1.
Morrison, Colorado
–
The historic Town of Morrison is a Home Rule Municipality in Jefferson County, Colorado, United States. The population was 430 at the 2000 census, Red Rocks Amphitheatre is located nearby. This small foothills settlement is named after George Morrison, a builder and businessman who left a mark not only on the town now bears his name. He became a United States citizen on May 22,1862. George Morrison later moved south to Bear Creek, where he founded the Morrison Stone, Lime, with Gov. John Evans, he was instrumental in bringing the Denver, South Park, and Pacific Railroad to Morrison in 1874. As a quarryman, Morrison developed the building stone and other stone of the Morrison/Mt. Vernon area, bringing fame to the region for its high-quality dimension stone, two of the three stone buildings he built in Morrison, as well as the Mt. Vernon House further north, are still standing, all three surviving buildings are recognized historic sites. The Morrison Schoolhouse he built served the educational needs from its construction in 1875 until 1955. The Cliff House, built as the Morrison family home in 1873 and these landmarks represent a distinctive style of construction and are enduring monuments to George Morrison’s contributions to Jefferson County’s history. Stone for these structures was quarried in his red sandstone quarry at the end of the Dakota Hogback near Morrison, building stone was also shipped to Denver, where it now comprises parts of the Brown Palace, Union Station, and many of Denvers early day mansions. Mount Morrison behind Red Rocks Park is also named after George Morrison, the Morrison Formation covers parts of thirteen western states and has yielded much of our understanding of the extinct animals that lived in the west so long ago. In 1877, the remains of the dinosaurs Stegosaurus armatus and Apatosaurus ajax were discovered near Morrison by Arthur Lakes. The majority of fossils were shipped to O. C. Marsh at Yales Peabody Museum of Natural History in New Haven and these finds from the Morrison area figured in the 19th century Bone Wars between rival paleontologists Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh. In 1896, the Late Jurassic section of rock excavated by Lakes was formally named the Morrison Formation for the town near the prominent outcrops where it was described. In 1944, a locality was designated at the roadcut along the north side of W. Alameda Parkway,2 mi north of town of Morrison. 23, T.4 S. R.70 W. Jefferson Co, the Morrison Natural History Museum in Morrison houses and displays some fossils found by Lakes and Museum staff has begun reworking Lakes original digs at Quarry 10. In 2006, the MNHM reported rare adult Stegosaurus tracks from the Morrison area, a year later the first hatchling Stegosaurus tracks were reported
Morrison, Colorado
–
Town of Morrison with Red Rocks amphitheater in background
2.
Denver
–
Denver, officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Colorado. Denver is in the South Platte River Valley on the edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile above sea level, making it the highest major city in the United States. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich, the reference for the Mountain Time Zone. Denver is ranked as a Beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. With a 2015 estimated population of 682,545, Denver ranks as the 19th-most populous U. S. city, and with a 2. 8% increase in 2015, the city is also the fastest-growing major city in the United States. The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 2,814,330 and ranked as the 19th most populous U. S. metropolitan statistical area. The 12-city Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 3,418,876, which ranks as the 16th most populous U. S. metropolitan area. Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor, Denver is the most populous city within a 500-mile radius and the second-most populous city in the Mountain West after Phoenix, Arizona. In 2016, Denver was named the best place to live in the USA by U. S. News & World Report and this was the first historical settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The site faded quickly, however, and by the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria, Larimer named the townsite Denver City to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver. Larimer hoped the name would help make it the county seat of Arapaho County but, unbeknownst to him. The location was accessible to existing trails and was across the South Platte River from the site of seasonal encampments of the Cheyenne, the site of these first towns is now the site of Confluence Park near downtown Denver. Larimer, along with associates in the St. Charles City Land Company, sold parcels in the town to merchants and miners, Denver City was a frontier town, with an economy based on servicing local miners with gambling, saloons, livestock and goods trading. In the early years, land parcels were often traded for grubstakes or gambled away by miners in Auraria, in May 1859, Denver City residents donated 53 lots to the Leavenworth & Pikes Peak Express in order to secure the regions first overland wagon route. Offering daily service for passengers, mail, freight, and gold, in 1863, Western Union furthered Denvers dominance of the region by choosing the city for its regional terminus. The Colorado Territory was created on February 28,1861, Arapahoe County was formed on November 1,1861, Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902. In 1867, Denver City became the territorial capital, with its newfound importance, Denver City shortened its name to Denver
Denver
–
Top to Bottom, Left to Right: Denver Skyline,
Colorado State Capitol,
Red Rocks Amphitheatre,
Sports Authority Field at Mile High, RTD Light Rail train Downtown.
Denver
–
Former
Kansas Territorial Governor
James W. Denver visited his namesake city in 1875 and in 1882.
Denver
–
The "Bronco Buster", a variation of
Frederic Remington 's "
Bronco Buster "
western sculpture at the Denver capitol grounds, a gift from J.K. Mullen in 1920
Denver
–
"Pioneer Mothers of Colorado" statue at
The Denver Post building
3.
Seating capacity
–
Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
Seating capacity
–
The
Indianapolis Motor Speedway has the largest seating capacity of any venue in the world.
Seating capacity
–
An aerial view of the
Melbourne Cricket Ground during the 1992
Cricket World Cup final packed with 90,000 people.
4.
Colorado
–
Colorado is a state in the United States encompassing most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,540,545 on July 1,2016, the state was named for the Colorado River, which Spanish travelers named the Río Colorado for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains. The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28,1861, Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state in the same year as the centennial of the United States Declaration of Independence. Colorado is noted for its landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons, plateaus, rivers. Denver is the capital and the most populous city of Colorado, residents of the state are properly known as Coloradans, although the term Coloradoan has been used archaically and lives on in the title of Fort Collins newspaper, the Coloradoan. Colorado, Wyoming and Utah are the states which have boundaries defined solely by lines of latitude and longitude. The summit of Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet elevation in Lake County is the highest point in Colorado, Colorado is the only U. S. state that lies entirely above 1,000 meters elevation. The point where the Arikaree River flows out of Yuma County, Colorado and this point, which holds the distinction of being the highest low elevation point of any state, is higher than the high elevation points of 18 states and the District of Columbia. A little less than one half of the area of Colorado is flat, East of the Rocky Mountains are the Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, the section of the Great Plains within Nebraska at elevations ranging from roughly 3,350 to 7,500 feet. The Colorado plains were mostly prairies, but they have many patches of forests, buttes. Eastern Colorado is presently covered in farmland and rangeland, along with small farming villages. Precipitation is fair, averaging from 15 to 25 inches annually, corn, wheat, hay, soybeans, and oats are all typical crops, and most of the villages and towns in this region boast both a water tower and a grain elevator. Irrigation water is available from the South Platte, the Arkansas River, and a few other streams, however, heavy use of ground water from wells for irrigation has caused underground water reserves to decline. As well as agriculture, eastern Colorado hosts considerable livestock, such as cattle ranches. Roughly 70% of Colorados population resides along the edge of the Rocky Mountains in the Front Range Urban Corridor between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Pueblo, Colorado. This region is protected from prevailing storms that blow in from the Pacific Ocean region by the high Rockies in the middle of Colorado. The Front Range includes Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley and other townships, on the other side of the Rockies, the significant population centers in Western Colorado are the cities of Grand Junction, Durango, and Montrose
Colorado
–
The
Elk Mountains near
Aspen, Colorado
Colorado
–
Flag
Colorado
–
Mountains and lakes near
Breckenridge, Colorado
Colorado
–
A view of the arid high plains in Southeastern Colorado
5.
Amphitheatre
–
An amphitheatre or amphitheater /ˈæmfᵻˌθiːətər/ is an open-air venue used for entertainment, performances, and sports. The term derives from the ancient Greek ἀμφιθέατρον, from ἀμφί, ancient Roman amphitheatres were oval or circular in plan, with seating tiers that surrounded the central performance area, like a modern open-air stadium. In contrast both ancient Greek and ancient Roman theatres were built in a semicircle, with tiered seating rising on one side of the performance area. In modern usage, amphitheatre is used to describe theatre-style stages with spectator seating on only one side, theatres in the round. Natural formations of similar shape are known as natural amphitheatres. Ancient Roman amphitheatres were major public venues, circular or oval in plan and they were used for events such as gladiator combats, chariot races, venationes and executions. About 230 Roman amphitheatres have been found across the area of the Roman Empire, the earliest Roman amphitheatres date from the middle of the 1st century BC, but most were built under Imperial rule, from the Augustan period onwards. Imperial amphitheatres were built throughout the Roman empire, the largest could accommodate 40, the most elaborate featured multi-storeyed, arcaded façades and were elaborately decorated with marble, stucco and statuary. After the end of games in the 5th century and of staged animal hunts in the 6th. Their materials were mined or recycled, some were razed, and others were converted into fortifications. A few continued as convenient open meeting places, in some of these, in modern usage, an amphitheatre is a circular, semicircular or curved, acoustically vibrant performance space, particularly one located outdoors. Small-scale amphitheatres can serve to host outdoor local community performances, notable modern amphitheatres include the Shoreline Amphitheatre and the Hollywood Bowl. The term amphitheatre is used for some indoor venues such as the Gibson Amphitheatre. The term amphitheatre can also be used to naturally occurring formations which would be ideal for this purpose. Arena Stadium Thingplatz List of Roman amphitheatres List of contemporary amphitheatres List of indoor arenas List of ancient Greek theatres Roman theatre Bomgardner, the Story of the Roman Amphitheatre
Amphitheatre
–
The
Colosseum in Rome, built c. 70 – 80 AD, is considered one of the greatest works of
architecture and
engineering.
Amphitheatre
–
Interior of the
Colosseum
Amphitheatre
–
Arles Amphitheatre, a
Roman arena in Arles, France, still in use today for bullfighting,
plays and summer
concerts.
Amphitheatre
–
The
Hollywood Bowl,
Hollywood,
California
6.
Flying disc
–
The shape of the disc, an airfoil in cross-section, allows it to fly by generating lift as it moves through the air while spinning. Flying discs are thrown and caught for recreation and as part of many flying disc games. A wide range of flying disc variants are available commercially, Disc golf discs are usually smaller but denser and tailored for particular flight profiles to increase/decrease stability and distance. The longest recorded disc throw is by David Wiggins, Jr. with a distance of 338.0 meters, Disc dog sports use relatively slow flying discs made of more pliable material to better resist a dogs bite and prevent injury to the dog. Flying rings are available, they typically travel significantly farther than any traditional flying disc. There are also illuminated discs meant for nighttime play — they are made of a phosphorescent plastic or contain battery-powered light-emitting diodes or chemiluminescent glowing sticks, others whistle when they reach a certain velocity in flight. Lift is generated in the way as a traditional airfoil. The rotating frisbee has a nearly vertical angular momentum vector, stabilizing its angle of attack via gyroscopic action, if the disc were not spinning, it would crash to the ground. When the disc is spinning, however, aerodynamic torque instead leads to precess about the spin axis, most discs are designed to be aerodynamically stable so that this roll is accurate for a fairly broad range of velocities and rates of spin. Many disc golf discs, however, are designed to be unstable. Higher rates of spin lead to stability, and, for a given rate of spin. Even a slight deformation in a disc can cause negative effects when throwing long range, a disk can be checked for these deformations by holding it horizontally at eye level and looking at the rim while slowly turning it. The term frisbee, often used to describe all flying discs, is a registered trademark of the Wham-O toy company. The Morrisons continued their business until World War II, when Morrison served in the Army Air Force, flying P-47s, mustered out, Morrison sketched a design for an aerodynamically improved flying disc that he called the Whirlo-Way. We worked fairs, demonstrating it, Morrison told the Virginian-Pilot, the two of them once overheard someone saying the pair were using wires to make the discs hover, so they developed a sales pitch, The Flyin-Saucer is free, but the invisible wire is $1. Thats where we learned we could sell these things, he said, after learning that he could produce his own disc more cheaply, in 1955 Morrison designed a new model, the Pluto Platter, the archetype of all modern flying discs. He sold the rights to Wham-O on January 23,1957, design Patent D183,626 for his product. I thought the name was a horror, terrible, Morrison told The Press-Enterprise of Riverside in 2007
Flying disc
–
A flying disc with the
Wham-O registered trademark "Frisbee"
Flying disc
–
Someone throwing a flying disc
Flying disc
–
Person catching a flying disc
Flying disc
–
The first Frisbee (Professional Model) ever designed with a tournament identification. The 1972
Canadian Open Frisbee Championships,Toronto.
7.
Denver-Aurora metropolitan area
–
Denver is the central city of a conurbation region in the U. S. state of Colorado. The conurbation includes one continuous region consisting of the six counties of Adams, Arapahoe, Broomfield, Denver, Douglas. The Denver region is part of the Front Range Urban Corridor, the continuously urbanized area extends northwest into the City and County of Broomfield, bordering Jefferson and Adams counties, and south into Douglas County, adjoining Arapahoe County. Also included in the federally defined MSA are four counties, Elbert County on the southeastern prairie and Clear Creek, Gilpin. The Denver-Aurora-Lakewood Metropolitan Statistical Area comprises ten counties, in 2005 the RTD developed a twelve-year comprehensive plan, called FasTracks, to build and operate rail transit lines and expand and improve bus service throughout the region. Electricity is provided by Xcel Energy, cable television is provided by Comcast. Severity of pollution in this area has varied enormously over the years, in the late 1980s the area was frequently in violation of multiple National Ambient Air Quality Standards established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The Regional Air Quality Council was formed in 1989 to create plans to address the problem, through a variety of measures the areas air quality was improved and in 2002 the EPA designated the area in compliance with all federal health-based air quality standards. Denver was the first major city in the United States to reach compliance with all six of these standards after previously violating five of them, since then the EPA introduced a new standard for small particulates and made the existing ozone standard stricter. In 2003 the new standard was frequently exceeded in the area and was occasionally exceeded as far away as Rocky Mountain National Park. The RAQC hopes to implement plans enabling the area to comply with the new standards by 2007. S
Denver-Aurora metropolitan area
–
Satellite image of the core of the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area
Denver-Aurora metropolitan area
–
Location of the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area
8.
