1.
Mariachi
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Mariachi is a musical expression that dates back to at least 18th century Western Mexico. Modifications of the music include influences from music such as polkas and waltzes, the addition of trumpets. The musical style began to take on national prominence in the first half of the 20th century, with its promotion at presidential inaugurations, in 2011 UNESCO recognized mariachi as an Intangible Cultural Heritage, joining six others of this list from Mexico. The origin of the word is disputed, but prominent theories attribute it to indigenous roots, one states that it comes from the name of the wood used to make the dance platform. Another states that mariachi comes from the name of a tree called pilla or cirimo. In many Mexican cultures they are also called Marietti, Mariachi can refer to the music, the group, or just one musician. The word mariachi was thought to have derived from the French word marriage, dating from the French intervention in Mexico in the 1860s and this was a common explanation on record jackets and travel brochures. This theory was disproven with the appearance of documents that showed that the word existed before this invasion, prior to the arrival of the Spanish, indigenous music was played with rattles, drums, flutes, and conch-shell horns as part of religious celebrations. The Spanish introduced violins, guitars, harps, brass instruments, and woodwinds, the Europeans introduced their instruments to use during Mass, but they were quickly adapted to secular events. Indigenous and mestizo peoples learned to play and make these instruments, often giving them modified shapes, in addition to instruments, the Spanish introduced the concept of musical groups—which, in the colonial period, generally consisted of two violins, a harp, and various guitars. This grouping gave rise to a number of musical styles in Mexico. One of these musical styles was the son. Modern mariachi music developed from this son style, with “mariachi” as a name for son jaliscense. Those who could play the son jaliscense/mariachi music could find work at haciendas at a higher rate than those who could not, the distinction of mariachi from the older son jaliscense occurred slowly sometime during the 19th century. The music originated in the center-west of Mexico, most claims for its origin lie in the state of Jalisco but neighboring states of Colima, Nayarit, and Michoacán have also claimed it. However, by the late 19th century, the music was firmly centered in Jalisco, most legends put the origin of the modern mariachi in the town of Cocula, Jalisco. The distinction from son to modern mariachi comes from the modification of the music, one variety was the salon orchestras called orquestas típicas that performed in more rural settings, notably in charro outfits. This use of the outfit was repeated with urban mariachi in the 1920s
2.
Selena
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Selena Quintanilla-Pérez was an American singer, songwriter, spokesperson, model, actress, and fashion designer. Called the Queen of Tejano music, her contributions to music, Billboard magazine named her the top Latin artist of the 90s and the best selling Latin artist of the decade. Media outlets called her the Tejano Madonna for her clothing choices and she also ranks among the most influential Latin artists of all-time and is credited for catapulting a music genre into the mainstream market. Selena began recording professionally in 1982, in the 1980s, she was often criticized and was refused bookings at venues across Texas for performing Tejano music—a male-dominated music genre. However, her popularity grew after she won the Tejano Music Award for Female Vocalist of the Year in 1987, Selena signed with EMI Latin in 1989 and released her self-titled debut album the same year, while her brother became her principal music producer and songwriter. Selena released Entre a Mi Mundo, which peaked at one on the U. S. Billboard Regional Mexican Albums chart for 19 nonconsecutive weeks. The albums commercial success led music critics to call the album the breakthrough recording of her musical career, one of its singles, Como La Flor, became one of her most popular signature songs. Live. won Best Mexican/American Album at the 1994 Grammy Awards, in 1994, Selena released Amor Prohibido, which became one of the best-selling Latin albums in the United States. It was critically acclaimed as being responsible for Tejano musics first marketable era as it one of the most popular Latin music subgenres at the time. Selena began recording English-language songs for her crossover album, aside from music, Selena was active in her community and donated her time to civic causes. Coca-Cola appointed her its spokesperson in Texas, Selena became a sex icon, she was often criticized for wearing suggestive outfits in light of her comments about being a role model for young women. Selena and her guitarist, Chris Pérez, eloped in April 1992 after her father raised concerns over their relationship, on March 31,1995, Selena was shot dead by Yolanda Saldívar, her friend and former employee of her Selena Etc. boutiques. Saldívar is currently incarcerated at the Mountain View Unit in Gatesville, two weeks later, George W. Bush—governor of Texas at the time—declared Selenas birthday Selena Day in Texas. Her posthumous crossover album, Dreaming of You, debuted atop the Billboard 200, in 1997, Warner Bros. released Selena, a film about her life and career, which starred Jennifer Lopez as Selena and Lupe Ontiveros as Saldívar. As of 2012, Selena has sold over 60 million albums worldwide, Selena Quintanilla was born on April 16,1971, in Lake Jackson, Texas. She was the youngest child of Marcella Ofelia Quintanilla who had Cherokee ancestry and Abraham Quintanilla, Selena was raised as a Jehovahs Witness. Quintanilla, Jr. noticed her musical abilities when she was six years old and he told People magazine, Her timing, her pitch were perfect, I could see it from day one. In 1980 in Lake Jackson, Quintanilla, Jr. opened his first Tex-Mex restaurant, Papa Gayos, the following year, the restaurant was forced to close after a recession caused by the 1980s oil glut
3.
