IT sector, becoming one of the worlds most digitally advanced societies. In 2005 Estonia became the first nation to hold elections over the Internet, in the Estonian language, the oldest known endonym of the Estonians was maarahvas, meaning country people or people of the land. The land inhabited by Estonians was called Maavald meaning Country Parish or Land Parish, one hypothesis regarding the modern name of Estonia is that it originated from the Aesti, a people described by the Roman historian Tacitus in his Germania. The historic Aesti were allegedly Baltic people, whereas the modern Estonians are Finno-Ugric, the geographical areas between Aesti and Estonia do not match, with Aesti being further down south. Ancient Scandinavian sagas refer to a land called Eistland, as the country is called in Icelandic. Early Latin and other ancient versions of the name are Estia and Hestia, esthonia was a common alternative English spelling prior to 1921. Human settlement in Estonia became possible 13,000 to 11,000 years ago, the oldest known settlement in Estonia is the Pulli settlement, which was on the banks of the river Pärnu, near the town of Sindi, in south-western Estonia. According to radiocarbon dating it was settled around 11,000 years ago, the earliest human inhabitation during the Mesolithic period is connected to Kunda culture, which is named after the town of Kunda in northern Estonia. At that time the country was covered with forests, and people lived in communities near bodies of water
3.
Fishing
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Fishing is the activity of trying to catch fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild, techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping. Fishing may include catching aquatic animals other than fish, such as molluscs, cephalopods, crustaceans, the term is not normally applied to catching farmed fish, or to aquatic mammals, such as whales where the term whaling is more appropriate. According to United Nations FAO statistics, the number of commercial fishermen. Fisheries and aquaculture provide direct and indirect employment to over 500 million people in developing countries, in 2005, the worldwide per capita consumption of fish captured from wild fisheries was 14.4 kilograms, with an additional 7.4 kilograms harvested from fish farms. In addition to providing food, modern fishing is also a recreational pastime, Fishing is an ancient practice that dates back to at least the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period about 40,000 years ago. Isotopic analysis of the remains of Tianyuan man, a 40. Archaeology features such as middens, discarded fish bones, and cave paintings show that sea foods were important for survival. During this period, most people lived a lifestyle and were, of necessity. However, where there are examples of permanent settlements such as those at Lepenski Vir. The British dogger was a type of sailing trawler from the 17th century. The Brixham trawler that evolved there was of a build and had a tall gaff rig. They were also sufficiently robust to be able to tow large trawls in deep water, the great trawling fleet that built up at Brixham, earned the village the title of Mother of Deep-Sea Fisheries. The small village of Grimsby grew to become the largest fishing port in the world by the mid 19th century, an Act of Parliament was first obtained in 1796, which authorised the construction of new quays and dredging of the Haven to make it deeper. It was only in the 1846, with the expansion in the fishing industry. The foundation stone for the Royal Dock was laid by Albert the Prince consort in 1849, the dock covered 25 acres and was formally opened by Queen Victoria in 1854 as the first modern fishing port. The elegant Brixham trawler spread across the world, influencing fishing fleets everywhere, by the end of the 19th century, there were over 3,000 fishing trawlers in commission in Britain, with almost 1,000 at Grimsby. These trawlers were sold to fishermen around Europe, including from the Netherlands, twelve trawlers went on to form the nucleus of the German fishing fleet
4.
Commercial fishing
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Commercial fishing is the activity of catching fish and other seafood for commercial profit, mostly from wild fisheries. It provides a large quantity of food to many countries around the earth, large-scale commercial fishing is also known as industrial fishing. This profession has gained in popularity with the development of such as Deadliest Catch, Swords. The major fishing industries are not only owned by major corporations, the industry has had to adapt through the years in order to keep earning a profit. A study taken on some small family-owned commercial fishing companies showed that they adapted to continue to earn a living but not necessarily make a large profit. Commercial fishermen harvest a variety of animals, ranging from tuna, cod, carp, and salmon to shrimp, krill, lobster, clams, squid. There are large and important fisheries worldwide for species of fish, mollusks, crustaceans. However, a small number of species support the majority of the worlds fisheries. Some of these species are herring, cod, anchovy, tuna, flounder, mullet, squid, shrimp, salmon, crab, lobster, oyster and scallops. All except these last four provided a catch of well over a million tonnes in 1999, with herring. Many other species are fished in smaller numbers, commercial fishing may offer an abundance of jobs, but the pay varies from boat to boat, season to season. That may be true, but there are also the boats who dont do well, a 2009 paper in Science estimates, for the first time, the total world fish biomass as somewhere between 0.8 and 2.0 billion tonnes. Sustainability of fisheries is improved by using equipment that eliminates or minimizes catching non-targeted species. Fishing methods vary according to the region, the species being fished for, a commercial fishing enterprise may vary from one man with a small boat with hand-casting nets or a few pot traps, to a huge fleet of trawlers processing tons of fish every day. Billions of dollars are spent each year in researching/developing new techniques to reduce the injury, in fact, there was a study taken in 2000 on different deterrents and how effective they are at deterring the target species. The study showed that most auditory deterrents helped prevent whales from being caught while more physical barriers helped prevent birds from getting tangled within the net. During 2000–2006, commercial fishing was one of the most dangerous occupations in the United States, falling overboard specifically killed 182 fishermen in the period between 2000 and 2010. This fatality rate is 3 times that of the next most dangerous job in the U. S. also, between the years of 1919 and 2005,4111 fishermen died in fishing related accidents in the United Kingdom industry alone
5.