Red Rocks Park
–
Red Rocks Park is a mountain park in Jefferson County, Colorado, owned and maintained by the city of Denver as part of the Denver Mountain Parks system. The park is known for its large red sandstone outcrops. Many of these formations within the park have names, from the mushroom-shaped Seat of Pluto to the inclined Cave of the Seven Ladders. The most visited rocks, around the amphitheater, are Creation Rock to the north, Ship Rock to the south, the red sandstone found throughout Red Rocks Park is geologically identified as belonging to the Fountain Formation. Other Colorado examples of Fountain Formation geology include nearby Roxborough State Park, Garden of the Gods near Colorado Springs, the rocks were formed about 290-296 million years ago when the Ancestral Rocky Mountains were eroded during the Pennsylvanian epoch. Later, uplift during the Laramide orogeny tilted the rocks to the angle at which they sit today, an Army expedition led by Stephen Long discovered present day Red Rocks in 1820. The park was in times far past a favored campsite of the Ute tribe for it provided natural cover from the elements. Its earliest known name was the Garden of the Angels, reputedly given to it on July 4,1870, by Martin Van Buren Luther, a pioneer Colorado judge. Known however by the name of Red Rocks since the area was settled. Within the park boundaries is the Red Rocks Amphitheater, a venue used since 1941. The amphitheater is an award winning venue for concerts, Denver Mayor Ben Stapleton resisted developing the already beautiful Red Rocks but city Park Planner George Cranmer used a program developed by Franklin D Roosevelt to build an amphitheater. Ultimately, the Amphitheater was designed by Burnam Hoyt within the area between two slabs of Red stone. After being awarded Pollstar magazines Best Small Outdoor Venue for the 11th time, Red Rocks Park was also the site of the Start and Finish line of The Amazing Race 9 which aired in the spring of 2006. The park along with Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp were added to the National Historic Landmarks program in 2015, Historic Homes of Denver, Entertainment Series-Red Rocks. Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre Denver Mountain Parks - Red Rocks at Denvergov. org Historic Red Rocks
Red Rocks Park
–
Red Rocks Park District
Red Rocks Park
Red Rocks Park
–
Layered feature in Red Rocks Park, Colorado. Features in Red Rocks region were caused by uplift of mountains.
9.
Denver Mountain Parks
–
The Denver Mountain Parks system currently consists of 22 developed parks and other undeveloped parklands that serve as open space, scenic viewsheds, and wildlife habitat. It ranges in elevation from 5,800 to 13,000 ft above sea level, many of the parks have picnic areas and some have trails. Benedict designed many of the pavilions and shelters in these parks, using native stone, two shelters, one in Genesee Park and one in Dedisse Park, were built in the late 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps. The Denver Mountain Park properties encompass a variety of habitats, including prairie, mountain meadow, riparian forests, montane and subalpine forests, and alpine tundra. Bison herds were established in wildlife preserves at Genesee Park in 1914, beginning in about 1909-10, the idea of a mountain park in the foothills west of Denver was promoted by John Brisben Walker and Denver’s Mayor Robert W. Speer. Walker approached the Denver Real Estate Exchange, the Denver Chamber of Commerce, and the Denver Motor Club, later these were formed into a Joint Committee of the Commercial Bodies. A city election in May 1912 gave voter approval to a levy to support the project. In 1912, Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. was hired to plan the park system, Olmsted identified 41,310 acres of land that Denver should acquire for parks, mountain roads, and to protect scenic vistas. Acquisition of Genesee Park began in 1912, it was the first park established and, the last new parks were Red Rocks Park, purchased in 1927-28, OFallon Park and Newton Park, donated in 1939, and Winter Park, purchased in 1939. Daniels Park was also expanded at that time, the major parks in the system were designated to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 and 1995 as a result of multiple-property submissions that ultimately included sixteen parks. Two of the highways built by Denver in 1912-1914, the Bear Creek Canyon Scenic Mountain Drive. These drives today are part of the Lariat Loop Scenic & Historic Byway, the designated parks are listed at National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Colorado. Despite their historical significance, dedicated funding for the parks was eliminated in 1955 when they part of the Denver Parks. After that time, the parks were relatively neglected, a situation led to the formation of the Denver Mountain Parks Foundation as an advocacy group in 2004. In 2008, the Foundation and the Department joined forces to create a Master Plan for the system, for the plan, a new logo was commissioned from artist Michael Schwab to help create an identity for the park system. Denver Mountain Parks,100 Years of the Magnificent Dream was released August 1,2013, properties owned by the City & County of Denver as Mountain Parks vary in degree of development and use. Some familiar parks are known and regularly visited, others are remote or small parcels that receive less use. Most parks have picnic areas and restrooms, but in cases in this list, developed may refer only to accessibility, e. g. Bear Creek Canyon
Denver Mountain Parks
–
Daniels Park in Douglas County
Denver Mountain Parks
–
Denver Mountain Parks logo
10.
John Brisben Walker
–
John Brisben Walker was a United States magazine publisher and automobile entrepreneur, in later years a resident of Jefferson County, Colorado. Walker was born on September 10,1847 at his parents house on the Monongahela River, near Pittsburgh. In 1889 he purchased Cosmopolitan Magazine, leading it to marked growth before selling it to William Randolph Hearst in 1905, the 1905 sale price has been variously reported as $400,000 and $1,000,000. He was a co-founder of the Locomobile Company of America and led it through its early successes and he donated 40 acres in Denver to the Jesuits in 1887. The Jesuits built what is now Regis University upon that 40 acres, john Walker built a home in 1909 atop Mt. Falcon. The house was struck by lightning and was ruined in 1918 and he attempted to build a summer white house for the President around 1911. When his attempts to raise money to continue the building failed and he died on July 7,1931 in Brooklyn, New York City. He was married three times, his wife was the prominent suffragette Iris Calderhead
John Brisben Walker
–
Walker circa 1890
John Brisben Walker
–
Walker and wife circa 1913
John Brisben Walker
–
A picture of the ruins from a distance coming up Castle Trail
John Brisben Walker
–
A picture of the ruins from the center
11.
Ute Tribe
–
Ute people /ˈjuːt/ are Native Americans of the Ute tribe and culture. They are now living primarily in Utah and Colorado, the Ute are in the Great Basin classification of Indigenous People. They have three Ute tribal reservations, Uintah-Ouray in northeastern Utah, Southern Ute in Colorado, and Ute Mountain which primarily lies in Colorado, the majority of Ute are believed to live on one of these reservations. The State of Utah is named after these people, the primary language of the Ute people is English. However, some of the people speak their ancestral Ute language. It is related to the Southern Paiute language and belongs to the Southern subdivision of the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family, a dictionary and grammar have been written for the language, and the Bible has been translated into Ute. Several orthographies exist, but the language is written in the Latin script, different ideas about the phonetic spelling of many names and some words has caused confusion about the spelling, so many names are often spelled in several different ways. An example is Timpanogos, which has also been spelled as Toompahnahwach, Tumpanuwac, Tumpanawach, Timpanog, Tumpipanogo or Timanogos, from this area, speakers of Uto-Aztecan languages gradually diffused northward and southward. The Ute, Paiute, Shoshone, Comanche and some belong to what is called the Numic subdivision within the Uto-Aztecan language family. It is believed that this Numic group originated near the border of Nevada and California, then spread North, the Numic group is divided into 3 main subdivisions - Southern, Central and Western. Not all of the languages are mutually intelligible, especially those in different subdivisions, Ute and Southern Paiute are Southern Numic Languages, while Shoshone, Gosiute and Comanche are Central Numic, and Northern Paiute and Bannock are Western Numic. The Numic-speaking tribes share many cultural, genetic and linguistic characteristics, many of the tribes met and merged with each other or divided from each other at various times. For instance, the Comanche split off from the Shoshone in about the mid-1600s, since the mid-1800s, some Ute bands merged with Southern Paiute bands to become Paiute. Some possibly Shoshonean tribes, such as the Timpanogos, merged with the Ute and it is also true that there were many times when the tribes did not get along. The name Comanche is from the Ute name for them, kɨmantsi, before Mexican settlers arrived, the Utes occupied significant portions of what are today eastern Utah, western Colorado, including the San Luis Valley, and parts of New Mexico and Wyoming. The Utes were never a group within historic times, instead. Some of the largest known groups were the Capote, Moache, Moanumts, Parianuche, Taviwach, Weeminuche, also the Uintah or Uinta, Uncompahgre tribe and White River Utes. The last partial migration of the Utes within this area was in the year 1885, “In 1861, President Abraham Lincoln signed an executive order establishing the original Uintah Valley Reservation in the eastern part of the Utah territory
Ute Tribe
–
Chief Severo and family, ca. 1899
Ute Tribe
–
Map dated 1838 showing the "Youta" people. From Britannica 7th edition.
Ute Tribe
–
Ledger drawing of a battle between a Ute warrior and mounted Cheyenne warrior. ca. 1880s
Ute Tribe
–
Delegation of Ute Indians in Washington, D.C. in 1880. Background: Woretsiz and general
Charles Adams (Colorado) are standing. Front from left to right: Chief Ignatio of the Southern Utes;
Carl Schurz US Secretary of the Interior;
Chief Ouray and his wife Chipeta
12.
Funicular
–
Funiculars of one sort or another have existed for hundreds of years and continue to be used for moving both passengers and goods. Its name derives from the latin, funiculus, diminutive of funis, the basic idea of funicular operation is that two cars are always attached to each other by a cable, which runs through a pulley at the top of the slope. Counterbalancing of the two cars, with one going up and one going down, minimizes the energy needed to lift the car going up, winching is normally done by an electric drive that turns the pulley. Sheave wheels guide the cable to and from the drive mechanism, early funiculars used two parallel straight tracks, four rails, with separate station platforms for each vehicle. The tracks are laid with sufficient space between them for the two cars to pass at the midpoint, the wheels of the cars are usually single-flanged, as on standard railway vehicles. Examples of this type of track layout are the Duquesne Incline in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, layouts that require less width have been developed, with only two or three rails for the most part of the slope and four rails only at the passing section. In layouts using three rails, the rail is shared by both cars. The three-rail layout is wider than the layout, but the passing section is simpler to build. If a rack for braking is used, that rack can be mounted higher in a three-rail layout, some four-rail funiculars have the upper and lower sections interlaced and a single platform at each station. The Hill Train at Legoland, Windsor, is an example of this configuration, until the end of the 1870s, the four-rail parallel-track funicular was the normal configuration. Carl Roman Abt developed the Abt Switch allowing the two-rail layout, in the United States, the first funicular to use a two-rail layout was the Telegraph Hill Railroad in San Francisco, which was in operation from 1884 until 1886. The Mount Lowe Railway in Altadena, California, was the first mountain railway in the United States to use the three-rail layout, three- and two-rail layouts considerably reduced the space required for building a funicular, reducing grading costs on mountain slopes and property costs for urban funiculars. These layouts enabled a funicular boom in the half of the 19th century. The cars can be attached to a cable running through a pulley at the bottom of the incline in case the gravity force acting on the vehicles is too low to operate them on the slope. One of the pulleys must be designed as a wheel to avoid slack in the ropes. In this case, the winching can also be done at the end of the incline. Funiculars used in mines were sometimes unpowered gravity planes, also known as self-acting inclines or brake inclines, the weight of descending loaded wagons was used to pull the empty mine wagons. A few funiculars have been using water tanks under the floor of each car that are filled or emptied until just sufficient imbalance is achieved to allow movement
Funicular
–
Funicular in
Hastings, England
Funicular
–
Funicular in
Lyon, (France)
Funicular
–
Duquesne Incline,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S., with full-length parallel tracks
Funicular
–
Passing track with Abt switch on the
Flying Dutchman Funicular at
Cape Point, South Africa
13.
Fountain Formation
–
The Fountain Formation was named by geologist W. C. Cross in 1894 for exposures along Fountain Creek in El Paso County, the Fountain unconformably overlies Precambrian granite and gneiss. Outcrops of the formation typically dip steeply to the east, the formation was formed by the erosion of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains, and deposition by fluvial processes as alluvial fans. The characteristic predominant red color and the composition of the Fountain reflect that of the granites and gneisses from which it was eroded, invertebrates include bryozoans, brachiopods, crinoids, echinoids, and gastropods. Plant fossils have been discovered in Garden Park north of Cañon City, including Lepidophloios laricinus, Sigillaria, rocks of the Fountain Formation are considered to be of Late Pennsylvanian age, and are between 290 and 340 million years old. Gravmag. com, Geology of the Fountain Formation
Fountain Formation
–
Red rocks typical of The Fountain Formation seen at Roxborough State Park near
Littleton, Colorado
Fountain Formation
Fountain Formation
–
Outcrop of the Fountain Formation at Garden of the Gods
14.
Burnham Hoyt
–
Burnham Hoyt was a prominent mid-20th century architect born in Denver, Colorado. Born on February 3,1887 in North Denver, Burnham Hoyt was the son of Lydia Tompkins Hoyt and Wallace Hoyt and he is the younger brother of Denver Architect Merrill H. Hoyt. He grew up in the located at 2849 West 23rd Avenue Denver. Burnham graduated from Denver’s North High School in 1904 and apprenticed with the Denver architectural firm of Kidder and Wieger, while there, he designed the interior woodwork for New York City’s St. Bartholomew Church. H. and B. The Hoyt brothers firm prospered during the post war years and they designed numerous commercial, residential academic and their buildings incorporated various historical Styles including English Gothic, Spanish Baroque, Greek Revival and Romanesque. In later years, Burnham would embrace Art Deco and the modernist International Style, in 1926, Burnham returned to New York when he was commissioned by John D. Rockefeller to design the interior of Riverside Church. He worked several years as a Professor of Architectural Criticism at New York University, on February 11,1933 the Hoyt brothers partnership ended suddenly when his brother Merrill died of a heart attack at age 52. In 1936 at age 49, Burnham married interior designer Mildred Fuller and he owned his own firm in Denver from 1933 to 1955. Burnham Hoyt was diagnosed with Parkinson disease in the early 1950s and died at the home he designed for himself at 3130 East Exposition Denver, a number of his works are listed on the National Register of Historic Places
Burnham Hoyt
–
Fourth Church of Christ, Scientist, Denver, Colorado
15.