Banda (music)
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Banda is a term to designate a style of Mexican music and the musical ensemble in which wind instruments, mostly of brass, and percussion, are performed. Bandas play a variety of songs, including rancheras, corridos, cumbias, baladas. History of banda music in Mexico dates from the middle of 19th century with the arrival of piston metal instruments, the first bands were formed in southern and central Mexico. In each village of the different territories there are types of wind bands, whether traditional. There are brass instruments in the state of Oaxaca that date back to 1850s, the traditional bands that play Yucatecan jaranas use the following instruments, clarinet, tenor saxophone, baritone saxophone, trumpet, trombone, timpani, drum drum, bass drum, cymbals, güiro. The traditional Oaxacan bands use a number of saxophones and clarinets, fewer trumpets and slide trombones. One of the oldest bands recorded in Mexico is the Banda de Tlayacapan of the state of Morelos that was founded approximately in 1870, the traditional Zacatecan tamborazo band does not use tuba, being the tambora the instrument that takes the low tone. History of banda music in Mexico dates from the middle of 19th century with the arrival of piston metal instruments, the first bands were formed in southern and central Mexico. In each village of the different territories there are types of wind bands, whether traditional. Banda music was established in the 1880s in the state of Sinaloa, Mexico and its roots come from the overlapping of Mexican music with German polka music. At the time, many German Mexicans lived in the states of Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Jalisco and this greatly influenced northern Mexican music. Immigrants from northern Mexico brought the music to the United States, famous soloists include Julio Preciado, Lupillo Rivera, Sergio Vega, Roberto Tapia, Espinoza Paz and Julion Alvarez. While not known primarily as a singer, Juan Gabriel also recorded in the genre. Despite banda being a genre, there are a few female soloist banda-singers such as Graciela Beltran, Carmen Jara, Diana Reyes, Beatriz Adriana, Yolanda Pérez. Examples of females soloist who have recorded in the genre while not known mainly as banda singers include, Ana Gabriel, Alicia Villareal, theres also a handful all-female bandas such as Banda Las Soñadoras and Banda Las Tapatias, both from Guadalajara, Jalisco. Jenni Rivera, the highest earning banda singer of all-time has been attributed to bringing a female perspective to what had historically been a male-dominated genre. The 2010s wave of popularity of the tuba in Southern California has been credited to its presence in banda music, a typical banda is made up of brass, woodwind, and percussion instruments. The most notable instrument is the tambora which is a type of drum with a head made from animal hide
4.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
5.
La Mafia
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La Mafia is a four-time Grammy Award-winning musical group. It has its roots in the Northside neighborhood of Houston, Texas, La Mafia was founded in 1980 in Houston, TX. Vocalist Oscar De La Rosa & producer/keyboardist/accordionist Armando Lichtenberger Jr. created a style that survived various changes in the music industry. The band consists of Tim Ruiz on bass, David de la Garza on keyboards and background vocals, Eduardo Torres on drums, Viktor Pacheco on Guitar and Robbie Longoria on six bass and percussion. In 2007 The band has won 2 Grammys &2 Latin Grammys was nominated in 2009 for a Latin Grammy for the album Eternamente Romanticos, La Mafia, seeking to expand their musical horizons, began touring extensively in Mexico and Latin America beginning in the late 1980s. The practice of Mexican-American artists performing in Mexico on a scale was unheard of before La Mafia. Oscar De La Rosa - vocalist Armando Lichtenberger Jr, the band has recorded 35 albums and CDs, not including dozens of compilation and greatest hits releases. Official website La Mafia at AllMusic La Mafia. net
6.