Artisanal fishing
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Artisanal fishing are various small-scale, low-technology, low-capital, fishing practices undertaken by individual fishing households. Many of these households are of coastal or island ethnic groups and these households make short fishing trips close to the shore. Their produce is not processed and is mainly for local consumption. Artisan fishing uses traditional fishing techniques such as rod and tackle, fishing arrows and harpoons, cast nets, artisan fishing may be undertaken for both commercial and subsistence reasons. It contrasts with modern commercial fishing practices in that it is often less wasteful. ISBN 978-92-5-105664-6 Diegues, Antonio Carlos Sea Tenure, traditional knowledge, pauly, D Major trends in small-scale marine fisheries, with emphasis on developing countries, and some implications for the social sciences Maritime Studies 4, 7-22. Tietze, U, Siar, S, Upare, Suchitra M and Upare, M A Livelihood, naar presenting the story of the smallest Bolivian fishing community of Uru-Muratos, Puñaca Tintamaria. See a 12 minutes fragment from the film on YouTube
6.
Fishing rod
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A fishing rod is a long, flexible rod used to catch fish. At its simplest, a rod is a simple stick or pole attached to a line ending in a hook. The length of the rod can vary between 2 and 20 feet, to entice fish, bait or lures are impaled on one or more hooks attached to the line. The line is generally stored on a reel which reduces tangles, traditionally rods are made from bamboo, while contemporary rods are usually made from fibreglass or carbon fibre. In contrast with nets, which are used in subsistence and commercial fishing, fishing rods are more often used in recreational fishing. Fishing rods come in sizes, actions, lengths and configurations depending on whether they are to be used for small. Various types of fishing rods are designed for specific types of fishing, Fly rods are used to cast artificial flies, spinning rods and bait casting rods are designed to cast baits or lures. Ice fishing rods are designed to fish through holes in ice covered lakes. Trolling rods are designed to bait or lures behind moving boats. Judging by stone inscriptions dating back to 2000 BC, fishing rods go back to ancient Egypt, China, Greece, Trinidad and Tobago, Rome, compleat Angler was written by Izaak Walton in 1653 and described the fishing in the Derbyshire Wye. It was a celebration of the art and spirit of fishing in prose and verse,6 verses were quoted from John Dennyss earlier work, a second part to the book was added by Waltons friend Charles Cotton. The 18th century was mainly an era of consolidation of the techniques developed in the previous century, running rings began to appear along the fishing rods, which gave anglers greater control over the cast line. The rods themselves were becoming increasingly sophisticated and specialized for different roles. Jointed rods became common from the middle of the century and bamboo came to be used for the top section of the rod, giving it a greater strength. The industry also became commercialized – rods and tackle were sold at the haberdashers store, after the Great Fire of London in 1666, artisans moved to Redditch which became a centre of production of fishing related products from the 1730s. Onesimus Ustonson established his shop in 1761, and his establishment remained as a market leader for the next century. He received a Royal Warrant and became the supplier of fishing tackle to three successive monarchs starting with King George IV over this period. The impact of the Industrial Revolution was first felt in the manufacture of fly lines, instead of anglers twisting their own lines, a laborious and time-consuming process, the new textile spinning machines allowed for a variety of tapered lines to be easily manufactured and marketed
7.
Fishing reel
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A fishing reel is a cylindrical device attached to a fishing rod used in winding and stowing line. Modern fishing reels usually have fittings aiding in casting for distance and accuracy, Fishing reels are traditionally used in the recreational sport of angling and competitive casting. They are typically attached to a rod, though some specialized reels are mounted directly to boat gunwales or transoms. The fishing reel was invented in Song dynasty China, where the earliest known illustration of a reel is from Chinese paintings. Fishing reels first appeared in England around 1650 AD, and by the 1760s, the first popular American fishing reel appeared in the U. S. around 1820. In literary records, the earliest evidence of the fishing reel comes from a 4th-century AD work entitled Lives of Famous Immortals, another fishing reel was featured in a painting by Wu Zhen. The book Tianzhu lingqian, printed sometime between 1208 and 1224, features two different woodblock print illustrations of fishing reels being used, an Armenian parchment Gospel of the 13th century shows a reel. The Sancai Tuhui, a Chinese encyclopedia published in 1609, features the next known picture of a fishing reel and these five pictures mentioned are the only ones which feature fishing reels before the year 1651. The first English book on fishing is A Treatise of Fishing with an Angle in 1496, however, the book did not mention a reel. A primitive reel was first cited in the book, The Art of Angling 1651, Fishing reels first appeared in England around 1650, a time of growing interest in fly fishing. The fishing industry became commercialized in the 18th century, with rods, after the Great Fire of London in 1666, artisans moved to Redditch which became a centre of production of fishing related products from the 1730s. Onesimus Ustonson established his shop in 1761, and his establishment remained as a market leader for the next century. He received a Royal Warrant and became the supplier of fishing tackle to three successive monarchs starting with King George IV over this period. Some have credited Onesimus with the invention of the fishing reel - he was certainly the first to advertise its sale, early multiplying reels were wide and had a small diameter, and their gears, made of brass, often wore down after extensive use. His earliest advertisement in the form of a trading card date from 1768 and was entitled To all lovers of angling, a full list of the tackles he sold included artificial flies, and the best sort of multiplying brass winches both stop and plain. The commercialization of the industry came at a time of expanded interest in fishing as a hobby for members of the aristocracy. Modern reel design had begun in England during the part of the 18th century. The reel was a drum which spooled out freely, and was ideal for allowing the bait to drift along way out with the current
8.