Benjamin Franklin Stapleton
–
Benjamin Franklin Stapleton was the Mayor of Denver, Colorado, USA, for two periods, the first from 1923 to 1931 and the second from 1935 to 1947. He also served as the Democratic Colorado State Auditor from 1933 to 1935 and he was born November 12,1869, in Paintsville, Kentucky, son of Samuel Stapleton and Elizabeth Jane Newman. He attended National Normal University in Lebanon, Ohio, graduating with a law degree, early in the 1890s, Stapleton went to live in Denver, and in 1899, he was admitted to the Colorado Bar. Stapleton enlisted for service in the Spanish–American War and he served with the First Colorado Regiment, Company 1, Colorado Volunteers Infantry in the Philippine Islands, rising to the rank of first sergeant. At the conclusion of his service, Stapleton returned to Denver to practice law and first became actively interested in politics. On June 21,1917, Stapleton married Mabel Freeland, with whom he had two children, Lois Jane and Benjamin, Junior, Stapletons political career began in 1904 as police magistrate, where he remained until 1915, when President Woodrow Wilson appointed him postmaster. During his appointment, he oversaw the completion of the Denver Post Office building. As chronicled by Robert Alan Goldberg in his book Hooded Empire, The Ku Klux Klan in Colorado, Stapleton was the Klan candidate for mayor of Denver in 1923 and won the election with Klan support. When Stapleton declared his candidacy for mayor in March 1923, he was Klan member number 1,128, rumors of Stapletons Klan membership circulated during the mayoral campaign. Stapleton responded by denying that he was a Klan member and condemning the Klan to appease his Jewish, the voters believed Stapletons denial and he was elected, defeating an unpopular incumbent, Dewey Bailey. Stapleton then appointed fellow Klansmen to multiple positions in Denver government, an anti-Stapleton backlash developed due to the Klans infiltration of Denver government. The anti-Stapleton coalition began the process of petitioning for a recall election, Stapleton knew that to survive the recall he would need Klan support. He capitulated to the Klan demand that he appoint a Klansman as police chief and this galvanized the anti-Stapleton forces and they succeeded in forcing a recall election of Stapleton in August 1924. According to Goldbergs description of the election, he Klan dominated the Stapleton campaign, contributing more than $15,000. And if I am reelected, I shall give the Klan the kind of administration it wants, the anti-Stapleton coalition had run a poor candidate against Stapleton in the recall election, and Stapleton won the recall election by a landslide. On the night of the election, Denver Klansmen burned crosses on South Table Mountain to signify their victory, in 1932, Stapleton won election to the post of state auditor. Unsatisfied, Stapleton decided in 1935 to campaign for mayor once again and that year he won, and so the next two races in 1939 and 1943. Stapleton was responsible for civic improvements during his five terms as mayor of Denver
Benjamin Franklin Stapleton
–
Denver Municipal Airport was later renamed in honor of Stapleton.
Benjamin Franklin Stapleton
–
Stapleton was against the construction of the
Red Rocks Amphitheatre and wanted to preserve the unique landscape.
16.
Civilian Conservation Corps
–
The Civilian Conservation Corps was a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men from relief families as part of the New Deal. Originally for young men ages 18–25, it was expanded to young men ages 17–28. Robert Fechner was the head of the agency, the CCC was designed to provide jobs for young men, and to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression in the United States. At the same time, it implemented a general natural resource conservation program in every state, maximum enrollment at any one time was 300,000. Over the course of its nine years in operation,3 million young men participated in the CCC, which provided them shelter, clothing. The American public made the CCC the most popular of all the New Deal programs, principal benefits of an individuals enrollment in the CCC included improved physical condition, heightened morale, and increased employability. The CCC operated separate programs for veterans and Native Americans, approximately 15,000 Native Americans participated in the program, helping them weather the Great Depression. Despite its popular support, the CCC was never a permanent agency and it depended on emergency and temporary Congressional legislation and funding to operate. By 1942, with World War II and the draft in operation, the need for work relief declined, as governor of New York, Roosevelt had run a similar program on a much smaller scale. He promised this law would provide 250,000 young men with meals, housing, uniforms, the Emergency Conservation Work Act was introduced to Congress the same day and enacted by voice vote on March 31. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6101 on April 5,1933 which established the CCC organization and appointed a director, Robert Fechner, the organization and administration of the CCC was a new experiment in operations for a federal government agency. A CCC Advisory Council was composed of a representative each of the supervising departments. In addition, the Office of Education and Veterans Administration participated in the program, to end the opposition from labor unions Roosevelt chose Robert Fechner, vice president of the American Machinists Union, as director of the corps. William Green, head of the American Federation of Labor, was taken to the first camp to demonstrate that there would be no job training involved beyond simple manual labor. Reserve officers from the U. S. Army were in charge of the camps, General Douglas MacArthur was placed in charge of the program but said that the number of Army officers and soldiers assigned to the camps was affecting the readiness of the Regular Army. But the Army also found benefits in the program. When the draft began in 1940, the policy was to make CCC alumni corporals, CCC also provided command experience to Organized Reserve Corps officers. Through the CCC, the Regular Army could assess the performance of both Regular and Reserve Officers
Civilian Conservation Corps
–
Poster by Albert M. Bender,
Illinois WPA Art Project Chicago (1935)
Civilian Conservation Corps
–
CCC workers constructing a road, 1933.
Civilian Conservation Corps
–
CCC camps in
Michigan; the tents were soon replaced by barracks built by Army contractors for the enrollees.
Civilian Conservation Corps
–
A CCC map of the planned route of a parkway in Texas, drafted in 1934. The Corps worked in numerous parks throughout the state during the early 1930s, constructing everything from benches to highways.
17.
Work Projects Administration
–
In a much smaller but more famous project, Federal Project Number One, the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. Almost every community in the United States had a new park, the WPAs initial appropriation in 1935 was for $4.9 billion. Headed by Harry Hopkins, the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States. At its peak in 1938, it provided jobs for three million unemployed men and women, as well as youth in a separate division, the National Youth Administration. Between 1935 and 1943, when the agency was disbanded, the WPA employed 8.5 million people, most people who needed a job were eligible for employment in some capacity. Hourly wages were set to the prevailing wages in each area. The stated goal of building programs was to end the depression or, at least, alleviate its worst effects. Millions of people needed subsistence incomes, Work relief was preferred over public assistance because it maintained self-respect, reinforced the work ethic, and kept skills sharp. The WPA was a program that operated its own projects in cooperation with state and local governments. Usually the local sponsor provided land and often trucks and supplies, WPA sometimes took over state and local relief programs that had originated in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation or Federal Emergency Relief Administration programs. It was liquidated on June 30,1943, as a result of low unemployment due to the shortage of World War II. The WPA had provided millions of Americans with jobs for eight years, on May 6,1935, FDR issued Executive Order 7034, establishing the Works Progress Administration. The WPA superseded the work of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, direct relief assistance was permanently replaced by a national work relief program—a major public works program directed by the WPA. The WPA was largely shaped by Harry Hopkins, supervisor of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, both Roosevelt and Hopkins believed that the route to economic recovery and the lessened importance of the dole would be in employment programs such as the WPA. The Division of Professional and Service Projects, which was responsible for projects including education programs, recreation programs. It was later named the Division of Community Service Programs and the Service Division, the Division of Investigation, which succeeded a comparable division at FERA and investigated fraud, misappropriation of funds and disloyalty. The Division of Statistics, also known as the Division of Social Research, the Project Control Division, which processed project applications. Other divisions including the Employment, Management, Safety, Supply, the goal of the WPA was to employ most of the unemployed people on relief until the economy recovered
Work Projects Administration
–
Typical plaque on a WPA project
Work Projects Administration
–
Poster summarizing
Federal Art Project employment and activities as of November 1, 1936
Work Projects Administration
–
The WPA legacy includes public recreation buildings. WPA canoe house,
University of Iowa campus, 1937.
Work Projects Administration
–
Nancy Blair, state supervisor of the
South Carolina WPA Library Project, inspecting a model of a
bookmobile.
18.
Cosmopolitan Magazine
–
Cosmopolitan is an international fashion magazine for women. Often referred to as Cosmo, its content as of 2011 includes articles on issues, relationships, sex, health, careers, self-improvement, celebrities, fashion. Published by Hearst Corporation, Cosmopolitan has 64 international editions, is printed in 35 languages, Cosmopolitan began as a family magazine, launched in 1886 by Schlicht & Field of New York as The Cosmopolitan. There was also a department for the members of the family. Cosmopolitans circulation reached 25,000 that year, but by November 1888, John Brisben Walker acquired the magazine in 1889. That same year, he dispatched Elizabeth Bisland on a race around the world against Nellie Bly to draw attention to his magazine. Under John Brisben Walkers ownership, E. D. Walker, formerly with Harpers Monthly, took over as the new editor, introducing colour illustrations, serials and book reviews. It became a market for fiction, featuring such authors as Annie Besant, Ambrose Bierce, Theodore Dreiser, Rudyard Kipling, Jack London, Willa Cather. The magazines circulation climbed to 75,000 by 1892, in 1897, Cosmopolitan announced plans for a free correspondence school, No charge of any kind will be made to the student. All expenses for the present will be borne by the Cosmopolitan, No conditions, except a pledge of a given number of hours of study. When 20,000 immediately signed up, Walker could not fund the school, also in 1897, H. G. Wells The War of the Worlds was serialized, as was his The First Men in the Moon. Olive Schreiner contributed an article about the Boer War. And Colorado - New Tricks in an Old Game, Jack Londons novella, The Red One, was published in the October 1918 issue, and a constant presence from 1910-18 was Arthur B. Reeve, with 82 stories featuring Craig Kennedy, the scientific detective, Magazine illustrators included Francis Attwood, Dean Cornwell, Harrison Fisher, and James Montgomery Flagg. Hearst formed Cosmopolitan Productions, a company based in New York City from 1918 to 1923, then Hollywood until 1938. Cosmopolitan magazine was titled as Hearsts International Combined with Cosmopolitan from 1925 until 1952. In 1911, Hearst had bought a middling monthly magazine called World To-Day, in June 1914 it was shortened to Hearsts and was ultimately titled Hearsts International in May 1922. In order to spare serious cutbacks at San Simeon, Hearst merged the magazine Hearsts International with Cosmopolitan effective March 1925, after Hearst died in 1951, the Hearsts International disappeared from the magazine cover altogether in April 1952
Cosmopolitan Magazine
–
February 2015 cover featuring
Kylie Jenner
Cosmopolitan Magazine
–
March 1894 issue
Cosmopolitan Magazine
–
Cosmopolitan stand at
The Brandery fashion show (Barcelona, 2010)
19.
Nagasaki, Nagasaki
–
Nagasaki is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan. Part of Nagasaki was home to a major Imperial Japanese Navy base during the First Sino-Japanese War, during World War II, the American atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki made Nagasaki the second and, to date, last city in the world to experience a nuclear attack. As of 1 January 2009, the city has an population of 446,007. The total area is 406.35 km², a small fishing village set in a secluded harbor, Nagasaki had little historical significance until contact with Portuguese explorers in 1543. An early visitor was Fernão Mendes Pinto, who came on a Portuguese ship which landed nearby in Tanegashima and his followers who remained behind converted a number of daimyōs. The most notable among them was Ōmura Sumitada, the little harbor village quickly grew into a diverse port city, and Portuguese products imported through Nagasaki were assimilated into popular Japanese culture. The Portuguese also brought them many goods from China. Thus, for a period after 1580, the city of Nagasaki was a Jesuit colony, under their administrative. It was administered by the captain of the Portuguese black ship, the highest representative of the Portuguese Crown and it became a refuge for Christians escaping maltreatment in other regions of Japan. In 1587, however, Toyotomi Hideyoshis campaign to unify the country arrived in Kyūshū, however, the expulsion order went largely unenforced, and the fact remained that most of Nagasakis population remained openly practicing Catholic. In 1596, the Spanish ship San Felipe was wrecked off the coast of Shikoku, in response, Hideyoshi ordered the crucifixions of twenty-six Catholics in Nagasaki on February 5 of that year. Portuguese traders were not ostracized, however, and so the city continued to thrive, in 1602, Augustinian missionaries also arrived in Japan, and when Tokugawa Ieyasu took power in 1603, Catholicism was still tolerated. Many Catholic daimyōs had been allies at the Battle of Sekigahara. Once Osaka Castle had been taken and Toyotomi Hideyoshis offspring killed, though, in addition, the Dutch and English presence allowed trade without religious strings attached. Thus, in 1614, Catholicism was officially banned and all missionaries ordered to leave, most Catholic daimyo apostatized, and forced their subjects to do so, although a few would not renounce the religion and left the country for Macau, Luzon and Japantowns in Southeast Asia. A brutal campaign of persecution followed, with thousands of converts across Kyūshū and other parts of Japan killed, tortured, catholicisms last gasp as an open religion and the last major military action in Japan until the Meiji Restoration was the Shimabara Rebellion of 1637. Consequently, in Tokugawa society the word Shimabara solidified the connection between Christianity and disloyalty, constantly used again and again in Tokugawa propaganda, the Shimabara Rebellion also convinced many policy-makers that foreign influences were more trouble than they were worth, leading to the national isolation policy. The Great Fire of Nagasaki destroyed much of the city in 1663, including the Mazu shrine at the Kofukuji Temple patronized by the Chinese sailors, in 1720 the ban on Dutch books was lifted, causing hundreds of scholars to flood into Nagasaki to study European science and art
Nagasaki, Nagasaki
Nagasaki, Nagasaki
Nagasaki, Nagasaki
Nagasaki, Nagasaki
20.
Opera
–
Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. In traditional opera, singers do two types of singing, recitative, a style and arias, a more melodic style. Opera incorporates many of the elements of theatre, such as acting, scenery. The performance is given in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble. Opera is a key part of the Western classical music tradition, in the 18th century, Italian opera continued to dominate most of Europe, attracting foreign composers such as George Frideric Handel. Opera seria was the most prestigious form of Italian opera, until Christoph Willibald Gluck reacted against its artificiality with his operas in the 1760s. The first third of the 19th century saw the point of the bel canto style, with Gioachino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti. It also saw the advent of Grand Opera typified by the works of Auber and Meyerbeer, the mid-to-late 19th century was a golden age of opera, led and dominated by Richard Wagner in Germany and Giuseppe Verdi in Italy. The popularity of opera continued through the era in Italy and contemporary French opera through to Giacomo Puccini. During the 19th century, parallel operatic traditions emerged in central and eastern Europe, the 20th century saw many experiments with modern styles, such as atonality and serialism, Neoclassicism, and Minimalism. With the rise of recording technology, singers such as Enrico Caruso, since the invention of radio and television, operas were also performed on these mediums. Beginning in 2006, a number of opera houses began to present live high-definition video transmissions of their performances in cinemas all over the world. In 2009, an opera company offered a download of a complete performance. The words of an opera are known as the libretto, some composers, notably Wagner, have written their own libretti, others have worked in close collaboration with their librettists, e. g. Mozart with Lorenzo Da Ponte. Vocal duets, trios and other ensembles often occur, and choruses are used to comment on the action, in some forms of opera, such as singspiel, opéra comique, operetta, and semi-opera, the recitative is mostly replaced by spoken dialogue. Melodic or semi-melodic passages occurring in the midst of, or instead of, the terminology of the various kinds of operatic voices is described in detail below. Over the 18th century, arias were accompanied by the orchestra. Subsequent composers have tended to follow Wagners example, though some, the changing role of the orchestra in opera is described in more detail below
Opera
–
The performers from the Atlanta Opera sing the finale of
Lucia di Lammermoor. The
opera orchestra is visible in the lowered area in front of the stage.