Los Temerarios
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Los Temerarios are a Mexican romantic music group started in 1978 by brothers Adolfo Angel and Gustavo Angel and their cousin Fernando Angel. During their early years they were known as Conjunto La Brisa,1981 - As Conjunto Las Brisas, they recorded two 45 format discs. 1983 - After changing their name to Los Temerarios, they release their first LP, in 2005, they received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Premio Lo Nuestro 2005 Awards show. The aforementioned award has only given to the maximum exponents in Latin music history. Similarly, in 2010, Los Temerarios received the Lifetime Achievement Award from 2010 Latin Billboard Music Awards held in Puerto Rico for their successful 30-year music career, in 2012, Los Temerarios received their star on the famed Las Vegas Walk of Fame. In 2008 Los Temerarios released their album Si Tú Te Vas, produced by Rudy Perez, the album is composed of 10 tracks. Their first single, Si Tú Te Vas, has the title as the album and was a total success for their return in the music industry. The group, which went on tour in late 2008 and early 2009, is now integrated by Karlo Vidal and Jonathan Amabilis as well as Gustavo, Fernando and Adolfo, Jonathan Amabilis is well known among Temerarios fans for his long hair, and his great musical abilities. His father, guitarist Elias Amabilis Palma, was one of the members of the Mexican rock n roll band Los Rockin Devils. Lostemerarios. net - Official Website Los Temerarios - Official Myspace Los Temerarios - Official Youtube Channel
7.
Palomo
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Palomo is a Chilean stratovolcano located in the Libertador General Bernardo OHiggins Region, west of Caldera del Atuel. The volcano shows evidence of glacial dissection, palomos surrounding area features spectacular granite needles called Agujas del Palomo. The volcano towers over Río de Los Cipreses National Reserve, List of volcanoes in Chile List of mountains in the Andes Palomo
8.
Nielsen Audio
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Nielsen Audio is a consumer research company in the United States that collects listener data on radio broadcasting audiences. It was founded as the American Research Bureau by Jim Seiler in 1949 and became national by merging with Los Angeles-based Coffin, Cooper, the companys initial business was the collection of broadcast television ratings. The company changed its name to Arbitron in the mid‑1960s, the namesake of the Arbitron System, deployed in New York City, it gave instant ratings data on what people were watching. A reporting board lit up to indicate which homes were listening to which broadcasts, on December 18,2012, The Nielsen Company announced that it would acquire Arbitron, its only competitor, for US$1.26 billion. The acquisition closed on September 30,2013, and the company was re-branded as Nielsen Audio, as a condition of the deal to allow a monopoly, Nielsen must license its ratings data and technology to a third party for eight years. The term commonly used in the industry for these ratings is Arbitron book. More specifically, in the diary-measured markets these reports were called the Spring book, Summer book, Fall book, between these books, Arbitron releases interim monthly reports called Arbitrends, which contain data from the previous three months known as rolling average reports. The two interim reports would be known, for example, as Spring, Phase I and Spring, Arbitron recruits diary survey respondents to note their listening habits in a seven-day paper diary and mail it back to Arbitron. The respondents are paid a cash incentive for their participation. Turnaround time for release of data from the end of the period is approximately three weeks. After collection, the data is marketed to radio broadcasters, radio networks, cable TV companies, advertisers, advertising agencies, out-of-home advertising companies, and the online radio industry. Major ratings products include cume, average quarter hour, time spent listening, and market breakdowns by age, gender and it is important to understand that the cume only counts a listener once, whereas the AQH is a product of cume and time spent listening. For example, if you looked into a room and saw Fred and Jane, the cume would be 3 and the AQH would be 2. The PPM is a portable device, much like a pager or mobile phone. Arbitron recruits and compensates a cross-section of consumers to wear the meter for an average of one year, the audience estimates generated from each monthly survey is used as the buy/sell currency for radio stations and advertisers/agencies. By 2010,48 markets are being measured using the PPM. S, radio Markets Audio interview of Ernest H. Clay, ARBs Research and Production Director on WGNs discussion show Your Right To Say It