Fishing line
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A fishing line is a cord used or made for angling. Important parameters of a line are its length, material. Most modern lines are made from nylon or silk, fish are caught with a fishing line by encouraging a fish to bite on a fish hook. A fish hook will pierce the mouthparts of a fish and is normally barbed to make escape less likely, another method is to use a gorge, which is buried in the bait such that it would be swallowed end first. The tightening of the line would fix it cross-wise in the stomach or gullet. Fishing with a hook and line is called angling, in addition to the use of the hook and line used to catch a fish, a heavy fish may be landed by using a landing net or a hooked pole called a gaff. Trolling is a technique in which a fishing lure on a line is drawn through the water, trolling from a moving boat is a technique of big-game fishing and is used to catch large open-water species such as tuna and marlin. Trolling is also an angling technique often used to catch salmon, northern pike, muskellunge. This technique allows anglers to cover a large body of water in a short time, long-line fishing, also known as a trot line is a commercial fishing technique that uses many baited hooks hanging from a single line. Snagging is a technique where the object is to hook the fish in the body, generally, a large treble hook with a heavy sinker is cast into a river containing a large amount of fish, such as a Salmon, and is quickly jerked and reeled in. Due to the illegal nature of this method some practitioners have added methods to disguise the practice. As written in 1667 by Samuel Pepys, the lines in his time were made from catgut. Later, silk fishing lines were used around 1724, the most common type is monofilament, made of a single strand. Fishermen often use monofilament because of its buoyant characteristics and its ability to stretch under load, the line stretch has advantages, such as dampening the force when setting the hook and when fighting strong fish. On very far distances the dampening may become a disadvantage, recently, other alternatives to standard nylon monofilament lines have been introduced made of copolymers or fluorocarbon, or a combination of the two materials. Fluorocarbon fishing line is made of the fluoropolymer PVDF and it is valued for its refractive index, fluorocarbon is also a denser material, and therefore, is not nearly as buoyant as monofilament. Anglers often utilize fluorocarbon when they need their baits to stay closer to the bottom without the use of heavy sinkers, braided, thermally fused, and chemically fused varieties of superlines are now readily available. Fly lines consist of a braided or monofilament core, wrapped in a thick waterproof plastic sheath
9.
Fish hook
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A fish hook or fishhook is a device for catching fish either by impaling them in the mouth or, more rarely, by snagging the body of the fish. Fish hooks have been employed for centuries by fishermen to catch fresh, in 2005, the fish hook was chosen by Forbes as one of the top twenty tools in the history of man. Fish hooks are attached to some form of line or lure device which connects the caught fish to the fisherman. There is a variety of fish hooks in the world of fishing. Sizes, designs, shapes, and materials are all depending on the intended purpose of the fish hook. Fish hooks are manufactured for a range of purposes from general fishing to extremely limited and specialized applications, the fish hook or similar device has been made by man for many thousands of years. Neolithic fish hooks have been recorded from Palestine about 7000 BC, an early written reference to a fish hook is found with reference to the Leviathan in the Book of Job 41,1, Canst thou draw out leviathan with a hook. Fish hooks have been crafted from all sorts of materials including wood, animal and human bone, horn, shells, stone, bronze, in many cases, hooks were created from multiple materials to leverage the strength and positive characteristics of each material. Norwegians as late as the 1950s still used juniper wood to craft Burbot hooks, quality steel hooks began to make their appearance in Europe in the 17th century and hook making became a task for specialists. In many cases, hooks are described by using various parts of the hook. Example, Wide gap, 2X Long Shank, Hollow Point, contemporary hooks are manufactured from either high-carbon steel, steel alloyed with Vanadium, or stainless steel, depending on application. Most quality fish hooks are covered with some form of corrosion-resistant surface coating, corrosion resistance is required not only when hooks are used, especially in saltwater, but while they are stored. Additionally, coatings are applied to color and/or provide aesthetic value to the hook, at a minimum, hooks designed for freshwater use are coated with a clear lacquer, but hooks are also coated with gold, nickel, Teflon, tin and different colors. There are a number of different types of fish hooks. At the macro level, there are hooks, fly hooks. Within these broad categories there are varieties of hook types designed for different applications. Hook types differ in shape, materials, points and barbs, when individual hook types are designed the specific characteristics of each of these hook components are optimized relative to the hooks intended purpose. For example, a dry fly hook is made of thin wire with a tapered eye because weight is the overriding factor
10.
Fishing bait
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Fishing bait is any substance used to attract and catch fish, e. g. on the end of a fishing hook, or inside a fish trap. Traditionally, nightcrawlers, insects, and smaller fish have been used for this purpose. Fishermen have also begun using plastic bait and more recently, electronic lures, studies show that natural baits like croaker and shrimp are more recognized by the fish and are more readily accepted. Which of the various techniques a fisher may choose is dictated mainly by the target species, bait can be separated into two main categories, artificial baits and natural baits. Using lures is a method for catching predatory fish. Lures are artificial baits designed to resemble the appearance and/or the movement of prey, the lure may require a specialised presentation to impart an enticing action as, for example, in fly fishing. A common way to fish a soft plastic worm is the Texas Rig, the natural bait angler, with few exceptions, will use a common prey species of the fish as an attractant. The natural bait used may be alive or dead, common natural baits include worms, leeches, minnows, frogs, salamanders, and insects. Natural baits are effective due to the texture, odour and colour of the bait presented. Cheese has been known to be a very successful due to its strong smell. The common earthworm is a bait for fresh water angling. Grubs and maggots are also excellent bait when trout fishing, grasshoppers, bees and even ants are also used as bait for trout in their season, although many anglers believe that trout or salmon and many other fresh water fish roe is superior to any other bait. In lakes in southern climates such as Florida, United States, bread bait is a small amount of bread, often moistened by saliva, balled up to a small size that is bite size to small fish. Most common earthworm species, such as Lumbricus terrestris, which can often be dug up in the garden, are suitable for freshwater fishing. However, on a scale they are not really candidates for worm farming for providing fishing bait. The greyish brown common earthworms are deep burrowing and do not readily breed in the shallow worm farm bins, the red compost worms, such as the well known red wiggler or the exotic European nightcrawler, are better candidates, as they are epigeic or surface dwellers. This is the reason that red worms are usually available commercially for bait worms. Their natural home is just below the surface in rotting leaves, dung heaps and they are called detritivourous because they eat detritus
11.