Opera
–
The
Palais Garnier of the
Paris Opéra, one of the world's most famous
opera houses.
Opera
–
Claudio Monteverdi
Opera
–
George Frideric Handel, 1733
21.
Mary Garden
–
Mary Garden, was a Scottish operatic soprano with a substantial career in France and America in the first third of the 20th century. Described as the Sarah Bernhardt of opera, Garden was an actress as well as a talented singer. She was particularly admired for her performances which employed interesting uses of vocal color. Possessing a beautiful voice that had a wide vocal range and considerable amount of flexibility. She became the soprano at the Opéra-Comique, notably portraying roles in several world premieres. She worked closely with Jules Massenet, in whose operas she excelled, Massenet notably wrote the title role in his opera Chérubin for her. In 1907, Oscar Hammerstein convinced Garden to join the Manhattan Opera House in New York where she became an immediate success. By 1910 she was a name in America and Garden appeared in operas in several major American cities, including performing with the Boston Opera Company. Between 1910 and 1932 Garden worked in opera houses in Chicago. She first worked with the Chicago Grand Opera Company and then joined the Chicago Opera Association in 1915, although director for only one year, Garden was notably responsible for staging the world premiere of Sergei Prokofievs The Love for Three Oranges before the company went bankrupt in 1922. Shortly thereafter she became the director of the Chicago Civic Opera where she commissioned the opera Camille by 28-year-old composer Hamilton Forrest and she sang roles at the Civic Opera until 1931, notably in several United States and world premieres. Additionally, Garden appeared in two silent films made by Samuel Goldwyn, after retiring from the opera stage in 1934, Garden worked as a talent scout for MGM. She also gave lectures and recitals, mostly on the life and works of Claude Debussy and she retired to Scotland and in 1951 published a successful autobiography, Mary Gardens Story. Her voice is preserved on a number of made for the Gramophone Company, Edison Records, Pathé, Columbia Records. Mary Garden was one of four daughters, she and two others were born in Aberdeen, Scotland, while another was born in the United States and they then moved to Hartford, Connecticut a few years later, thence Chicago in 1888 when Mary was 14. She showed promise as a singer, and studied with Sarah Robinson-Duff in Chicago under the financial support of wealthy patrons David. In 1896 she pursued studies in Paris, chiefly with Trabadelo and Lucien Fugère. She also studied some under Jacques Bouhy, Jules Chevalier, in 1899 Garden lost the backing of her benefactors, and she began to study singing with the American soprano Sibyl Sanderson
Mary Garden
–
Mary Garden
Mary Garden
Mary Garden
–
Mary Garden, 1908
Mary Garden
–
Mary Garden as Mélisande in Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande
22.
Easter Sunday
–
It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus, preceded by Lent, a forty-day period of fasting, prayer, and penance. In Western Christianity, Eastertide, or the Easter Season, begins on Easter Sunday and lasts seven weeks, ending with the coming of the fiftieth day, Pentecost Sunday. In Eastern Christianity, the season of Pascha begins on Pascha and ends with the coming of the fortieth day, the Feast of the Ascension. The First Council of Nicaea established two rules, independence of the Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity, which were the rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the council. No details for the computation were specified, these were worked out in practice and it has come to be the first Sunday after the ecclesiastical full moon that occurs on or soonest after 21 March, but calculations vary. Easter is linked to the Jewish Passover by much of its symbolism, in many languages, the words for Easter and Passover are identical or very similar. Easter customs vary across the Christian world, and include services, exclaiming the Paschal greeting, clipping the church. The Easter lily, a symbol of the resurrection, traditionally decorates the area of churches on this day. Additional customs that have associated with Easter and are observed by both Christians and some non-Christians include egg hunting, the Easter Bunny, and Easter parades. There are also various traditional Easter foods that vary regionally, however, it is possible that Bede was only speculating about the origin of the term since there is no firm evidence that such a goddess actually existed. In Greek and Latin, the Christian celebration was, and still is, called Πάσχα, Pascha, the word originally denoted the Jewish festival known in English as Passover, commemorating the Jewish Exodus from slavery in Egypt. In most of the non-English speaking world, the feast is known by names derived from Greek, Pascha is also a name by which Jesus himself is remembered in the Orthodox Church, especially in connection with his resurrection and with the season of its celebration. The New Testament states that the resurrection of Jesus, which Easter celebrates, is a foundation of the Christian faith, the resurrection established Jesus as the powerful Son of God and is cited as proof that God will judge the world in righteousness. For those who trust in Jesus death and resurrection, death is swallowed up in victory, any person who chooses to follow Jesus receives a new birth into a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead. Through faith in the working of God those who follow Jesus are spiritually resurrected with him so that they may walk in a new way of life and receive eternal salvation. Easter is linked to the Passover and Exodus from Egypt recorded in the Old Testament through the Last Supper, sufferings and crucifixion of Jesus that preceded the resurrection. According to the New Testament, Jesus gave the Passover meal a new meaning, as in the room during the Last Supper he prepared himself. He identified the matzah and cup of wine as his soon to be sacrificed
Easter Sunday
–
Icon of the Resurrection, with Christ, having kicked down the gates of Hades and pulling Adam and Eve out of the tombs. Christ is flanked by saints, and Satan, depicted as an old man, is bound and chained. (See
Resurrection of Jesus in Christian art.)
Easter Sunday
–
One of the earliest known depictions of the
crucifixion and
resurrection of Jesus (
Rabbula Gospel illuminated manuscript, 6th century)
Easter Sunday
–
The
Last Supper celebrated by Jesus and his disciples. The early Christians too would have celebrated this meal to commemorate Jesus' death and subsequent resurrection.
Easter Sunday
–
A stained glass window depicting the
Passover Lamb, a concept integral to the foundation of Easter
23.
The Beatles
–
The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
The Beatles
–
The "Fab Four" Beatles lineup in 1964 Top: Lennon, McCartney Bottom: Harrison, Starr
The Beatles
–
Abbey Road Studios main entrance
The Beatles
–
McCartney, Harrison, Swedish pop singer
Lill-Babs and Lennon on the set of the Swedish television show Drop-In, 30 October 1963
The Beatles
–
The Beatles arrive at John F. Kennedy International Airport, 7 February 1964
24.
Ringo Starr
–
Richard Starkey, MBE, known professionally as Ringo Starr, is an English musician, singer, songwriter and actor who gained worldwide fame as the drummer for the Beatles. He occasionally sang lead vocals, usually for one song on an album, including With a Little Help from My Friends, Yellow Submarine and their cover of Act Naturally. He also wrote the Beatles songs Dont Pass Me By and Octopuss Garden, Starr was twice afflicted by life-threatening illnesses during childhood, and as a result of prolonged hospitalisations fell behind in school. In 1955, he entered the workforce and briefly held a position with British Rail before securing an apprenticeship at a Liverpool equipment manufacturer, soon afterwards, he became interested in the UK skiffle craze, developing a fervent admiration for the genre. In 1957, he cofounded his first band, the Eddie Clayton Skiffle Group, when the Beatles formed in 1960, Starr was a member of another Liverpool group, Rory Storm and the Hurricanes. After achieving moderate success with that band in the UK and Hamburg, he quit the Hurricanes and joined the Beatles in August 1962, Starr played key roles in the Beatles films and appeared in numerous others. After the bands break-up in 1970, he released several singles including the US number four hit It Dont Come Easy. In 1972, he released his most successful UK single, Back Off Boogaloo and he achieved commercial and critical success with his 1973 album Ringo, which was a top ten release in both the UK and the US. He has been featured in a number of documentaries and hosted television shows, since 1989, he has toured with twelve variations of Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band. Ringos popularity brought forth a new paradigm and we started to see the drummer as an equal participant in the compositional aspect. His parts are so signature to the songs that you can listen to a Ringo drum part without the rest of the music and he was inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1998. In 2011, Rolling Stone readers named Starr the fifth-greatest drummer of all time. Starr, who was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a Beatle in 1988, was inducted for his solo career in 2015. Richard Starkey was born on 7 July 1940, at 9 Madryn Street, in Dingle and he is the only child of confectioners Elsie and Richard Starkey. Elsie enjoyed singing and dancing, a hobby that she shared with her husband, an avid fan of swing. Prior to the birth of their son, whom they nicknamed Ritchie, the couple had spent much of their time on the local ballroom circuit. Elsie adopted an approach to raising her son that bordered on fixation. Subsequently, Big Ritchie, as Starkeys father became known, lost interest in his family, choosing instead to spend hours drinking and dancing in pubs
Ringo Starr
–
In Sydney, Australia, February 2013
Ringo Starr
–
Starr's birthplace in Madryn Street, Dingle, Liverpool
Ringo Starr
–
Starr's childhood residence at
10 Admiral Grove, Dingle, Liverpool
Ringo Starr
–
The Beatles arrive at John F. Kennedy International Airport on 7 February 1964. Ringo is on the right.
25.
Jimi Hendrix
–
James Marshall Jimi Hendrix was an American rock guitarist, singer, and songwriter. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame describes him as arguably the greatest instrumentalist in the history of rock music, born in Seattle, Washington, Hendrix began playing guitar at the age of 15. In 1961, he enlisted in the U. S. Army and trained as a paratrooper in the 101st Airborne Division, within months, Hendrix had earned three UK top ten hits with the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Hey Joe, Purple Haze, and The Wind Cries Mary. Hendrix was inspired musically by American rock and roll and electric blues and he favored overdriven amplifiers with high volume and gain, and was instrumental in utilizing the previously undesirable sounds caused by guitar amplifier feedback. He helped to popularize the use of a pedal in mainstream rock. Holly George-Warren of Rolling Stone commented, Hendrix pioneered the use of the instrument as a sound source. Hendrix was the recipient of several awards during his lifetime. In 1967, readers of Melody Maker voted him the Pop Musician of the Year, disc and Music Echo honored him with the World Top Musician of 1969 and in 1970, Guitar Player named him the Rock Guitarist of the Year. The Jimi Hendrix Experience was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, Jimi Hendrix was of African American descent. Both his mother Lucille and father Al were African Americans and his paternal grandmother, Zenora Nora Rose Moore, was African American and one-quarter Cherokee. On June 10,1919, Hendrix and Moore had a son they named James Allen Ross Hendrix, in 1941, Al met Lucille Jeter at a dance in Seattle, they married on March 31,1942. Al, who had been drafted by the U. S. Army to serve in World War II, Johnny Allen Hendrix was born on November 27,1942, in Seattle, he was the first of Lucilles five children. In 1946, Johnnys parents changed his name to James Marshall Hendrix, in honor of Al and he spent two months locked up without trial, and while in the stockade received a telegram announcing his sons birth. During Als three-year absence, Lucille struggled to raise their son, when Al was away, Hendrix was mostly cared for by family members and friends, especially Lucilles sister Delores Hall and her friend Dorothy Harding. Al received a discharge from the U. S. Army on September 1,1945. After returning from service, Al reunited with Lucille, but his inability to find steady work left the family impoverished and they both struggled with alcohol, and often fought when intoxicated. The violence sometimes drove Hendrix to withdraw and hide in a closet in their home and his relationship with his brother Leon was close but precarious, with Leon in and out of foster care, they lived with an almost constant threat of fraternal separation. In addition to Leon, Hendrix had three siblings, Joseph, born in 1949, Kathy in 1950, and Pamela,1951, all of whom Al and Lucille gave up to foster care
Jimi Hendrix
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Hendrix's paternal grandparents, Ross and Nora Hendrix, pre-1912
Jimi Hendrix
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Hendrix in the US Army, 1961
Jimi Hendrix
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The Experience in 1968
Jimi Hendrix
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Hendrix on stage in 1967
26.
Jethro Tull (band)
–
Jethro Tull were a British rock group, formed in Luton, Bedfordshire, on December 20,1967. Initially playing blues rock, the band developed its sound to incorporate elements of British folk music. The group first achieved success in 1969, with the folk-tinged blues album Stand Up, which reached No.1 in the UK charts, and they toured regularly in the UK. Jethro Tull have sold over 60 million albums worldwide, with 11 gold and they have been described by Rolling Stone as one of the most commercially successful and eccentric progressive rock bands. The last works as a group to new material were released in 2003. In April 2014, as he was concentrating on his solo career, however, in March 2017, Anderson released Jethro Tull - The String Quartets, an album of reimagined Tull songs, recorded with The Carducci String Quartet. Ian Anderson, Jeffrey Hammond and John Evan, who would become members of Jethro Tull, Anderson was born in Dunfermline, Scotland and grew up in Edinburgh before moving to Blackpool in January 1960. Evans had become a fan of the Beatles after seeing them play Love Me Do on Granada Televisions Scene at 6,30, though he was an accomplished pianist, he decided to take up the drums, as it was an instrument featured in the Beatles line-up. Anderson had acquired a Spanish guitar and taught himself how to play it, the pair recruited Hammond on bass, who brought along his collection of blues records to listen to. By 1964 the band had recruited guitarist Chris Riley and developed into a six-piece blue-eyed soul band called the John Evan Band, evans had shortened his surname to Evan at the insistence of Hammond, who thought it sounded better and more unusual. The group recruited Johnny Taylor as an agent and played gigs further afield around northwest England, playing a mixture of blues. Hammond subsequently quit the band to go to art school and he was briefly replaced by Derek Ward, then by Glenn Cornick. Riley also quit and was replaced by Neil Smith, the group recorded three songs at Regent Sound Studios in Denmark Street, London in April 1967, and appeared at The Marquee club in June. In November 1967, the moved to the London area. Anderson, Abrahams and Cornick decided to stay together, recruiting Abrahams friend Clive Bunker on drums, Cornick recalled that although Evan left, the band said he was welcome to rejoin at a later date. As the only member not having nearby family, Anderson lived in a bed-sit on the verge of starvation, Anderson recalled looking at a poster at a club and concluding that the band name he didnt recognise was his. Band names were supplied by their booking agents staff, one of whom. The name stuck because they happened to be using it the first time a club manager liked their show enough to them to return
Jethro Tull (band)
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Jethro Tull with the
Neue Philharmonie Frankfurt in June 2007
Jethro Tull (band)
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John Evan, an old schoolfriend and bandmate, joined the band in April 1970, after several invitations to do so
27.