Fishing tackle
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Fishing tackle is the equipment used by fishermen when fishing. Almost any equipment or gear used for fishing can be called fishing tackle, some examples are hooks, lines, sinkers, floats, rods, reels, baits, lures, spears, nets, gaffs, traps, waders and tackle boxes. Gear that is attached to the end of a line is called terminal tackle. This includes hooks, leaders, swivels, sinkers, floats, split rings and wire, snaps, beads, spoons, blades, spinners, sometimes the term fishing rig is used for a completed assembly of tackle ready for fishing. Fishing tackle can be contrasted with fishing techniques, Fishing tackle refers to the physical equipment that is used when fishing, whereas fishing techniques refers to the manner in which the tackle is used when fishing. The term tackle, with the apparatus for fishing, has been in use from 1398 AD. Fishing tackle is also called fishing gear, however the term fishing gear is more usually used in the context of commercial fishing, whereas fishing tackle is more often used in the context of recreational fishing. This article covers equipment used by recreational fishermen, Hook, line and sinker is a classic combination of tackle empowering a fisherman to catch fish. The use of the hook in angling is descended, historically, the word gorge, in this context, comes from an archaic word meaning throat. Gorges were used by ancient peoples to capture fish, a gorge was a long, thin piece of bone or stone attached by its midpoint to a thin line. The gorge would be fixed with a bait so that it would rest parallel to the lay of the line. When a fish swallowed the bait, a tug on the line caused the gorge to orient itself at right angles to the line, thereby sticking in the fishs gullet. A fish hook is a device for catching fish either by impaling them in the mouth or, more rarely, Fish hooks have been employed for millennia by fishermen to catch fresh and saltwater fish. Early hooks were made from the bills of eagles and from bones, shells. In 2005, the hook was chosen by Forbes as one of the top twenty tools in the history of man. Fish hooks are attached to some form of line or lure device which connects the caught fish to the fisherman. There is a variety of fish hooks. Sizes, designs, shapes, and materials are all depending on the intended purpose of the hook
12.
Fishing lure
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A fishing lure is a type of artificial fishing bait which is designed to attract a fishs attention. The lure uses movement, vibration, flash and color to bait fish, many lures are equipped with one or more hooks that are used to catch fish when they strike the lure. Some lures are placed to attract fish so a spear can be impaled into the fish or so the fish can be captured by hand. Most lures are attached to the end of a line and have various styles of hooks attached to the body and are designed to elicit a strike resulting in a hookset. Many lures are made but some are hand made such as fishing flies. Hand tying fly lures to match the hatch is considered a challenge by many amateur entomologists, modern commercial lures usually are often used with a fishing rod and fishing reel but there are some who use a technique where they hold the line in their hands. Handlining is a technique in which the line is directly in the hands versus being fed through the guides of a fishing rod. Longlining also can employ lures to catch fish, when a lure is used for casting, it is continually cast out and retrieved, the retrieve making the lure swim or produce a popping action. A skilled angler can explore many possible hiding places for fish through lure casting such as under logs, in early time, fishing lures were made from bone or bronze. The Chinese and Egyptians used fishing rods, hooks, and lines as early as 2,000 B. C. though most of the first fishermen used handlines. The first hooks were made out of bronze, which was strong but still very thin, the Chinese were the first to make fishing line, spun from fine silk. The modern fishing lure was made commercially in the United States in the early 1900s by the firm of Heddon, before this time most fishing lures were made by individual craftsman. Commercial-made lures were based on the ideas that the individual craftsmen were making. The reel is attached to a rod, the motion of the lure is made by winding line back on to the reel, by sweeping the fishing rod, jigging movements with the fishing rod, or by being pulled behind a moving boat. Exceptions included are artificial flies, commonly called flies by fly fishers, which float on the water surface, slowly sink or float underwater. There are many types of fishing lures, in most cases they are manufactured to resemble prey for the fish, but they are sometimes engineered to appeal to a fishes sense of territory, curiosity or aggression. Most lures are made to look like dying, injured, or fast moving fish and they include the following types, A jig is a weighted hook with a lead head opposite the sharp tip. They usually have a minnow or crawfish or even a plastic worm on it to get the fishs attention, some jigs can be fished in water depths down to 300 metres
13.