Tear gas
–
Tear gas, formally known as a lachrymatory agent or lachrymator, is a chemical weapon that causes severe eye, respiratory, and skin irritation, pain, vomiting, and even blindness. In the eye, it stimulates the nerves of the gland to produce tears. Common lachrymators include pepper spray, CS gas, CR gas, CN gas, nonivamide, bromoacetone, xylyl bromide, syn-propanethial-S-oxide, lachrymatory agents are commonly used for riot control. Their use in warfare is prohibited by international treaties. During World War I, increasingly toxic lachrymatory agents were used, tear gas works by irritating mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, mouth and lungs, and causes crying, sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing, pain in the eyes, and temporary blindness. With CS gas, symptoms of irritation typically appear after 20–60 seconds of exposure, with pepper spray, the onset of symptoms, including loss of motor control, is almost immediate. There can be variation in tolerance and response, according to the National Research Council Committee on Toxicology. The California Poison Control System analyzed 3,671 reports of pepper spray injuries between 2002 and 2011, severe symptoms requiring medical evaluation were found in 6. 8% of people, with the most severe injuries to the eyes, respiratory system and skin. The most severe occurred in law enforcement training, intentionally incapacitating people. Lachrymators are thought to act by attacking sulfhydryl functional groups in enzymes, one of the most probable protein targets is the TRPA1 ion channel that is expressed in sensory nerves of the eyes, nose, mouth and lungs. As with all non-lethal, or less-lethal weapons, there is risk of serious permanent injury or death when tear gas is used. This includes risks from being hit by tear gas cartridges, which include severe bruising, loss of eyesight, skull fracture, skin exposure to CS may cause chemical burns or induce allergic contact dermatitis. When people are hit at close range or are severely exposed, use of tear gas in warfare is prohibited by various international treaties that most states have signed. Police and private use is not banned in the same manner. Armed forces can legally use tear gas for drills and for riot control, first used in 1914, xylyl bromide was a popular tearing agent since it was easily prepared. The US Chemical Warfare Service developed tear gas grenades for use in control in 1919. Certain lachrymatory agents are used by police to force compliance. In some countries, another common substance is mace, the self-defense weapon form of mace is based on pepper spray, and comes in small spray cans, and versions including CS are manufactured for police use
Tear gas
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Tear gas in use in France in 2007
Tear gas
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Exploded tear gas canister on the fly
Tear gas
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Tear gas shells used in Istanbul in
2013
Tear gas
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Tear gas grenade returned to soldiers using sling during weekly protest in
Ni'lin, July 2014
28.
William H. McNichols, Jr.
–
William Henry McNichols Jr. served as the Mayor of Denver, Colorado from 1968 to 1983. Born in Denver, McNichols was the son of Cassie and William H. McNichols Sr and his father served as Denvers City Auditor from 1931 until 1955. His younger brother, Stephen, served as Governor of Colorado from 1957 to 1963, after he graduated from Denvers East High School, he attended the University of Colorado-Boulder and then the University of Alabama, though he did not receive a degree from either institution. During World War II, he served with the U. S. Army in Europe, campaigning in the city elections of 1971,1975, and 1979, McNichols won a return to city hall. Running for reelection in May 1983, he finished third in votes behind Federico Peña, McNichols died at his home on May 29,1997. He is buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery in Wheat Ridge, Colorado, in 1999, the citys old Carnegie library building in Civic Center Park was renamed the McNichols Civic Center Building in the former mayors honor
William H. McNichols, Jr.
–
Moore
29.
John Denver
–
He was one of the most popular acoustic artists of the decade and one of its best selling artists. By 1974, he was established as Americas best selling performer. After traveling and living in numerous locations while growing up in his military family, Denver recorded and released approximately 300 songs, about 200 of which he composed, with total record sales of over 33 million. He recorded and performed primarily with a guitar and sang about his joy in nature, his disdain for city life, his enthusiasm for music. Denver starred in films and several television specials in the 1970s and 1980s. He continued to record in the 1990s, also focusing on issues by lending vocal support to space exploration. He lived in Aspen, Colorado for much of his life and was known for his love of Colorado which he sang about numerous times, in 1974 Denver was named poet laureate of the state. The Colorado state legislature also adopted Rocky Mountain High as one of its two songs in 2007. Denver was a pilot and died at the age of 53 in a single-fatality crash of his personal experimental aircraft. Henry John Deutschendorf Jr. was born in Roswell, New Mexico, to Lt. Col. Henry John Deutschendorf, Sr. an Air Force officer, Henry Sr. was of German ancestry, and met and married his Oklahoma Sweetheart. Denvers Irish Catholic and German maternal grandmother was the one who imbued Denver with his love of music. In his autobiography, Take Me Home, Denver described his life as the eldest son of a family shaped by a father who could not show his love for his children. He is also the nephew of singer Dave Deutschendorf of The New Christy Minstrels, because Denvers father was in the military and his family moved often, it was difficult for him to make friends and fit in with other children of his own age. Constantly being the new kid was troubling for the introverted Denver, and he grew up feeling like he should be somewhere else. While living in Tucson, Arizona, Denver was a member of the Tucson Arizona Boys Chorus for two years, Denver was happy living in Tucson, but his father was transferred to Montgomery, Alabama, then in the midst of the Montgomery boycotts. The family later moved to Fort Worth, Texas, where Denver graduated from Arlington Heights High School, attending high school in Fort Worth was a distressing experience for the disenfranchised Denver. In his third year of school, he borrowed his fathers car and ran away to California to visit family friends. His father flew to California in a jet plane to retrieve him
John Denver
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John Denver, 1973
John Denver
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A Long-EZ two-seat canard plane similar to Denver's
John Denver
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The plaque marking the location of Denver's plane crash in
Pacific Grove, California
John Denver
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John Denver Memorial stone with the lyrics to "Rocky Mountain High" in Rio Grande Park, Aspen, Colorado
30.
The Carpenters
–
The Carpenters were an American vocal and instrumental duo consisting of siblings Karen and Richard Carpenter. Producing a distinctively soft musical style, they one of the best-selling music artists of all time. During their 14-year career, The Carpenters recorded 11 albums,31 singles, five television specials, and their career ended in 1983 by Karens death from heart failure brought on by complications of anorexia. Extensive news coverage surrounding the circumstances of her death increased public awareness of eating disorders, the Carpenters had three No.1 singles and five No.2 singles on the Billboard Hot 100 and fifteen No.1 hits on the Adult Contemporary chart. In addition, they had twelve top 10 singles, to date, The Carpenters album and single sales total more than 100 million units. Richard Carpenter was the force behind the Carpenters sound. An accomplished keyboard player, composer and arranger, Richard Carpenter was called by music critic Daniel Levitin one of the most gifted arrangers to emerge in popular music. In a period when music was dominated by heavy rock. Most of Richards arrangements were classical in style, with frequent use of strings and occasional brass, by use of multi-tracked recordings, Richard was able to use Karen and himself for the harmonies to back Karens lead. The overdubbed background harmonies were distinctive to the Carpenters, but it was the soulful, Karen did not possess a powerful singing voice, but close miking brought out many nuances in her performances. Richard Coles, a musician and broadcaster, commented, No singer is so closely miked up so unforgivingly as Karen Carpenter and that is frightening for singers because the closer the microphone the more unforgiving it is in exposing the weaknesses in a singers voice. Karens lower register was warm and distinctive, Richard arranged their music to take advantage of the qualities of said lower register, even if Karens full vocal range spanned over three octaves. Many of the Carpenters songs are in the keys of D, E flat, E, F and he also played the grand piano, Hammond organ, synthesizer and even the harpsichord with the band. In the recording studio, he often would overdub his acoustic piano parts with a Wurlitzer electric piano to thicken the sound, from the mid-1970s, Richard also used Fender Rhodes pianos. While touring, he often would have a piano as well as both a Rhodes and a Wurlitzer electric piano on stage for different songs. Karen was a drummer and initially only played drums. Before 1974, Karen played the drums for a number of their songs, according to Richard, she considered herself a drummer who sang. Although unwilling, she agreed to sing the ballads standing up front
The Carpenters
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The Carpenters' star on the
Hollywood Walk of Fame
The Carpenters
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Karen and Richard Carpenter at the
White House, August 1, 1972
31.
Pat Boone
–
Charles Eugene Pat Boone is an American singer, composer, actor, writer, television personality, motivational speaker, and spokesman. He was a pop singer in the United States during the 1950s. He sold over 45 million records, had 38 top-40 hits, Boone still holds the Billboard record for spending 220 consecutive weeks on the charts with one or more songs each week. At the age of 23, he began hosting a half-hour ABC variety television series, The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom, many musical performers, including Edie Adams, Andy Williams, Pearl Bailey, and Johnny Mathis, made appearances on the show. His cover versions of rhythm and blues hits had an effect on the development of the broad popularity of rock. Elvis Presley was the act for a 1955 Pat Boone show in Cleveland. As an author, Boone had a bestseller in the 1950s. In the 1960s, he focused on music and is a member of the Gospel Music Hall of Fame. He continues to perform and speak as a speaker, a television personality. Boone was born in Jacksonville, Florida, the son of Margaret Virginia, Boone was reared primarily in Nashville, Tennessee, a place he still visits. His family moved to Nashville from Florida when Boone was two years old and he attended and graduated in 1952 from David Lipscomb High School in Nashville. His younger brother, whose name is Nick Todd, was also a pop singer in the 1950s and is now a church music leader. In a 2007 interview on The 700 Club, Boone claimed that he is the grandson of the American pioneer Daniel Boone. He is a cousin of two stars of Western television series, Richard Boone of CBSs Have Gun – Will Travel and Randy Boone, of NBCs The Virginian, pats siblings were notified and have acknowledged that the research one by The Boone Society is true. In November 1953, when he was 19 years old, Boone married Shirley Lee Foley, daughter of country music great Red Foley and his wife and they have four daughters, Cheryl Lynn, Linda Lee, Deborah Ann, and Laura Gene. Starting in the late 1950s, Boone and his family were residents of Leonia, in college, he primarily attended David Lipscomb College, later Lipscomb University, in Nashville. He graduated in 1958 from Columbia University School of General Studies magna cum laude and also attended North Texas State University, now known as the University of North Texas, in Denton and he began recording in 1954 for Republic Records. His 1955 version of Fats Dominos Aint That a Shame was a hit and this set the stage for the early part of Boones career, which focused on covering R&B songs by black artists for a white American market
Pat Boone
–
Boone, February 2011
Pat Boone
–
Boone's handprints and shoe prints in front of
The Great Movie Ride at
Disney World 's
Disney's Hollywood Studios
32.
Carole King
–
Carole King is an American composer and singer-songwriter. She is the most successful songwriter of the latter half of the 20th century. King also wrote 61 hits that charted in the UK, making her the most successful female songwriter on the UK singles charts between 1952 and 2005. Kings career began in the 1960s when she, along with her then husband Gerry Goffin and she has continued writing for other artists since then. Kings success as a performer in her own right did not come until the 1970s, King has made 25 solo albums, the most successful being Tapestry, which held the record for most weeks at No.1 by a female artist for more than 20 years. Her most recent non-compilation album was Live at the Troubadour in 2010 and her records sales were estimated at more than 75 million copies worldwide. She has won four Grammy Awards and was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame and she is the recipient of the 2013 Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song, the first woman to be so honored. She is also a 2015 Kennedy Center Honoree, King was born Carol Joan Klein in February 1942 in Manhattan, to a Jewish family. Her mother, Eugenia, was a teacher, and her father and they met in an elevator when they were students at Brooklyn College in 1936. He was majoring in chemistry while her mothers major was English and they married in 1937, during the heights of the Great Depression. Her mother dropped out to run the household while her father also quit college, with the economy struggling, he then took a more secure job as a firefighter in New York. After King was born, they remained in Brooklyn, eventually able to buy a small two-story duplex where they could rent the upstairs for income and her mother had learned how to play piano as a child and, after buying a piano, would sometimes practice. When Carol was four years old, her parents discovered she had developed a sense of relative pitch whereby she could name a note by just hearing it. Her father enjoyed showing off his daughters skill to visiting friends, I enjoyed making my father happy and getting the notes right. Carols mother then began giving her real music lessons when she was four years old and she would climb up on the stool and be raised as yet higher by sitting on a phone book. With her mother sitting alongside, Carol was taught music theory and elementary piano technique, including how to read notation, King wanted to learn as much as possible, My mother never forced me to practice. I wanted so much to master the popular songs that poured out of the radio, Carol began kindergarten when she was four years old, but after her first year she was promoted directly to second grade because she had an exceptional facility with words and numbers. In the 1950s she went to James Madison High School and she formed a band called the Co-Sines, changed her name to Carole King, and made demo records with her friend Paul Simon for $25 a session
Carole King
–
King at a ceremony to receive a star on the
Hollywood Walk of Fame in December 2012
Carole King
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King circa 1977
Carole King
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Carole King performing aboard
USS Harry S. Truman in the Mediterranean in 2000
Carole King
–
King and
James Taylor performing during their 2010
Troubadour Reunion Tour
33.