Soft plastic bait
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Soft plastic bait, commonly known as just plastic bait, is any of a range of plastic-based fishing baits, termed so because of their soft, flexible rubber texture. Soft plastics are available in a range of colours, sizes. Soft plastics found their origins in the late 1950s and early 1960s, with small worms, the stiff rubber used, as well as the basic shapes produced, did not allow the flexible action and effectiveness of modern soft plastics to be observed. Additionally, Tom Moore created the Touchdown Lure in 1974 in the room of his store in Indiana. The Touchdown 6 Original was born with two hooks with naturally weedless weed guards and include a 12-inch leader with swivels and a sinker, later a Pro version was created with two larger hooks and a 36-inch leader. The diversity of soft plastic baits has enabled them to be used in configurations, rigs. The original, and still most commonly use of soft plastics is as a simple lure. The hook of the jighead is threaded through the lure so that only the gape of the hook, and the eye, are exposed. Methods vary according to the shape of the used, however is it most often cast and retrieved with short. Experienced soft plastic anglers attempt to emulate the movement of the animal the soft plastic imitates, such as a prawn. Soft plastics are also trolled and jigged in the method as metal or hardbodied lures. The many rigs, techniques and uses of soft plastic lures are as varied as the designs, colours, specialised techniques and rigging methods have evolved from anglers targeting specific fish species or in particular areas, such as the Texas rig and Carolina rig. Tandem Rigs are designed to avoid losing fish that short strike the bait, a variation of the traditional Jig Head, called a Deep Darter Head, provide a sub surface walk the dog action on the soft plastic lure. The swimming tin, designed in the late 19th century to rig dead eels, is produced today to impart great action on large style soft baits like Hogy Lures 10-18 inch soft baits, today, soft plastic lures take on many forms and hybrids. Hardbody hybrid lures, with a plastic front half and soft plastic tail for lifelike action. These hybrids often use treble hooks, diving bibs and other features once restricted to hardbody lures and these new baits are based on different polymers, namely polyvinyl alcohol, instead of the more usual polyvinyl chloride. Companies like Hogy Lures are have also developed soy based, large style, soft plastic baits contain chemicals that can soften plastic that they touch, so should be kept from long contact with plastic tackle boxes or containers
14.
Artificial fly
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An artificial fly or fly lure is a type of fishing lure, usually used in the sport of fly fishing. In general, artificial flies are an imitation of natural food sources which fly fishers present to their species of fish while fly fishing. Artificial flies are constructed by fly tying, in which furs, feathers, effective artificial fly patterns are said to be killing flies because of their ability to put fish in the creel for the fly fisher. There are thousands of fly patterns, many of them with descriptive. Fly tying is a practice in fly fishing, considered by many anglers an important part of the fly fishing experience. Many fly fishers tie their own flies, either following patterns in books, natural insect examples, the technique involves attaching small pieces of feathers, animal fur, and other materials on a hook in order to make it attractive to fish. This is made by wrapping tightly around the hook and tying on the desired materials. A fly is sized according to the width of the gap, large or longer flies are tied on larger, thicker. The construction of tube flies is different in that the tier secures materials a tube rather than to a hook and these flies are rigged by passing the fishing line through the tube before attaching a hook. Generally, fly patterns are considered either imitations or attractors and these can be further broken down into nymphs, terrestrials, dry flies, eggs, scuds, and streamers. Imitations seek to deceive fish through the imitation of insects on which the fish may feed. Imitators do not always have to be realistic in appearance, they may derive their lifelike qualities when their fur or feathers are immersed in water. Attractors, which are brightly colored, seek to draw a strike by arousing an aggression response in the fish. Famous attractors are the Stimulator and Royal Wulff flies, the first literary reference to flies and fishing with flies was in Ælian’s Natural History probably written about 200 A. D. That work discussed a Macedonian fly, the Treatyse on Fysshynge with an Angle was published within The Boke of St. Albans attributed to Dame Juliana Berners. The book contains, along with instructions on rod, line and hook making, the 1652 4th edition of John Dennyss The Secrets of Angling, first published in 1613, contains the first known illustration of an artificial fly. A major concept in the sport of fly fishing is that the fly imitates some form of prey when presented to the fish by the angler. In the mid to late 19th century, those schools of thought, at least for trout fishing were, the formalists and the colourists
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Angling
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Angling is a method of fishing by means of an angle. The hook is attached to a fishing line and the line is often attached to a fishing rod. Fishing rods are fitted with a fishing reel that functions as a mechanism for storing, retrieving and paying out the line. The hook itself can be dressed with lures or bait, a bite indicator such as a float, and a weight or sinker are sometimes used. Angling is the method of sport fishing, but commercial fisheries also use angling methods such as longlining or trolling. Catch and release fishing is practiced by recreational fishermen. In many parts of the world, size limits apply to species, meaning fish below and/or above a certain size must, by law. The species of fish pursued by anglers vary with geography, among the many species of salt water fish that are caught for sport are swordfish, marlin, tuna, while in Europe cod and bass are popular targets. In North America the most popular water sport species include bass, pike, walleye, muskellunge, yellow perch, trout, salmon, crappie, bluegill. In Europe a large number of fish for species such as carp, pike, tench, rudd, roach, European perch, catfish. South Africa has a great fishing coast where anglers fish for species like cod, White Steenbras, some fish are sought for their value as food, others are pursued for their fighting abilities or for the difficulty of pursuit. The use of the hook in angling is descended, historically, the word gorge, in this context, comes from the French word meaning throat. Gorges were used by ancient peoples to capture fish and animals like seal, walrus, a gorge was a long, thin piece of bone or stone attached by its midpoint to a thin line. The gorge would be baited so that it would rest parallel to the lay of the line. When the game would swallow the bait, a tug on the line would cause the gorge to orient itself at right angles to the line, some laws and regulations require hooks to be barbless. This rule is implemented to protect populations of certain species. A barbed hook could kill a fish if it were to penetrate the gills, which of the various techniques an angler may choose is dictated mainly by the target species and by its habitat. Angling can be separated into two categories, using either artificial or natural baits
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Big-game fishing
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Big-game fishing started as a sport after the invention of the motor boat. Charles Frederick Holder, a marine biologist and early conservationist, is credited with founding the sport in 1898 and he went on to publish many articles and books on the subject, noted for their combination of accurate scientific detail with exciting narratives. Purpose built game fishing boats appeared early in the 20th century, an example is the Crete, in use at Catalina Island, California, in 1915, and shipped to Hawaii the following year. According to a report at that time, the Crete had. A deep cockpit, a chair fitted for landing big fish, the billfish, larger tunas and sharks are the main species recognized as big-game fish, with many anglers considering the Atlantic tarpon also a big-game species. Today big-game fishing is carried out from ports in tropical and temperate coasts practically worldwide, the West Coast lacks the influence of the warm Gulf Stream current, and most big game species are mainly confined to California, a birthplace of the sport. Some of the species that were fished for by the pioneers of the sport - Pacific bluefin tuna, broadbill swordfish. Billfish and tuna are pursued in almost all the Latin American coastal nations, mexico, Panama, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Ecuador and Guatemala have the largest fleets of sport fishing boats. Costa Ricas pacific coast, especially the coast of the Guanacaste Province, is famous for its fishing because of the ocean currents, rio San Juan in Nicaragua is famous for sport fishing for giant tarpon. The government presently enforces catch and release, an annual International tarpon fishing tournament has been held for many years. The 55th annual tournament was held September 13th & 14th 2015, in the United Kingdom big-game tunny fishing off Scarborough was in fashion in the 1930s for a few years. Tunny was the used in Britain at that time for Atlantic bluefin tuna. Colonel Edward Peel landed a world-record tunny of 798 pounds, capturing the record by 40 pounds from one caught off Nova Scotia by the American champion Zane Grey, black marlin of up to 200 lbs have been caught here by anglers floating out baits on balloons. Big-game fishing requires a boat of sufficient seaworthiness and range to transport the crew to the fishing grounds, the cost of a suitable boat, electronics, tackle and the operating costs can be very substantial. Either way, big-game fishing can be an extremely expensive pursuit and these boats, though crude by modern standards, scored many pioneering big game catches of huge bluefin tuna, broadbill swordfish and marlin. Smaller sportfishing boats The development of power opened up many big game fishing grounds to smaller craft in the 18 to 25 foot range. San Diego Long Range fleet and other partyboats Electronics Electronics technology developed for commercial fishermen has become used by recreational anglers. Fishfinders, also known as machines or echo sounders, are now commonplace
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Tuna
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A tuna is a saltwater fish that belongs to the tribe Thunnini, a sub-grouping of the mackerel family – which together with the tunas, also includes the bonitos, mackerels, and Spanish mackerels. Thunnini comprises fifteen species across five genera, the sizes of which vary greatly, the bluefin averages 2 m, and is believed to live for up to 50 years. Tuna and mackerel sharks are the species of fish that can maintain a body temperature higher than that of the surrounding water. An active and agile predator, the tuna has a sleek, streamlined body, found in warm seas, it is extensively fished commercially, and is popular as a game fish. As a result of over-fishing, stocks of tuna species such as the southern bluefin tuna have been reduced dangerously close to the point of extinction. The term tuna ultimately derives from Thunnus, the Middle Latin form of the Ancient Greek, θύννος tunny-fish – which is in turn derived from θύνω, rush, the following cladogram illustrates the relationship between the tunas and other tribes of the family Scombridae. The true tunas are those that belong to the genus Thunnus, until recently, it was thought that there were seven Thunnus species, and that Atlantic bluefin tuna and Pacific bluefin tuna were subspecies of a single species. In 1999, Collette established that based on molecular and morphological considerations, they are in fact distinct species. The genus Thunnus is further classified into two subgenera, Thunnus, and Thunnus, the Thunnini tribe also includes seven additional species of tuna across four genera. They are, The tuna is a sleek and streamlined fish and it has two closely spaced dorsal fins on its back, The first is depressible – it can be laid down, flush, in a groove that runs along its back. Seven to ten yellow finlets run from the fins to the tail. The caudal peduncle, to which the tail is attached, is quite thin, the tunas dorsal side is generally a metallic dark blue, while the ventral side, or underside, is silvery or whitish, for camouflage. Thunnus are widely but sparsely distributed throughout the oceans of the world, generally in tropical, all tunas are able to maintain the temperature of certain parts of their body above the temperature of ambient seawater. For example, bluefin can maintain a body temperature of 25–33 °C. However, unlike typical endothermic creatures such as mammals and birds, tunas achieve endothermy by conserving the heat generated through normal metabolism. In all tunas, the heart operates at ambient temperature, as it receives cooled blood, also unlike most fish, which have white flesh, the muscle tissue of tuna ranges from pink to dark red. The red myotomal muscles derive their color from myoglobin, an oxygen-binding molecule, the oxygen-rich blood further enables energy delivery to their muscles. For powerful swimming animals like dolphins and tuna, cavitation may be detrimental, even if they have the power to swim faster, dolphins may have to restrict their speed, because collapsing cavitation bubbles on their tail are too painful
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Shark