America (band)
–
America is a rock band, formed in England in 1970 by multi-instrumentalists Dewey Bunnell, Dan Peek, and Gerry Beckley. The trio first met as sons of U. S. Air Force personnel stationed in London, America achieved significant popularity in the 1970s and was famous for the trios close vocal harmonies and light acoustic folk rock sound. This popularity was confirmed by a string of hit albums and singles, the band came together shortly after the members graduation from high school, and a record deal with Warner Bros. Records followed. 1974s Holiday featured the hits Tin Man and Lonely People, History, Americas Greatest Hits, a compilation of hit singles, was released the same year and was certified multi-platinum in the United States and Australia. Peek left the group in 1977, and their fortunes declined. The group continues to record material and tour with regularity and their 2007 album Here & Now was a collaboration with a new generation of musicians who credited the band as an influence. America won a Grammy Award for Best New Artist at the 15th Annual Grammy Awards, the group has also been inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame and has received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Peek left for the United States for an attempt at college during 1969. Soon after his return to the UK the following year, the three met and began making music together, starting out with borrowed acoustic guitars, they developed a style which incorporated three-part vocal harmony with the style of contemporary folk-rock acts, much like Crosby, Stills & Nash. Eventually the trio dubbed themselves America, chosen because they did not want anyone to think they were British musicians trying to sound American. They played their first gigs in the London area, including some highlights at the Roundhouse, through Ian Samwell and Jeff Dexters efforts they were eventually contracted to Kinney Records in March 1971 by Ian Ralfini and assigned to the UK Warner Brothers label. Their first album America was recorded at Trident Studios in London, Samwell was best known for being Cliff Richards lead guitarist as well as writing Richards 1958 breakthrough hit, Move It. Jeff Dexter, Ians roommate was involved with the business himself. He co-produced the album and became the trios manager, although the trio initially planned to record the album in a similar manner to The Beatles Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, Samwell convinced them to perfect their acoustic style instead, the debut album America was released in 1971 to only moderate success, although it sold well in the Netherlands, where Dexter had taken them as a training ground to practice their craft. Samwell and Dexter subsequently brought the trio to Morgan Studios to record additional songs. One of them was a Bunnell composition called Desert Song, which Dexter previously demoed during studio rehearsals in Puddletown, the song had its public debut at The Harrogate Festival, four days later, to great audience response. After several performances and a TV show, it was re-titled A Horse with No Name, the song became a major worldwide hit in early 1972
America (band)
–
Beckley, Peek and Bunnell in 1972
America (band)
–
America performing in
Massapequa, New York, 2012
America (band)
–
Dewey Bunnell at a ceremony for America to receive a star on the
Hollywood Walk of Fame in February 2012
34.
U2
–
U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin formed in 1976. The group consists of Bono, the Edge, Adam Clayton, initially rooted in post-punk, U2s sound grew to incorporate influences from many genres of popular music, yet has maintained an anthemic sound. Their lyrics, often embellished with spiritual imagery, focus on personal themes, popular for their live performances, the group has staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career. The band formed at Mount Temple Comprehensive School in 1976 when the members were teenagers with limited musical proficiency, within four years, they signed with Island Records and released their debut album Boy. Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album War, by the mid-1980s, they had become renowned globally for their live act, highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985. The groups fifth album, The Joshua Tree, made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success. Topping music charts around the world, it produced their only number-one singles in the US, With or Without You, facing a backlash and creative stagnation, U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image. This experimentation continued through their album, Pop, and the PopMart Tour. U2 regained critical and commercial favour with the records All That You Cant Leave Behind and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb and their U2 360° Tour of 2009–2011 is the highest-attended and highest-grossing concert tour in history. The groups thirteenth album, Songs of Innocence, was released at no cost through the iTunes Store, U2 have released 13 studio albums and are one of the worlds best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 170 million records worldwide. They have won 22 Grammy Awards, more than any other band, Rolling Stone ranked U2 at number 22 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. The band formed in Dublin on 25 September 1976, Larry Mullen Jr. then a 14-year-old student at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, posted a note on the schools notice board in search of musicians for a new band—six people responded. Mullen later described it as The Larry Mullen Band for about ten minutes, then Bono walked in and blew any chance I had of being in charge. Martin, who had brought his guitar and amplifier to the first practice but could not play, did not remain with the group, the group settled on the name Feedback because it was one of the few technical terms they knew. Most of their material consisted of cover songs, which the band admitted was not their forte. Some of the earliest influences on the band were emerging punk rock acts, such as the Jam, the Clash, Buzzcocks, the popularity of punk rock convinced the group that musical proficiency was not a prerequisite to being successful. In April 1977, Feedback played their first gig for an audience at St. Fintans High School. Shortly after, the changed their name to The Hype
U2
–
U2 performing at
Madison Square Garden in November 2005, from left to right: The Edge; Larry Mullen, Jr. (drumming); Bono; Adam Clayton
U2
–
Bono performs in Norway during the
War Tour in 1983.
U2
–
The tree pictured on
The Joshua Tree album sleeve.
Adam Clayton said, "The desert was immensely inspirational to us as a mental image for this record."
U2
–
The Zoo TV Tour was a multimedia-intensive event, featuring a stage that used dozens of video screens.
35.
War Tour
–
The War Tour was a concert tour by the Irish rock band U2, which took place in 1982 and 1983 in support of the groups third album War. The tour took place in Western Europe, the United States, venues were mostly halls, but some arenas were introduced later on. U2s performances were well received both critically and commercially, especially in the United States where U2 broke through to become a major act. Scenes of lead singer Bono waving a flag during the song Sunday Bloody Sunday became an emblematic image of this phase of U2s career. It was their first tour as full-time headlining act and their first to be profitable, the live album Under a Blood Red Sky and the concert film U2 Live at Red Rocks, Under a Blood Red Sky both originated from performances on the tour. These shows generally featured three songs from the upcoming album – Sunday Bloody Sunday, New Years Day, and Surrender. If you dont like it, well never play it again, the reception was positive, and the song stayed in. Subsequent introductions would explicitly clarify the purpose, This song is not a rebel song. On 26 February 1983 at Caird Hall in Dundee, Scotland, the band played 29 shows and three television appearances in Scotland, England, and Wales, ending on 3 April with a single continental show at the Printemps de Bourges in Bourges, France. Three or four songs from War were added to these set lists, including Two Hearts Beat As One. The War Tour was U2s first as a headlining act. Most of the venues were colleges and smaller auditoriums, but they played a few shows, such as at the Centrum in Worcester, Massachusetts. Many of the featured the Welsh band The Alarm as the opening act. The festival was broadcast live on MTV, the performance climaxed in a grand finale where Bono scaled the proscenium of the US festivals huge stage while singing the song The Electric Co. ending up about 100 feet above the ground. A steady rain and the surreal, torch-lit natural beauty of the combined to present U2s performance in the most dramatic of contexts. Frequently shown on MTV, the video helped to expand the bands American audience. The album used performances culled from the Red Rocks show as well as a 6 May show in Bostons Orpheum Theatre, the Orpheum Theatre performance was also recorded and broadcast on the King Biscuit Flower Hour syndicated radio program. U2 then played at 5 outdoor summer festivals in Western Europe in July and August
War Tour
–
Promo poster
War Tour
–
Bono singing during a U2 performance at the Kalvøya Festival in Oslo, Norway, near the end of the War Tour on 21 August 1983.
36.
U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky
–
U2 Live at Red Rocks, Under a Blood Red Sky is a concert film by Irish rock band U2. It was recorded on 5 June 1983 at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado, United States, originally released in 1984 on videocassette, U2 Live at Red Rocks was the bands first video release. It accompanied a 1983 live album entitled Under a Blood Red Sky, the video was directed by Gavin Taylor and produced by Rick Wurpel and Doug Stewart. The film was arranged by U2 management to showcase the bands live act and it depicts the bands performance at Red Rocks on a rain-soaked evening. The concert was almost cancelled because of the inclement weather, but the band had invested in the filming with Island Records and concert promoter Barry Fey, the rain and the torch-lit atmosphere of the surroundings made U2s performance dramatic. Segments of U2 Live at Red Rocks were shown in rotation on MTV. Critics praised the concert and the video, and it became a best-seller. The video, along with Under a Blood Red Sky, helped establish U2s reputation as live performers. A remastered edition of U2 Live at Red Rocks was released on DVD in September 2008 with previously unreleased tracks, rolling Stone selected the films performance of Sunday Bloody Sunday as one of the 50 Moments that Changed the History of Rock and Roll. In 1981, U2 were on their Boy Tour to promote their debut album, bassist Adam Clayton said, From the moment we saw it, we were thinking, Some day we will play here. Concert promoter Barry Fey, who presented U2s shows in the southwestern United States, saw the groups potential and successfully lobbied for them to perform at Red Rocks. In early 1983, McGuinness contacted Malcolm Gerrie, producer of the British television series The Tube, about shooting a video of U2 at Red Rocks and possibly featuring it on The Tube. Gerrie initially assumed McGuinness was interested in creating a video of a song, however. Filming costs were estimated at US$250,000, which included the illumination of the cliffs, a sound recording unit. With U2 only able to invest $30,000, Fey agreed to finance the project. A joint production company called U2 at Red Rocks Associates was subsequently established to fund the filming, the radio rights were sold to American radio network NBC for inclusion in their concert series The Source. Feys corporation, Feyline Productions, coordinated with his company, TTS. Director Gavin Taylor and producer Malcolm Gerrie were selected as director and production associate and it was Taylors first visit to the United States, and it was the first time he filmed a major outdoor rock concert
U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky
–
U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky
U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky
–
Bono, pictured in August 1983, used an extension built at the edge of the Red Rocks stage to perform closer to the audience.
U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky
–
The performance of "
Sunday Bloody Sunday "—selected as one of
Rolling Stone 's "50 Moments that Changed the History of Rock and Roll"—was played on TV as the song's music video. Many shots in the film, such as this one, contain red streaks from the concert lighting, due to burns on the camera tubes during filming.
U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky
–
In 2007, the U2 tribute act "Under a Blood Red Sky" reenacted U2's Red Rocks show.
37.
Under a Blood Red Sky
–
Under a Blood Red Sky is a live album by Irish rock band U2, produced by Jimmy Iovine and released in 1983. Along with its companion film, U2 Live at Red Rocks, Under a Blood Red Sky. The album consists of recordings from three shows on the bands War Tour, from Colorado and Boston in the US and from Germany. An accompanying concert video entitled U2 Live at Red Rocks, Under a Blood Red Sky was released the following year, unlike the album, the film was recorded entirely at the outdoor Red Rocks Amphitheatre on 5 June 1983. The bands performance of Sunday Bloody Sunday from the film has been cited as one of Rolling Stones 50 Moments that Changed the History of Rock, the title is taken from the lyrics of the song New Years Day, originally released on U2s War album. The album was re-released on 29 September 2008 as a remastered CD with a DVD of the Red Rocks concert, all tracks written by U2, with lyrics by Bono. Notes During the performance of The Electric Co, Bono included a 27-second snippet of Stephen Sondheims Send in the Clowns. When Under a Blood Red Sky was released, U2 failed to get permission and pay the appropriate licensing and royalty fees to include that piece of Sondheims tune on the album. When Sondheim objected, U2 agreed to pay a $50,000 penalty for the unauthorized use and to press all future releases with a new version that did not include the snippet. Essentially, there are now two versions of the album, the original with the full The Electric Co. running 5,18. However, the various CDs pressed around the world all vary in the versions of the song that are included, the trifold digipack CD pressed in the U. S. correctly lists The Electric Co. at 4,51 and contains the edited version of the song. Later U. S. CD pressings in the jewel box format incorrectly list The Electric Co. at 5,18. Some, and perhaps all, European pressings of the CD correctly list The Electric Co. at 5,18 and have the version of the song. An Australian pressing of the CD lists the track at 4,57, the remastered editions all contain the edited version of the song
Under a Blood Red Sky
–
Under a Blood Red Sky
38.
Depeche Mode
–
Depeche Mode /dᵻˌpɛʃˈmoʊd/ are an English electronic band that formed in 1980 in Basildon, Essex. The group consists of founders Dave Gahan, Martin Gore, Depeche Mode released their debut album Speak & Spell in 1981, bringing the band onto the British new wave scene. Original band member Vince Clarke, left the band after the release of the album, leaving the band as a trio to record A Broken Frame, released the following year. Gore took over the songwriting duties and, later in 1982, Alan Wilder officially joined the band to fill Clarkes spot. Depeche Mode have been a trio again since 1995, when Wilder left, the bands last albums of the 1980s, Black Celebration and Music for the Masses, established them as a dominant force on the mainstream electronic music scene. A highlight of this era was the concert at the Pasadena Rose Bowl. In the new decade, Depeche Mode released Violator, a mainstream success, now a trio once again, the band released Ultra in 1997, recorded at the height of Gahans near-fatal drug abuse, Gores alcoholism and seizures, and Fletchers depression. Depeche Mode have had 50 songs in the UK Singles Chart and thirteen top 10 albums in the UK chart, Q included the band in the list of the 50 Bands That Changed the World. Depeche Mode also rank number 98 on VH1s 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, Depeche Modes origins date to 1977, when schoolmates Vince Clarke and Andy Fletcher formed a Cure-influenced band called No Romance In China, with Clarke on vocals and guitar and Fletcher on bass. Fletcher would later recall, Why am I in the band and it was accidental right from the beginning. I was actually forced to be in the band, I played the guitar and I had a bass, it was a question of them roping me in. In 1979, Clarke played guitar in an Ultravox rip-off band, in 1978–79, Martin Gore played guitar in an acoustic duo, Norman and the Worms, with school friend Phil Burdett on vocals. In 1979, Marlow, Gore and friend Paul Redmond formed a band called the French Look, with Marlow on vocals/keyboards, Gore on guitar and Redmond on keyboards. In March 1980, Clarke, Gore and Fletcher formed a band called Composition of Sound, with Clarke on vocals/guitar, Gore on keyboards and Fletcher on bass. Soon after the formation of Composition of Sound, Clarke heard Wirral band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, along with OMD, other early influences included the Human League, Daniel Miller and Fad Gadget. Clarke and Fletcher switched to synthesisers, working odd jobs in order to buy or borrow the instruments from friends. Dave Gahan joined the band in 1980 after Clarke heard him perform at a scout hut jam session, singing a rendition of David Bowies Heroes. When explaining the choice for the new name taken from a French fashion magazine, Dépêche mode, Gore said, I like the sound of that
Depeche Mode
–
Depeche Mode in concert, 2006. Additional musicians
Peter Gordeno (far left) and
Christian Eigner (centre-left), with original members
Dave Gahan (centre),
Martin Gore (centre-right) and
Andy Fletcher (far right).
Depeche Mode
–
Touring the Angel concert in
Bremen, June 2006.
Depeche Mode
–
Tour of the Universe concert at London's O 2 Arena, December 2009.
39.