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Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head. Modern sharks are classified within the clade Selachimorpha and are the group to the rays. Under this broader definition, the earliest known sharks date back to more than 420 million years ago, acanthodians are often referred to as spiny sharks, though they are not part of Chondrichthyes proper, they are a paraphyletic assemblage leading to cartilaginous fish as a whole. Since then, sharks have diversified into over 500 species, Sharks are found in all seas and are common to depths of 2,000 metres. They generally do not live in freshwater although there are a few exceptions, such as the bull shark and the river shark. Sharks have a covering of dermal denticles that protects their skin from damage and they have numerous sets of replaceable teeth. Well-known species such as the white shark, tiger shark, blue shark, mako shark. Many shark populations are threatened by human activities, until the 16th century, sharks were known to mariners as sea dogs. The etymology of the shark is uncertain. One theory is that it derives from the Yucatec Maya word xok, however, the Middle English Dictionary records an isolated occurrence of the word shark in a letter written by Thomas Beckington in 1442, which rules out a New World etymology. Evidence for the existence of sharks dates from the Ordovician period, 450–420 million years ago, before land vertebrates existed and before many plants had colonized the continents. Only scales have been recovered from the first sharks and not all agree that these are from true sharks. The oldest generally accepted shark scales are from about 420 million years ago, the first sharks looked very different from modern sharks. The majority of sharks can be traced back to around 100 million years ago. Most fossils are of teeth, often in large numbers, partial skeletons and even complete fossilized remains have been discovered. Estimates suggest that sharks grow tens of thousands of teeth over a lifetime, the teeth consist of easily fossilized calcium phosphate, an apatite. When a shark dies, the decomposing skeleton breaks up, scattering the apatite prisms, preservation requires rapid burial in bottom sediments. Among the most ancient and primitive sharks is Cladoselache, from about 370 million years ago, which has been found within Paleozoic strata in Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee
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Marlin
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A marlin is a fish from the family Istiophoridae, which includes about 10 species. It has a body, a spear-like snout or bill. Its common name is thought to derive from its resemblance to a sailors marlinspike, even more so than their close relatives, the scombrids, marlins are fast swimmers, reaching speeds of about 80 km/h. They are popular sporting fish in tropical areas, the marlins are perciform fish, most closely related to the swordfish and Scombridae. On the 85th day, Santiago, the old fisherman, hooks a resolute marlin, marlin fishing Sailfish Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, ghost Fish Revelation May Alter Marlins Status from National Public Radio
20.
Noodling
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Noodling is fishing for catfish using only bare hands, practiced primarily in the southern United States. The noodler places their hand inside a catfish hole. Many other names are used in different regions for the same activity, the term noodling, although today used primarily towards the capture of flathead catfish, can and has been applied to all hand fishing methods, regardless of the method or species of fish sought. Where the name noodling originated is not actually known, but the name is not at all illustrative of the dangerous craft. Noodling as a term has also applied to various unconventional methods of fishing, such as any which do not use bait, rod and reel, speargun, etc. Due to concerns over the safety of noodlers and sustainability of fish populations and it has since been legalized in Texas. Although the concept of catching fish with only the use of the arm in the water is simple enough, the choice of catfish as the prey is not arbitrary, but comes from the circumstances of their habitat. Flathead catfish live in holes or under brush in rivers and lakes, to begin, a noodler goes underwater to depths ranging from only a few feet to twenty feet and places his hand inside a discovered catfish hole. If all goes as planned, the catfish will swim forward and latch onto the hand, usually as a defensive maneuver. If the fish is large, the noodler can hook the hand around its gills. A typical weight for a flathead catfish caught by noodling is 40 lb, on Late Night with David Letterman in 1989, Jerry Rider climbed into a tank with a catfish and caught it using his bare hands. For a time Rider became the face of noodling, and appeared in news stories. Rider even traveled to India to demonstrate noodling while visiting the country for the weekend, most of these stories were light-hearted variety pieces with little information, very few of them looked at the practice as a serious sport, as noodlers may have wanted. The closest thing to an examination of noodling accessible to popular culture was a documentary released in 2001 called Okie Noodling. The documentary covers the history and current practice of noodling as it is practiced in Oklahoma, during the course of the documentary the realization that there were no official noodling contests spawned the First Annual Okie Noodling Tournament held in Pauls Valley, Oklahoma. The tournament brought in people from across Oklahoma to a sport mostly passed down from father to son. The release of the documentary and its subsequent airing on PBS affiliates has, if not made the more popular. Although not mentioning women in noodling explicitly, through interviews Okie Noodling helps to explain womens relationship to the sport, although some women relate stories of times they have noodled, the majority of practicing noodlers were and are men
21.
Trout tickling
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Trout tickling is the art of rubbing the underbelly of a trout with fingers. If done properly, the trout will go into a trance after a minute or so, Trout tickling has been practiced for many centuries. Poachers using the method required no nets, rods or lines or any other incriminating equipment if apprehended by the police or gamekeepers. Thomas Martindales 1901 book, Sport, Indeed, describes the used on trout in the River Wear in County Durham. The practice is illegal under most circumstances in Britain. A related method of catching catfish by hand is called noodling in the U. S. A, Trout tickling has an ancient history. While in Francis Beaumont and John Fletchers Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, a comedy dating from 1624, Estifania remarks Were comes a trout that I must tickle. Maria and others are conspiring to trap Malvolio into acting foolishly by forging a letter from Olivia. Arthur Ransomes novel The Picts and the Martyrs contains a description of the technique by a young boy from the English Lake District. ‘The Art of Tickling Trout & Other Sensual Pleasures’ Video 2003
22.
Juliana Berners
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English writer on heraldry, hawking and hunting, is said to have been prioress of the Priory of St Mary of Sopwell, near St Albans in Hertfordshire. She was probably brought up at court and, after she adopted the life, she still retained her love of hawking, hunting and fishing. She is the author of the work generally known as The Boke of Saint Albans. Her name was changed by Wynkyn de Worde to Dame Julyans Bernes, there is no such person to be found in the pedigree of the Berners family, but there is a gap in the records of the priory of Sopwell between 1430 and 1480. De Wordes edition, also without a title-page, begins, This present boke shewyth the manere of hawkynge and huntynge and it shewyth also a good matere belongynge to horses, wyth other comendable treatyses. And ferdermore of the blasynge of armys, as hereafter it maye appere and this edition was adorned by three woodcuts, and included a Treatyse of fysshynge wyth an Angle, not contained in the St Albans edition. He assigned to her little else in the Boke except part of the treatise on hawking and the section on hunting. It is expressly stated at the end of the Blasynge of Armys that the section was translatyd and compylyt, only three perfect copies of the first edition are known to exist. A facsimile, entitled The Boke of St Albans, with an introduction by William Blades, during the 16th century the work was very popular, and was many times reprinted. It was edited by Gervase Markham in 1595 as The Gentlemans Academie, more than 150 years later it was an influence on Izaak Walton, another English writer, when he wrote The Compleat Angler. An older form of the treatise on fishing was edited in 1883 by Mr T. Satchell from a manuscript in possession of Alfred Denison and this treatise probably dates from about 1450, and formed the foundation of that section in the book of 1496. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Berners
23.
Fly fishing
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Fly fishing is an angling method in which an artificial fly is used to catch fish. The fly is cast using a fly rod, reel, Casting a nearly weightless fly or lure requires casting techniques significantly different from other forms of casting. Fly fishermen use hand tied flies that resemble natural invertebrates, baitfish, other food organisms, Fly fishing can be done in fresh or salt water. North Americans usually distinguish freshwater fishing between cold-water species and warm-water species, notably bass, in Britain, where natural water temperatures vary less, the distinction is between game fishing for trout and salmon versus coarse fishing for other species. Techniques for fly fishing differ with habitat Author Izaak Walton called fly fishing The Contemplative Mans Recreation, in fly fishing, fish are caught by using artificial flies that are cast with a fly rod and a fly line. The fly line is enough to send the fly to the target. Artificial flies are of types, some imitating an insect, others a bait fish or crustacean. Flies can be either to float or sink, and range in size from a few millimeters to 30 cm long. Artificial flies are made by fastening hair, fur, feathers, or other materials, the first flies were tied with natural materials, but synthetic materials are now popular and prevalent. Flies are tied in sizes, colors and patterns to match local terrestrial and aquatic insects, baitfish, many fly anglers catch unintended species such as chub, bream and rudd while fishing for main target species such as trout. A growing population of anglers attempt to catch as many different species as possible with the fly, with the advancement of technology and development of stronger rods and reels, larger predatory saltwater species such as wahoo, tuna, marlin and sharks have become target species on fly. Realistically any fish can be targeted and captured on fly as long as the food source is effectively replicated by the fly itself. Many credit the first recorded use of a fly to the Roman Claudius Aelianus near the end of the 2nd century. He described the practice of Macedonian anglers on the Astraeus River. they have planned a snare for the fish, round a hook, and fit on to the wool two feathers which grow under a cocks wattles, and which in color are like wax. Their rod is six feet long, and their line is the same length, the last word, somewhat indistinct in the original, is either mosco or musca but catching fish with fraudulent moss seems unlikely. The traditional Japanese method of fly-fishing is known as Tenkara, Tenkara originated in the mountains of Japan as a way for professional fishermen and inn-keepers to harvest the local fish, Ayu, trout and char for selling and providing a meal to their guests. Primarily a small-stream fishing method that was preferred for being highly efficient, another style of fishing in Japan is Ayu fishing. This refers primarily to Ayu fishing, which uses a fly as lure, uses longer rods
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Claudius Aelianus
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Claudius Aelianus, commonly Aelian, born at Praeneste, was a Roman author and teacher of rhetoric who flourished under Septimius Severus and probably outlived Elagabalus, who died in 222. He spoke Greek so perfectly that he was called honey-tongued, Roman-born, he preferred Greek authors and he is more attentive to marine life than might be expected, though, and this seems to reflect first-hand personal interest, he often quotes fishermen. At times he strikes the modern reader as thoroughly credulous, but at others he states that he is merely reporting what is told by others. Aelians work is one of the sources of natural history. The portions of the text that are extant are badly mangled and garbled. Conrad Gessner, the Swiss scientist and natural historian of the Renaissance, made a Latin translation of Aelians work, an English translation by A. F. Scholfield has been published in the Loeb Classical Library,3 vols. The first printing was in 1545, the standard modern text is Mervin R. Diltss, of 1974. Considerable fragments of two works, On Providence and Divine Manifestations, are preserved in the early medieval encyclopedia. Twenty letters from a farmer after the manner of Alciphron are also attributed to him, thus conclusions about actual agriculture in the Letters are as likely to evoke Latium as Attica. The fragments have been edited in 1998 by D. Domingo-Foraste, the Letters are available in the Loeb Classical Library, translated by Allen Rogers Benner and Francis H. Fobes. Historiae animalium by Gessner Aelian, On Animals, ISBN 978-0-674-99491-1, ISBN 978-0-674-99493-5, and ISBN 978-0-674-99494-2 Aelian, Historical Miscellany. ISBN 978-0-674-99535-2 Alciphron, Aelian, and Philostratus, The Letters, translated by A. R. Benner, F. H. Fobes. ISBN 978-0-674-99421-8 Aelian, On the Nature of Animals
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