Tour of the Universe (tour)
–
The Live Nation-produced tour, which was announced in October 2008 in Berlin, kicked off with a warm-up show in Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg in May 2009. By the end of the year, the tour had reached Europe, Asia, North America, the tour commenced in May 2009 with a warm-up show in Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, followed by the first full-fledged date in Ramat Gan, near Tel Aviv, Israel. The tour was disrupted as lead singer Dave Gahan was struck by a bout of gastroenteritis. In June 2009, the band played their first show following Gahans illness in Leipzig, resuming a European leg which eventually wrapped up in Bilbao, Spain. The tour was cut short after Gahan tore a calf muscle, in July 2009, the group began a tour of the U. S. and Canada. The leg, which featured a slot at the Lollapalooza Festival in Chicago, started in Toronto and culminated in Fort Lauderdale. In August, two dates in California were cancelled after Gahan received doctors orders to serve a period of vocal rest. In October 2009, the returned to North America to play four dates in Mexico. The leg continued on to Costa Rica and South America, their first shows in these territories since the Exotic Tour in 1994, the group received attention in the media following the groups performance in Peru after it was reported that Gahan thanked the wrong country. According to reports, Gahan said, Thank you very much, however, this claim was later disputed by a band representative, who quoted Gahan as saying, Thank you very much, good night instead. The leg eventually finished up in Buenos Aires, later in the month, the act began a European leg of indoor venues, which kicked off in Oberhausen, Germany and culminated mid-December in Manchester, United Kingdom. In January 2010, the group commenced a third European leg in Berlin, the leg included five shows that were rescheduled following Gahans illness in the summer of 2009. The tour also included a date as part of a series of concerts in aid of Teenage Cancer Trust, during this concert, the performances of Home, One Caress and Come Back were accompanied by a seven-piece string section. Additionally, during the encore, former band member Alan Wilder made a surprise appearance onstage and it was the first time Wilder had performed with the band in more than fifteen years, having exited the group in 1995. Speaking about the event, Wilder said that he was happy to accept Gahans proposal to join the group onstage, the entire tour eventually wrapped up in Düsseldorf, Germany in late February, after ten months and 102 shows in 32 countries. In total, the band performed to more than 2.7 million people, as reported by music industry publication Billboard, the tour was one of the most profitable in 2009, ending 20th in the magazines Top Tours list. The DVD release was issued in two formats, Deluxe and Super Deluxe, which include two audio CDs of the live concerts. The Super Deluxe edition also includes a second DVD featuring the documentary, Inside the Universe
Tour of the Universe (tour)
–
Depeche Mode performing at the O 2 Arena in London on 15 December 2009.
40.
The Grateful Dead
–
The Grateful Dead was an American rock band formed in 1965 in Palo Alto, California. Their music, writes Lenny Kaye, touches on ground that most other groups dont even know exists and these various influences were distilled into a diverse and psychedelic whole that made the Grateful Dead the pioneering Godfathers of the jam band world. The band was ranked 57th by Rolling Stone magazine in its The Greatest Artists of All Time issue, the Grateful Dead have sold more than 35 million albums worldwide. The Grateful Dead was founded in the San Francisco Bay Area amid the rise of the counterculture of the 1960s, the founding members were Jerry Garcia, Bob Weir, Ron Pigpen McKernan, Phil Lesh, and Bill Kreutzmann. Members of the Grateful Dead had played together in various San Francisco bands, including Mother McCrees Uptown Jug Champions, Lesh was the last member to join the Warlocks before they became the Grateful Dead, he replaced Dana Morgan Jr. who had played bass for a few gigs. Drummer Mickey Hart and nonperforming lyricist Robert Hunter joined in 1967, with the exception of McKernan, who died in 1973, and Hart, who took time off from 1971 to 1974, the core of the band stayed together for its entire 30-year history. The other official members of the band are Tom Constanten, John Perry Barlow, Keith Godchaux, Donna Godchaux, Brent Mydland, pianist Bruce Hornsby was a touring member from 1990 to 1992, as well as guesting with the band on occasion before and after the tours. After the death of Jerry Garcia in 1995, former members of the band, along with musicians, toured as the Other Ones in 1998,2000, and 2002, and the Dead in 2003,2004. In 2015, the four surviving core members marked the bands 50th anniversary in a series of concerts that were billed as their last performances together. There have also been several spin-offs featuring one or more members, such as Dead & Company, Furthur, the Rhythm Devils, Phil Lesh & Friends, RatDog. The Grateful Dead began their career as the Warlocks, a group formed in early 1965 from the remnants of a Palo Alto, the bands first show was at Magoos Pizza located at 639 Santa Cruz Avenue in suburban Menlo Park, California, on May 5,1965. They were initially known as the Warlocks, coincidentally, the Velvet Underground was also using that name on the East Coast, the show was not recorded but the set list has been preserved. Gigging as a bar band, the group changed its name after finding out that another band of the same name had signed a recording contract. The first show under the new name Grateful Dead was in San Jose, California on December 4,1965, at one of Ken Keseys Acid Tests. Earlier demo tapes have survived, but the first of over 2,000 concerts known to have recorded by the bands fans was a show at the Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco on January 8,1966. Later that month, the Grateful Dead played at the Trips Festival, the name Grateful Dead was chosen from a dictionary. According to Phil Lesh, in his autobiography, picked up an old Britannica World Language Dictionary. In that silvery elf-voice he said to me, Hey, man, the definition there was the soul of a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial
The Grateful Dead
–
The Grateful Dead in 1980. Left to right: Jerry Garcia, Bill Kreutzmann, Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, Phil Lesh. Not pictured: Brent Mydland.
The Grateful Dead
–
The Grateful Dead in 1970, from a promotional photo shoot. Left to right: Bill Kreutzmann, Ron "Pigpen" McKernan, Jerry Garcia, Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, Phil Lesh.
The Grateful Dead
–
The
Mantra-Rock Dance promotional poster featuring the Grateful Dead
The Grateful Dead
–
Grateful Dead performing at
Red Rocks Amphitheatre in 1987: Jerry Garcia (guitar), Mickey Hart (drums).
41.
Jam band
–
The performances of these bands typically feature extended musical improvisation over rhythmic grooves and chord patterns, and long sets of music that can often cross genre boundaries. The Grateful Dead continued to grow their fanbase in the half of the 1980s. Many of todays jam bands have brought widely varied genres into the scene. A jam band festival may include bands with electronic, folk rock, blues rock, jazz fusion, psychedelic rock, southern rock, progressive rock, acid jazz, hip hop, hard rock, and bluegrass sounds. The electronic trend has been led by bands as The Disco Biscuits, Sound Tribe Sector 9, Lotus, EOTO. Umphreys McGee, Assembly of Dust, The Heavy Pets and The Breakfast have carried on the rock sound mixed with exploratory jams. Members of the Grateful Dead have continued touring in different configurations as The Dead, Bob Weir & Ratdog, Phil Lesh and Friends,7 Walkers, Furthur. The contemporary jam scene has grown to encompass bands from a diversity of musical genres. Today the term includes some groups completely outside of rock, such as those playing world music, electronic music, progressive bluegrass. By the late 1990s, the types of jam bands had so grown that the term became quite broad, some artists such as The Derek Trucks Band are known for resisting the jam band label. A unique feature of the jam band scene is fan taping or digital recording of live concerts, while many other styles of music term fan taping as illegal bootlegging, jam bands often allow their fans to make tapes or recordings of their live shows. Fans trade recordings and collect recordings of different live shows because improvisational jam bands play their songs differently at each performance, by the 2000s, as internet downloading of MP3 music files became common, downloading of jam band songs became an extension of the cassette taping trend. Archived jam band downloads are available at various websites, the most prominent ones being etree and the Live Music Archive, more bands have been distributing their latest shows online. In the 1980s, the Grateful Deads fan base included a core group which followed their tours from show to show. These fans developed a sense of community and loyalty, in the 1990s, the band Phish began to attract this fan base. The term jam band was first used regarding Grateful Dead and Phish culture in the 1990s, Phish has become one of the largest listened to jam bands to this day. Phish has fans all over the world coming from many different age groups. In 1998 Dean Budnick wrote the first book devoted to the subject and he founded Jambands. com later that year and he is often credited with coining the term
Jam band
–
Blues Traveler performing in 2008
Jam band
–
Phish is an example of a "jam band".
Jam band
–
The Derek Trucks Band
Jam band
–
The Grateful Dead 's
Jerry Garcia and
Mickey Hart performing on 11 August 1987 at the
Red Rocks Amphitheatre near
Morrison, Colorado
42.
Widespread Panic
–
Widespread Panic is an American rock band from Athens, Georgia. The current lineup includes guitarist/singer John Bell, bassist Dave Schools, drummer Duane Trucks, percussionist Domingo Sunny Ortiz, keyboardist John JoJo Hermann, Michael Houser and George McConnell have also played lead guitar for the band, Todd Nance retired in 2016 as their original drummer. Since their inception in Athens, Georgia, in 1986, Widespread Panic has risen to elite status among American jam bands. Following in the steps of other Southern rock jam bands such as The Allman Brothers Band, they draw influences from the Southern rock, blues-rock, progressive rock, funk and they are frequently compared to other jam band road warriors such as the Grateful Dead and Phish. Widely renowned for their performances, as of 2015, they hold the record for number of sold-out performances at Red Rocks Amphitheatre at 51. John Bell and Michael Houser met in 1981 in their dorm at the University of Georgia, Bell had been playing guitar as a solo act, and invited his new friend Houser, also a guitarist, to join him. They began living together and collaborating on music in year, writing still-popular songs such as Driving Song. Bassist Dave Schools met Bell and Houser in 1984 and first played them on February 24,1985. On February 6,1986, Houser called childhood friend and drummer Todd Nance to sit in with Houser, Bell, the band was named for Housers once-frequent panic attacks. Texan percussionist Domingo S. Ortiz began sitting in with the band later that year. The band played in fraternities and bars regularly before Panic signed a contract with Landslide Records in 1987, in September of the same year, they recorded their first album, Space Wrangler, at John Keanes studio in Athens. Col. Bruce Hampton is rumored to have delivered the first pressing to the band, songs on the album included Chilly Water, Travelin Light, Space Wrangler, Coconut, The Take Out, Porch Song, Stop-Go and Driving Song. After Space Wrangler, touring expanded to include additional dates, along with Texas, Colorado, the west coast. It was also around this time that Domingo Ortiz joined the band full-time and they played their first show in Colorado in March 1990, opening for Jerry Josephs band Little Women. Widespread Panic signed with Capricorn Records in January 1991, later that year, they released their major label debut, Widespread Panic. That same year Billy Bob Thornton directed the movie Widespread Panic, as the band began to tour more, John Hermann joined the band as a keyboardist in March 1992 replacing Dixie Dregs keyboardist T. Lavitz who joined the band a year earlier. The band continued to tour throughout the entire US in 1992 joining the famous HORDE tour with Blues Traveler, Phish, and they released Everyday in March 1993 and Aint Life Grand in September 1994. Panic marked their rise by playing on television for the first time in November 1994
Widespread Panic
–
Widespread Panic performing at Red Rocks Amphitheatre, 2010
Widespread Panic
–
Aerial view of crowd at Light Fuse, Get Away CD release party
Widespread Panic
–
Widespread Panic performs their 32nd consecutive sold out show at Red Rocks Amphitheater
Widespread Panic
–
Members of the Allman Brothers join Widespread Panic on stage in Canandaigua, NY. August 22, 2009
43.
Blues Traveler
–
Blues Traveler is an American rock band formed in Princeton, New Jersey in 1987. The bands music covers a variety of genres, including rock, psychedelic rock, folk rock, soul. It is known for use of segues in their live performances. Currently, the group comprises singer and harmonica player John Popper, guitarist Chan Kinchla, drummer Brendan Hill, bassist Tad Kinchla, Tad Kinchla and Ben Wilson joined the band following the death of original bassist Bobby Sheehan in 1999. While Blues Traveler is best known among fans for their live shows. They gained mainstream popularity after their studio album four, released in 1994. Sheehans death and Poppers struggle with obesity put a damper on the groups success, however, the band took this transition period as an opportunity to start in new directions musically, going largely independent and releasing on smaller experimental labels. Blues Travelers most recent studio album Blow Up the Moon, is the studio album and was released on April 7,2015. As part of the Blow Up the Moon album, Blues Traveler released a video using Rockstar editor in Grand Theft Auto V on September 14,2015. The music video features JC Chasez and 3OH.3, on 12/07/2016 Blues Traveler released a cover version of Go Tell It On THe Mountain. The genesis of Blues Traveler was as a high school garage band formed in Princeton, harmonicist, singer and guitarist John Popper and drummer Brendan Hill formed a group they called The Establishment with Hills brother on bass and a rotating roster of guitarists. The band produced a few cassette tape demos, in addition to some original songs, their repertoire included upbeat covers of Gloria and The Battle Hymn of the Republic. The group added guitarist and football player Chan Kinchla, although he was a promising athlete, Kinchla decided to commit to playing music instead after a knee injury. Popper met bassist Bobby Sheehan and the two good friends, with Sheehan becoming the new bass player for Blues Band in 1987. The quartet held a basement jam session which spawned the core grooves for songs on their first album. A black cat happened to be nearby, and the group took this as a sign, the group changed their name to Blues Traveler, taking the latter part from the name of the primary demon in the film Ghostbusters, Gozer the Traveler. After graduating Princeton High School and moving to New York City, Popper, Hill, another bar, The Nightingale, was a regular gig, and later became the setting for the song Defense and Desire. The group shared an apartment on Bergen Street in Brooklyn, N. Y. along with their school friend
Blues Traveler
–
Blues Traveler performing in 2012 at Jones Beach, N.Y.
44.
Geddy Lee
–
Geddy Lee Weinrib, OC, known professionally as Geddy Lee, is a Canadian musician, singer, and songwriter best known as the lead vocalist, bassist, and keyboardist for the Canadian rock group Rush. Lee joined what would become Rush in September 1968, at the request of his childhood friend Alex Lifeson, replacing original bassist, Lees first solo effort, My Favourite Headache, was released in 2000. Along with his Rush bandmates – guitarist Alex Lifeson and drummer Neil Peart – Lee was made an Officer of the Order of Canada on May 9,1996, the trio was the first rock band to be so honoured, as a group. Lee is ranked 13th by Hit Parader on their list of the 100 Greatest Heavy Metal vocalists of all time, Lee was born on July 29,1953 in Willowdale, Toronto, Ontario, to Morris and Mary Weinrib. They were about 13 years old when they were imprisoned at Auschwitz concentration camp. It was kind of surreal pre-teen shit, says Lee, describing how his father bribed guards to bring his mother shoes, after a period, his mother was transferred to Bergen-Belsen and his father to Dachau. When the war ended four years later and the Allies liberated the camps, his father set out in search of his mother and they married there and eventually immigrated to Canada. In Canada, Lees parents gave him a Jewish education, with a bar mitzvah at age 13 and his father was a skilled musician, but died the year before from medical problems resulting from his imprisonment. This forced his mother to find work to support three children. He said that losing his father at such an early age made him aware of how life can disappear. He turned his basement into practice space for a band he formed with high-school friends, after the band began earning income from small performances at high-school shows or other events, he decided to drop out of high school and play rock and roll professionally. His mother was devastated when he told her, and he feels that he owes her for the disappointments in her life. All the shit I put her through, he says, on top of the fact that she just lost her husband, I felt like I had to make sure that it was worth it. I wanted to show her that I was a professional, that I was working hard, today, Lee considers himself a cultural Jew. Jweekly featured Lees reflections on his mothers experiences as a refugee, Lees name, Geddy, was derived from his mothers heavily accented pronunciation of his given first name, Gary. This was picked up by his friends in school, leading Lee to adopt it as his stage name, the song, for which Lee wrote the music, was released on the bands 1984 album Grace Under Pressure. The lyrics include the verse, I hear the sound of gunfire at the prison gate Are the liberators here. For my father and my brother, its too late But I must help my mother stand up straight Lee began playing music in school when he was 9 or 10, in school, he first played drums, trumpet and clarinet
Geddy Lee
–
Lee playing his Fender Jazz bass at a 2008 live performance at the Xcel Energy Center
Geddy Lee
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Lee on tour with various basses and an acoustic guitar
Geddy Lee
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Geddy Lee playing his Roland Fantom X7 during the 2010–2011
Time Machine Tour
Geddy Lee
–
Rush live in concert with rotisseries and chef in background
45.
Rush (band)
–
Rush is a Canadian rock band formed in 1968 in the Willowdale neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario. The band is composed of bassist, keyboardist, and lead vocalist Geddy Lee, guitarist and backing vocalist Alex Lifeson, and drummer, percussionist, Rush is known for its musicianship, complex compositions, and eclectic lyrical motifs drawing heavily on science fiction, fantasy, and philosophy. In the early 1990s, Rush returned to a hard rock sound. According to the RIAA, Rush ranks 80th with sales of 25 million units in the U. S, although total worldwide album sales are not calculated by any single entity, several industry sources estimated Rushs total worldwide album sales at over 40 million units as of 2004. The group has been awarded 24 gold,14 platinum, and 3 multi-platinum albums, Rush has received nominations for seven Grammy Awards. Rush announced plans to stop touring at the end of 2015. However, they have not ruled out the possibility of studio albums. The original line-up formed in the neighbourhood of Willowdale in Toronto, Ontario, by guitarist Alex Lifeson, bassist and front man Jeff Jones, and drummer John Rutsey. Within a couple of weeks of forming, and before their performance, bassist and lead vocalist Jones left the band and was replaced by Geddy Lee. After several line-up reformations, Rushs official incarnation formed in May 1971 consisting of Lee, Lifeson, the name Rush was suggested by John Rutseys brother, Bill. The band was managed by local Toronto resident Ray Danniels, a frequent attendee of Rushs early shows, side B contained an original composition, You Cant Fight It, credited to Lee and Rutsey. The single generated little reaction and, because of record company indifference, with the aid of Danniels and the newly enlisted engineer Terry Brown, the band released its self-titled debut album in 1974, which was considered highly derivative of Led Zeppelin. Rush had limited local popularity until the album was picked up by WMMS, donna Halper, a music director and DJ working at the station, selected Working Man for her regular playlist. The songs blue-collar theme resonated with hard rock fans, and this popularity led to the album being re-released by Mercury Records in the U. S. Immediately after the release of the album, Rutsey left the band due to health difficulties stemming from diabetes. His last performance with the band was on July 25,1974, at Centennial Hall in London, Rush held auditions for a new drummer and selected Neil Peart as Rutseys replacement. Peart officially joined the band on July 29,1974, two weeks before the groups first US tour. They performed their first concert together, opening for Uriah Heep and Manfred Mann with an attendance of over 11,000 people at the Civic Arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on August 14
Rush (band)
–
An
Oberheim OB-X synthesizer, as used by Geddy Lee on the albums Moving Pictures and Signals.
Rush (band)
Rush (band)
–
Neil Peart began incorporating
Simmons Electronic Drums beginning with Grace Under Pressure, 1984
Rush (band)
–
Geddy Lee in concert, 2010
46.
Folk-rock
–
Folk rock is a musical genre combining elements of folk music and rock music. In its earliest and narrowest sense, the referred to a genre that arose in the United States. The genre was pioneered by the Los Angeles band the Byrds, the term folk rock was coined by the U. S. music press to describe the Byrds music in June 1965, the month in which the bands debut album was issued. A distinct, eclectic style of folk was created in Britain and Europe in the late 1960s by Pentangle, Fairport Convention. In a broader sense, folk rock includes later similarly inspired musical genres, Folk rock is a musical genre combining elements of folk music and rock music. In its earliest and narrowest sense, the referred to a genre that arose in the United States. The style was influenced by the Beatles and other British bands. The term folk rock was coined by the U. S. music press to describe the Byrds music in June 1965, the month in which the bands debut album was issued. In a broader sense, folk rock includes later similarly inspired musical genres and movements in the English-speaking world and, to a lesser extent, as with any genre, the borders are difficult to define. Of these, the first two owed direct debts to protest folk singers such as Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger, along with the leftist Popular Front culture of the 1930s. The Weavers mainstream popularity set the stage for the revival of the 1950s and early 1960s. By 1951, however, the group had fallen afoul of the U. S, red Scare of the McCarthy era, and as a result they disbanded in 1952. The group reformed in 1955, releasing the influential album The Weavers at Carnegie Hall in 1957, before disbanding for a time in 1964. The crystal-clear harmony singing and liberal outlook that characterized American folk rock during the mid-1960s sprang directly from the music, while this urban folk revival flourished in many cities across the U. S. Like the 1950s Beat Generation before them, the vast majority of the urban folk revivalists shared a disdain for the values of mainstream American mass culture, across the Atlantic, a parallel folk revival was occurring in the UK during the 1950s and early 1960s. However, it wasnt until 1956 and the advent of the skiffle craze that the British folk revival crossed over into the mainstream, skiffle was a blend of jazz, folk, and country blues, with roots in African-American folk music and the post-war British jazz scene. This renewed popularity of folk music forms in Britain led directly to the folk movement. Among the leading lights of the folk movement were Bert Jansch and John Renbourn
Folk-rock
–
Pete Seeger entertaining
Eleanor Roosevelt (center), at a racially integrated Valentine's Day party.
Folk-rock
–
Bob Dylan was the most influential of all the urban folk-protest songwriters.
Folk-rock
–
The Byrds performing "Mr. Tambourine Man" on
The Ed Sullivan Show, 12 December 1965.
Folk-rock
–
Dylan in 1963.
47.
Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky
–
U2 Live at Red Rocks, Under a Blood Red Sky is a concert film by Irish rock band U2. It was recorded on 5 June 1983 at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado, United States, originally released in 1984 on videocassette, U2 Live at Red Rocks was the bands first video release. It accompanied a 1983 live album entitled Under a Blood Red Sky, the video was directed by Gavin Taylor and produced by Rick Wurpel and Doug Stewart. The film was arranged by U2 management to showcase the bands live act and it depicts the bands performance at Red Rocks on a rain-soaked evening. The concert was almost cancelled because of the inclement weather, but the band had invested in the filming with Island Records and concert promoter Barry Fey, the rain and the torch-lit atmosphere of the surroundings made U2s performance dramatic. Segments of U2 Live at Red Rocks were shown in rotation on MTV. Critics praised the concert and the video, and it became a best-seller. The video, along with Under a Blood Red Sky, helped establish U2s reputation as live performers. A remastered edition of U2 Live at Red Rocks was released on DVD in September 2008 with previously unreleased tracks, rolling Stone selected the films performance of Sunday Bloody Sunday as one of the 50 Moments that Changed the History of Rock and Roll. In 1981, U2 were on their Boy Tour to promote their debut album, bassist Adam Clayton said, From the moment we saw it, we were thinking, Some day we will play here. Concert promoter Barry Fey, who presented U2s shows in the southwestern United States, saw the groups potential and successfully lobbied for them to perform at Red Rocks. In early 1983, McGuinness contacted Malcolm Gerrie, producer of the British television series The Tube, about shooting a video of U2 at Red Rocks and possibly featuring it on The Tube. Gerrie initially assumed McGuinness was interested in creating a video of a song, however. Filming costs were estimated at US$250,000, which included the illumination of the cliffs, a sound recording unit. With U2 only able to invest $30,000, Fey agreed to finance the project. A joint production company called U2 at Red Rocks Associates was subsequently established to fund the filming, the radio rights were sold to American radio network NBC for inclusion in their concert series The Source. Feys corporation, Feyline Productions, coordinated with his company, TTS. Director Gavin Taylor and producer Malcolm Gerrie were selected as director and production associate and it was Taylors first visit to the United States, and it was the first time he filmed a major outdoor rock concert
Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky
–
U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky
Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky
–
Bono, pictured in August 1983, used an extension built at the edge of the Red Rocks stage to perform closer to the audience.
Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky
–
The performance of "
Sunday Bloody Sunday "—selected as one of
Rolling Stone 's "50 Moments that Changed the History of Rock and Roll"—was played on TV as the song's music video. Many shots in the film, such as this one, contain red streaks from the concert lighting, due to burns on the camera tubes during filming.
Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky
–
In 2007, the U2 tribute act "Under a Blood Red Sky" reenacted U2's Red Rocks show.
48.
Sunday Bloody Sunday
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Sunday Bloody Sunday is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the track from their 1983 album War and was released as the albums third single on 11 March 1983 in Germany. Sunday Bloody Sunday is noted for its militaristic drumbeat, harsh guitar, along with New Years Day, the song helped U2 reach a wider listening audience. It was generally received by critics on the albums release. The song has remained a staple of U2s live concerts, during its earliest performances, the song created controversy. Lead singer Bono reasserted the songs message to his audience for many years. Today, it is considered one of U2s signature songs, and is one of the bands most performed tracks, critics rate it among the best political protest songs, and it has been covered by over a dozen artists. It was named the 272nd-greatest song by Rolling Stone on their list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, Sunday Bloody Sunday grew from a guitar riff and lyric written by the Edge in 1982. While newlyweds Bono and Ali Hewson honeymooned in Jamaica, the Edge worked in Ireland on music for the upcoming album. Following an argument with his girlfriend, and a period of doubt in his own song-writing abilities, channelled fear and frustration and self-loathing into a piece of music. This early draft did not yet have a title or chorus melody, after Bono had reworked the lyrics, the band recorded the song at Windmill Lane Studios in Dublin. During the sessions, producer Steve Lillywhite encouraged drummer Larry Mullen, Jr. to use a click track, a chance meeting with Andy Newmark – a drummer who used a click track religiously – changed Mullens mind. The opening drum pattern soon developed into the songs hook, a local violinist, Steve Wickham, approached the Edge one morning at a bus stop and asked if U2 had any need for a violin on their next album. In the studio for half a day, Wickhams electric violin became the final instrumental contribution to the song. The direct impetus for the lyrics was an encounter with IRA supporters in New York City, as a promotional gimmick, U2 manager Paul McGuinness had made arrangements for the band to appear in the 1982 St. Patricks Day parade. However, he found that there was a possibility that Bobby Sands. As they felt that the IRAs tactics were prolonging the fighting in Northern Ireland, McGuinness, McGuinness met with one of the parades organizers in a New York bar to arrange the cancellation, and ended up in a heated debate about the IRA. McGuinness recalled, He kept telling me to keep my voice down, the place was full of New York policemen - Irish cops - and he thought I was going to get us killed
Sunday Bloody Sunday
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This concert in Mexico City in February 2006 depicts the elaborate stage effects used for "Sunday Bloody Sunday."
Sunday Bloody Sunday
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"Sunday Bloody Sunday"
Sunday Bloody Sunday
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This performance in June 1983 from the concert film U2 Live at Red Rocks was later released as the song's music video.
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MTV
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MTV is an American cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Media Networks and headquartered in New York City. Launched on August 1,1981, the originally aired music videos as guided by television personalities known as video jockeys. In its early years, MTVs main target demographic was young adults and it has received criticism towards this change of focus, both by certain segments of its audience and musicians. MTVs influence on its audience, including issues involving censorship and social activism, has also been a subject of debate for several years, in recent years, MTV had struggled with the secular decline of music-related cable media. In April 2016, MTV announced it would start to return to its original music roots with the reintroduction of the classic MTV series MTV Unplugged. It was also reported that the series MTV Cribs would be making a return on Snapchat, MTV has spawned numerous sister channels in the US and affiliated channels internationally, some of which have gone independent. As of July 2015, approximately 92,188,000 US households have received MTV, several earlier concepts for music video-based television programming had been around since the early 1960s. The Beatles had used music videos to promote their records starting in the mid-1960s, CBS rejected the idea, but Williams premiered his own musical composition Classical Gas on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, where he was head writer. The series featured clips from various popular artists, but was canceled by its distributor in 1971. The channel, which featured video disc jockeys, signed a deal with US Cable in 1978 to expand its audience from retail to cable television, the service was no longer active by the time MTV launched in 1981. The QUBE system offered many specialized channels, One of these specialized channels was Sight on Sound, a music channel that featured concert footage and music-oriented television programs. With the interactive QUBE service, viewers could vote for their favorite songs, the original programming format of MTV was created by media executive Robert W. Pittman, who later became president and chief executive officer of MTV Networks. Pittman had test-driven the music format by producing and hosting a 15-minute show, Album Tracks, the inspiration for PopClips came from a similar program on New Zealands TVNZ network named Radio with Pictures, which premiered in 1976. The concept itself had been in the works since 1966, when record companies began supplying the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation with promotional music clips to play on the air at no charge. Few artists made the trip to New Zealand to appear live. A shortened version of the shuttle launch ID ran at the top of hour in various forms. The first music video shown on MTV was The Buggles Video Killed the Radio Star and this was followed by the video for Pat Benatars You Better Run. Sporadically, the screen would go black when an employee at MTV inserted a tape into a VCR, MTVs lower third graphics that appeared near the beginning and end of music videos would eventually use the recognizable Kabel typeface for about 25 years
MTV
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Michael Jackson, whose discography included music videos such as "
Beat It ", "
Billie Jean ", and "
Thriller ".
MTV
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MTV
MTV
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1515 Broadway in
Times Square.
MTV
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Ken Ober, host of the early MTV game show
Remote Control.
